1949 lines
335 KiB
XML
1949 lines
335 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F450EB6F128D23C4892AD4616F0730EC">The Early Devonian acanthodian Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 from the Midland Valley of Scotland</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="338B439EC486D5A6063D295E82A13D69">Newman, Michael J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="15E37CC1ADE091963F7A90FF70F46C37">Den Blaauwen, Jan L.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AE87E08023C10622C8FD6D396EFBE0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822661" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182401041" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4822661" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87E08023C10622C8FD6D396EFBE0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87E08023C10622C8FD6D396EFBE0" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="346" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D758023C11A22C8FD6D3F28FD04" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[736,1150,659,686]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
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<emphasis id="B973EAE48023C11A22C8FD6D38B0FD07" bold="true" box="[736,998,659,686]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A23C4FD6D3F28FD04" author="POWRIE J." box="[1004,1150,659,685]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="133C2A738023C11A2352FD4D38B7FD64" box="[890,993,691,717]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-10="FIG" captionStart-11="FIG" captionStart-12="FIG" captionStart-13="FIG" captionStart-14="FIG" captionStart-15="FIG" captionStart-16="FIG" captionStart-17="FIG" captionStart-18="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStart-5="FIG" captionStart-6="FIG" captionStart-7="FIG" captionStart-8="FIG" captionStart-9="FIG" captionStartId-0="2.[112,123,768,786]" captionStartId-1="6.[113,124,710,728]" captionStartId-10="15.[113,124,1331,1349]" captionStartId-11="16.[113,124,573,591]" captionStartId-12="17.[113,124,932,950]" captionStartId-13="18.[114,124,1338,1356]" captionStartId-14="19.[113,124,1320,1338]" captionStartId-15="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionStartId-16="21.[113,124,1588,1606]" captionStartId-17="23.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionStartId-18="24.[113,124,579,597]" captionStartId-2="7.[113,123,996,1014]" captionStartId-3="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionStartId-4="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionStartId-5="10.[113,124,1037,1055]" captionStartId-6="11.[113,124,628,646]" captionStartId-7="12.[113,124,1371,1389]" captionStartId-8="13.[112,123,772,790]" captionStartId-9="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetBox-0="[120,1203,214,724]" captionTargetBox-1="[219,1107,215,673]" captionTargetBox-10="[119,641,231,1287]" captionTargetBox-11="[113,1189,217,531]" captionTargetBox-12="[113,1210,218,886]" captionTargetBox-13="[114,1209,153,1295]" captionTargetBox-14="[113,1210,215,1282]" captionTargetBox-15="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetBox-17="[113,1209,215,1523]" captionTargetBox-18="[124,1206,234,537]" captionTargetBox-2="[113,1205,214,953]" captionTargetBox-3="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetBox-4="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetBox-5="[115,1210,215,996]" captionTargetBox-6="[113,646,216,588]" captionTargetBox-7="[113,1209,215,1332]" captionTargetBox-8="[216,1111,226,730]" captionTargetId-0="figure-488@2.[120,1203,214,724]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-537@6.[292,1108,220,520]" captionTargetId-10="figure-473@15.[113,646,216,1299]" captionTargetId-11="figure-528@16.[112,1119,216,533]" captionTargetId-12="figure-365@17.[112,753,213,724]" captionTargetId-13="figure-278@18.[112,662,151,725]" captionTargetId-14="figure-87@19.[112,753,213,749]" captionTargetId-15="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetId-16="figure-30@22.[143,710,779,1346]" captionTargetId-17="figure-22@23.[112,662,775,1338]" captionTargetId-18="figure-460@24.[113,1209,215,547]" captionTargetId-2="figure-332@7.[112,662,212,769]" captionTargetId-3="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetId-4="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetId-5="figure-279@10.[112,753,213,736]" captionTargetId-6="figure-653@11.[113,647,215,588]" captionTargetId-7="figure-127@12.[112,662,213,774]" captionTargetId-8="figure-335@13.[208,1115,215,737]" captionTargetId-9="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-10="15" captionTargetPageId-11="16" captionTargetPageId-12="17" captionTargetPageId-13="18" captionTargetPageId-14="19" captionTargetPageId-15="20" captionTargetPageId-16="22" captionTargetPageId-17="23" captionTargetPageId-18="24" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionTargetPageId-6="11" captionTargetPageId-7="12" captionTargetPageId-8="13" captionTargetPageId-9="14" captionText-0="FIG. 1. — A, Walter M’Nicoll (1827-1908);B-D, previously published reconstructions of Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864;B, Powrie 1864: pl. 20, fig. 2; C, Powrie 1870: pl. 11, fig. 3; D, Watson 1937: fig. 4." captionText-1="FIG. 2. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864: comparison of length of fish compared with length of posterior dorsal fin spine, for 12 near complete specimens. Symbols: •, pdfs length (mm); ¢, fish length (mm)." captionText-10="FIG. 11. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, fin spine his- tological structure: Serial sections of posterior dorsal (pd.fs) and anal (a.fs) fin spines of NMS G.2010.7.42. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." captionText-11="FIG. 12. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, tail squamation: A, tail of holotype NMS G.1891.92.231; B, squamation pattern in E. macnicoli, based on that for Acanthodes sp. as figured by Miles (1970: fig. 7). Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-12="FIG. 13. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, an articulated moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A, specimen before sectioning;B-E, light microscope views of articulated squamation patches;B, pectoral region;C, midflank,midbody; D, anterior to caudal peduncle between posterior dorsal and anal fin spines;E, tail lobe (zone Z1). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B-E, 0.5 mm." captionText-13="FIG. 14. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, thin sections of individual scales in serial sections of an articu- lated, moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A-C, sections in the pectoral region; A, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones; B, median vertical longitudinal section along a groove between crown ridges;C, vertical transverse section with three growth zones; D, E, vertical transverse sections in the anterior midflank region; F-H, sections in the midbody midflank region; F, oblique section; G, H, vertical transverse sections; I-K, sections in the posterior midflank region between the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines; I, vertical transverse section; J, K, vertical longitudinal section; L-N, sections in the caudal peduncle-midtail region; L, M, vertical transverse section; N, vertical longitudinal section. Abbreviations: bcl, bone cell lacunae; igl, incremental growth lines; m, mesodentine; Sf, Sharpey’s fibres; Sg, Stranggewebe; vc, vascular canal. Scale bars: A, L, 0.05 mm; B-K, M, N, 0.1 mm." captionText-14="FIG. 15. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.42, the rear half with the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines of a small articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, the specimen before thin sectioning with the anterior to the right; white lines shown the areas thin sectioned; B-M, SEM views of scales; B, C, squamation segment cut midflank below the poste- rior dorsal fin spine; D, E, squamation segment cut at the middle of the caudal peduncle; F-M, scales in residues after acetic acid treatment of remainder of cut portion; F, articulated patch of scales (both sides of fish compressed together); G, H, scale in crown and lateral view; I, J, scale in crown and lateral view; K, scale from one side of the body attached to two scales from the other side; L, M, scale in crown and posterolateral view; N-P, thin sections of scales; N, vertical transverse section of a young fin web scale; O, vertical longitudinal section of a fin web scale; P, vertical transverse sections of two scales abutting a fin spine. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D, 1 mm; C, E-P, 0.1 mm." captionText-15="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." captionText-16="FIG. 17. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.39, thin sections of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland:A, a group of scales in various orientations;B-H, sections through individual scales;B, vertical longitudinal section with six crown growth zones;C, vertical transverse section with three crown growth zones;D, crown horizontal section with eight crown growth zones;E, vertical transverse section through posterior part of scale with at least eight growth zones;F, vertical transverse sec- tion through the anterior part of the scale with five crown growth zones; G, vertical longitudinal section with seven crown growth zones;" captionText-17="FIG. 18. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.43, a coprolitic/regurgitate patch of scales from a large individual from Tillywhandland: A, complete specimen; B-F, separate flank scales in matrix, viewed under a light microscope;G-J, SEM images of specialized scales; G, stellate head tessera in crown view; H, stellate head tessera in lateral view; I, fractured tuberculated head scale in anterior view; J, transitional or umbellate scale in anterocrown view; K-Q, thin sections of scales; K, crown horizontal section of head scale or tessera; L, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones with a vertical transverse section of a small Mesacanthus mitchelli Egerton,1860 scale above anterior crown (to right);M, vertical transverse section of scale with six crown growth" captionText-18="FIG. 19. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 Reconstruction of the whole fish in lateral view, much modified after Watson (1937: fig. 4A)." captionText-2="FIG. 3.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864:A, NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill (Tillywhandland),the holotype;B, NMS G.2002.59.97, a moderate sized individual from Duntrune. Scale bars: 10 mm." captionText-3="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." captionText-4="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." captionText-5="FIG. 6. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, jaws and branchiostegal plate ornament: A, NMS G.1967.12.7 from Turin Hill (Til- lywhandland); C, D, branchiostegal plates on QMF57176 from Tillywhandland, under normal light (C) and whitened with magnesium oxide (D); E, branchiostegal plate in NHM P.67308,a large regurgitate or coprolite.Abbreviations:br.p, branchiostegal plates;lt.mc, left Meckel’s cartilage; lt.pq, left palatoquadrate cartilage; rt.pq, right palatoquadrate cartilage. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C-E, 1 mm." captionText-6="FIG. 7. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head tesserae: NMS G.1881.5.60 from Turin Hill. Scale bar: 1 mm." captionText-7="FIG. 8. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, shoulder girdle elements on NMS G.2010.7.39: A, left prepectoral plate; B, right prepectoral plate, medial surface; C, left scapulocoracoid, lateral surface; D, right scapulocoracoid, lateral surface. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates; p.fs, pectoral fin spine. Scale bar: 2 mm." captionText-8="FIG. 9. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864. Reconstruction of the head in lateral view, much modified after Watson (1937, fig. 3)." captionText-9="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538457" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538459" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538475" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538477" figureDoi-12="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538479" figureDoi-13="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538481" figureDoi-14="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538483" figureDoi-15="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" figureDoi-16="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822542" figureDoi-17="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538487" figureDoi-18="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538489" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538461" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538467" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538469" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538471" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538473" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4538457/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4538459/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/4538475/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/4538477/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/4538479/files/figure.png" httpUri-13="https://zenodo.org/record/4538481/files/figure.png" httpUri-14="https://zenodo.org/record/4538483/files/figure.png" httpUri-15="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" httpUri-16="https://zenodo.org/record/4822542/files/figure.png" httpUri-17="https://zenodo.org/record/4538487/files/figure.png" httpUri-18="https://zenodo.org/record/4538489/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4538461/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/4538467/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/4538469/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/4538471/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/4538473/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">Figs 1-19</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D657D8023C119228DFD153AD5FBD7" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68023C11A228DFD15388BFBA5" blockId="5.[675,1210,747,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711D88023C11A228DFD15388BFBA5" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A228DFD153F6EFCAA" author="POWRIE J." box="[677,1080,747,771]" page="425" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1864">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758023C11A228DFD153F6EFCAA" authority="Powrie, 1864: 425" authorityName="Powrie" authorityPageNumber="425" authorityYear="1864" box="[677,1080,747,771]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48023C11A228DFD1538D4FCAA" box="[677,898,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A23AEFD153F6EFCAA" author="POWRIE J." box="[902,1080,747,771]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864: 425</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl.20, fig. 2; 1870: 290, pl. 11, figs 3, 3a, 3b; 1881: 169. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2446FCF8387AFC91" author="ANONYMOUS" page="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1867">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2446FCF8387AFC91" author="ANONYMOUS" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref13006" refString="ANONYMOUS 1867. - Report of the Directors for 1866. Montrose Museum, Scotland: 3 - 11." type="book chapter" year="1867">Anonymous 1867: 7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A23BAFCDE3F69FC91" author="BARKAS W. J." box="[914,1087,800,824]" page="550" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1874">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A23BAFCDE3F69FC91" author="BARKAS W. J." box="[914,1087,800,824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="542 - 553" refId="ref13080" refString="BARKAS W. J. 1874. - II. List of Palaeozoic Fishes. Geological Magazine (Decade II) 1: 542 - 553." type="journal article" year="1874">Barkas 1874: 550</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A244EFCDE3856FCFA" author="TRAQUAIR R. H." page="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1892">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A244EFCDE3856FCFA" author="TRAQUAIR R. H." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="31 - 39" refId="ref14924" refString="TRAQUAIR R. H. 1892. - List of the Type and Figured specimens in the " Powrie Collection " of fossils. The Annals of Scottish Natural History 1: 31 - 39." type="journal article" year="1892">Traquair 1892: 33</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2303FCC53899FCFB" author="DEAN B." box="[811,975,826,851]" page="216" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1907">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2303FCC53899FCFB" author="DEAN B." box="[811,975,826,851]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="211 - 222" refId="ref13574" refString="DEAN B. 1907. - Notes on acanthodian sharks. American Journal of Anatomy 7: 211 - 222." type="journal article" year="1907">Dean 1907: 216</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 23, 36. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2447FCC53856FCC4" author="WATSON D. M. S." page="61" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1937">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2447FCC53856FCC4" author="WATSON D. M. S." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson 1937: 61</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 3, 4, pl. 7, figs 1, 2. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2408FCAB398FFC21" author="ADAMS L. A. & EDDY S." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref12973" refString="ADAMS L. A. & EDDY S. 1949. - Comparative anatomy; an introduction to the vertebrates. J. Wiley, New York, vii, 520 p." type="book" year="1949">Adams & Eddy 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig.11. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2368FC913891FC2E" author="LEHMAN J. - P." box="[832,967,879,903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref14304" refString="LEHMAN J. - P. 1959. - L'evolution des vertebres inferieurs. Dunod, Paris, 188 p." type="book" year="1959">Lehman 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 22. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2418FC9139E9FC0B" author="HEYLER D." page="59" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1969">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2418FC9139E9FC0B" author="HEYLER D." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="21 - 70" refId="ref14211" refString="HEYLER D. 1969 b. - Acanthodii, in PIVETEAU J. (ed.) Traite de Paleontologie. Tome IV, vol. 2: 21 - 70." type="journal article" year="1969">Heyler 1969b: 59</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 1, 20. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2366FC7438A4FC0B" author="MILES R. S." box="[846,1010,906,930]" page="362" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2366FC7438A4FC0B" author="MILES R. S." box="[846,1010,906,930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref14393" refString="MILES R. S. 1970. - Remarks on the vertebral column and caudal fin of acanthodian fishes. Lethaia 3: 343 - 362." type="journal article" year="1970">Miles 1970: 362</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. — Moy-Thomas & Miles 1971: figs 4.2, 4.6. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A23EBFC5A3F3EFC15" author="MILES R. S." box="[963,1128,932,956]" page="183" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1973">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A23EBFC5A3F3EFC15" author="MILES R. S." box="[963,1128,932,956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="111 - 213" refId="ref14420" refString="MILES R. S. 1973. - Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 111 - 213." type="journal article" year="1973">Miles 1973: 183</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 36, pl. 15, fig. 1. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2367FC413889FC7F" author="PATON R. L." box="[847,991,959,983]" page="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1976">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2367FC413889FC7F" author="PATON R. L." box="[847,991,959,983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref14739" refString="PATON R. L. 1976. - A catalogue of fossil vertebrates in the Royal Scottish Museum, Part 5, Acanthodii. Royal Scottish Museums, Information Series, Geology, 6, 40 p." type="book" year="1976">Paton 1976: 7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2424FC413FE3FC7E" author="JARVIK E." box="[1036,1205,959,983]" page="212" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1977">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2424FC413FE3FC7E" author="JARVIK E." box="[1036,1205,959,983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="199 - 225" refId="ref14261" refString="JARVIK E. 1977. - The systematic position of acanthodian fishes, in ANDREWS S. M. & MILES R. S. (eds), Problems in Vertebrate Evolution. Academic Press, London: 199 - 225." type="book chapter" year="1977">Jarvik 1977: 212</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 11B. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2301FC2738BCFC58" author="DENISON R." box="[809,1002,985,1009]" page="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1979">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2301FC2738BCFC58" author="DENISON R." box="[809,1002,985,1009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref13595" refString="DENISON R. 1979. - Acanthodii, in SCHULTZE H. - P. (ed.), Handbook of palaeoichthyology, 5. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 62 p." type="book" year="1979">Denison 1979: 27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 4A, 10A, 11A, 17C. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A22D5FC0A38CBFBA5" author="YOUNG V. T." box="[765,925,1012,1036]" page="66" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1995">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A22D5FC0A38CBFBA5" author="YOUNG V. T." box="[765,925,1012,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref15389" refString="YOUNG V. T. 1995. - Micro-remains from Early and Middle Devonian acanthodian fishes from the U. K. and their biostratigraphic possibilities. Ichthyolith Issues, Special Publications 1: 65 - 68." type="journal article" year="1995">Young 1995: 66</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68023C11A228DFBDC39A3FB23" blockId="5.[675,1210,1058,1162]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711D88023C11A228DFBDC39A3FB23" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A228DFBDC3F7BFB92" author="POWRIE J." box="[677,1069,1058,1083]" page="292" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1870">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758023C11A228DFBDC3F7BFB92" authority="Powrie, 1870: 292" authorityName="Powrie" authorityPageNumber="292" authorityYear="1870" box="[677,1069,1058,1083]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48023C11A228DFBDC3838FB93" box="[677,878,1058,1082]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">Euthacanthus grandis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A235EFBDC3F7BFB92" author="POWRIE J." box="[886,1069,1058,1083]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="284 - 301" refId="ref14807" refString="POWRIE J. 1870. - On the earliest known vestiges of vertebrate life; being a description of the fish remains of the Old Red Sandstone rocks of Forfarshire. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 1: 284 - 301." type="journal article" year="1870">Powrie, 1870: 292</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 12, fig. 6; 1881: 169. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2368FBC338A0FBFC" author="BARKAS W. J." box="[832,1014,1085,1109]" page="550" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1874">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2368FBC338A0FBFC" author="BARKAS W. J." box="[832,1014,1085,1109]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="542 - 553" refId="ref13080" refString="BARKAS W. J. 1874. - II. List of Palaeozoic Fishes. Geological Magazine (Decade II) 1: 542 - 553." type="journal article" year="1874">Barkas 1874: 550</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A240AFBC33997FBC6" author="TRAQUAIR R. H." page="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1892">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A240AFBC33997FBC6" author="TRAQUAIR R. H." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="31 - 39" refId="ref14924" refString="TRAQUAIR R. H. 1892. - List of the Type and Figured specimens in the " Powrie Collection " of fossils. The Annals of Scottish Natural History 1: 31 - 39." type="journal article" year="1892">Traquair 1892: 33</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A22CBFBA938CAFBC6" author="GUNTHER A." box="[739,924,1111,1135]" page="312" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1904">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A22CBFBA938CAFBC6" author="GUNTHER A." box="[739,924,1111,1135]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref13868" refString="GUNTHER A. 1904. - The History of the Collections Contained in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum, Volume 1. Trustees of the British Museum, Longmans, London, xvii + 442 p." type="book" year="1904">Gunther 1904: 312</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A23E8FBA93F0AFBC6" author="MILES R. S." box="[960,1116,1111,1135]" page="362" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A23E8FBA93F0AFBC6" author="MILES R. S." box="[960,1116,1111,1135]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref14393" refString="MILES R. S. 1970. - Remarks on the vertebral column and caudal fin of acanthodian fishes. Lethaia 3: 343 - 362." type="journal article" year="1970">Miles 1970: 362</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A24AAFBA639A7FB23" author="PATON R. L." page="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1976">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A24AAFBA639A7FB23" author="PATON R. L." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref14739" refString="PATON R. L. 1976. - A catalogue of fossil vertebrates in the Royal Scottish Museum, Part 5, Acanthodii. Royal Scottish Museums, Information Series, Geology, 6, 40 p." type="book" year="1976">Paton 1976: 6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68023C11A228DFB5F3889FB47" blockId="5.[677,1209,1185,1262]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711D88023C11A228DFB5F3889FB47" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758023C11A228DFB5F380FFB10" baseAuthorityName="Powrie" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[677,857,1185,1209]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Climatius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48023C11A228DFB5F380FFB10" box="[677,857,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">Climatius grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2351FB5F3997FB7A" author="WOODWARD A. S. & SHERBORN C. D." page="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1890">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2351FB5F3997FB7A" author="WOODWARD A. S. & SHERBORN C. D." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref15361" refString="WOODWARD A. S. & SHERBORN C. D. 1890. - A catalogue of British fossil vertebrata. Dulau, London, 396 p." type="book" year="1890">Woodward & Sherborn 1890: 36</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 81. