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<document id="796FE0DC5FC39324BB53F8DC2F761E6E" ID-CLB-Dataset="20711" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5099.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="69f07912-2097-47e6-bc57-dfb7c4d8e70e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6036691" ID-ZooBank="934C6AE1-7C92-4889-8DEC-F3C31C8A060F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1644487360350" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sáfián, Szabolcs, Bayliss, Julian &amp; Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2022" docId="03BDF23BCB480E41EBAA1C4EFE08FC9C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5099.1.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5099 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Iolaus Hubner 1819" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FF848A43CB490E43EB3D1911FF9FFFA5" masterDocTitle="Description of four IolausHübner, 1819 species in the subgenus PhiliolausStempffer &amp; Bennett, 1958 from East Africa, assigned to the proposed I. maritimus species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae)" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="46" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1699308147107" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="7A8D899B357695BCCE722E9198FB3960">Description of four IolausHübner, 1819 species in the subgenus PhiliolausStempffer &amp; Bennett, 1958 from East Africa, assigned to the proposed I. maritimus species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AE4B9DD2C7B71FF6C24404014C0DE690">Sáfián, Szabolcs</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="85BE8B95E6A295DA0B62E862D32E2B60" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0614-4203</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="140D50BFF8E80202036EAFEDBBB7AD0A">African Butterfly Research Institute, P. O. Box 14308, 0800 Nairobi, Kenya. &amp; Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of Sopron, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky út 4. H 9400 Sopron, Hungary. Corresponding author. szsafian @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0614 - 4203</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4AEA1510AD9545257AE9F979656BF7AA" type="email">szsafian@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A27B03803E260FD7E2942BC6E33273D8">Bayliss, Julian</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C8DC2430692EC3782B770E39CB6D23F6" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1480-294X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="E9A2E9430E400BE3F42286A1DFB64E80">African Butterfly Research Institute, P. O. Box 14308, 0800 Nairobi, Kenya. &amp; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX 3 0 BP, United Kingdom. jlbayliss @ yahoo. co. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1480 - 294 X</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="54A538B84A722166153F28FECA6758F2" type="email">jlbayliss@yahoo.co.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6FAD3AF3B308BF81512A4FE289942B4E">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="08A1CF0D27B5A5BBF2CC516CF2FF1697">African Butterfly Research Institute, P. O. Box 14308, 0800 Nairobi, Kenya.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="9E2DA6470B6912D6E4486F368AA7867B">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="ABDF1EB306A62E00B810D4C037B18613">2022-02-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B30D5A609AE3679ECF55665EB003731E">5099</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03BDF23BCB480E41EBAA1C4EFE08FC9C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6328798" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193856801" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6328798" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BDF23BCB480E41EBAA1C4EFE08FC9C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF23BCB480E41EBAA1C4EFE08FC9C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
<subSubSection id="C30E10A6CB480E42EBAA1C4EFDD1FADC" box="[151,590,1375,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB480E42EBAA1C4EFDD1FADC" blockId="1.[151,590,1375,1402]" box="[151,590,1375,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
<heading id="D0E3F441CB480E42EBAA1C4EFDD1FADC" bold="true" box="[151,590,1375,1402]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42EBAA1C4EFDD1FADC" bold="true" box="[151,590,1375,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
The
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42EBF21C4EFE00FADC" bold="true" box="[207,415,1375,1402]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB480E42EBF21C4EFE83FADF" ID-CoL="9CL3B" authority="Hubner, 1819" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[207,284,1375,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Iolaus</taxonomicName>
maritimus
</emphasis>
species group
