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<document id="D1C82586AB986C4FBFF8C3AB25772290" ID-CLB-Dataset="5247" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3878.5.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5247e933-3152-40d5-ae19-cce84a3dad7f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4948908" ID-ZooBank="11145FA0-2CB5-460A-B7A6-9A634C778982" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623702158138" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Meesters, Erik H. W. G. &amp; Becking, Leontine E." docDate="2014" docId="03B487DF1230A763F99C6AC8AAFAB6F5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03878p443.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3878 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parahigginsia strongylifera Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking 2014, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="425" masterDocId="FF8DFFA71226A77BF90B6821AB2FB758" masterDocTitle="Deep-water sponges (Porifera) from Bonaire and Klein Curaçao, Southern Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="423" updateTime="1699015317828" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="F551E506CDFF04493A9588FE4410EA1F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="E182F99C3E6FE899784BDFE955F5E9B8">
<mods:title id="FB756B1F1E165ADAD3B8436639490A46">Deep-water sponges (Porifera) from Bonaire and Klein Curaçao, Southern Caribbean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="E8EE02D19000C2AC0E4E88C332D83F95" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CE400344F4B29D4720507961FCBB0CE6">
<mods:roleTerm id="49B0D7A1946B02B032FF7E2F3F3134C8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F48D7DB4C27504FA87ED96A389AA8BB1">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="31A39C92B510A609C39BA6EFE72DA10D">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Department of Marine Zoology, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="9637EDC8D7D94A8774FB037A44DACAA1">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="118B9A3F01503DD647DF68C6D8FBF227">Meesters, Erik H. W. G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8C740EC9EB84982ACA80903F653BC4A5">Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, P. O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands. E-mail: erik. meesters @ wur. nl</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="763BE1ADEE8C8A35EB31C3F864F4EC1C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="59C81E967E2E80AE8BFB6C65ACDFF202">
<mods:roleTerm id="2EDE25FF43F2D96B7139E7F752C430C3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4FC01B6A2113831CAF6EFD14FBF12A47">Becking, Leontine E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BE3E41832DCA4705FCC625E1581C0B9D">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Department of Marine Zoology, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. &amp; Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen UR, P. O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands. E-mail: erik. meesters @ wur. nl &amp; University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management (ESPM), 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 - 3114, USA. E-mail: lebecking @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="C78742AADF6434146034DAA1EDA4B832">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C1862CB89971AA29E74B6469B22AA334">
<mods:title id="B3680E951FA4A4BD40F5121512815383">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="5F40F9105CB4D7A60A3754DF2E561512">
<mods:date id="47636AEA0A7932ADDBA8225EE812D020">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="BF56028F0B2323143B6ABC038BD8A68B" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="C3D0B0C7FD5759F831FF5DBF49E04D9C">2014-10-29</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="30C96CDBCEE7778EE110C13C87075C00" type="volume">
<mods:number id="DE1788FEB2A9CCE263387E95D7CE049B">3878</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="F26E1BED175C45D2375ACD9407415B1C" type="issue">
<mods:number id="2BCBD3185E9E35749D12ACF9807D2B96">5</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="D3D1D7F998864E949CA7BF6BADE97EEC">401</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="082EA9259E10B4644F334E6C151C3072">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="581780E90ED3773BC6CCD629F13D25FB" type="CLB-Dataset">5247</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DD961DA80D48C4E177D01BFD15F52797" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3878.5.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E698E390FDA6263E169F7AF26815724A" type="Zenodo-Dep">4948908</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B0BF2D9846E7E4B8D2224A4C915B4C7D" type="ZooBank">11145FA0-2CB5-460A-B7A6-9A634C778982</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03B487DF1230A763F99C6AC8AAFAB6F5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183823280" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B487DF1230A763F99C6AC8AAFAB6F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487DF1230A763F99C6AC8AAFAB6F5" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<subSubSection id="C30765421230A76DF99C6AC8A955B45B" box="[151,634,745,771]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91230A76DF99C6AC8A955B45B" blockId="22.