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A233DFB4538B5FB7A" author="WOODWARD A. S." box="[789,995,1211,1235]" page="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1891">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A233DFB4538B5FB7A" author="WOODWARD A. S." box="[789,995,1211,1235]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref15325" refString="WOODWARD A. S. 1891. - Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, 567 p." type="book" year="1891">Woodward 1891: 31</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2438FB423FE3FB7A" author="DEAN B." box="[1040,1205,1211,1235]" page="218" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1907">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2438FB423FE3FB7A" author="DEAN B." box="[1040,1205,1211,1235]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="211 - 222" refId="ref13574" refString="DEAN B. 1907. - Notes on acanthodian sharks. American Journal of Anatomy 7: 211 - 222." type="journal article" year="1907">Dean 1907: 218</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 30. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2327FB2B388CFB47" author="O'CONNELL M. B." box="[783,986,1237,1262]" page="90" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1916">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2327FB2B388CFB47" author="O'CONNELL M. B." box="[783,986,1237,1262]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="1 - 278" refId="ref14675" refString="O'CONNELL M. B. 1916. - The habitat of the Eurypterida. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 11: 1 - 278." type="journal article" year="1916">O’Connell 1916: 90</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68023C11A228DFAFA38A1FAF8" blockId="5.[677,1211,1284,1361]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711D88023C11A228DFAFA38A1FAF8" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758023C11A228DFAFA383FFAB5" baseAuthorityName="Powrie" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[677,873,1284,1308]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Climatius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48023C11A228DFAFA383FFAB5" box="[677,873,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">Climatius macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A23AEFAFA3994FA9E" author="WOODWARD A. S. & SHERBORN C. D." page="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1890">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A23AEFAFA3994FA9E" author="WOODWARD A. S. & SHERBORN C. D." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref15361" refString="WOODWARD A. S. & SHERBORN C. D. 1890. - A catalogue of British fossil vertebrata. Dulau, London, 396 p." type="book" year="1890">Woodward & Sherborn 1890: 36</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 81. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A233DFAE138B5FA9E" author="WOODWARD A. S." box="[789,995,1311,1335]" page="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1891">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A233DFAE138B5FA9E" author="WOODWARD A. S." box="[789,995,1311,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref15325" refString="WOODWARD A. S. 1891. - Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, 567 p." type="book" year="1891">Woodward 1891: 30</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2439FAE13997FAF8" author="O'CONNELL M. B." page="90" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1916">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2439FAE13997FAF8" author="O'CONNELL M. B." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="1 - 278" refId="ref14675" refString="O'CONNELL M. B. 1916. - The habitat of the Eurypterida. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 11: 1 - 278." type="journal article" year="1916">O’Connell 1916: 90</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. — Graham-Smith 1936: 596.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68023C11A228DFA963807F90A" blockId="5.[674,1212,1384,1699]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711D88023C11A228DFA963807F90A" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758023C11A228DFA96387AFA29" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[677,812,1384,1408]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48023C11A228DFA96387AFA29" box="[677,812,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2361FA963F4CFA29" author="TRAQUAIR R. H." box="[841,1050,1384,1408]" page="257" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1894">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2361FA963F4CFA29" author="TRAQUAIR R. H." box="[841,1050,1384,1408]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="368 - 374" refId="ref14960" refString="TRAQUAIR R. H. 1894. - Notes on Palaeozoic fishes. No. 1. Annals and Magazine of natural History 14, ser. 6: 368 - 374." type="journal article" year="1894">Traquair 1894: 257</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2463FA963999FA33" author="HAY O. P." page="274" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1902">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2463FA963999FA33" author="HAY O. P." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="1 - 868" refId="ref14148" refString="HAY O. P. 1902. - Bibliography and catalogue of the fossil vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179: 1 - 868." type="journal article" year="1902">Hay 1902: 274</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A22DCFA7C38CCFA33" author="HEYLER D." box="[756,922,1410,1434]" page="40" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1969">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A22DCFA7C38CCFA33" author="HEYLER D." box="[756,922,1410,1434]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref14180" refString="HEYLER D. 1969 a. - Vertebres de l'Autunien de France. Cahiers de Paleontologie, Editions du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Paris, 255 p." type="book" year="1969">Heyler 1969a: 40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 42, 43, 49.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A240FFA7C3FE0FA33" author="HALSTEAD L. B." box="[1063,1206,1410,1434]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref13908" refString="HALSTEAD L. B. 1969. - The Pattern of Vertebrate Evolution. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 209 p." type="book" year="1969">Halstead 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 17a. — Moy-Thomas & Miles 1971: 61, 69, 70, 71. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A22C5FA4638C6FA66" author="LONG J. A." box="[749,912,1463,1488]" page="336" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1986">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A22C5FA4638C6FA66" author="LONG J. A." box="[749,912,1463,1488]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="321 - 339" refId="ref14325" refString="LONG J. A. 1986. - New ischnacanthid acanthodians from the Early Devonian of Australia, with comments on acanthodian interrelationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 321 - 339." type="journal article" year="1986">Long 1986: 336</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 10. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2421FA493998FA43" author="FRICKHINGER K. A." page="239" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1991">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2421FA493998FA43" author="FRICKHINGER K. A." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref13720" refString="FRICKHINGER K. A. 1991. - Fossilien-Atlas Fische. Mergus Verlag, Melle, 1088 p." type="book" year="1991">Frickhinger 1991: 239</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A22D8FA2C38CDFA43" author="JANVIER P." box="[752,923,1490,1514]" page="177" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A22D8FA2C38CDFA43" author="JANVIER P." box="[752,923,1490,1514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref14243" refString="JANVIER P. 1996. - Early Vertebrates. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 393 p." type="book" year="1996">
|
||
<date id="FFB910368023C11A22D8FA2C383DFA43" box="[752,875,1490,1514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" value="1996-01">Janvier 1996</date>
|
||
: 177
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2397FA2C399CF9AD" author="TREWIN N. H. & DAVIDSON R. G." page="233" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2397FA2C399CF9AD" author="TREWIN N. H. & DAVIDSON R. G." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="233 - 246" refId="ref14993" refString="TREWIN N. H. & DAVIDSON R. G. 1996. - An Early Devonian lake and its associated biota in the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 86: 233 - 246." type="journal article" year="1996">Trewin & Davidson 1996: 233</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 241. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2308FA1338C9F9AD" author="BENTON M. J." box="[800,927,1516,1540]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref13107" refString="BENTON M. J. 1997. - Vertebrate palaeontology. 2 nd edition, Chapman & Hall, Melbourne, 452 p." type="book" year="1997">Benton 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3.14b. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2400FA123FE2F9AD" author="PROTHERO D. R." box="[1064,1204,1516,1540]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" refId="ref14895" refString="PROTHERO D. R. 1998. - Bringing fossils to life: an introduction to paleobiology. WCB / McGraw-Hill, Boston, viii + 457 p." type="book" year="1998">Prothero 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 17.23.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2308F9F93F69F9B6" author="WILSON H. M. & ANDERSON L. I." box="[800,1087,1543,1567]" page="171" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="2004">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2308F9F93F69F9B6" author="WILSON H. M. & ANDERSON L. I." box="[800,1087,1543,1567]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="169 - 184" refId="ref15286" refString="WILSON H. M. & ANDERSON L. I. 2004. - Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland. Journal of Paleontology 78: 169 - 184." type="journal article" year="2004">Wilson & Anderson 2004: 171</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A244AF9F93804F990" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." page="534" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="2006">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A244AF9F93804F990" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="526 - 537" refId="ref13997" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2006. - Anatomy of the early Devonian acanthodian Brochoadmones milesi based on nearly complete body fossils, with comments on the evolution and development of paired fins. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 526 - 537." type="journal article" year="2006">Hanke & Wilson 2006: 534</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 535. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A2381F9DF3F18F990" author="MILLER R. F." box="[937,1102,1569,1593]" page="994" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="2007">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A2381F9DF3F18F990" author="MILLER R. F." box="[937,1102,1569,1593]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="981 - 999" refId="ref14468" refString="MILLER R. F. 2007. - Pterygotus anglicus Agassiz (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from Atholville, Lower Devonian Cambellton Formation, New Brunswick, Canada. Palaeontology 50: 981 - 999." type="journal article" year="2007">Miller 2007: 994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. — Park & Gierlowski-Kordesch 2007: 165. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A240EF9C23FE1F9FD" author="BRAZEAU M. D." box="[1062,1207,1596,1620]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="305 - 308" refId="ref13169" refString="BRAZEAU M. D. 2009. - The braincase and jaws of a Devonian " acanthodian " and modern gnathostome origins. Nature 457: 305 - 308." type="journal article" year="2009">Brazeau 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig.3. — Franz-Odendaal 2011: 394. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78023C11A240BF9A83851F920" author="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P." page="480" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A240BF9A83851F920" author="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="469 - 487" refId="ref14091" refString="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P. 2012. - A re-examination of Lupopsyrus pygmaeus Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977 (Pisces, Acanthodii). Geodiversitas 34 (3): 469 - 487. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2012 n 3 a 1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hanke & Davis 2012: 480</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 7A, B.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A23B8F98E3F67F920" author="DAVIS S. P. & FINARELLI J. A. & COATES M. I." box="[912,1073,1648,1673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="247 - 250" refId="ref13534" refString="DAVIS S. P., FINARELLI J. A. & COATES M. I. 2012. - Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes. Nature 486: 247 - 250." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Davis
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48023C11A23E4F98F38A1F921" box="[972,1015,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig.4. —
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078023C11A24A6F98E3859F90A" author="ZHU M. & YU X. & AHLBERG P. E. & CHOO B. & LU J. & QIAO T. & QU Q. & ZHAO W. & JIA L. & BLOM H. & ZHU Y." pageId="5" pageNumber="326" pagination="188 - 193" refId="ref15427" refString="ZHU M., YU X., AHLBERG P. E., CHOO B., LU J., QIAO T., QU Q., ZHAO W., JIA L., BLOM H. & ZHU Y. 2013. - A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones. Nature 502: 188 - 193." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Zhu
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48023C11A228BF9723982F90A" box="[675,724,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="326">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 6.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8020C1192059FD38384EFD46" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538459" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538459/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" startId="6.[113,124,710,728]" targetBox="[219,1107,215,673]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C1192059FD38384EFD46" blockId="6.[113,1209,710,751]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
FIG. 2. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758020C11920EBFD383956FD71" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[195,512,710,728]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48020C11920EBFD383ADFFD71" box="[195,393,710,728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C11921A6FD383956FD71" author="POWRIE J." box="[398,512,710,728]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: comparison of length of fish compared with length of posterior dorsal fin spine, for 12 near complete specimens. Symbols:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48020C11921E8FD233A87FD47" bold="true" box="[448,465,733,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">•</emphasis>
|
||
, pdfs length (mm);
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48020C119225AFD2339D5FD47" bold="true" box="[626,643,733,750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">¢</emphasis>
|
||
, fish length (mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C1192059FCCE3A23FCCB" blockId="6.[113,648,816,867]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711D88020C1192059FCCE3A23FCCB" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758020C1192059FCCE3A0FFCE1" box="[113,345,816,840]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitchelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48020C1192059FCCE3A0FFCE1" box="[113,345,816,840]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Euthacanthus mitchelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C1192150FCCE3936FCE1" author="GOODCHILD J. G." box="[376,608,816,840]" page="597" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="1904">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C1192150FCCE3936FCE1" author="GOODCHILD J. G." box="[376,608,816,840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="591 - 602" refId="ref13792" refString="GOODCHILD J. G. 1904. - V. The Older Deutozoic Rooks of North Britain. Geological Magazine (Decade V) 1: 591 - 602." type="journal article" year="1904">Goodchild 1904: 597</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C119205BFCB53A68FCCA" author="O'CONNELL M. B." box="[115,318,843,867]" page="90" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="1916">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C119205BFCB53A68FCCA" author="O'CONNELL M. B." box="[115,318,843,867]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="1 - 278" refId="ref14675" refString="O'CONNELL M. B. 1916. - The habitat of the Eurypterida. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 11: 1 - 278." type="journal article" year="1916">O’Connell 1916: 90</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 175.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C1192059FC823968FC07" blockId="6.[113,646,892,943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711D88020C1192059FC823968FC07" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758020C1192059FC823A31FC3D" baseAuthorityName="Powrie" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[113,359,892,916]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48020C1192059FC823A31FC3D" box="[113,359,892,916]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Euthacanthus macnicolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic] – Moy-Thomas 1939: fig. 8A. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C11920F7FC683AE8FC06" author="FRICKHINGER K. A." box="[223,446,918,943]" page="239" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="1991">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C11920F7FC683AE8FC06" author="FRICKHINGER K. A." box="[223,446,918,943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" refId="ref13720" refString="FRICKHINGER K. A. 1991. - Fossilien-Atlas Fische. Mergus Verlag, Melle, 1088 p." type="book" year="1991">Frickhinger 1991: 239</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. caption.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C1192059FC363AD5FBD7" blockId="6.[112,649,968,1151]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711D88020C1192059FC363AD5FBD7" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758020C1192059FC363A30FC49" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[113,358,968,992]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48020C1192059FC363A30FC49" box="[113,358,968,992]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C11921AFFC363BDBFC53" author="BURROW C. J. & YOUNG G. C." page="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C11921AFFC363BDBFC53" author="BURROW C. J. & YOUNG G. C." pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref13229" refString="BURROW C. J. & YOUNG G. C. 1999. - An articulated teleostome fish from the Late Silurian (Ludlow) of Victoria, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 57: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1999">Burrow & Young 1999: 10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C1192090FC1C3ACBFC53" author="GAGNIER P. - Y. & HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[184,413,994,1018]" page="93" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C1192090FC1C3ACBFC53" author="GAGNIER P. - Y. & HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[184,413,994,1018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="81 - 96" refId="ref13739" refString="GAGNIER P. - Y., HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 1999. - Tetanopsyrus lindoei gen. et sp. nov., an Early Devonian acanthodian from the Northwest Territories, Canada. Acta Geologica Polonica 49: 81 - 96." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Gagnier
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48020C1192125FC1D3A6AFC53" box="[269,316,994,1018]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999: 93
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C11921EFFC1C39D4FC53" author="DINELEY D. L." box="[455,642,994,1018]" page="159" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C11921EFFC1C39D4FC53" author="DINELEY D. L." box="[455,642,994,1018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="107 - 144" refId="ref13630" refString="DINELEY D. L. 1999. - Early Devonian fossil fishes sites of the Welsh Borderland, in DINELEY D. L. & METCALF S. J. (ed.), Fossil fishes of Great Britain. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK: 107 - 144." type="book chapter" year="1999">Dineley 1999: 159</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 5.6B, C, 5.8C. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C119214AFC033BCDFB86" author="DAVIDSON R. G. D. & NEWMAN M. J." page="244" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C119214AFC033BCDFB86" author="DAVIDSON R. G. D. & NEWMAN M. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="243 - 246" refId="ref13497" refString="DAVIDSON R. G. D. & NEWMAN M. J. 2003. - James Powrie, chronicler of the Scottish Lower Devonian. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 114: 243 - 246." type="journal article" year="2003">Davidson & Newman 2003: 244</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C1192095FBE93A9FFB86" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[189,457,1047,1071]" page="189" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="2004">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C1192095FBE93A9FFB86" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[189,457,1047,1071]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="189 - 216" refId="ref13931" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematic, in AR- RATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 189 - 216." type="book chapter" year="2004">Hanke & Wilson 2004: 189</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C11921C6FBE93A63FBE3" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. & BURROW C. J." page="636" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="2005">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C11921C6FBE93A63FBE3" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. & BURROW C. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="635 - 649" refId="ref15224" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. & BURROW C. J. 2005. - Diversity of tissues in acanthodians with Nostolepis - type histological structure. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50: 635 - 649." type="journal article" year="2005">Valiukevičius & Burrow 2005: 636</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C119214FFBCC39D2FBE3" author="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P." box="[359,644,1074,1098]" page="318" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="2008">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C119214FFBCC39D2FBE3" author="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P." box="[359,644,1074,1098]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref14049" refString="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P. 2008. - Redescription of the acanthodian Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977, and comments on diplacanthid relationships. Geodiversitas 30 (2): 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="2008">Hanke & Davis 2008: 318</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C119205BFBB23B88FBCD" author="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P." box="[115,222,1100,1124]" page="480" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C119205BFBB23B88FBCD" author="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P." box="[115,222,1100,1124]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="469 - 487" refId="ref14091" refString="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P. 2012. - A re-examination of Lupopsyrus pygmaeus Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977 (Pisces, Acanthodii). Geodiversitas 34 (3): 469 - 487. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2012 n 3 a 1" type="journal article" year="2012">2012: 480</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 482. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C1192117FBB33914FBCD" author="NEWMAN M. J. & DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. & BURROW C. J." box="[319,578,1100,1124]" page="101" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="2011">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C1192117FBB33914FBCD" author="NEWMAN M. J. & DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. & BURROW C. J." box="[319,578,1100,1124]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="101 - 111" refId="ref14554" refString="NEWMAN M. J., DAVIDSON R. G., DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. & BURROW C. J. 2011. - The Early Devonian acanthodian Euthacanthus gracilis from the Midland Valley of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 47: 101 - 111." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Newman
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48020C1192189FBB33A84FBCD" box="[417,466,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011: 101
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C1192267FBB23BCAFBD6" author="NEWMAN M. J. & DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. & BURROW C. J." page="740" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C1192267FBB23BCAFBD6" author="NEWMAN M. J. & DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. & BURROW C. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="739 - 759" refId="ref14604" refString="NEWMAN M. J., DAVIDSON R. G., DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. & BURROW C. J. 2012. - The Early Devonian acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland. Geodiversitas 34 (4): 739 - 759. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2012 n 4 a 2" type="journal article" year="2012">2012: 740</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610E78020C11920ECFB993A29FBD7" author="BRAZEAU M. D." box="[196,383,1126,1151]" page="356" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C11920ECFB993A29FBD7" author="BRAZEAU M. D." box="[196,383,1126,1151]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="355 - 367" refId="ref13199" refString="BRAZEAU M. D. 2012. - A revision of the anatomy of the Early Devonian jawed vertebrate Ptomacanthus anglicus Miles. Palaeontology 55: 355 - 367." type="journal article" year="2012">Brazeau 2012: 356</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D657D8020C1192059FB663F4EFB30" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C1192059FB663B8DFB4C" blockId="6.[113,646,1176,1253]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C1192059FB663A55FB07" box="[113,259,1176,1199]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC88548020C1192059FB663BF4FB07" box="[113,162,1176,1199]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
SPECIMEN
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
. —
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C1192102FB663A37FB19" box="[298,353,1176,1200]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1891.92.231 and the counterpart NHM P.1337 (near complete specimen missing the snout).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C1192059FB01383EFCD4" blockId="6.[111,648,1278,1699]" lastBlockId="6.[677,1209,816,893]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6F3CAB8020C1192059FB013AC3FA1C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3120747302" collectorName="Over & The" location="National Museums of Scotland. Furthermore" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" specimenCount="1">
|
||
REFERRED SPECIMENS. —
|
||
<collectorName id="26F253208020C1192142FB003ACDFABF" box="[362,411,1278,1302]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Over</collectorName>
|
||
50 articulated or partial articulated specimens have been identified by the authors in public museums and private collections.