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30E10A6CB480E41EBAA1CB9FC3CFE74" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB480E42EBAA1CB9FE2EF8EB" blockId="1.[151,1437,1447,2014]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB480E42EBAA1CB9FDC7FA67" authority="Stempffer &amp; Bennett, 1958" authorityName="Stempffer &amp; Bennett" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,600,1447,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42EBAA1CB9FEBEFA64" box="[151,289,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">I. maritimus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB480E42EA1A1CB6FDC7FA67" author="Stempffer, H. &amp; Bennett, N. H." box="[295,600,1447,1474]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" pagination="1243 - 1347" refId="ref10936" refString="Stempffer, H. &amp; Bennett, N. H. (1958) Revision des genres appartenant au groupe des Iolaus (Lep. Lycaenidae). (Premiere Partie). Bulletin de la l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, (A), 1243 - 1347." type="book chapter" year="1958">Stempffer &amp; Bennett, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was described in the first part of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB480E42E8C71CB6FBDFFA64" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1018,1088,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42E8C71CB6FBDFFA64" box="[1018,1088,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Iolaus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
revision (
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB480E42EF921CB6FF4FFA43" author="Stempffer, H. &amp; Bennett, N. H." pageId="1" pageNumber="47" pagination="1243 - 1347" refId="ref10936" refString="Stempffer, H. &amp; Bennett, N. H. (1958) Revision des genres appartenant au groupe des Iolaus (Lep. Lycaenidae). (Premiere Partie). Bulletin de la l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, (A), 1243 - 1347." type="book chapter" year="1958">Stempffer &amp; Bennett 1958</bibRefCitation>
) from the
<collectingCountry id="F30303BDCB480E42EA791CDDFE12FA43" box="[324,397,1484,1510]" name="Kenya" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Kenya</collectingCountry>
coast at
<collectingRegion id="49D08DCFCB480E42EAD01CDAFDB5FA40" box="[493,554,1483,1509]" country="Kenya" name="Kilifi" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Kilifi</collectingRegion>
(
<typeStatus id="54AFFD8FCB480E42E9051CDAFD3DFA40" box="[568,674,1483,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
in NHM). At the time, only
<specimenCount id="9D1288A4CB480E42E8E11CDDFBE7FA43" box="[988,1144,1484,1510]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">two paratypes</specimenCount>
were listed from the same locality, and so far the authors have not been able to locate further specimens confirmed with genitalia determination from
<collectingCountry id="F30303BDCB480E42EBE91F05FEBEF98B" box="[212,289,1556,1582]" name="Kenya" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Kenya</collectingCountry>
. In his supplement,
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB480E42EAC11F02FD23F98B" author="Stempffer, H." box="[508,700,1555,1582]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" pagination="88 - 101" refId="ref10847" refString="Stempffer, H. (1961) Complement a la revision des genres du groupe des Iolaus (Lep. Lycaenidae). Bulletin de la l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, (A), 88 - 101." type="book chapter" year="1961">Stempffer (1961)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB480E42E8091F05FB61F98B" authority="(Stempffer, 1961)" baseAuthorityName="Stempffer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[820,1278,1555,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="maritimus" subSpecies="usambara">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42E8091F05FBADF988" box="[820,1074,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">I. maritimus usambara</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB480E42EF021F02FB69F98B" author="Stempffer, H." box="[1087,1270,1555,1582]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" pagination="88 - 101" refId="ref10847" refString="Stempffer, H. (1961) Complement a la revision des genres du groupe des Iolaus (Lep. Lycaenidae). Bulletin de la l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, (A), 88 - 101." type="book chapter" year="1961">Stempffer, 1961</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB480E42EE161F02FE1DF9F4" authorityName="Stempffer" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaphilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="maritimus" subSpecies="usambara">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42EE161F02FE1DF9F4" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Iolaphilus maritimus usambara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with a nearly identical appearance and similar genitalia (
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB480E42EF1D1F26FBEEF9F4" box="[1056,1137,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[166,1416,193,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-28@3.[151,1436,179,1761]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Male genitalia: I. maritimus maritimus (redrawn from Stempffer &amp; Bennett’s (1958) original). Uncus, subunci and vinculum with triangular process or cingulum, as referred to by Stempffer &amp; Bennett (1958)—A, valvae and fultura inferior—B, aedeagus—C; I. maritimus usambara (redrawn from Stempffer’s (1961) original). Uncus, subunci and vinculum with triangular process or cingulum—D, valvae and fultura inferior—E, aedeagus—F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036695/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB480E42EFBC1F26FB55F9F7" box="[1153,1226,1591,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,191,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-28@5.