[151,634,745,805]" box="[151,634,745,771]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<heading id="D0EA81A51230A76DF99C6AC8A955B45B" bold="true" box="[151,634,745,771]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1230A76DF99C6AC8A955B45B" bold="true" box="[151,634,745,771]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1230A76DF99C6AC8AACBB45B" authority="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,484,745,771]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1230A76DF99C6AC8AACBB45B" bold="true" box="[151,484,745,771]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Parahigginsia strongylifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57A01230A76DF8E06AC8A955B45B" box="[491,634,745,771]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421230A76DF99C6B2DAAABB47D" box="[151,388,780,805]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91230A76DF99C6B2DAAABB47D" blockId="22.[151,634,745,805]" box="[151,388,780,805]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1230A76DF99C6B2DAA16B47D" box="[151,313,780,805]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-246@22.[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., habit in situ, b. detail of habit in situ, c. preserved holotype RMNH Por. 9251, d. spicules of holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948955/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Figures 14a–d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1230A76DF84F6B2DAAABB47D" box="[324,388,780,805]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1178,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-386@23.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9251, a–c. SEM images of the spicules, a. strongyle, b. acanthomicroxea, c. details of apex and middle part of acanthomicroxea, d–e. light microscopy images of skeleton, d. cross section of skeleton, e. detailed view of peripheral skeleton showing ectosomal cover of acanthomicroxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948961/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">15a–f</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421230A76DF99C6B75AA3EB4ED" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91230A76DF99C6B75AA3EB4ED" blockId="22.[151,1436,852,949]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1230A76DF99C6B75AAA3B433" box="[151,396,852,877]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1230A76DF99C6B75AAAAB435" bold="true" box="[151,389,852,877]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Material examined</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B753C941230A76DF8946B75AA3EB4ED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3328559309" collectingDate="2013-06-01" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="L. E. Becking &amp; E. Meesters" country="Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire" elevation="238" latitude="112.08" location="Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire" longLatPrecision="555" longitude="-68.2938" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" specimenCode="BDR048" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54A6886B1230A76DF8946B75A924B435" box="[415,523,852,877]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED0CAE0C1230A76DFB296B75A959B433" box="[546,630,852,875]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="26E8531F1230A76DFB836B75A999B433" box="[648,694,852,875]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Por.</collectorName>
9251,
<collectingCountry id="F30A76591230A76DFA116B75AFB5B435" box="[794,1178,852,877]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Caribbean Netherlands, Bonaire</collectingCountry>
(Dive 4),
<geoCoordinate id="EE29500E1230A76DFC3B6B75AEB3B435" box="[1328,1436,852,877]" degrees="112.08" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" precision="555" value="112.08">112.08°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE29500E1230A76DF99C6B56AA38B4C8" box="[151,279,887,912]" degrees="68.2938" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" precision="5" value="-68.2938">68.2938°W</geoCoordinate>
, depth
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1230A76DF8616B56AA9AB4D7" box="[362,437,887,912]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.38" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" unit="m" value="238.0">
<elevation id="0030D1FA1230A76DF8616B56AA9AB4D7" box="[362,437,887,912]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.38" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" unit="m" value="238.0">238 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, on a limestone rockwall, coll.