|
||
<collectorName id="26F253208020C1192232FACD3969FAE2" box="[538,575,1331,1355]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">The</collectorName>
|
||
largest collection of specimens is in the
|
||
<location id="8ED8602D8020C1192199FAB03A0EFA29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87E08023C10622C8FD6D396EFBE0:8ED8602D8020C1192199FAB03A0EFA29" name="National Museums of Scotland. Furthermore" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">National Museums of Scotland. Furthermore</location>
|
||
, many hundreds of specimens consisting of disarticulated fin spines and scales have been observed by the authors
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6F3CAB8020C11921B7FA633A0DF9FD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3120747303" collectingDate="1967-12-05" collectionCode="NMS" collectorName="Apart & Turin Hill" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
in this state of preservation the species could be considered common.
|
||
<collectorName id="26F253208020C1192267FA4639D1FA79" box="[591,647,1464,1488]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Apart</collectorName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC88548020C11920FDFA2C3A66FA43" box="[213,304,1490,1514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, studied specimens include: from
|
||
<collectorName id="26F253208020C119205BFA123B8AF9AD" box="[115,220,1516,1540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Turin Hill</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C11920CFFA123A48F9AD" box="[231,286,1516,1540]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1881.5.60,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C119219CFA123ABDF9AD" box="[436,491,1516,1540]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1885.54.6B,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C119205BF9F93BF9F9B6" box="[115,175,1543,1567]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1887.35.6A,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C1192156F9F93AECF9B6" box="[382,442,1543,1567]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1891.92.236,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C1192059F9DF3BFBF990" box="[113,173,1569,1593]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1891.92.238,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C11921ABF9DF3AE9F990" box="[387,447,1569,1593]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1891.92.275,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C1192059F9C23BF9F9FD" box="[113,175,1596,1620]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.
|
||
<date id="FFB910368020C11920C8F9C23A0DF9FD" box="[224,347,1596,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" value="1967-12-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFFDE9DE8020C11920C8F9C23A0DF9FD" box="[224,347,1596,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" value="1967-12-05">1967.12.5</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6F3CAB8020C119215EF9C23873FCE1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3120747301" accessionNumber="QMF57175, QMF57176" collectingDate="2013-08-01" collectionCode="NHMP, NMS" collectorName="Tillywhandland" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
from
|
||
<collectorName id="26F253208020C11921E8F9C2392BF9FD" box="[448,637,1596,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Tillywhandland</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C1192059F9A83BEBF9C7" box="[113,189,1622,1646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">NHMP</collectionCode>
|
||
.67308,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C1192121F9A83A69F9C7" box="[265,319,1622,1646]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.2007.24.2,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C11921E1F9A83AA9F9C7" box="[457,511,1622,1646]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.2010.7.39,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C1192047F98F3BF9F920" box="[111,175,1649,1673]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G. 2010.7.41,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C11921AFF98F3A90F920" box="[391,454,1649,1673]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G. 2010.7.42,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C1192059F9753BFFF90A" box="[113,169,1675,1699]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.2010.7.43,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C119216CF9753A2AF90A" box="[324,380,1675,1699]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.
|
||
<date id="FFB910368020C11921B3F9753AADF90A" box="[411,507,1675,1699]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" value="2013-08-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFFDE9DE8020C11921B3F9753AADF90A" box="[411,507,1675,1699]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" value="2013-08-01">2013.8.1</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, QMF57175, QMF57176
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6F3CAB8020C119231AFCCE38F6FCCB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3120747304" collectionCode="NMS" collectorName="Duntrune" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
from
|
||
<collectorName id="26F253208020C1192344FCCF3883FCE1" box="[876,981,817,840]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Duntrune</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C11923CAFCCE3F4DFCE1" box="[994,1051,816,840]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.2002.59.97,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C119228EFCB539B4FCCA" box="[678,738,843,867]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.2002.59.100
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6F3CAB8020C119239BFCB53832FCD4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3120747305" collectionCode="NMS" collectorName="Balruddery Den" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
from
|
||
<collectorName id="26F253208020C11923DFFCB53FE2FCCB" box="[1015,1204,843,867]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Balruddery Den</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C119228DFC9B398AFCD4" box="[677,732,869,893]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.2011.33.1
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C119228DFC69381FFB9A" blockId="6.[675,1212,918,1075]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C119228DFC69386FFC04" box="[677,825,919,942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC88548020C119228DFC693983FC05" box="[677,725,919,942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">TYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
LOCALITY
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
. — Tillywhandland Quarry (National Grid reference NO 528 537) near Forfar,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31076668020C1192474FC4F3FEEFC60" box="[1116,1208,945,969]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Tillywhandland Quarry is part of the Turin Hill complex of quarries and it is thought that most specimens recorded as coming fromTurin Hill were collected there (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078020C1192472FBFE386BFB9A" author="TREWIN N. H. & DAVIDSON R. G." pageId="6" pageNumber="327" pagination="233 - 246" refId="ref14993" refString="TREWIN N. H. & DAVIDSON R. G. 1996. - An Early Devonian lake and its associated biota in the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 86: 233 - 246." type="journal article" year="1996">Trewin & Davidson 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C119228DFBB33F4EFB30" blockId="6.[675,1208,1100,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338020C11923B3FBAC3892FBCA" box="[923,964,1106,1123]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">AND</collectionCode>
|
||
AGE. — Upper part of the Arbuthnott Group of the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of the Strathmore Region of Scotland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D657D8020C119228DFB4A3889FAB3" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C119228DFB4A3889FAB3" blockId="6.[677,1211,1202,1306]" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
OCCURRENCE. — Tillywhandland; Balruddery Den (National Grid reference NO 314 325) and Duntrune Quarry (National Grid reference NO 438 352) both just north of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C3F8148020C119230FFAFC382EFAB3" box="[807,888,1282,1306]" country="United Kingdom" name="Dundee City" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Dundee</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31076668020C11923ABFAFC388AFAB3" box="[899,988,1282,1306]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D657D8020C118228DFACA3ABDF90A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68020C118228DFACA3ABDF90A" blockId="6.[677,1210,1331,1699]" lastBlockId="7.[112,649,1102,1699]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">
|
||
REVISED DIAGNOSIS. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758020C1192399FACD3F16FAE2" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[945,1088,1331,1355]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="327" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48020C1192399FACD3F16FAE2" box="[945,1088,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="327">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with large polygonal tesserae covering the dorsal surface of the head forward of the hyoid region; five circumorbital plates with the uppermost plate being largest, and ornamented with sinuous radiating nodose ridges; at least two external nares surrounded by small plates; small scales cover the cheek region; at least seven closeset branchiostegal plates above the angle of the jaw and five or more closeset branchiostegal plates below the angle of the jaw that cover the anterior branchial region; branchiostegal plates have an ornament comprising both short inclined or conical tubercles and long subparallel sinuous ridges; three subsidiary gill covers posterodorsal to these plates; scapula shaped like an inverted letter T with a smooth and straight lower edge; paired ventral postbranchial plates spine-shaped, ornamented with apically-directed nodose ridges on the lateral side and irregular tubercles medially; posterior dorsal fin spine is approximately opposite the anal fin spine; leading edge ridge on fin spines is fully rounded, with lateral ridges having a gently curving upper surface separated by a sharp edge from a lower/posterior surface curving steeply down into the groove; scales have subparallel deep grooves and ridges at the anterior end of the crown with the number of grooves ranging between five to twenty depending on the size of the scale; scales along the lateral line are the same size as normal flank scales; scale crowns comprise superposed growth zones with wide radial, ascending and circular vascular canals, Stranggewebe filling the primordial and posterior parts of the crown growth zones, and simple mesodentine filling the anterior parts of the growth zones; scale bases are slightly convex and formed of cellular bone with simple Sharpey’s fibres extending from the base apex to the lower surface of the base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8021C1182059FC1A39D6FBA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538461" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538461/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" startId="7.[113,123,996,1014]" targetBox="[113,1205,214,953]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68021C1182059FC1A39D6FBA5" blockId="7.[113,1211,995,1036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">
|
||
FIG. 3.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758021C1182092FC1A3AB3FC5F" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[186,485,996,1014]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48021C1182092FC1A3A21FC5F" box="[186,375,996,1014]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078021C1182152FC1A3AB3FC5F" author="POWRIE J." box="[378,485,996,1014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie,1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48021C11821C2FC1A3AA0FC5F" bold="true" box="[490,502,996,1014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">A</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill (Tillywhandland),the holotype;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48021C118242FFC1A3F42FC5F" bold="true" box="[1031,1044,996,1014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">B</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.2002.59.97, a moderate sized individual from Duntrune. Scale bars: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D657D8021C10A228DFBB13A1FFED8" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="342" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68021C118228DFBB13863FBCE" blockId="7.[675,1212,1103,1700]" box="[677,821,1103,1129]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68021C118228DFB90381FFB20" blockId="7.[675,1212,1103,1700]" box="[677,841,1134,1161]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48021C118228DFB90381FFB20" box="[677,841,1134,1161]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">General features</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68021C117228DFB703F22FA4C" blockId="7.[675,1212,1103,1700]" lastBlockId="8.[677,1210,1388,1509]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6F3CAB8021C117228DFB703F26FA4C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3120747306" collectionCode="NMS, NMSG" county="The" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="329" location="Of" municipality="Roger Jones of Geneva" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<location id="8ED8602D8021C118228DFB703993FB01" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87E08023C10622C8FD6D396EFBE0:8ED8602D8021C118228DFB703993FB01" box="[677,709,1166,1192]" county="The" municipality="Roger Jones of Geneva" name="Of" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">Of</location>
|
||
the fifty or more articulated specimens known, nearly all are laterally compressed apart from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338021C11822C4FB30387BFB41" box="[748,813,1230,1256]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1891.92.275 (only the front third is preserved) and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338021C11823E1FB133F5CFAAE" box="[969,1034,1261,1287]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.2007.24.2, which are dorsoventrally compressed, and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338021C118228DFAD339B2FAEE" box="[677,740,1325,1351]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1891.92.238, which is ventrodorsally compressed.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338021C118231BFAB238D1FACE" box="[819,903,1356,1383]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">NMSG</collectionCode>
|
||
.2002.59.100 is compressed laterally although the head has twisted to show it in a ventral view.