[151,1436,181,1484]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male genitalia: I. maritimus usambara (Tanzania, Usambara, Gen. prep.: SAFI00375) lateral view—A, aedeagus— D; I. uluguru (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00369) lateral view—B, aedeagus—E; I. collinsi (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00359) lateral view—C, aedeagus—F; I. njombe (Tanzania, Njombe, Gen.prep.: SAFI00366) laterial view—G, aedeagus—J; I. stewarti (Malawi, Nyika Plateau, Gen. prep.: SAFI00210) lateral view—H, aedeagus—K; I. bundali (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00212) lateral view—I, aedeagus—L." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036703" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036703/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">3A, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB480E42EFE51F26FB62F9F4" box="[1240,1277,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,411,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-108@8.[166,1422,381,1913]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Male genitalia (posterior view): I. maritimus usambara (Tanzania, Usambara, Gen. prep.: SAFI00375)—A; I. uluguru (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00369)—B; I. collinsi (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00359)—C; I. njombe (Tanzania, Njombe)— D; I. stewarti (Malawi, Nyika Plateau, Gen. prep.: SAFI00210)—E; I. bundali (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00212)—F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036705/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">4A</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB480E42EE361F26FAAFF9F7" box="[1291,1328,1591,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,936,960]" captionTargetBox="[187,1406,194,904]" captionTargetId="figure-28@9.[168,1419,181,912]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male genitalia (dorsal view): I. maritimus usambara (Tanzania, Usambara, Gen. prep.: SAFI00375)—A; I. uluguru (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00369)—B; I. collinsi (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00359)—C; I. njombe (Tanzania, Njombe)—D; I. stewarti (Malawi, Nyika Plateau, Gen. prep.: SAFI00210)—E; I. bundali (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00212)—F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036718/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">5A</figureCitation>
), but this subspecies clearly differs from the nominate one by lacking the sub-tornal red spot in space 2 (
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB480E42EF891F4AFA88F9D0" box="[1204,1303,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[183,1404,201,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[162,1426,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Males: I. maritimus usambara (Tanzania, Usambara) upperside—A, underside—D; I. uluguru (holotype) upperside—B, underside—E; I. collinsi (holotype) upperside—C, underside—F; I. njombe (holotype) upperside—G, underside—J; I. stewarti (Malawi, Nyika Plateau) upperside—H, underside—K; I. bundali (holotype) upperside—I, underside—L." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036699/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Figs. 2D</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB480E42EE1E1F4AFAD6F9D3" box="[1315,1353,1627,1654]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[168,1418,191,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-28@11.[151,1436,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Females: I. maritimus usambara (Tanzania, Usambara) upperside—A, underside—D; I. uluguru (paratype, Tanzania, Uluguru Mountains) upperside—B, underside—E; I. collinsi (paratype, Mozambique, Mount Namuli) upperside—C, underside—F; I. njombe (paratype, Tanzania, Njombe) upperside—G, underside—J; I. stewarti (Malawi, Nyika Plateau) upperside—H, underside—K; I. bundali (paratype, Tanzania, Bundali Hills) upperside—I, underside—L." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036724/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">6D</figureCitation>
). In the last four decades, hundreds of
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB480E42EAD01F6EFDACF93C" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[493,563,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42EAD01F6EFDACF93C" box="[493,563,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Iolaus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with similar facies have been collected or bred in East Africa, and quite a few actually proved distinct from, but closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB480E42E9DD1FB5FCF5F918" baseAuthorityName="Stempffer &amp; Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[736,874,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaphilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42E9DD1FB5FCF5F918" box="[736,874,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">I. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with differences mainly in male and female genitalia. The general structure of the male genitalia also indicate that they form a species group, distributed in eastern and southern Africa from the
<collectingCountry id="F30303BDCB480E42EAD91FFDFDB2F8A3" box="[484,557,1772,1798]" name="Kenya" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Kenya</collectingCountry>
coast across the mountainous regions of
<collectingCountry id="F30303BDCB480E42E8C01FFAFBFAF8A0" box="[1021,1125,1771,1797]" name="Tanzania" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, to the island mountains of northern
<collectingCountry id="F30303BDCB480E42EBC31E1EFE0AF88C" box="[254,405,1807,1833]" name="Mozambique" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F30303BDCB480E42EA9C1E1EFE68F88C" box="[417,503,1807,1833]" name="Zambia" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Zambia</collectingCountry>