<collectorName id="26E8531F1230A76DFA116B59A880B4C8" box="[794,943,887,912]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">L.E. Becking</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26E8531F1230A76DFADD6B59AF71B4D7" box="[982,1118,888,911]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">E. Meesters</collectorName>
, field nr. BON4/
<specimenCode id="DBBB9EB21230A76DFC166B56AEADB4C8" box="[1309,1410,887,912]" collectionCode="BDR" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">BDR048</specimenCode>
,
<date id="FFA310091230A76DFC856B56AA22B4ED" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" value="2013-06-01">
<collectingDate id="EFE7E9E11230A76DFC856B56AA22B4ED" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" value="2013-06-01">1 June 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6266411230A76DF99C6F9DAAACB0A9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4948955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948955/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" startId="22.[151,250,1980,2002]" targetBox="[151,1436,1001,1958]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91230A76DF99C6F9DAAACB0A9" blockId="22.[151,1436,1980,2033]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1230A76DF99C6F9DAA37B089" bold="true" box="[151,280,1980,2002]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">FIGURE 14</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1230A76DF82E6F9DA911B08A" authority="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[293,574,1980,2002]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1230A76DF82E6F9DA911B08A" box="[293,574,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Parahigginsia strongylifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B969EADB1230A76DFB4F6F9DA952B089" bold="true" box="[580,637,1980,2001]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57A01230A76DFB4F6F9DA952B089" box="[580,637,1980,2001]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, habit in situ, b. detail of habit in situ, c. preserved holotype RMNH Por. 9251, d. spicules of holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6266411231A76CF99C6CBBAFE4B3B5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4948961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948961/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" startId="23.[151,250,1178,1200]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1157]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91231A76CF99C6CBBAFE4B3B5" blockId="23.[151,1436,1178,1261]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF99C6CBBAA36B3F7" bold="true" box="[151,281,1178,1200]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">FIGURE 15</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1231A76CF82D6CBBA96FB3E8" authority="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[294,576,1178,1200]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF82D6CBBA96FB3E8" box="[294,576,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Parahigginsia strongylifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CFB4D6CBAA9AFB3E8" bold="true" box="[582,640,1179,1200]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57A01231A76CFB4D6CBAA9AFB3E8" box="[582,640,1179,1200]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, holotype RMNH Por. 9251, a–c. SEM images of the spicules, a. strongyle, b. acanthomicroxea, c. details of apex and middle part of acanthomicroxea, d–e. light microscopy images of skeleton, d. cross section of skeleton, e. detailed view of peripheral skeleton showing ectosomal cover of acanthomicroxeas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30765421231A76CF9CC6D3BA8F1B1C3" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91231A76CF9CC6D3BA8F3B2C7" blockId="23.[151,1440,1306,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6D3BAA77B26A" box="[199,344,1306,1331]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6D3BAA7EB26B" bold="true" box="[199,337,1306,1331]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Description</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Pale blue, encrusting sponges (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1231A76CFBC46D3BA81EB26B" box="[719,817,1306,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-246@22.[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., habit in situ, b. detail of habit in situ, c. preserved holotype RMNH Por. 9251, d. spicules of holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948955/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 14a</figureCitation>
) forming small lobes with raised oscules (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1231A76CFC226D3BAEA0B26B" box="[1321,1423,1306,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-246@22.[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., habit in situ, b. detail of habit in situ, c. preserved holotype RMNH Por. 9251, d. spicules of holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948955/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 14b</figureCitation>
), individual lobes approximately 2 x 1 x
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1231A76CFB6E6D1FA98FB20E" box="[613,672,1342,1367]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
in size. The preserved
<typeStatus id="54A6886B1231A76CFABF6D1FAF39B20F" box="[948,1046,1342,1367]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
material consists of fragments of approximately
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1231A76CF84B6D43AABBB222" box="[320,404,1378,1403]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
in size (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1231A76CF8FD6D43A978B223" box="[502,599,1378,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-246@22.[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., habit in situ, b. detail of habit in situ, c. preserved holotype RMNH Por. 9251, d. spicules of holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948955/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 14c</figureCitation>