|
||
<location id="8ED8602D8021C1182353FA7238A6FA0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87E08023C10622C8FD6D396EFBE0:8ED8602D8021C1182353FA7238A6FA0F" box="[891,1008,1420,1446]" county="The" municipality="Roger Jones of Geneva" name="Collection" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">Collection</location>
|
||
specimens vary in size from
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138021C1182327FA55383BFA6F" box="[783,877,1451,1478]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
to an estimated
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138021C118240CFA553FD7FA6F" box="[1060,1153,1451,1478]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" unit="mm" value="450.0">450 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (based on isolated large fin spines and an articulated specimen
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48021C1182364FA15380BF9AD" box="[844,861,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138021C1182349FA1538EBF9AC" box="[865,957,1515,1541]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" unit="mm" value="430.0">430 mm</quantity>
|
||
long in the private collection of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDCAC8C8021C118233DF9F53F40F98C" box="[789,1046,1546,1573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">Roger Jones of Geneva</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D94E7A8021C118240FF9F43F06F98D" box="[1063,1104,1546,1572]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">The</collectingCounty>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC88548021C1182470F9F43FEFF98D" box="[1112,1209,1546,1572]" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338021C1182284F9D439BAF9ED" box="[684,748,1578,1604]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1891.92.231;
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738021C118239EF9D43F5CF9ED" box="[950,1034,1578,1604]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[113,123,996,1014]" captionTargetBox="[113,1205,214,953]" captionTargetId="figure-332@7.[112,662,212,769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 3.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864:A, NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill (Tillywhandland),the holotype;B, NMS G.2002.59.97, a moderate sized individual from Duntrune. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538461/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) differs slightly from most other specimens in being more slender, with Duntrune specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE338021C11823E6F9943F5BF92D" box="[974,1037,1642,1668]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="328" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.2002.59.97 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738021C1182287F9773853F90A" box="[687,773,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[113,123,996,1014]" captionTargetBox="[113,1205,214,953]" captionTargetId="figure-332@7.[112,662,212,769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 3.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864:A, NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill (Tillywhandland),the holotype;B, NMS G.2002.59.97, a moderate sized individual from Duntrune. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538461/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="328">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) representing the average body shape. The species is fusiform with a maximum depth to length ratio of about 0.2. There are four (e.g.,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE33802EC1172059FA553BF9FA6C" box="[113,175,1451,1477]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.2002.59.97) or five prepelvic fin spines (e.g.,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE33802EC1172087FA353BBBFA4C" box="[175,237,1483,1509]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
G.1891.92.231).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802EC117219DFA3239D2FA4F" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[437,644,1483,1510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937: 65)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that one specimen he observed (he did not say which one) had six prepelvic fin spines on one side of the fish, but we have not seen any such specimens and suspect this is a misinterpretation or a pathological aberration rather than a general character. The posterior dorsal fin spine is oppo- site or nearly opposite the anal fin spine, and the anterior dorsal fin spine is positioned far behind the level of the pectoral fin spines, opposite the midpoint of the prepelvic fin spine series
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E802EC1172059FB493AEEFA93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" startId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" targetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802EC1172059FB493AEEFA93" blockId="8.[113,1211,1207,1338]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">
|
||
FIG. 4. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802EC11720E1FB493940FB60" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[201,534,1207,1225]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC11720E1FB493ACCFB60" box="[201,410,1207,1225]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802EC1172188FB493940FB60" author="POWRIE J." box="[416,534,1207,1225]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head and branchial region:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC117233CFB493877FB60" bold="true" box="[788,801,1207,1225]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">A</emphasis>
|
||
, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC117205AFB303B29FB49" bold="true" box="[114,127,1230,1248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">B</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172183FB333AEFFB76" bold="true" box="[427,441,1229,1247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">C</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172324FB30384CFB49" bold="true" box="[780,794,1230,1248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">D</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172059FB1A3BD2FB5F" bold="true" box="[113,132,1252,1270]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">gr</emphasis>
|
||
, gular rays;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC11720C5FB1A3A48FB5F" bold="true" box="[237,286,1252,1270]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">lt.br.p</emphasis>
|
||
, left side branchiostegal plates;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172219FB1A391DFB5F" bold="true" box="[561,587,1252,1270]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">lt.ll</emphasis>
|
||
, left side lateral line;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC11722D6FB1A3872FB5F" bold="true" box="[766,804,1252,1270]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">lt.sb</emphasis>
|
||
, left sclerotic bones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC11723F2FB1A38A9FB5F" bold="true" box="[986,1023,1252,1270]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">lt.sc</emphasis>
|
||
, left scapulocoracoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172059FB053BC4FAA4" bold="true" box="[113,146,1275,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">p.fs</emphasis>
|
||
, pectoral fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC117211BFB053A31FAA4" bold="true" box="[307,359,1275,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">rt.br.p</emphasis>
|
||
, right side branchiostegal plates;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172254FB0539CFFAA4" bold="true" box="[636,665,1275,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">rt.ll</emphasis>
|
||
, right side lateral line;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172367FB0538DCFAA4" bold="true" box="[847,906,1275,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">rt.pp.p</emphasis>
|
||
, right “prepectoral plate”;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC117244AFB053FDDFAA4" bold="true" box="[1122,1163,1275,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">rt.sb</emphasis>
|
||
, right side sclerotic bones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC117210FFAEC3A19FA8D" bold="true" box="[295,335,1298,1316]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">rt.sc</emphasis>
|
||
, right scapulocoracoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172236FAEC391FFA8D" bold="true" box="[542,585,1298,1316]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">sgc1</emphasis>
|
||
, first subsidiary gill cover;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172307FAEC380CFA8D" bold="true" box="[815,858,1298,1316]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">sgc2</emphasis>
|
||
, second subsidiary gill cover;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC1172475FAEC3FDFFA8D" bold="true" box="[1117,1161,1298,1316]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">sgc3</emphasis>
|
||
, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802EC117228DF9F438ECF98D" blockId="8.[677,1209,1546,1699]" box="[677,954,1546,1572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802EC117228DF9F438ECF98D" box="[677,954,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">Head and branchial region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802EC115228DF9D538A3FAEE" blockId="8.[677,1209,1546,1699]" lastBlockId="10.[675,1211,1198,1700]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="331" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">
|
||
Many specimens show elements of the head but they are usually disarticulated and poorly preserved. Some of the best preserved examples are the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC8854802EC11722FCF977386CF90A" box="[724,826,1673,1699]" pageId="8" pageNumber="329" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
NMS G.1891.92.231 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802EC117247EF9773FE7F90A" box="[1110,1201,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="329">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and NMS G.1891.92.236 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802FC116219BF9F4395AF98C" box="[435,524,1546,1573]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
) from Turin Hill, NMS G.2002.59.97 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802FC11621F7F9D4396DF9ED" box="[479,571,1578,1604]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
) from Duntrune and NMS G.2011.33.1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802FC11621C5F9B43914F9CD" box="[493,578,1610,1636]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
) from Balruddery. The ventral surface of the body is exposed on NMS G.1891.92.238 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802FC11621DEF977391BF90D" box="[502,589,1673,1700]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
), but the jaws appear to have been lost exposing the inner surface of the tectal squamation and sclerotic bones, and a visceral view of the pectoral region. NMS G.1891.92.275 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802FC116238FF99738ADF92D" box="[935,1019,1641,1668]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
) from Turin Hill shows the head and branchial region preserved in dorsal view, and on NMS G.2007.24.2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802CC1152202FB50392BFB60" box="[554,637,1198,1225]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
) from Tillywhandland, the head is exposed in dorsal view. NMS G.2002.59.100 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802CC1152236FB13392AFAA1" box="[542,636,1261,1288]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
) from Duntrune is a rare specimen showing the branchial region and some of the head preserved in ventral view. Whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802CC11521B9FAB3396CFACF" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[401,570,1356,1383]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the neurocranium and visceral skeleton were unossified and never preserved, we note that at least some elements of the endocranium and visceral skeleton were composed of globular calcified cartilage globules, preserved in situ on rare articulated specimens (e.g., NMS G
|
||
<date id="FFB91036802CC1152221F9F43928F98C" box="[521,638,1546,1573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331" value="1967-12-07">1967.12.7</date>
|
||
) and as patches visible in some thin sections and scattered amongst the dermal structures (e.g., NMS G.2010.7.39). On NMS G.
|
||
<date id="FFB91036802CC1152220F99739D0F92A" box="[520,646,1641,1667]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331" value="1967-12-07">1967.12.7</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802CC1152051F9773B9BF90D" box="[121,205,1673,1700]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[113,124,1037,1055]" captionTargetBox="[115,1210,215,996]" captionTargetId="figure-279@10.[112,753,213,736]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, jaws and branchiostegal plate ornament: A, NMS G.1967.12.7 from Turin Hill (Til- lywhandland); C, D, branchiostegal plates on QMF57176 from Tillywhandland, under normal light (C) and whitened with magnesium oxide (D); E, branchiostegal plate in NHM P.67308,a large regurgitate or coprolite.Abbreviations:br.p, branchiostegal plates;lt.mc, left Meckel’s cartilage; lt.pq, left palatoquadrate cartilage; rt.pq, right palatoquadrate cartilage. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538467/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
), the upper and lower jaws are preserved by granular mineralization of the cartilages. The lower jaws have dropped off most specimens before burial, as is common with most LORS acanthodians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802CC11522F0FAF338E5FA8E" author="BURROW C. J. & NEWMAN M. J. & DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L." box="[728,947,1293,1319]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331" pagination="392 - 414" refId="ref13385" refString="BURROW C. J., NEWMAN M. J., DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. 2013. - Redescription of Parexus recurvus, an Early Devonian acanthodian from the Midland Valley of Scotland. Alcheringa 37: 392 - 414." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Burrow
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC115231EFAF0383BFA8E" box="[822,877,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Teeth are absent from both the upper and lower jaw.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E802FC1162059FAAD3FEDFA7E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="330" startId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" targetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802FC1162059FAAD3FEDFA7E" blockId="9.[113,1211,1363,1495]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">
|
||
FIG. 5.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802FC1162094FAAD3ABAFACC" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[188,492,1363,1381]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162094FAAD3A2DFACC" box="[188,379,1363,1381]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802FC1162157FAAD3ABAFACC" author="POWRIE J." box="[383,492,1363,1381]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie,1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,head and branchial region:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11622E2FAAD3981FACC" bold="true" box="[714,727,1363,1381]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">A</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11623D6FAAD3F5DFACC" bold="true" box="[1022,1035,1363,1381]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">B</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11620C5FA943BADFAD5" bold="true" box="[237,251,1386,1404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">C</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162267FA94390BFAD5" bold="true" box="[591,605,1386,1404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">D</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC116243BFA943F63FAD5" bold="true" box="[1043,1077,1386,1404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">br.p</emphasis>
|
||
, branchiostegal plates;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162083FA7E3BEBFA3B" bold="true" box="[171,189,1408,1426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">gr</emphasis>
|
||
, gular rays;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162134FA7E3A1CFA3B" bold="true" box="[284,330,1408,1426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">hy.op</emphasis>
|
||
, hyoid operculum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11621CAFA7E3953FA3B" bold="true" box="[482,517,1408,1426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">io.sl</emphasis>
|
||
, infraorbital sensory line canal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11622D6FA7E3851FA3B" bold="true" box="[766,775,1408,1426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">ll</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral line;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162340FA7E38CFFA3B" bold="true" box="[872,921,1408,1426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">lt.br.p</emphasis>
|
||
, left branchiostegal plates;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC116245AFA7E3FCEFA3B" bold="true" box="[1138,1176,1408,1426]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">lt.oc</emphasis>
|
||
, left otic capsule;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11620C9FA693A51FA00" bold="true" box="[225,263,1431,1449]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">lt.sb</emphasis>
|
||
, left sclerotic bone;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162199FA693A88FA00" bold="true" box="[433,478,1431,1449]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">m.op</emphasis>
|
||
, mandibular operculum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162286FA693998FA00" bold="true" box="[686,718,1431,1449]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">p.fs</emphasis>
|
||
, pectoral fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC116235CFA6938F3FA00" bold="true" box="[884,933,1431,1449]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">pop.c</emphasis>
|
||
, preopercular sensory line canal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162059FA503BFEFA69" bold="true" box="[113,168,1454,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">pop.sl</emphasis>
|
||
, preopercular sensory line;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11621A5FA503AE2FA69" bold="true" box="[397,436,1454,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">pp.p</emphasis>
|
||
, “prepectoral plate”;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC116224EFA5039CCFA69" bold="true" box="[614,666,1454,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">rt.br.p</emphasis>
|
||
, right branchiostegal plates;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11623A4FA5038E2FA69" bold="true" box="[908,948,1454,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">rt.sb</emphasis>
|
||
, right sclerotic bones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162459FA503FD0FA69" bold="true" box="[1137,1158,1454,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">sb</emphasis>
|
||
, scle- rotic bone;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11620F8FA3B3BB3FA7E" bold="true" box="[208,229,1477,1495]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">sc</emphasis>
|
||
, scapulocoracoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC11621ACFA3B3AFBFA7E" bold="true" box="[388,429,1477,1495]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">so.sl</emphasis>
|
||
, supraorbital sensory line canal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802FC1162297FA3B39AAFA7E" bold="true" box="[703,764,1477,1495]" pageId="9" pageNumber="330">sgc1-3</emphasis>
|
||
, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E802CC1152059FBF33FF6FBCA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538467" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538467/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="331" startId="10.[113,124,1037,1055]" targetBox="[115,1210,215,996]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802CC1152059FBF33FF6FBCA" blockId="10.[113,1210,1036,1123]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">
|
||
FIG. 6. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802CC11520EDFBF33955FBB6" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[197,515,1037,1055]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC11520EDFBF33ADAFBB6" box="[197,396,1037,1055]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802CC11521BAFBF33955FBB6" author="POWRIE J." box="[402,515,1037,1055]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, jaws and branchiostegal plate ornament:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC1152342FBF33821FBB6" bold="true" box="[874,887,1037,1055]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">A</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.1967.12.7 from Turin Hill (Til- lywhandland);
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC11520C2FBDD3BAEFB9C" bold="true" box="[234,248,1059,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC115212AFBDD3A46FB9C" bold="true" box="[258,272,1059,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">D</emphasis>
|
||
, branchiostegal plates on QMF57176 from Tillywhandland, under normal light (
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC115238BFBDD38E7FB9C" bold="true" box="[931,945,1059,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">C</emphasis>
|
||
) and whitened with magnesium oxide (
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC1152080FBC43BE0FBE5" bold="true" box="[168,182,1082,1100]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">D</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC11520EBFBC43B99FBE5" bold="true" box="[195,207,1082,1100]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">E</emphasis>
|
||
, branchiostegal plate in NHM P.67308,a large regurgitate or coprolite.Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC11523AFFBC438FEFBE5" bold="true" box="[903,936,1082,1100]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">br.p</emphasis>
|
||
, branchiostegal plates;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC1152443FBC43FC1FBE5" bold="true" box="[1131,1175,1082,1100]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">lt.mc</emphasis>
|
||
, left Meckel’s cartilage;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC1152139FBAF3A6FFBCA" bold="true" box="[273,313,1105,1123]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">lt.pq</emphasis>
|
||
, left palatoquadrate cartilage;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC115221FFBAF3937FBCA" bold="true" box="[567,609,1105,1123]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">rt.pq</emphasis>
|
||
, right palatoquadrate cartilage. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C-E, 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802CC1152293FAB33829F90A" blockId="10.[675,1211,1198,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">
|
||
Large dermal bones are only present in the orbital and branchial regions. The eyes are very far forward, with a ring of five robust bones of which the most dorsal one is markedly larger than the others (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802CC1152284FA353875FA4F" box="[684,803,1483,1510]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">Figs 4A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802CC1152306FA353805FA4F" box="[814,851,1483,1510]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The bones are convex radially as well as laterally and ornamented with noded sinuous ridges that sometimes bifurcate. There are no sensory lines present on any of the orbital bones and, contra
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802CC1152303F9B43887F9CD" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[811,977,1610,1636]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, these are interpreted as sclerotic rather than circumorbital bones (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802CC115228EF9743825F90A" author="BURROW C. J. & NEWMAN M. J. & DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L." box="[678,883,1673,1700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="331" pagination="207 - 214" refId="ref13341" refString="BURROW C. J., NEWMAN M. J., DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. 2011. - Sclerotic plates or circumorbital bones in early jawed fishes? Palaeontology 54: 207 - 214." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Burrow
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802CC11522D7F9743866F90A" box="[767,816,1673,1699]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="331">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E802DC1142059FD8A394EFD34" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538469" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538469/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" startId="11.[113,124,628,646]" targetBox="[113,646,216,588]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802DC1142059FD8A394EFD34" blockId="11.[113,648,628,669]" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">
|
||
FIG. 7. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802DC11420ECFD8A3954FD2F" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[196,514,628,646]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802DC11420ECFD8A3ADDFD2F" box="[196,395,628,646]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802DC11421B9FD8A3954FD2F" author="POWRIE J." box="[401,514,628,646]" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head tesserae: NMS G.1881.5.60 from Turin Hill. Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802DC11420A0FD2D3A85FCC2" blockId="11.[111,648,723,1700]" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802DC11420A0FD2D3AD3FD44" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[136,389,723,749]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802DC11420A0FD2D3AD3FD44" box="[136,389,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a very blunt snout terminating just in front of the orbits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142205FD0C3BDFFC85" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 5A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Two circular objects preserved as impressions behind the eyes on NMS G.1891.92.238 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142218FCCC39D6FCE4" box="[560,640,818,845]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
) could represent the otic capsules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802DC11420A0FC8F38ECF9EC" blockId="11.[111,648,723,1700]" lastBlockId="11.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">
|
||
Th e dorsal surface of the head is covered with dermal tesserae circa
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B13802DC114217DFC6F3AFCFC02" box="[341,426,913,940]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide in between the main lateral lines, and larger, more polygonal tesserae
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802DC1142047FC2F3BD6FC43" box="[111,128,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">c.</emphasis>
|
||
1.0 mm anteriorly as shown in NMS G.1881.5.60 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC114205FFC0E3BE4FBA3" box="[119,178,1008,1034]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[113,124,628,646]" captionTargetBox="[113,646,216,588]" captionTargetId="figure-653@11.[113,647,215,588]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 7. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head tesserae: NMS G.1881.5.60 from Turin Hill. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538469/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) from Turin Hill. In the cheek region between the orbits and the branchial chamber are small scales that progressively decrease in size from the ventral anterior to the posterior dorsal. Th is area is particularly well preserved in NMS G.2007.24.2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142052FB703B82FB00" box="[122,212,1166,1193]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