and possibly
<collectingCountry id="F30303BDCB480E42E9AE1E1EFD76F88C" box="[659,745,1807,1833]" name="Malawi" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Malawi</collectingCountry>
along the East African Rift. This is hereafter referred to as
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB480E42EEB11E01FE96F8E8" baseAuthorityName="Stempffer &amp; Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1958" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaphilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42EEB11E01FE96F8E8" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">I. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB480E41EBFA1E46FC3CFE74" blockId="1.[151,1437,1447,2014]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,150,466]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
The main features are the hooded and blunt (reduced) tegumen and bilobed, triangular uncus, with stout blunttipped subunci, which protrude straight or only slightly bent. Also, rather oblong or oval valvae, the tip of which curve sharply inwards. The tip of valvae in the group is normally acute, often lanceolate, sometimes bifurcate (similarly to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB480E42EA021ED5FE26F878" baseAuthorityName="Kielland" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[319,441,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB480E42EA021ED5FE26F878" box="[319,441,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">I. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but slightly less pronounced see
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB480E42E80B1ED2FC48F878" author="Kielland, J." box="[822,983,1987,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" pagination="147 - 237" refId="ref10689" refString="Kielland, J. (1978) A provisional checklist of the Rhopalocera of the eastern side of Lake Tanganyika. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 121 (4), 147 - 237." type="journal article" year="1978">Kielland 1978</bibRefCitation>
) with fine to moderate serration or even prominent spines on the lower edge (
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB4B0E41E90D1986FD35FF14" box="[560,682,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[166,1416,193,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-28@3.[151,1436,179,1761]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Male genitalia: I. maritimus maritimus (redrawn from Stempffer &amp; Bennett’s (1958) original). Uncus, subunci and vinculum with triangular process or cingulum, as referred to by Stempffer &amp; Bennett (1958)—A, valvae and fultura inferior—B, aedeagus—C; I. maritimus usambara (redrawn from Stempffer’s (1961) original). Uncus, subunci and vinculum with triangular process or cingulum—D, valvae and fultura inferior—E, aedeagus—F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036695/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Figs 1B, E</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB4B0E41E9881986FD59FF14" box="[693,710,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,411,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-108@8.[166,1422,381,1913]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Male genitalia (posterior view): I. maritimus usambara (Tanzania, Usambara, Gen. prep.: SAFI00375)—A; I. uluguru (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00369)—B; I. collinsi (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00359)—C; I. njombe (Tanzania, Njombe)— D; I. stewarti (Malawi, Nyika Plateau, Gen. prep.: SAFI00210)—E; I. bundali (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00212)—F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036705" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036705/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">4</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB4B0E41E9EC1987FD7EFF14" box="[721,737,150,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,936,960]" captionTargetBox="[187,1406,194,904]" captionTargetId="figure-28@9.[168,1419,181,912]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male genitalia (dorsal view): I. maritimus usambara (Tanzania, Usambara, Gen. prep.: SAFI00375)—A; I. uluguru (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00369)—B; I. collinsi (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00359)—C; I. njombe (Tanzania, Njombe)—D; I. stewarti (Malawi, Nyika Plateau, Gen. prep.: SAFI00210)—E; I. bundali (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00212)—F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036718/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">5</figureCitation>
). The fultura inferior forms a narrow ring which only broadens laterally slightly, and is without a prominent triangular, flagged edge posteriorly, which is characteristic of another as yet undefined group. A small process (expansion or cingulum) linked to the fultura inferior with a membrane (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB4B0E41EBDA1812FD8AFEB8" author="Stempffer, H. &amp; Bennett, N. H." box="[231,533,258,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" pagination="1243 - 1347" refId="ref10936" refString="Stempffer, H. &amp; Bennett, N. H. (1958) Revision des genres appartenant au groupe des Iolaus (Lep. Lycaenidae). (Premiere Partie). Bulletin de la l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, (A), 1243 - 1347." type="book chapter" year="1958">Stempffer &amp; Bennett 1958</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB4B0E41E91C1812FD4EFEBB" author="Stempffer, H." box="[545,721,259,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 332" refId="ref10886" refString="Stempffer, H. (1967) The genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 10, 1 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 145446" type="journal article" year="1967">Stempffer 1967</bibRefCitation>