). Individual lobes may coalesce with nearby lobes, and may be connected by thin tissue strands on the substratum. Consistency soft, easily damaged.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91231A76CF9CC6D8BAE3CB153" blockId="23.[151,1440,1306,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6D8BAA1BB29A" box="[199,308,1450,1475]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6D8BAA02B29B" bold="true" box="[199,301,1450,1475]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Skeleton</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The ectosomal skeleton consists of a thin layer of spined microxeas (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1231A76CFD416D8BAF87B29B" box="[1098,1192,1450,1475]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1178,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-386@23.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9251, a–c. SEM images of the spicules, a. strongyle, b. acanthomicroxea, c. details of apex and middle part of acanthomicroxea, d–e. light microscopy images of skeleton, d. cross section of skeleton, e. detailed view of peripheral skeleton showing ectosomal cover of acanthomicroxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948961/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 15e</figureCitation>
) covering a confused choanosomal reticulation (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1231A76CF8C86DEFA90AB2BF" box="[451,549,1486,1511]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1178,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-386@23.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9251, a–c. SEM images of the spicules, a. strongyle, b. acanthomicroxea, c. details of apex and middle part of acanthomicroxea, d–e. light microscopy images of skeleton, d. cross section of skeleton, e. detailed view of peripheral skeleton showing ectosomal cover of acanthomicroxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948961/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 15d</figureCitation>
), constructed from individual strongyles or vaguely aligned bundles of two or three. No clearly developed meshes or tracts. Microxeas are also profusely present in the choanosome.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91231A76CF9CC6E37A83FB177" blockId="23.[151,1440,1306,2015]" box="[199,784,1558,1583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6E37AA9EB177" box="[199,433,1558,1583]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6E37AA06B177" bold="true" box="[199,297,1558,1583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Spicules</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1231A76CF8336E37AA8AB177" box="[312,421,1558,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-246@22.[151,1436,1001,1958]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 14. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., habit in situ, b. detail of habit in situ, c. preserved holotype RMNH Por. 9251, d. spicules of holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948955/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figs. 14d</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Strongyles, acanthomicroxeas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91231A76CF9CC6E1BAE0EB10B" blockId="23.[151,1440,1306,2015]" box="[199,1313,1594,1619]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
Strongyles (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1231A76CF8466E1BAA82B10B" box="[333,429,1594,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1178,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-386@23.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9251, a–c. SEM images of the spicules, a. strongyle, b. acanthomicroxea, c. details of apex and middle part of acanthomicroxea, d–e. light microscopy images of skeleton, d. cross section of skeleton, e. detailed view of peripheral skeleton showing ectosomal cover of acanthomicroxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948961/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 15a</figureCitation>
), curved, often with slightly asymmetrical ends, 290–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CFD0C6E1BAF1EB10B" box="[1031,1073,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">341</emphasis>
–370 x 10–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CFDA46E1BAFE4B10B" box="[1199,1227,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">15</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1231A76CFDD06E1BAE0EB10B" box="[1243,1313,1594,1619]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 µm</quantity>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C91231A76CF9CC6E7FA8F1B1C3" blockId="23.[151,1440,1306,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
Acanthomicroxeas (
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1231A76CF8A66E7FA912B12F" box="[429,573,1630,1655]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1178,1200]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-386@23.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Parahigginsia strongylifera n. sp., holotype RMNH Por. 9251, a–c. SEM images of the spicules, a. strongyle, b. acanthomicroxea, c. details of apex and middle part of acanthomicroxea, d–e. light microscopy images of skeleton, d. cross section of skeleton, e. detailed view of peripheral skeleton showing ectosomal cover of acanthomicroxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948961/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figs. 15b–c</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13262A4C1231A76CFB366E7FA968B12F" box="[573,583,1630,1655]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[169,1414,1098,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-397@2.[151,1436,1094,1770]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the positions of Bonaire and Klein Curaçao (Southern Caribbean), where the present collections were obtained. Insets show details of locations and course of dives 2–4 of the Curasub." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4948910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4948910/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">1</figureCitation>