), with scales aligned in posteroventral to anterodorsal rows. Th e posterior dorsal cheek region abuts the subcircular mandibular operculum (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802DC11420C7FB103AD3FAAE" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[239,389,1261,1288]" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is covered with small rod like scales that are larger than the scales of the cheek region. Th e rest of the relatively long branchial region is well preserved on a number of specimens, and was described in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802DC114221CFA923BEBFA0F" author="WATSON D. M. S." pageId="11" pageNumber="332" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Th e anterior branchial region has a dermal cover comprising up to 25 slender plates. Following the designation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802DC1142144FA3539D4FA4C" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[364,642,1483,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" pagination="189 - 216" refId="ref13931" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematic, in AR- RATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 189 - 216." type="book chapter" year="2004">Hanke & Wilson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, these are divisible into a series above the angle of the jaw and another series below the angle of the jaw; the widest and longest rays are those near the jaw articulation. Th ese robust dermal plates appear smooth on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC8854802DC1142127F9973A27F92A" box="[271,369,1641,1667]" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802DC1142151F994394CF92D" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[377,538,1642,1668]" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described these elements as unornamented, but we suggest that his description was based on specimens in which the outer layer was lost when the specimen was split and/or he was looking at the smooth internal surfaces, as ornament is visible on several other articulated specimens (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142390FEA83F58FED8" box="[952,1038,342,369]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e ornament consists of tubercles and long sinuous ridges running subparallel to the edges of the branchiostegal plates, giving them a rugose surface. Th e tubercles are irregular in form, with some being conical and forming short rows such as on QMF57175 and QMF57176 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142315FDEB38EEFD86" box="[829,952,532,559]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[113,124,1037,1055]" captionTargetBox="[115,1210,215,996]" captionTargetId="figure-279@10.[112,753,213,736]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, jaws and branchiostegal plate ornament: A, NMS G.1967.12.7 from Turin Hill (Til- lywhandland); C, D, branchiostegal plates on QMF57176 from Tillywhandland, under normal light (C) and whitened with magnesium oxide (D); E, branchiostegal plate in NHM P.67308,a large regurgitate or coprolite.Abbreviations:br.p, branchiostegal plates;lt.mc, left Meckel’s cartilage; lt.pq, left palatoquadrate cartilage; rt.pq, right palatoquadrate cartilage. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538467/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 6B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), and others short and inclined as on disassociated plates in the acidprepared regurgitate/coprolite NHM P.67308 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142284FD8A3850FD26" box="[684,774,628,655]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[113,124,1037,1055]" captionTargetBox="[115,1210,215,996]" captionTargetId="figure-279@10.[112,753,213,736]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, jaws and branchiostegal plate ornament: A, NMS G.1967.12.7 from Turin Hill (Til- lywhandland); C, D, branchiostegal plates on QMF57176 from Tillywhandland, under normal light (C) and whitened with magnesium oxide (D); E, branchiostegal plate in NHM P.67308,a large regurgitate or coprolite.Abbreviations:br.p, branchiostegal plates;lt.mc, left Meckel’s cartilage; lt.pq, left palatoquadrate cartilage; rt.pq, right palatoquadrate cartilage. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538467/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Th e branchiostegal rays become much thinner on the ventral side of the fish in the gular region, as exemplified on NMS G.1891.92.238 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142286FD2D3857FD44" box="[686,769,722,749]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
) which is preserved ventral side up. Th is specimen also shows separate areas of thinner rays oriented obliquely across each side between the branchiostegal series. Possibly when the jaws fell off the specimen, the skin and gular rays remained behind but were flipped backwards. As noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802DC114228DFC6F381CFC02" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[677,842,913,939]" pageId="11" pageNumber="332" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, there are three well-defined postopercular branchial arches. In NMS G.1891.92.231 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142283FC2E3852FC43" box="[683,772,976,1002]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and NMS G.1891.92.236 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC114247FFC2E3FF8FC43" box="[1111,1198,976,1002]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
) the gill septa are covered by a series of moderately long, narrow rods that curve posteriorly at their ventral ends. Additional rods are inserted between the upper ends of these rods before the curvature, creating a narrow gill cover. Th ese subsidiary gill covers are better preserved in NMS G 1891.92.238 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC114231DFB5038D5FB60" box="[821,899,1198,1225]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig.5A</figureCitation>
|
||
), NMS G.2011.33.1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC114244AFB503FE4FB61" box="[1122,1202,1198,1224]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig.4D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and NMS G.2002.59.100 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC11423CBFB333F14FB41" box="[995,1090,1229,1256]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). In these specimens the rods are positioned more horizontally and are closer packed, forming a continuous covering. On NMS G.2002.59.100 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142466FAD33FFCFAEE" box="[1102,1194,1324,1351]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
), the small specimen with ventral surface exposed, both the pectoral fin spines and the postbranchial spinose plates are preserved in position. Th e rods and plates of the first and second subsidiary gill covers extend down to the edge of the postbranchial plate; all three posterior gill slits are of equal length, but the posteriormost subsidiary gill cover is shallower than the other two.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802DC1132293F9B43A89F90A" blockId="11.[674,1212,216,1700]" lastBlockId="12.[112,649,1483,1700]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="333" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">
|
||
Th e sensory lines on the head are preserved as a gap between rows of rod-like scales or plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802DC1142286F9773879F90D" box="[686,815,1673,1700]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="332">Fig. 5B, 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
), and their layout was well described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802AC11320B8FA323A7AFA4C" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[144,300,1483,1510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig.3, pl. 7, fig. 2). However, we consider that the structures that Watson labelled as mandibular canal, oral canal and supramaxillary are probably not sensory lines, but the outlines of the jaw cartilages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802AC1132169F9B43ACCF9CC" box="[321,410,1610,1637]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[113,124,1037,1055]" captionTargetBox="[115,1210,215,996]" captionTargetId="figure-279@10.[112,753,213,736]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, jaws and branchiostegal plate ornament: A, NMS G.1967.12.7 from Turin Hill (Til- lywhandland); C, D, branchiostegal plates on QMF57176 from Tillywhandland, under normal light (C) and whitened with magnesium oxide (D); E, branchiostegal plate in NHM P.67308,a large regurgitate or coprolite.Abbreviations:br.p, branchiostegal plates;lt.mc, left Meckel’s cartilage; lt.pq, left palatoquadrate cartilage; rt.pq, right palatoquadrate cartilage. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538467/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). We still recognize a preopercular canal that more or less follows the upper edge of the palatoquadrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E802AC1132059FAA539F9FA33" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538471" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538471/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="333" startId="12.[113,124,1371,1389]" targetBox="[113,1209,215,1332]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802AC1132059FAA539F9FA33" blockId="12.[113,1211,1370,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">
|
||
FIG. 8. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802AC11320EEFAA53951FAC4" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[198,519,1371,1389]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="333" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802AC11320EEFAA53AD9FAC4" box="[198,399,1371,1389]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802AC11321BDFAA53951FAC4" author="POWRIE J." box="[405,519,1371,1389]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, shoulder girdle elements on NMS G.2010.7.39:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802AC113238EFAA538E5FAC4" bold="true" box="[934,947,1371,1389]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">A</emphasis>
|
||
, left prepectoral plate;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802AC1132453FAA53FDEFAC4" bold="true" box="[1147,1160,1371,1389]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">B</emphasis>
|
||
, right prepectoral plate, medial surface;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802AC11321BBFA8F3AF7FA2A" bold="true" box="[403,417,1393,1411]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">C</emphasis>
|
||
, left scapulocoracoid, lateral surface;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802AC11322CDFA8F39A5FA2A" bold="true" box="[741,755,1393,1411]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">D</emphasis>
|
||
, right scapulocoracoid, lateral surface. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802AC1132059FA763BC5FA33" bold="true" box="[113,147,1416,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">br.p</emphasis>
|
||
, branchiostegal plates;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802AC1132172FA763A2DFA33" bold="true" box="[346,379,1416,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">p.fs</emphasis>
|
||
, pectoral fin spine. Scale bar: 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802AC113228DFA35386DFA4C" blockId="12.[675,1209,1483,1699]" box="[677,827,1483,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802AC113228DFA35386DFA4C" box="[677,827,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">Pectoral region</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802AC112228DFA153977FA4C" blockId="12.[675,1209,1483,1699]" lastBlockId="13.[112,648,849,1510]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="334" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">
|
||
A pair of robust triangular plates with a spinose projection are positioned anteromedially to each of the pectoral fin spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802AC11323E7F9D43F19F9EC" box="[975,1103,1578,1605]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="333">Fig. 5C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802AC113244EF9D539B9F9CD" author="WATSON D. M. S." pageId="12" pageNumber="333" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 4B) referred to these structures as antero-lateral pectoral dermal bones. Their lateral ornamentation comprises broad tubercles that run in rows to the apex and coalesce in places into ridges, with these ridges becoming finer towards the spine tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802BC1122144FC6F3A93FC02" box="[364,453,913,939]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[113,124,1207,1225]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-179@8.[112,662,213,786]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, head and branchial region: A, holotype NMS G.1891.92.231 from Turin Hill; B, NMS G.1891.92.236 from Turin Hill;C, NMS G.2011.33.1 from Balruddery Den; D, NMS G.2002.59.97 from Duntrune.Abbreviations: gr, gular rays; lt.br.p, left side branchiostegal plates; lt.ll, left side lateral line; lt.sb, left sclerotic bones; lt.sc, left scapulocoracoid; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; rt.br.p, right side branchiostegal plates; rt.ll, right side lateral line;rt.pp.p, right “prepectoral plate”;rt.sb, right side sclerotic bones; rt.sc, right scapulocoracoid; sgc1, first subsidiary gill cover; sgc2, second subsidiary gill cover; sgc3, third subsidiary gill cover. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538463/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802BC11221FAFC6F3AA0FC02" box="[466,502,913,939]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[113,124,1371,1389]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-127@12.[112,662,213,774]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 8. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, shoulder girdle elements on NMS G.2010.7.39: A, left prepectoral plate; B, right prepectoral plate, medial surface; C, left scapulocoracoid, lateral surface; D, right scapulocoracoid, lateral surface. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates; p.fs, pectoral fin spine. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538471/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">8A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The medial surfaces of these “plates” are also ornamented, with more irregularly placed tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802BC112220EFC2E392FFC43" box="[550,633,976,1002]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[113,124,1371,1389]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-127@12.[112,662,213,774]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 8. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, shoulder girdle elements on NMS G.2010.7.39: A, left prepectoral plate; B, right prepectoral plate, medial surface; C, left scapulocoracoid, lateral surface; D, right scapulocoracoid, lateral surface. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates; p.fs, pectoral fin spine. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538471/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802BC1122059FC0E3A55FBA3" author="MILES R. S." box="[113,259,1008,1034]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" pagination="111 - 213" refId="ref14420" refString="MILES R. S. 1973. - Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 111 - 213." type="journal article" year="1973">Miles (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the structures as pinnal plates and interpreted the spine projection as prepectoral spine three, and also stated that the posterolateral edge of the plate was bevelled as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802BC11220B8FB913AD4FB20" authority="Agassiz, 1845" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1845" box="[144,386,1134,1161]" genus="Parexus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC11220B8FB913BB7FB21" box="[144,225,1135,1160]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Parexus</emphasis>
|
||
Agassiz, 1845
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802BC1122194FB903928FB21" authorityName="Miles" authorityYear="1973" box="[444,638,1134,1160]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Vernicomacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC1122194FB903928FB21" box="[444,638,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Vernicomacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although characterized as a spine-bearing plate, its preservation in the dorsoventrally compressed specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802BC11220DBFB333A21FB41" box="[243,375,1229,1256]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Figs 5A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and ornamentation on both sides show that it was more spine-like than plate-like in life, projecting down from the body of the fish. Their preservation sometimes between the pectoral fin spines suggests that these plates could be admedian rather than prepectoral structures, but as the plates are usually displaced we are not certain of their homology and continue referring to them as prepectoral plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E802BC1122058FCFA3FEDFCBF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538473" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538473" box="[112,1211,772,790]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538473/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" startId="13.[112,123,772,790]" targetBox="[216,1111,226,730]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802BC1122058FCFA3FEDFCBF" blockId="13.[112,1211,772,790]" box="[112,1211,772,790]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">
|
||
FIG. 9. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802BC11220E8FCFA3AACFCBF" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[192,506,772,790]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC11220E8FCFA3AD3FCBF" box="[192,389,772,790]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802BC11221A2FCFA3AACFCBF" author="POWRIE J." box="[394,506,772,790]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Reconstruction of the head in lateral view, much modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802BC1122423FCFA3FD6FCBF" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[1035,1152,772,790]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802BC1122293FCAF3FE1FC62" blockId="13.[675,1211,849,1129]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">
|
||
The scapulocoracoid is a simple structure comprising a columnar scapular shaft expanding sharply to a triangular area with a flat lower edge articulating with the base of the pectoral fin spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802BC112241EFC4E3FFCFC62" box="[1078,1194,944,971]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[113,124,1371,1389]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1332]" captionTargetId="figure-127@12.[112,662,213,774]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 8. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, shoulder girdle elements on NMS G.2010.7.39: A, left prepectoral plate; B, right prepectoral plate, medial surface; C, left scapulocoracoid, lateral surface; D, right scapulocoracoid, lateral surface. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates; p.fs, pectoral fin spine. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538471/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Fig.8C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802BC1122293FC2E3F7FFBC0" blockId="13.[675,1211,849,1129]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802BC1122293FC2E384DFC43" box="[699,795,976,1002]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[112,123,772,790]" captionTargetBox="[216,1111,226,730]" captionTargetId="figure-335@13.[208,1115,215,737]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 9. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864. Reconstruction of the head in lateral view, much modified after Watson (1937, fig. 3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538473/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
is a new reconstruction of the head, branchial and pectoral regions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802BC1122400FC0E385FFB80" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC1122400FC0E385FFB80" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lateral view, based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802BC1122431FBEE3FE0FB83" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[1049,1206,1040,1066]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 4) and incorporating our reinterpretation of some of the morphological features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802BC112228DFB71385DFB01" blockId="13.[675,1211,1167,1510]" box="[677,779,1167,1192]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC112228DFB71385DFB01" box="[677,779,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Fin spines</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802BC112228DFB503FEFFA4C" blockId="13.[675,1211,1167,1510]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">
|
||
In general the fin spines are of moderate length and thickness with short bases. From splitting of the fish-bearing blocks, the fin spines are often fractured lengthwise showing the cores rather than the surface ornament. Where the ornament is preserved, it consists of smooth, longitudinal ridges and deep grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802BC1122386FA923F71FA2E" box="[942,1063,1388,1415]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Fig.10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The grooves terminate along the leading edge toward the tip of the spine. The posterior dorsal fin spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73802BC112247BFA553FE4FA6C" box="[1107,1202,1451,1477]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
) is longest, with
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC1122362FA32380CFA4C" box="[842,858,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">c.</emphasis>
|
||
seven ridges and grooves on each
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E802BC1122059F9E03FECF90B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" startId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" targetBox="[112,1211,213,1581]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6802BC1122059F9E03FECF90B" blockId="13.[113,1212,1566,1698]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">
|
||
FIG. 10.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75802BC11220EFF9E03AACF999" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[199,506,1566,1584]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC11220EFF9E03ADDF999" box="[199,395,1566,1584]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07802BC11221A7F9E03AACF999" author="POWRIE J." box="[399,506,1566,1584]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie,1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fin spines:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC112227DF9E03934F999" bold="true" box="[597,610,1566,1584]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">A</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC1122059F9CB3B28F9EE" bold="true" box="[113,126,1589,1607]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">B</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC112219CF9CB3A94F9EE" bold="true" box="[436,450,1589,1607]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">C</emphasis>
|
||
, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC1122470F9CB3F25F9EE" bold="true" box="[1112,1139,1589,1607]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">D -I</emphasis>
|
||
, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC112222DF9B23973F9F7" bold="true" box="[517,549,1612,1630]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">D -F</emphasis>
|
||
, cross-sections of an anal fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC112237EF9B23832F9F7" bold="true" box="[854,868,1612,1630]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">D</emphasis>
|
||
, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC1122084F99C3BEEF9DD" bold="true" box="[172,184,1634,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">E</emphasis>
|
||
, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC112243AF99C3F4BF9DD" bold="true" box="[1042,1053,1634,1652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">F</emphasis>
|
||
, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC1122248F987392AF922" bold="true" box="[608,636,1657,1675]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">G -I</emphasis>
|
||
, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC11223CAF98738A6F922" bold="true" box="[994,1008,1657,1675]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">G</emphasis>
|
||
, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4802BC112217AF96E3A36F90B" bold="true" box="[338,352,1680,1698]" pageId="13" pageNumber="334">H</emphasis>
|
||
, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68028C11121B2FFB03FF5FFF6" blockId="14.[410,1187,78,95]" box="[410,1187,78,95]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">
|
||
The Early Devonian acanthodian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758028C11122A5FFB038C0FFF6" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[653,918,78,95]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48028C11122A5FFB03867FFF6" box="[653,817,78,95]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078028C111231EFFB038C0FFF6" author="POWRIE J." box="[822,918,78,95]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Midland Valley of Scotland
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68028C1112059F9B238F7F90B" blockId="14.[113,1209,1612,1698]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">
|
||
inner lamellar bone layer;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48028C1112164F9B23A04F9F7" bold="true" box="[332,338,1612,1630]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">I</emphasis>
|
||
, thin section towards the distal end of the spine, showing tissues between the small central cavity and groove on the outer surface, with vascular canals and bone cell lacunae with cell processes of middle osteodentine layer. Abbrevia- tions:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48028C111208CF9873B86F922" bold="true" box="[164,208,1657,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">ad.fs</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior dorsal fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48028C1112180F9873AEBF922" bold="true" box="[424,445,1657,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">cc</emphasis>
|
||
, central cavity;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48028C1112269F9873937F922" bold="true" box="[577,609,1657,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">p.fs</emphasis>
|
||
, pectoral fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48028C111232EF9873865F922" bold="true" box="[774,819,1657,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">pd.fs</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior dorsal fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48028C111243DF9873F1CF922" bold="true" box="[1045,1098,1657,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">ppv.fs</emphasis>
|
||