) usually as a small spine, triangular or spatulate excrescence is always present, on each stem of the vinculum. The aedeagi are similar to those of many other groups with narrow and long upcurving anterior halves and broad and more solid, rather squat posterior halves with three cunei, one of which is attached to the chitinized outer skeleton of the aedeagus in various positions (
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB4B0E41EF66187EFB4BFE2C" box="[1115,1236,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[166,1416,193,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-28@3.[151,1436,179,1761]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Male genitalia: I. maritimus maritimus (redrawn from Stempffer &amp; Bennett’s (1958) original). Uncus, subunci and vinculum with triangular process or cingulum, as referred to by Stempffer &amp; Bennett (1958)—A, valvae and fultura inferior—B, aedeagus—C; I. maritimus usambara (redrawn from Stempffer’s (1961) original). Uncus, subunci and vinculum with triangular process or cingulum—D, valvae and fultura inferior—E, aedeagus—F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036695/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Figs 1C, F</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="132F5FA8CB4B0E41EFE2187EFAC9FE2C" box="[1247,1366,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox="[171,1418,191,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-28@5.[151,1436,181,1484]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male genitalia: I. maritimus usambara (Tanzania, Usambara, Gen. prep.: SAFI00375) lateral view—A, aedeagus— D; I. uluguru (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00369) lateral view—B, aedeagus—E; I. collinsi (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00359) lateral view—C, aedeagus—F; I. njombe (Tanzania, Njombe, Gen.prep.: SAFI00366) laterial view—G, aedeagus—J; I. stewarti (Malawi, Nyika Plateau, Gen. prep.: SAFI00210) lateral view—H, aedeagus—K; I. bundali (holotype, Gen. prep.: SAFI00212) lateral view—I, aedeagus—L." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6036703" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6036703/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">3D, E, F, J</figureCitation>
). Five taxa in the group were bred on Taxilloid mistletoe species in the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41E8821882FBEFFE08" box="[959,1136,403,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Phragmanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41E8821882FBEFFE08" box="[959,1136,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Phragmanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41EF9A1882FF6BFE77" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Erianthemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41EF9A1882FAA0FE08" box="[1191,1343,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Erianthemum</emphasis>
(Loranthaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(see species descriptions and in
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB4B0E41E95F18A6FC08FE74" author="Congdon, C. &amp; Bampton, I." box="[610,919,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" pagination="33 - 42" refId="ref10436" refString="Congdon, C. &amp; Bampton, I. (2000) Provisional notes on the Food plants of the Iolaini (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea, Lycaenidae). Metamorphosis, 11 (1), 33 - 42." type="journal article" year="2000">Congdon &amp; Bampton 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSection id="E29B5AC6CB4B0E41EBAA18EFFE08FC9C" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="C30E10A6CB4B0E41EBAA18EFFBD9FDBC" box="[151,1094,510,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB4B0E41EBAA18EFFBD9FDBC" blockId="2.[151,1094,510,537]" box="[151,1094,510,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
<heading id="D0E3F441CB4B0E41EBAA18EFFBD9FDBC" bold="true" box="[151,1094,510,537]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41EBAA18EFFBD9FDBC" bold="true" box="[151,1094,510,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
Currently recognized and newly assigned taxa in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41E83218EEFC01FDBC" baseAuthorityName="Stempffer &amp; Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[783,926,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaphilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41E83218EEFC01FDBC" bold="true" box="[783,926,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">I. maritimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30E10A6CB4B0E41EBAA1B56FE08FC9C" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB4B0E41EBAA1B56FC99FDC4" blockId="2.