), curved gently, not abruptly, with thin somewhat irregularly distributed spines (denser at the apices and in the center), 75–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CFBC16EA3A9C9B1C3" box="[714,742,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">93</emphasis>
–120 x 1–
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CFA5E6EA3A857B1C3" box="[853,888,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">1.8</emphasis>
–
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1231A76CFA8C6EA3A8F5B1C3" box="[903,986,1666,1691]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421231A76CF9CC6E87AE33B1E6" box="[199,1308,1702,1727]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91231A76CF9CC6E87AE33B1E6" blockId="23.[151,1440,1306,2015]" box="[199,1308,1702,1727]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6E87AADAB1E6" box="[199,501,1702,1727]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6E87AAC1B1E7" bold="true" box="[199,494,1702,1727]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Ecology and distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Deep water (
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1231A76CFB806E87A9FAB1E7" box="[651,725,1702,1727]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.38" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="m" value="238.0">238 m</quantity>
) off the coast of SW
<collectingCountry id="F30A76591231A76CFACF6E87AF0FB1E7" box="[964,1056,1702,1727]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
, on volcanic outcrops.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421231A76CF9CC6EEBA878B1BB" box="[199,855,1738,1763]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91231A76CF9CC6EEBA878B1BB" blockId="23.[151,1440,1306,2015]" box="[199,855,1738,1763]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6EEBAA62B1BA" box="[199,333,1738,1763]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6EEBAA69B1BB" bold="true" box="[199,326,1738,1763]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Etymology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The name refers to the strongyle megascleres.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30765421231A763F9CC6ECFAAFAB6F5" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA236C91231A763F9CC6ECFAA04B78D" blockId="23.[151,1440,1306,2015]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF9CC6ECFAA14B05F" bold="true" box="[199,315,1774,1799]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1231A76CF8B46ECFA970B05F" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[447,607,1774,1799]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF8B46ECFA970B05F" box="[447,607,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Parahigginsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is so far monotypical, erected for the
<collectingCountry id="F30A76591231A76CFD056ECEAF8AB05F" box="[1038,1189,1774,1799]" name="New Zealand" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
deep water species
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1231A76CFC8C6ECEAAE1B073" authority="Dendy, 1924" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="phakelloides">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CFC8C6ECEAA0BB073" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">P. phakelloides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B381231A76CF83F6F33AAE1B073" author="Dendy, A." box="[308,462,1810,1835]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref23077" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910 (Zoology), 6 (3), 269 - 392." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, subsequently reported also from
<collectingCountry id="F30A76591231A76CFA786F32AF06B073" box="[883,1065,1810,1835]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B381231A76CFD6F6F33AE71B073" author="Levi, C. &amp; Levi, P." box="[1124,1374,1810,1835]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="931 - 997" refId="ref24122" refString="Levi, C. &amp; Levi, P. (1983) Demosponges bathyales recoltees par le N / O ' Vauban' au sud de la Nouvelle Caledonie. Bulletin de la Musee nationale d'Histoire naturelle Paris, Series 4, 5, 931 - 997." type="journal article" year="1983">Lévi &amp; Lévi (1983)</bibRefCitation>
. The assignment of our specimen to this genus is based on the combination of a dense isotropic skeleton of smooth diactines arranged in vague bundles and an ectosomal cover of thin curved acanthoxeas.
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1231A76CFDA36F7AAE7BB02B" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[1192,1364,1882,1907]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="phakelloides">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CFDA36F7AAE7BB02B" box="[1192,1364,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">P. phakelloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a similar skeleton, but the megascleres are more definitely curved oxeas, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1231A76CFD876F5EAE6DB0CF" authority="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[1164,1346,1918,1943]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CFD876F5EAE6DB0CF" box="[1164,1346,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">P. strongylifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CFC586F5FAEB3B0CF" bold="true" box="[1363,1436,1918,1943]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57A01231A76CFC586F5FAEB3B0CF" box="[1363,1436,1918,1943]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
predominantly has (aniso-)strongyles. The megascleres and microscleres of both species are in the same size range.