, prepelvic fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48028C1112081F96E3B84F90B" bold="true" box="[169,210,1680,1698]" pageId="14" pageNumber="335">pv.fs</emphasis>
|
||
, pelvic fin spine. Scale bars: A-C,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138028C11121D8F96E397AF90B" box="[496,556,1680,1698]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
; D, E, I,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138028C1112259F96E39EBF90B" box="[625,701,1680,1698]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
|
||
; F, G,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138028C11122D8F96E386DF90B" box="[752,827,1680,1698]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
; H,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138028C1112373F96E38CBF90B" box="[859,925,1680,1698]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="335" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8029C1102059FACD392DFADB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538475" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538475/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" startId="15.[113,124,1331,1349]" targetBox="[119,641,231,1287]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68029C1102059FACD392DFADB" blockId="15.[113,646,1331,1394]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">
|
||
FIG. 11. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758029C11020F8FACD3946FAEC" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[208,528,1331,1349]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C11020F8FACD3AC1FAEC" box="[208,407,1331,1349]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078029C11021B6FACD3946FAEC" author="POWRIE J." box="[414,528,1331,1349]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fin spine his- tological structure: Serial sections of posterior dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C1102219FAB7390BFAF2" bold="true" box="[561,605,1353,1371]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">pd.fs</emphasis>
|
||
) and anal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C11020B6FA9E3BE8FADB" bold="true" box="[158,190,1376,1394]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">a.fs</emphasis>
|
||
) fin spines of NMS G.2010.7.42. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68029C1102059FA553F0CFDA6" blockId="15.[112,647,1451,1700]" lastBlockId="15.[675,1212,216,1002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">
|
||
side of the straight fin spine. The anterior dorsal fin spine is only slightly shorter, with
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C110222EFA323940FA4C" box="[518,534,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">c.</emphasis>
|
||
five ridges and grooves on each side of the spine. The anal fin spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C110209DF9F43A46F98C" box="[181,272,1546,1573]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is slightly shorter than the anterior dorsal fin spine, straight, and quite thin, with four or five ridges and grooves on each side of the fin spine. The pectoral fin spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C1102198F9973944F92D" box="[432,530,1641,1668]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
) is slightly curved, shorter than the anal fin spine, with a rela- tively long base compared with the other fin spines, and usually having six ridges and grooves on each side of the spine. The pelvic fin spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C1102467FEE93FE7FE98" box="[1103,1201,279,305]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
) have four ridges per side, are a similar length to the pectoral spines, and are about twice as long as the largest prepelvic fin spine. The prepelvic spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C1102284FE68385AFE19" box="[684,780,406,432]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
) decrease in length towards the anterior. Four ridges and grooves on each side of the spine converge at the tip, and the spines are strongly laterally compressed and slightly curved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68029C1102293FDEB383EFC43" blockId="15.[675,1212,216,1002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">
|
||
Thin sections through the anal and posterior dorsal fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C1102412FDCA3FDDFDE7" box="[1082,1163,564,590]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Figs 10</figureCitation>
|
||
D-I; 11) show variations in the cross-sectional shape of the ridges and infilling of the central pulp cavity between the base and the tip. Near the tip, the ridges are sharp-crested (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C110238CFD4D3F55FD64" box="[932,1027,691,717]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Fig.10D</figureCitation>
|
||
), becoming more rounded toward the base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C1102398FD2D3F5AFD44" box="[944,1036,723,749]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Fig. 10F</figureCitation>
|
||
); the pulp cavity is wholly infilled by bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C11023EAFD0C3F15FCA4" box="[962,1091,754,781]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Figs 10D, I</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C1102478FD0D3F3AFCA4" box="[1104,1132,755,781]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[113,124,1331,1349]" captionTargetBox="[119,641,231,1287]" captionTargetId="figure-473@15.[113,646,216,1299]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 11. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, fin spine his- tological structure: Serial sections of posterior dorsal (pd.fs) and anal (a.fs) fin spines of NMS G.2010.7.42. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538475/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">11</figureCitation>
|
||
) at the distal end, and wide open toward the spine base. Through most of the length of the spine, a dense lamellar layer lines the inner surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C1102461FCAF3FF8FCC5" box="[1097,1198,849,876]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
), overlain by thick osteodentine that extends into the ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C1102335FC6F38D5FC02" box="[797,899,913,939]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetId="figure-30@14.[112,662,760,1308]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 fin spines:A, NMS G.1967.12.5 from Turin Hill,posterior and anterior dorsal fin spines; B, NMS G.1885.54.6B, anal fin spine; C, NMS G.2002.59.27p, lower half of an articulated fish showing the fin spines; D-I, ground thin sections of fin spines on NMS G.2010.7.42; D-F, cross-sections of an anal fin spine; D, near the tip of the fin spine with no pulp cavity; E, showing vascular canals of the middle layer,and lamellar bone forming inner layer lining central cavity; F, mid-proximal end of spine, with open central cavity open along leading edge; G-I, thin sections of posterior dorsal fin spine; G, mid-distal end of spine with closed central cavity; H, leading edge ridge with mesodentine forming ridge, osteodentine forming middle layer, and very thin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822496/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Figs 10H</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C11023A7FC6F38FBFC02" box="[911,941,913,939]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[113,124,1331,1349]" captionTargetBox="[119,641,231,1287]" captionTargetId="figure-473@15.[113,646,216,1299]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 11. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, fin spine his- tological structure: Serial sections of posterior dorsal (pd.fs) and anal (a.fs) fin spines of NMS G.2010.7.42. Scale bar: 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538475/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Only a thin outer layer is devoid of the wide vascular canal network penetrating the spine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68029C110228DFBEE3872FB83" blockId="15.[675,1211,1040,1700]" box="[677,804,1040,1066]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C110228DFBEE3872FB83" box="[677,804,1040,1066]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Squamation</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68029C10F228DFBD13A65FC43" blockId="15.[675,1211,1040,1700]" lastBlockId="16.[111,648,691,1319]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="337" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">
|
||
The caudal fin shows a similar pattern to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758029C110228DFBB1384AFBC0" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1833" box="[677,796,1103,1129]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Acanthodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C110228DFBB1384AFBC0" box="[677,796,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Acanthodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078029C1102394FBB13F34FBC0" author="HEYLER D." box="[956,1122,1103,1129]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" refId="ref14180" refString="HEYLER D. 1969 a. - Vertebres de l'Autunien de France. Cahiers de Paleontologie, Editions du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Paris, 255 p." type="book" year="1969">Heyler (1969a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) and expanded on by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078029C1102376FB9038A6FB20" author="MILES R. S." box="[862,1008,1134,1161]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref14393" refString="MILES R. S. 1970. - Remarks on the vertebral column and caudal fin of acanthodian fishes. Lethaia 3: 343 - 362." type="journal article" year="1970">Miles (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The notch on the tail of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078029C11022C5FB7038CFFB01" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[749,921,1166,1192]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson’s (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 4A) reconstruction is a preservational artifact caused by the separation of zone Z2 from Zone Z2”. The only difference between
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078029C1102320FB1338F6FAAE" author="MILES R. S." box="[776,928,1261,1287]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref14393" refString="MILES R. S. 1970. - Remarks on the vertebral column and caudal fin of acanthodian fishes. Lethaia 3: 343 - 362." type="journal article" year="1970">Miles’s (1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7) reconstruction of the tail zonation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758029C1102350FAF338B8FA8E" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1833" box="[888,1006,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Acanthodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C1102350FAF338B8FA8E" box="[888,1006,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Acanthodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758029C1102458FAF33808FAEE" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C1102458FAF33808FAEE" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738029C1102343FAD338EEFAEE" box="[875,952,1325,1351]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[113,124,573,591]" captionTargetBox="[113,1189,217,531]" captionTargetId="figure-528@16.[112,1119,216,533]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 12. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864, tail squamation: A, tail of holotype NMS G.1891.92.231; B, squamation pattern in E. macnicoli, based on that for Acanthodes sp. as figured by Miles (1970: fig. 7). Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538477/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a further subdivision being present in the latter at the anterior end of the hypochordal lobe, which has scales which are notably larger than the surrounding scales.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078029C1102455FA7239BAFA6C" author="MILES R. S." pageId="15" pageNumber="336" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref14393" refString="MILES R. S. 1970. - Remarks on the vertebral column and caudal fin of acanthodian fishes. Lethaia 3: 343 - 362." type="journal article" year="1970">Miles (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also noted this feature in the Early Devonian acanthodians
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758029C110231CFA353FECFA4F" authority="(Egerton, 1861)" baseAuthorityName="Egerton" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[820,1210,1483,1510]" class="Acanthodii" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Ischnacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacanthiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C110231CFA353F5AFA4C" box="[820,1036,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Ischnacanthus gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
(Egerton, 1861)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758029C11022FBFA153F27F9AF" authority="(Egerton, 1860)" baseAuthorityName="Egerton" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[723,1137,1515,1542]" class="Acanthodii" family="Acanthodidae" genus="Mesacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthodiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitchelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C11022FBFA1538ECF9AC" box="[723,954,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Mesacanthus mitchelli</emphasis>
|
||
(Egerton, 1860)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as did
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078029C110228BF9F53866F98C" author="DEAN B." box="[675,816,1547,1573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" pagination="211 - 222" refId="ref13574" refString="DEAN B. 1907. - Notes on acanthodian sharks. American Journal of Anatomy 7: 211 - 222." type="journal article" year="1907">Dean (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the Early Devonian acanthodian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758029C110228CF9D538B5F9ED" authority="Agassiz 1844" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1844" box="[676,995,1578,1604]" genus="Parexus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="recurvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C110228CF9D53818F9ED" box="[676,846,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Parexus recurvus</emphasis>
|
||
Agassiz 1844
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078029C1102407F9D43FE3F9ED" author="MILES R. S." box="[1071,1205,1578,1604]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" pagination="111 - 213" refId="ref14420" refString="MILES R. S. 1973. - Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 111 - 213." type="journal article" year="1973">Miles (1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: text-fig. 3) described the same condition in Early Devonian acanthodian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758029C1102390F997387AF90A" authority="Miles, 1973" authorityName="Miles" authorityYear="1973" class="Acanthodii" genus="Ptomacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anglicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48029C1102390F9973FEEF92A" box="[952,1208,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="336">Ptomacanthus anglicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078029C110228DF977387AF90A" author="MILES R. S." box="[677,812,1673,1699]" pageId="15" pageNumber="336" pagination="111 - 213" refId="ref14420" refString="MILES R. S. 1973. - Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 111 - 213." type="journal article" year="1973">Miles, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and denoted this Zone Z3”. Zone Z1 consists of scales of the caudal prolongation of the trunk and are typical body scales. Zone Z3 and zone Z4 are separated only by a transitional boundary, with Zone Z4 having smaller scales than Zone Z3. Zone Z2 consists of a thin strip of scales on the dorsal edge of the tail. Zone Z2 has a 45 degree rotation of enlarged scales in comparison to zone Z1. This rotation is reversed in Zone Z2” where the scales are much smaller than in Zone Z1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8036C10F2059FDC338FFFDCF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538477" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538477/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" startId="16.[113,124,573,591]" targetBox="[113,1189,217,531]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68036C10F2059FDC338FFFDCF" blockId="16.[113,1210,573,614]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">
|
||
FIG. 12. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758036C10F20E5FDC3395FFDE6" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[205,521,573,591]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F20E5FDC33AC5FDE6" box="[205,403,573,591]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078036C10F21B1FDC3395FFDE6" author="POWRIE J." box="[409,521,573,591]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tail squamation:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F22B4FDC339FFFDE6" bold="true" box="[668,681,573,591]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">A</emphasis>
|
||
, tail of holotype NMS G.1891.92.231;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F23C2FDC338A1FDE6" bold="true" box="[1002,1015,573,591]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">B</emphasis>
|
||
, squamation pattern in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758036C10F2059FDAA3B80FDCF" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[113,214,596,614]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F2059FDAA3B2AFDCF" box="[113,124,596,614]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F20AFFDAA3B80FDCF" box="[135,214,596,614]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on that for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758036C10F215DFDAA3A8FFDCF" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1833" box="[373,473,596,614]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Acanthodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F215DFDAA3A8FFDCF" box="[373,473,596,614]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Acanthodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. as figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078036C10F2245FDAA3986FDCF" author="MILES R. S." box="[621,720,596,614]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" pagination="343 - 362" refId="ref14393" refString="MILES R. S. 1970. - Remarks on the vertebral column and caudal fin of acanthodian fishes. Lethaia 3: 343 - 362." type="journal article" year="1970">Miles (1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7). Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68036C10F20A0FC0E3ACFFA8E" blockId="16.[111,648,691,1319]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078036C10F20A0FC0E3A4AFBA3" author="MILES R. S." box="[136,284,1008,1034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" pagination="111 - 213" refId="ref14420" refString="MILES R. S. 1973. - Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 111 - 213." type="journal article" year="1973">Miles (1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 15, fig. 1) described lepidotrichia-like scale rows on a pectoral fin web of NMS G.1971.38. This specimen was assigned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078036C10F205AFBB13A57FBC0" author="MILES R. S." box="[114,257,1103,1129]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" pagination="111 - 213" refId="ref14420" refString="MILES R. S. 1973. - Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 111 - 213." type="journal article" year="1973">Miles (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758036C10F2101FBB13AE1FBC0" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[297,439,1103,1129]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F2101FBB13AE1FBC0" box="[297,439,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. but belongs in the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758036C10F20CEFB903A80FB21" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[230,470,1134,1160]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F20CEFB903A80FB21" box="[230,470,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as there is a large portion of the body trunk preserved, but no sign of the enlarged lateral line scales that characterize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758036C10F205AFB33396AFB41" authority="(Newman et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[114,572,1229,1256]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F205AFB333A1DFB4E" box="[114,331,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Euthacanthus gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078036C10F2170FB303962FB41" author="NEWMAN M. J. & DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. & BURROW C. J." box="[344,564,1229,1256]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" pagination="101 - 111" refId="ref14554" refString="NEWMAN M. J., DAVIDSON R. G., DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. & BURROW C. J. 2011. - The Early Devonian acanthodian Euthacanthus gracilis from the Midland Valley of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 47: 101 - 111." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Newman
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F21E9FB303AA7FB4E" box="[449,497,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758036C10F20D5FB103A2DFAAE" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[253,379,1261,1287]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F20D5FB103A2DFAAE" box="[253,379,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">E. macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show the same character, e.g., NMS G.1891.92.240.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68036C10F2059FAB23BFAFACF" blockId="16.[111,649,1356,1699]" box="[113,172,1356,1382]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F2059FAB23BFAFACF" box="[113,172,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Scales</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68036C10F2059FA923FC8FC22" blockId="16.[111,649,1356,1699]" lastBlockId="16.[674,1212,691,1700]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">
|
||
The scales range in length from
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138036C10F21F4FA923904FA2E" box="[476,594,1388,1415]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5-2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The crown is ornamented with deep furrows and ridges leading back from the anterior edge. On moderate sized individuals such as NMS G.
|
||
<date id="FFB910368036C10F2190FA35394FFA4C" box="[440,537,1483,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" value="2013-08-01">2013.8.1</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F220FFA35392AFA4C" box="[551,636,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[113,124,932,950]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,218,886]" captionTargetId="figure-365@17.[112,753,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 13. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, an articulated moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A, specimen before sectioning;B-E, light microscope views of articulated squamation patches;B, pectoral region;C, midflank,midbody; D, anterior to caudal peduncle between posterior dorsal and anal fin spines;E, tail lobe (zone Z1). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B-E, 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538479/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig.13A</figureCitation>
|
||
) from Tillywhandland, normal flank scales show only slight morphological variation over the length of the body. Scales in the pectoral and anterior dorsal region consistently have four strong parallel ridges running the full length of the crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F223DF997392DF92D" box="[533,635,1641,1668]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[113,124,932,950]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,218,886]" captionTargetId="figure-365@17.[112,753,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 13. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, an articulated moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A, specimen before sectioning;B-E, light microscope views of articulated squamation patches;B, pectoral region;C, midflank,midbody; D, anterior to caudal peduncle between posterior dorsal and anal fin spines;E, tail lobe (zone Z1). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B-E, 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538479/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mid-body scales also have four ridges, but these are less robust and fade out past the centre of the crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F22D2FD2D3834FD44" box="[762,866,723,749]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[113,124,932,950]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,218,886]" captionTargetId="figure-365@17.[112,753,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 13. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, an articulated moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A, specimen before sectioning;B-E, light microscope views of articulated squamation patches;B, pectoral region;C, midflank,midbody; D, anterior to caudal peduncle between posterior dorsal and anal fin spines;E, tail lobe (zone Z1). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B-E, 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538479/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mid-flank scales between the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines have only two or three short, weakly developed ridges, with shallow grooves between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F238BFCCC3F5FFCE5" box="[931,1033,818,844]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[113,124,932,950]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,218,886]" captionTargetId="figure-365@17.[112,753,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 13. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, an articulated moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A, specimen before sectioning;B-E, light microscope views of articulated squamation patches;B, pectoral region;C, midflank,midbody; D, anterior to caudal peduncle between posterior dorsal and anal fin spines;E, tail lobe (zone Z1). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B-E, 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538479/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Scales mid-tail are almost smooth, with only two very weak short ridges anteromedially on the crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F2418FC8F3FC7FC22" box="[1072,1169,881,907]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[113,124,932,950]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,218,886]" captionTargetId="figure-365@17.[112,753,213,724]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 13. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, an articulated moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A, specimen before sectioning;B-E, light microscope views of articulated squamation patches;B, pectoral region;C, midflank,midbody; D, anterior to caudal peduncle between posterior dorsal and anal fin spines;E, tail lobe (zone Z1). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B-E, 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538479/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig. 13E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68036C10F2293FC6F3806F9CC" blockId="16.[674,1212,691,1700]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">
|
||
The thin sections made from NMS G.