[151,774,582,825]" box="[151,774,582,609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41EBAA1B56FC99FDC4" authority="maritimus Stempffer &amp; Bennett, 1958" authorityName="maritimus Stempffer &amp; Bennett" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,774,582,609]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="maritimus" subSpecies="maritimus">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41EBAA1B56FE50FDC5" box="[151,463,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Iolaus maritimus maritimus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB4B0E41EAE81B56FC99FDC4" author="Stempffer, H. &amp; Bennett, N. H." box="[469,774,582,609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" pagination="1243 - 1347" refId="ref10936" refString="Stempffer, H. &amp; Bennett, N. H. (1958) Revision des genres appartenant au groupe des Iolaus (Lep. Lycaenidae). (Premiere Partie). Bulletin de la l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, (A), 1243 - 1347." type="book chapter" year="1958">Stempffer &amp; Bennett, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB4B0E41EBAA1B7AFD04FD23" blockId="2.[151,774,582,825]" box="[151,667,619,646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41EBAA1B7AFD04FD23" authority="(Stempffer, 1961)" baseAuthorityName="Stempffer" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[151,667,619,646]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="maritimus" subSpecies="usambara">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41EBAA1B7AFE52FD20" box="[151,461,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Iolaus maritimus usambara</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB4B0E41EAE61B7AFD0DFD23" author="Stempffer, H." box="[475,658,619,646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" pagination="88 - 101" refId="ref10847" refString="Stempffer, H. (1961) Complement a la revision des genres du groupe des Iolaus (Lep. Lycaenidae). Bulletin de la l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire, (A), 88 - 101." type="book chapter" year="1961">Stempffer, 1961</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB4B0E41EBAA1B9EFE04FD0C" blockId="2.[151,774,582,825]" box="[151,411,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41EBAA1B9EFEA2FD0C" authority="Sáfián &amp; Bayliss &amp; Congdon, 2022" authorityName="Sáfián &amp; Bayliss &amp; Congdon" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,317,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uluguru" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41EBAA1B9EFEA2FD0C" box="[151,317,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Iolaus uluguru</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2532244CB4B0E41EA791B9EFE04FD0C" box="[324,411,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB4B0E41EBAA1BA2FE0BFD68" blockId="2.[151,774,582,825]" box="[151,404,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41EBAA1BA2FEA9FD68" authority="Sáfián &amp; Bayliss &amp; Congdon, 2022" authorityName="Sáfián &amp; Bayliss &amp; Congdon" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,310,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="njombe" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41EBAA1BA2FEA9FD68" box="[151,310,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Iolaus njombe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2532244CB4B0E41EA031BA2FE0BFD68" box="[318,404,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB4B0E41EBAA1BC6FE0BFD54" blockId="2.[151,774,582,825]" box="[151,404,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41EBAA1BC6FEA9FD54" authority="Sáfián &amp; Bayliss &amp; Congdon, 2022" authorityName="Sáfián &amp; Bayliss &amp; Congdon" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,310,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collinsi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41EBAA1BC6FEA9FD54" box="[151,310,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Iolaus collinsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2532244CB4B0E41EA031BC6FE0BFD54" box="[318,404,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB4B0E41EBAA1BEAFE51FCB0" blockId="2.[151,774,582,825]" box="[151,462,762,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41EBAA1BEAFE51FCB0" authority="Heath, 1985" authorityName="Heath" authorityYear="1985" box="[151,462,762,789]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stewarti">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41EBAA1BEAFEA1FCB1" box="[151,318,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Iolaus stewarti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF853EDCCB4B0E41EA781BEAFE51FCB0" author="Heath, A." box="[325,462,762,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" pagination="257 - 266" refId="ref10554" refString="Heath, A. (1985) Revision of three Iolaus subgenera and descriptions of two new species Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) from Zambia. Arnoldia Zimbabwe, 9 (18), 257 - 266." type="journal article" year="1985">Heath, 1985</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAB432DCB4B0E41EBAA1A0EFE08FC9C" blockId="2.[151,774,582,825]" box="[151,407,799,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C1438AECB4B0E41EBAA1A0EFEA5FC9C" authority="Sáfián &amp; Bayliss &amp; Congdon, 2022" authorityName="Sáfián &amp; Bayliss &amp; Congdon" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,314,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Iolaus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bundali" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9609F3FCB4B0E41EBAA1A0EFEA5FC9C" box="[151,314,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Iolaus bundali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2532244CB4B0E41EA7C1A0EFE08FC9C" box="[321,407,799,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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