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A1231A76CF99C6FE6AA6EB087" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,321,1990,2015]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="phakelloides">
<emphasis id="B969EADB1231A76CF99C6FE6AA6EB087" box="[151,321,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">P. phakelloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a lamellate growth form, up to
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1231A76CFBD26FE7A830B086" box="[729,799,1990,2015]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
high,
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1231A76CFA636FE7A88FB086" box="[872,928,1990,2015]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
wide and
<quantity id="4CE59B2C1231A76CFD136FE7AF40B086" box="[1048,1135,1990,2015]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
thick, quite different from the encrusting-lobate
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A123EA763F88268B8A91BB7E8" authority="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest &amp; Meesters &amp; Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[393,564,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B969EADB123EA763F88268B8A91BB7E8" box="[393,564,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">P. strongylifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B969EADB123EA763FB3168B6A957B7E8" bold="true" box="[570,632,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57A0123EA763FB3168B6A957B7E8" box="[570,632,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Both species occur at comparable depths (
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A123EA763FD5E68B8AFD1B7E8" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[1109,1278,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="phakelloides">
<emphasis id="B969EADB123EA763FD5E68B8AFD1B7E8" box="[1109,1278,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">P. phakelloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected from
<quantity id="4CE59B2C123EA763F9DF689DAA30B78D" box="[212,287,188,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" unit="m" value="126.0">126 m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236C9123EA763F9CC68C1AAFAB6F5" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38123EA763F9CC68C1AA41B7A0" author="Hooper, J. N. A." box="[199,366,223,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" pagination="755 - 772" refId="ref23609" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Desmoxyidae Hallmann, 1916. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 755 - 772." type="book chapter" year="2002">Hooper (2002)</bibRefCitation>
assigned the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A123EA763FB5A68FEA9DEB7A0" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[593,753,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB123EA763FB5A68FEA9DEB7A0" box="[593,753,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">Parahigginsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the family
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A123EA763FA9868FEAF1FB7A0" authorityName="Hallmann" authorityYear="1917" box="[915,1072,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmoxyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Desmoxyidae</taxonomicName>
, for priority reasons renamed as
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A123EA763F99C6925AA01B645" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,302,260,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Heteroxyidae</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38123EA763F86E6925A9E7B645" author="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[357,712,260,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" pagination="1367 - 1371" refId="ref26411" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2005) Resurrection of Desmoxya (Porifera: Halichondrida), with the description of a new species from Rockall Bank bathyal coral reefs, North Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 1367 - 1371." type="journal article" year="2005">Van Soest &amp; Hooper (2005)</bibRefCitation>
. This family is likely polyphyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B38123EA763FD996925AEBEB645" author="Morrow, C. C. &amp; Picton, B. E. &amp; Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Maggs, C. A. &amp; Allcock, A. L." box="[1170,1425,260,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" pagination="174 - 190" refId="ref24521" refString="Morrow, C. C., Picton, B. E., Erpenbeck, D., Boury-Esnault, N., Maggs, C. A. &amp; Allcock, A. L. (2012) Congruence between nuclear and mitochondrial genes in Demospongiae: A new hypothesis for relationships within the G 4 clade (Porifera: Demospongiae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 174 - 190." type="journal article" year="2012">
Morrow
<emphasis id="B969EADB123EA763FC0A6924AE6CB645" box="[1281,1347,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A123EA763F99C6906AA18B618" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,311,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB123EA763F99C6906AA18B618" box="[151,311,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">Parahigginsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was reassigned to a family
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A123EA763FB886906A83CB618" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1898" box="[643,787,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stelligeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Stelligeridae</taxonomicName>
, along with several other heteroxyid genera. Since only limited evidence of mostly molecular nature was presented to justify the proposed reassignment, we prefer to retain
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A123EA763F99C694EAA18B6D0" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,311,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EADB123EA763F99C694EAA18B6D0" box="[151,311,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">Parahigginsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the family
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D4A123EA763F8EE694EA954B6D0" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1905" box="[485,635,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Heteroxyidae</taxonomicName>
until a comprehensive integrative classification of these genera and families has been published.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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