|
||
<date id="FFB910368036C10F247BFC6F3FEFFC02" box="[1107,1209,913,939]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" value="2013-08-01">2013.8.1</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F2284FC4E39AEFC62" box="[684,760,944,971]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[114,124,1338,1356]" captionTargetBox="[114,1209,153,1295]" captionTargetId="figure-278@18.[112,662,151,725]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 14. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, thin sections of individual scales in serial sections of an articu- lated, moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A-C, sections in the pectoral region; A, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones; B, median vertical longitudinal section along a groove between crown ridges;C, vertical transverse section with three growth zones; D, E, vertical transverse sections in the anterior midflank region; F-H, sections in the midbody midflank region; F, oblique section; G, H, vertical transverse sections; I-K, sections in the posterior midflank region between the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines; I, vertical transverse section; J, K, vertical longitudinal section; L-N, sections in the caudal peduncle-midtail region; L, M, vertical transverse section; N, vertical longitudinal section. Abbreviations: bcl, bone cell lacunae; igl, incremental growth lines; m, mesodentine; Sf, Sharpey’s fibres; Sg, Stranggewebe; vc, vascular canal. Scale bars: A, L, 0.05 mm; B-K, M, N, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538481/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) show that all the normal body scales have three to five crown growth zones, with Stranggewebe (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078036C10F22C0FC0E3834FBA3" author="GROSS W." box="[744,866,1008,1034]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref13847" refString="GROSS W. 1971. - Downtonische und Dittonische Acanthodier-Reste des Ostseegebietes. Palaeontographica A 136: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1971">Gross 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: mesodentine comprising parallel tubules extending between vascular canals) filling the primordial and posterior parts of the crown growth zones, and simple mesodentine filling the anterior parts of the growth zones. Growth zones are not visible in the base; rounded to oval bone cell lacunae are relatively densely and evenly distributed through the base of all scales, and simple Sharpey’s fibres extend from the base apex to the lower surface of the base. Wide radial, circular and ascending vascular canals form a network throughout the crown, with the ascending canals extending back below the crown surface grooves. Scales in the pectoral and anterior dorsal regions have a relatively flat base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F23A5FA55388CFA6C" box="[909,986,1451,1477]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[114,124,1338,1356]" captionTargetBox="[114,1209,153,1295]" captionTargetId="figure-278@18.[112,662,151,725]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 14. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, thin sections of individual scales in serial sections of an articu- lated, moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A-C, sections in the pectoral region; A, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones; B, median vertical longitudinal section along a groove between crown ridges;C, vertical transverse section with three growth zones; D, E, vertical transverse sections in the anterior midflank region; F-H, sections in the midbody midflank region; F, oblique section; G, H, vertical transverse sections; I-K, sections in the posterior midflank region between the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines; I, vertical transverse section; J, K, vertical longitudinal section; L-N, sections in the caudal peduncle-midtail region; L, M, vertical transverse section; N, vertical longitudinal section. Abbreviations: bcl, bone cell lacunae; igl, incremental growth lines; m, mesodentine; Sf, Sharpey’s fibres; Sg, Stranggewebe; vc, vascular canal. Scale bars: A, L, 0.05 mm; B-K, M, N, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538481/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A-E), midbody scale bases are slightly more convex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F23D6FA353F1DFA4C" box="[1022,1099,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[114,124,1338,1356]" captionTargetBox="[114,1209,153,1295]" captionTargetId="figure-278@18.[112,662,151,725]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 14. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, thin sections of individual scales in serial sections of an articu- lated, moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A-C, sections in the pectoral region; A, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones; B, median vertical longitudinal section along a groove between crown ridges;C, vertical transverse section with three growth zones; D, E, vertical transverse sections in the anterior midflank region; F-H, sections in the midbody midflank region; F, oblique section; G, H, vertical transverse sections; I-K, sections in the posterior midflank region between the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines; I, vertical transverse section; J, K, vertical longitudinal section; L-N, sections in the caudal peduncle-midtail region; L, M, vertical transverse section; N, vertical longitudinal section. Abbreviations: bcl, bone cell lacunae; igl, incremental growth lines; m, mesodentine; Sf, Sharpey’s fibres; Sg, Stranggewebe; vc, vascular canal. Scale bars: A, L, 0.05 mm; B-K, M, N, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538481/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
F-H), and caudal scales have the most convex bases (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F2473FA153FF2F9AC" box="[1115,1188,1515,1541]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[114,124,1338,1356]" captionTargetBox="[114,1209,153,1295]" captionTargetId="figure-278@18.[112,662,151,725]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 14. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2013.8.1, thin sections of individual scales in serial sections of an articu- lated, moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland: A-C, sections in the pectoral region; A, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones; B, median vertical longitudinal section along a groove between crown ridges;C, vertical transverse section with three growth zones; D, E, vertical transverse sections in the anterior midflank region; F-H, sections in the midbody midflank region; F, oblique section; G, H, vertical transverse sections; I-K, sections in the posterior midflank region between the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines; I, vertical transverse section; J, K, vertical longitudinal section; L-N, sections in the caudal peduncle-midtail region; L, M, vertical transverse section; N, vertical longitudinal section. Abbreviations: bcl, bone cell lacunae; igl, incremental growth lines; m, mesodentine; Sf, Sharpey’s fibres; Sg, Stranggewebe; vc, vascular canal. Scale bars: A, L, 0.05 mm; B-K, M, N, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538481/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig.14</figureCitation>
|
||
I- N). The scale structure conforms to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758036C10F247BF9F43FEFF98D" authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[1107,1209,1546,1572]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48036C10F247BF9F43FEFF98D" box="[1107,1209,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Nostolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240579F8036C10F228DF9D53878F9ED" box="[677,814,1578,1605]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC88548036C10F231EF9D53833F9EC" box="[822,869,1579,1605]" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">type</typeStatus>
|
||
as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078036C10F2421F9D4381AF9CC" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. & BURROW C. J." pageId="16" pageNumber="337" pagination="635 - 649" refId="ref15224" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. & BURROW C. J. 2005. - Diversity of tissues in acanthodians with Nostolepis - type histological structure. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50: 635 - 649." type="journal article" year="2005">Valiukevičius & Burrow (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68036C10E2293F9943F00FB20" blockId="16.[674,1212,691,1700]" lastBlockId="17.[675,1212,1071,1700]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">
|
||
NMS G.2010.7.42 is the articulated tail, plus dorsal and anal fin spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738036C10F23EEF9773F73F90D" box="[966,1061,1673,1700]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[113,124,1320,1338]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1282]" captionTargetId="figure-87@19.[112,753,213,749]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 15. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.42, the rear half with the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines of a small articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, the specimen before thin sectioning with the anterior to the right; white lines shown the areas thin sectioned; B-M, SEM views of scales; B, C, squamation segment cut midflank below the poste- rior dorsal fin spine; D, E, squamation segment cut at the middle of the caudal peduncle; F-M, scales in residues after acetic acid treatment of remainder of cut portion; F, articulated patch of scales (both sides of fish compressed together); G, H, scale in crown and lateral view; I, J, scale in crown and lateral view; K, scale from one side of the body attached to two scales from the other side; L, M, scale in crown and posterolateral view; N-P, thin sections of scales; N, vertical transverse section of a young fin web scale; O, vertical longitudinal section of a fin web scale; P, vertical transverse sections of two scales abutting a fin spine. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D, 1 mm; C, E-P, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538483/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="337">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
) from a fairly small individual from Tillywhandland. All scales on sectioned blocks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E2176FBB13AFDFBC3" box="[350,427,1103,1130]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[113,124,1320,1338]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1282]" captionTargetId="figure-87@19.[112,753,213,749]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 15. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.42, the rear half with the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines of a small articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, the specimen before thin sectioning with the anterior to the right; white lines shown the areas thin sectioned; B-M, SEM views of scales; B, C, squamation segment cut midflank below the poste- rior dorsal fin spine; D, E, squamation segment cut at the middle of the caudal peduncle; F-M, scales in residues after acetic acid treatment of remainder of cut portion; F, articulated patch of scales (both sides of fish compressed together); G, H, scale in crown and lateral view; I, J, scale in crown and lateral view; K, scale from one side of the body attached to two scales from the other side; L, M, scale in crown and posterolateral view; N-P, thin sections of scales; N, vertical transverse section of a young fin web scale; O, vertical longitudinal section of a fin web scale; P, vertical transverse sections of two scales abutting a fin spine. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D, 1 mm; C, E-P, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538483/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
B-E) and from acid residues (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E20FEFB903A4AFB20" box="[214,284,1134,1161]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[113,124,1320,1338]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1282]" captionTargetId="figure-87@19.[112,753,213,749]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 15. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.42, the rear half with the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines of a small articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, the specimen before thin sectioning with the anterior to the right; white lines shown the areas thin sectioned; B-M, SEM views of scales; B, C, squamation segment cut midflank below the poste- rior dorsal fin spine; D, E, squamation segment cut at the middle of the caudal peduncle; F-M, scales in residues after acetic acid treatment of remainder of cut portion; F, articulated patch of scales (both sides of fish compressed together); G, H, scale in crown and lateral view; I, J, scale in crown and lateral view; K, scale from one side of the body attached to two scales from the other side; L, M, scale in crown and posterolateral view; N-P, thin sections of scales; N, vertical transverse section of a young fin web scale; O, vertical longitudinal section of a fin web scale; P, vertical transverse sections of two scales abutting a fin spine. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D, 1 mm; C, E-P, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538483/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig.15</figureCitation>
|
||
F-M) show very similar morphology, being short, rhombic and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138037C10E21EEFB70391CFB00" box="[454,586,1166,1193]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.15" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.1">0.1-0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and long, with two strong parallel ridges running back from the anterior edge, fading out near the middle of the crown. Occasionally a third, weaker ridge is developed lateral to the central ridges; the ridges become lower on scales closer to the tail tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E2051FAB23B93FACE" box="[121,197,1356,1383]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[113,124,1320,1338]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1282]" captionTargetId="figure-87@19.[112,753,213,749]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 15. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.42, the rear half with the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines of a small articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, the specimen before thin sectioning with the anterior to the right; white lines shown the areas thin sectioned; B-M, SEM views of scales; B, C, squamation segment cut midflank below the poste- rior dorsal fin spine; D, E, squamation segment cut at the middle of the caudal peduncle; F-M, scales in residues after acetic acid treatment of remainder of cut portion; F, articulated patch of scales (both sides of fish compressed together); G, H, scale in crown and lateral view; I, J, scale in crown and lateral view; K, scale from one side of the body attached to two scales from the other side; L, M, scale in crown and posterolateral view; N-P, thin sections of scales; N, vertical transverse section of a young fin web scale; O, vertical longitudinal section of a fin web scale; P, vertical transverse sections of two scales abutting a fin spine. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D, 1 mm; C, E-P, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538483/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
D-E). The lateral parts of the crown plane are flat and smooth, and the lateral edges meet at a single posterior point which extends slightly beyond the posterior corner of the base. The scale neck is concave and relatively deep, with two or three large vascular canal openings on each of the four sides. The base is low and slightly concave. Histological sections through scales on the specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E2235F9D43933F9EC" box="[541,613,1578,1605]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[113,124,1320,1338]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1282]" captionTargetId="figure-87@19.[112,753,213,749]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 15. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.42, the rear half with the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines of a small articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, the specimen before thin sectioning with the anterior to the right; white lines shown the areas thin sectioned; B-M, SEM views of scales; B, C, squamation segment cut midflank below the poste- rior dorsal fin spine; D, E, squamation segment cut at the middle of the caudal peduncle; F-M, scales in residues after acetic acid treatment of remainder of cut portion; F, articulated patch of scales (both sides of fish compressed together); G, H, scale in crown and lateral view; I, J, scale in crown and lateral view; K, scale from one side of the body attached to two scales from the other side; L, M, scale in crown and posterolateral view; N-P, thin sections of scales; N, vertical transverse section of a young fin web scale; O, vertical longitudinal section of a fin web scale; P, vertical transverse sections of two scales abutting a fin spine. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D, 1 mm; C, E-P, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538483/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig.15</figureCitation>
|
||
N- P) show a small fin web scale with a wide pulp cavity in the primordium and a highly concave base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E2052F9773B8CF90D" box="[122,218,1673,1700]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[113,124,1320,1338]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1282]" captionTargetId="figure-87@19.[112,753,213,749]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 15. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.42, the rear half with the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines of a small articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, the specimen before thin sectioning with the anterior to the right; white lines shown the areas thin sectioned; B-M, SEM views of scales; B, C, squamation segment cut midflank below the poste- rior dorsal fin spine; D, E, squamation segment cut at the middle of the caudal peduncle; F-M, scales in residues after acetic acid treatment of remainder of cut portion; F, articulated patch of scales (both sides of fish compressed together); G, H, scale in crown and lateral view; I, J, scale in crown and lateral view; K, scale from one side of the body attached to two scales from the other side; L, M, scale in crown and posterolateral view; N-P, thin sections of scales; N, vertical transverse section of a young fin web scale; O, vertical longitudinal section of a fin web scale; P, vertical transverse sections of two scales abutting a fin spine. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D, 1 mm; C, E-P, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538483/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig.15N</figureCitation>
|
||
), and a caudal scale and two similar scales abutting a fin spine showing three crown growth zones, Strangewebbe and wide vascular canals in the crown, and a flat base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E23EFFB903F1FFB20" box="[967,1097,1134,1161]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[113,124,1320,1338]" captionTargetBox="[113,1210,215,1282]" captionTargetId="figure-87@19.[112,753,213,749]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 15. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.42, the rear half with the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines of a small articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, the specimen before thin sectioning with the anterior to the right; white lines shown the areas thin sectioned; B-M, SEM views of scales; B, C, squamation segment cut midflank below the poste- rior dorsal fin spine; D, E, squamation segment cut at the middle of the caudal peduncle; F-M, scales in residues after acetic acid treatment of remainder of cut portion; F, articulated patch of scales (both sides of fish compressed together); G, H, scale in crown and lateral view; I, J, scale in crown and lateral view; K, scale from one side of the body attached to two scales from the other side; L, M, scale in crown and posterolateral view; N-P, thin sections of scales; N, vertical transverse section of a young fin web scale; O, vertical longitudinal section of a fin web scale; P, vertical transverse sections of two scales abutting a fin spine. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D, 1 mm; C, E-P, 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538483/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig. 15O, P</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8037C10E2059FC5A3FEDFC4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538479" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538479/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338" startId="17.[113,124,932,950]" targetBox="[113,1210,218,886]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68037C10E2059FC5A3FEDFC4D" blockId="17.[113,1212,932,996]" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">
|
||
FIG. 13. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758037C10E20F8FC5A390FFC1F" authority="Powrie, 1864 NMS G." authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[208,601,932,950]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48037C10E20F8FC5A3ACFFC1F" box="[208,409,932,950]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078037C10E2188FC5A3959FC1F" author="POWRIE J." box="[416,527,932,950]" pageId="17" pageNumber="338" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
NMS G.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2013.8.1, an articulated moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48037C10E2059FC453B28FC64" bold="true" box="[113,126,955,973]" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">A</emphasis>
|
||
, specimen before sectioning;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48037C10E2147FC453AD9FC64" bold="true" box="[367,399,955,973]" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">B -E</emphasis>
|
||
, light microscope views of articulated squamation patches;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48037C10E2347FC45382AFC64" bold="true" box="[879,892,955,973]" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">B</emphasis>
|
||
, pectoral region;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48037C10E242FFC453F43FC64" bold="true" box="[1031,1045,955,973]" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">C</emphasis>
|
||
, midflank,midbody;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48037C10E2059FC2C3B29FC4D" bold="true" box="[113,127,978,996]" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">D</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior to caudal peduncle between posterior dorsal and anal fin spines;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48037C10E22CCFC2C39A6FC4D" bold="true" box="[740,752,978,996]" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">E</emphasis>
|
||
, tail lobe (zone Z1). Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B-E, 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68037C10C2293FB7139D0F90A" blockId="17.[675,1212,1071,1700]" lastBlockId="19.[113,647,1578,1700]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="340" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">
|
||
For the large partial articulated specimen NMS G.2010.7.39 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E23A0FB50388EFB60" box="[904,984,1198,1225]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
), flank scales show a wide range of size and crown ornament, with scales up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138037C10E22CCFB13386BFAA1" box="[740,829,1261,1288]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. The smaller scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E247CFB1339E1FA8E" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig. 16A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) are identical to those of average sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758037C10E2459FAF33834FAEE" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48037C10E2459FAF33834FAEE" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as NMS G.
|
||
<date id="FFB910368037C10E240BFAD33FDCFAEE" box="[1059,1162,1325,1351]" pageId="17" pageNumber="338" value="2013-08-01">2013.8.1</date>
|
||
and NMSG.2010.7.42 (described above). On the scales with three or more ridges, some of the ridges bifurcate near the anterior edge of the crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E247AFA723FCCFA0F" box="[1106,1178,1420,1446]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig.16</figureCitation>
|
||
C- O). The anterior edge is sharp on most scales, only rarely rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E237DFA3538F1FA4F" box="[853,935,1483,1510]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
I-J). Large scales have up to 12 ridges running back from the anterior edge of the crown, with the ridges becoming shorter, lower and weaker as the number increases. All scales have a flat smooth lateral region, although this is comparatively narrow on the larger scales with many ridges (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738037C10E238AF9773F77F90D" box="[930,1057,1673,1700]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="338">Fig.16L, N</figureCitation>
|
||
). The number of vascular canal openings on the neck increases with the number of growth zones. Scales from the ventral region are mostly large and very robust with worn crowns (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738034C10D2155F9773A9BF90A" box="[381,461,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
H-N,?P), and as shown by patches which remained articulated after acid treatment, were closely packed with posterior corners overlapping the scales behind (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738034C10D2461F9973FFBF92D" box="[1097,1197,1641,1668]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">Fig. 16R</figureCitation>
|
||
). Specialized scales include pinnal scales, presumed to be from the ventral pectoral region, that have a strongly inclined crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738035C10C21AAF9B43ABFF9CC" box="[386,489,1610,1637]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">Fig. 16Q</figureCitation>
|
||
). A large mass of tiny scales was observed in the head region of NMS G.2010.7.39, of which nearly all are assign-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8034C10D205AFAC43F2CFA42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538481" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538481" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538481/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="339" startId="18.[114,124,1338,1356]" targetBox="[114,1209,153,1295]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68034C10D205AFAC43F2CFA42" blockId="18.[113,1211,1338,1515]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">
|
||
FIG. 14. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758034C10D20E7FAC43905FAE5" authority="Powrie, 1864 NMS G." authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[207,595,1338,1356]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D20E7FAC43AC3FAE5" box="[207,405,1338,1356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078034C10D21B4FAC4395DFAE5" author="POWRIE J." box="[412,523,1338,1356]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
NMS G.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2013.8.1, thin sections of individual scales in serial sections of an articu- lated, moderate sized specimen from Tillywhandland:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D221CFAAE3900FACB" bold="true" box="[564,598,1360,1378]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">A -C</emphasis>
|
||
, sections in the pectoral region;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D234FFAAE3822FACB" bold="true" box="[871,884,1360,1378]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">A</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D210BFA993A66FAD0" bold="true" box="[291,304,1383,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">B</emphasis>
|
||
, median vertical longitudinal section along a groove between crown ridges;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D238AFA9938E6FAD0" bold="true" box="[930,944,1383,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">C</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse section with three growth zones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2135FA803A7DFA39" bold="true" box="[285,299,1406,1424]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D211DFA803A17FA39" bold="true" box="[309,321,1406,1424]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">E</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse sections in the anterior midflank region;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2312FA80380DFA39" bold="true" box="[826,859,1406,1424]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">F -H</emphasis>
|
||
, sections in the midbody midflank region;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2059FA6A3B2AFA0F" bold="true" box="[113,124,1428,1446]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">F</emphasis>
|
||
, oblique section;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2138FA6A3A48FA0F" bold="true" box="[272,286,1428,1446]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">G</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2101FA6A3A61FA0F" bold="true" box="[297,311,1428,1446]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">H</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse sections;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2206FA6A391EFA0F" bold="true" box="[558,584,1428,1446]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">I -K</emphasis>
|
||
, sections in the posterior midflank region between the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D20DDFA553BADFA14" bold="true" box="[245,251,1451,1469]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">I</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse section;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D21C2FA553AA2FA14" bold="true" box="[490,500,1451,1469]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">J</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2228FA55395BFA14" bold="true" box="[512,525,1451,1469]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">K</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical longitudinal section;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D232FFA553871FA14" bold="true" box="[775,807,1451,1469]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">L -N</emphasis>
|
||
, sections in the caudal peduncle-midtail region;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2059FA3C3B2AFA7D" bold="true" box="[113,124,1474,1492]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">L</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D20AFFA3C3BCEFA7D" bold="true" box="[135,152,1474,1492]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">M</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse section;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D21AFFA3C3AC3FA7D" bold="true" box="[391,405,1474,1492]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">N</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical longitudinal section. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2321FA3C3872FA7D" bold="true" box="[777,804,1474,1492]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">bcl</emphasis>
|
||
, bone cell lacunae; igl, incremental growth lines;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2059FA273BD4FA42" bold="true" box="[113,130,1497,1515]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">m</emphasis>
|
||
, mesodentine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D212BFA263A43FA43" bold="true" box="[259,277,1496,1514]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">Sf</emphasis>
|
||
, Sharpey’s fibres;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D2187FA263A91FA43" bold="true" box="[431,455,1496,1514]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">Sg</emphasis>
|
||
, Stranggewebe;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48034C10D227DFA27393FFA42" bold="true" box="[597,617,1497,1515]" pageId="18" pageNumber="339">vc</emphasis>
|
||
, vascular canal. Scale bars: A, L, 0.05 mm; B-K, M, N, 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8035C10C2059FAD63AB9FA59" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538483" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538483/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="340" startId="19.[113,124,1320,1338]" targetBox="[113,1210,215,1282]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68035C10C2059FAD63AB9FA59" blockId="19.[113,1211,1320,1520]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">
|
||
FIG. 15. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758035C10C20F8FAD63946FA93" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[208,528,1320,1338]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C20F8FAD63ACCFA93" box="[208,410,1320,1338]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078035C10C2188FAD63946FA93" author="POWRIE J." box="[416,528,1320,1338]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen NMS G.2010.7.42, the rear half with the posterior dorsal and anal fin spines of a small articulated specimen from Tillywhandland:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C225EFAC139D5FAF8" bold="true" box="[630,643,1343,1361]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">A</emphasis>
|
||
, the specimen before thin sectioning with the anterior to the right; white lines shown the areas thin sectioned;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C21CEFAA8395AFAC1" bold="true" box="[486,524,1366,1384]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">B -M</emphasis>
|
||
, SEM views of scales;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C22F9FAA83988FAC1" bold="true" box="[721,734,1366,1384]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C22C2FAA839AEFAC1" bold="true" box="[746,760,1366,1384]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">C</emphasis>
|
||
, squamation segment cut midflank below the poste- rior dorsal fin spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C2136FA923A7AFAD7" bold="true" box="[286,300,1388,1406]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C211FFA923A15FAD7" bold="true" box="[311,323,1388,1406]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">E</emphasis>
|
||
, squamation segment cut at the middle of the caudal peduncle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C234FFA9238DDFAD7" bold="true" box="[871,907,1388,1406]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">F -M</emphasis>
|
||
, scales in residues after acetic acid treatment of remainder of cut portion;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C219CFA7D3AE9FA3C" bold="true" box="[436,447,1411,1429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">F</emphasis>
|
||
, articulated patch of scales (both sides of fish compressed together);
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C2427FA7D3F4BFA3C" bold="true" box="[1039,1053,1411,1429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">G</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C2400FA7D3F60FA3C" bold="true" box="[1064,1078,1411,1429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">H</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in crown and lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C212CFA643A5CFA05" bold="true" box="[260,266,1434,1452]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">I</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C213EFA643A76FA05" bold="true" box="[278,288,1434,1452]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">J</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in crown and lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C2269FA643918FA05" bold="true" box="[577,590,1434,1452]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">K</emphasis>
|
||
, scale from one side of the body attached to two scales from the other side;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C2088FA4F3BFDFA6A" bold="true" box="[160,171,1457,1475]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">L</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C209EFA4F3B91FA6A" bold="true" box="[182,199,1457,1475]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">M</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in crown and posterolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C220DFA4F3911FA6A" bold="true" box="[549,583,1457,1475]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">N -P</emphasis>
|
||
, thin sections of scales;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C2335FA4F387DFA6A" bold="true" box="[797,811,1457,1475]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">N</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse section of a young fin web scale;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C2082FA393BEFFA70" bold="true" box="[170,185,1479,1497]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">O</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical longitudinal section of a fin web scale;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C2270FA393932FA70" bold="true" box="[600,612,1479,1497]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">P</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse sections of two scales abutting a fin spine. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, D, 1 mm; C, E-P, 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68035C10C228DF9D43FEAF90A" blockId="19.[675,1212,1578,1700]" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">
|
||
able to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758035C10C22D9F9D43828F9ED" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[753,894,1578,1604]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C22D9F9D43828F9ED" box="[753,894,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738035C10C23A3F9D43F54F9EC" box="[907,1026,1578,1605]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-203@20.[112,662,213,753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 16.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864 specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland: A, B, scale in crown and posterolateral view; C-D, scale in crown and anterolateral view; E, scale in laterocrown view; F, G, scale in crown and posterior view; H, scale in laterocrown view; I, J, scale in anterocrown and anterior view; K, L, scale in crown and lateral view; M, N, scale in crown and lateral view; O, scale in laterocrown view; P, scale in anterior view; Q, scale in anterobasal view; R, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view; S, small scale from head region in posterior view; T, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">Fig.16S, T</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, some of the scales were shiny smooth-crowned scales probably from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758035C10C237BF9973F12F92A" baseAuthorityName="Egerton" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[851,1092,1641,1667]" class="Acanthodii" family="Acanthodidae" genus="Mesacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthodiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitchelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48035C10C237BF9973F12F92A" box="[851,1092,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="340">Mesacanthus mitchelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The scale mass could have been overlain by the main speci-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8032C10B2059FB7C3989FAAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538485" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538485/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="341" startId="20.[113,124,1154,1172]" targetBox="[113,1209,215,1112]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68032C10B2059FB7C3989FAAF" blockId="20.[113,1211,1154,1286]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">
|
||
FIG. 16.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758032C10B20E0FB7C3AADFB3D" authority="Powrie, 1864" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[200,507,1154,1172]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B20E0FB7C3ADAFB3D" box="[200,396,1154,1172]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078032C10B21A7FB7C3AADFB3D" author="POWRIE J." box="[399,507,1154,1172]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie,1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen NMS G.2010.7.39,SEMs of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B210AFB673A79FB02" bold="true" box="[290,303,1177,1195]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2111FB673A10FB02" bold="true" box="[313,326,1177,1195]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">B</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in crown and posterolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B22BEFB6739EFFB02" bold="true" box="[662,697,1177,1195]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">C -D</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in crown and anterolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B23D6FB673F5CFB02" bold="true" box="[1022,1034,1177,1195]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">E</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in laterocrown view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B208AFB4E3BFBFB6B" bold="true" box="[162,173,1200,1218]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">F</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2090FB513B90FB68" bold="true" box="[184,198,1199,1217]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">G</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in crown and posterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B21DDFB4E3955FB6B" bold="true" box="[501,515,1200,1218]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">H</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in laterocrown view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B22C4FB4E39A4FB6B" bold="true" box="[748,754,1200,1218]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">I</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B22D4FB4E3850FB6B" bold="true" box="[764,774,1200,1218]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">J</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in anterocrown and anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2448FB4E3F3BFB6B" bold="true" box="[1120,1133,1200,1218]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">K</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2450FB4E3FD5FB6B" bold="true" box="[1144,1155,1200,1218]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">L</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in crown and lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2166FB383A09FB71" bold="true" box="[334,351,1222,1240]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">M</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2142FB383A2EFB71" bold="true" box="[362,376,1222,1240]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">N</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in crown and lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B22BAFB3839F7FB71" bold="true" box="[658,673,1222,1240]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">O</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in laterocrown view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B23A3FB3838C1FB71" bold="true" box="[907,919,1222,1240]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">P</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2448FB383F39FB71" bold="true" box="[1120,1135,1222,1240]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">Q</emphasis>
|
||
, scale in anterobasal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2120FB233A43FB46" bold="true" box="[264,277,1245,1263]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">R</emphasis>
|
||
, patch of articulated scales from venter in posterocrown view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2309FB23387BFB46" bold="true" box="[801,813,1245,1263]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">S</emphasis>
|
||
, small scale from head region in posterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2059FB0A3B2AFAAF" bold="true" box="[113,124,1268,1286]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">T</emphasis>
|
||
, small scale from head region in posterocrown view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68032C10B2059FAB33A3BF98D" blockId="20.[112,648,1356,1700]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">
|
||
men, or they could be oral or branchial scales. The tiny
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758032C10B2089FA923A7BFA2F" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[161,301,1388,1414]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2089FA923A7BFA2F" box="[161,301,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
scales could also have been some of the small scales forming the cheek squamation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738032C10B2051FA553B99FA6F" box="[121,207,1451,1478]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[113,124,1363,1381]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-100@9.[660,1211,213,772]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5.— Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie,1864,head and branchial region:A, NMS G.1891.92.238 from Turin Hill;B, NMS G.1891.92.275 from Turin Hill; C, NMS G.2007.24.2 from Tillywhandland; D, NMS G.2002.59.100 from Duntrune. Abbreviations: br.p, branchiostegal plates;gr, gular rays;hy.op, hyoid operculum;io.sl, infraorbital sensory line canal; ll, lateral line;lt.br.p, left branchiostegal plates;lt.oc, left otic capsule; lt.sb, left sclerotic bone; m.op, mandibular operculum; p.fs, pectoral fin spine; pop.c, preopercular sensory line canal; pop.sl, preopercular sensory line; pp.p, “prepectoral plate”; rt.br.p, right branchiostegal plates; rt.sb, right sclerotic bones; sb, scle- rotic bone; sc, scapulocoracoid; so.sl, supraorbital sensory line canal; sgc1-3, first to third subsidiary gill covers. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538465/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). They differ from normal flank scales in their small size, and in being narrow and elongate with a curving crown, and occasionally with two posterior crown points.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68032C10B20A0F9D43FECF9AC" blockId="20.[112,648,1356,1700]" lastBlockId="20.[675,1212,1356,1699]" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">
|
||
Serial thin sections of the NMS G.2010.7.39 counterpart (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738032C10B2129F9B43A18F9CD" box="[257,334,1610,1636]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[113,124,1588,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-30@22.[143,710,779,1346]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 17. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.39, thin sections of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland:A, a group of scales in various orientations;B-H, sections through individual scales;B, vertical longitudinal section with six crown growth zones;C, vertical transverse section with three crown growth zones;D, crown horizontal section with eight crown growth zones;E, vertical transverse section through posterior part of scale with at least eight growth zones;F, vertical transverse sec- tion through the anterior part of the scale with five crown growth zones; G, vertical longitudinal section with seven crown growth zones;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822542" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822542/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
) show the histological structure of a good range of scales. Small flank scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738032C10B2053F9773B94F90A" box="[123,194,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[113,124,1588,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-30@22.[143,710,779,1346]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 17. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.39, thin sections of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland:A, a group of scales in various orientations;B-H, sections through individual scales;B, vertical longitudinal section with six crown growth zones;C, vertical transverse section with three crown growth zones;D, crown horizontal section with eight crown growth zones;E, vertical transverse section through posterior part of scale with at least eight growth zones;F, vertical transverse sec- tion through the anterior part of the scale with five crown growth zones; G, vertical longitudinal section with seven crown growth zones;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822542" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822542/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">Fig.17</figureCitation>
|
||
B-C) show the same structure as the scales on average sized fish. However, most of the scales are larger, with more growth zones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738032C10B240FFA923F25FA2F" box="[1063,1139,1388,1414]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[113,124,1588,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-30@22.[143,710,779,1346]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 17. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.39, thin sections of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland:A, a group of scales in various orientations;B-H, sections through individual scales;B, vertical longitudinal section with six crown growth zones;C, vertical transverse section with three crown growth zones;D, crown horizontal section with eight crown growth zones;E, vertical transverse section through posterior part of scale with at least eight growth zones;F, vertical transverse sec- tion through the anterior part of the scale with five crown growth zones; G, vertical longitudinal section with seven crown growth zones;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822542" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822542/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
D-H), on average eight, but with some scales having more. Inner zones show that when younger, the scale morphology resembled average sized specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758032C10B228CFA153848F9AC" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[676,798,1515,1541]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B228CFA1539E2F9AD" box="[676,692,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48032C10B2297FA153848F9AC" box="[703,798,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with overlying layers having more ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68032C10A2293F9F43A1FFED8" blockId="20.[675,1212,1356,1699]" lastBlockId="21.[111,646,216,369]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="342" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">
|
||
Flank scales from the disarticulated specimen NMS G.2010.7.43 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738032C10B23BAF9D438AEF9ED" box="[914,1016,1578,1604]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1523]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[112,662,775,1338]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 18. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.43, a coprolitic/regurgitate patch of scales from a large individual from Tillywhandland: A, complete specimen; B-F, separate flank scales in matrix, viewed under a light microscope;G-J, SEM images of specialized scales; G, stellate head tessera in crown view; H, stellate head tessera in lateral view; I, fractured tuberculated head scale in anterior view; J, transitional or umbellate scale in anterocrown view; K-Q, thin sections of scales; K, crown horizontal section of head scale or tessera; L, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones with a vertical transverse section of a small Mesacanthus mitchelli Egerton,1860 scale above anterior crown (to right);M, vertical transverse section of scale with six crown growth" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538487/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="341">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
|
||
) have four to six strong parallel crown ridges with a narrow smooth lateral edge. Specialised scales were also found in the acid residues, including stellate head scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738033C10A2051FF263B92FF5B" box="[121,196,216,242]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1523]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[112,662,775,1338]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 18. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.43, a coprolitic/regurgitate patch of scales from a large individual from Tillywhandland: A, complete specimen; B-F, separate flank scales in matrix, viewed under a light microscope;G-J, SEM images of specialized scales; G, stellate head tessera in crown view; H, stellate head tessera in lateral view; I, fractured tuberculated head scale in anterior view; J, transitional or umbellate scale in anterocrown view; K-Q, thin sections of scales; K, crown horizontal section of head scale or tessera; L, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones with a vertical transverse section of a small Mesacanthus mitchelli Egerton,1860 scale above anterior crown (to right);M, vertical transverse section of scale with six crown growth" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538487/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
G-K), tuberculated head scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738033C10A2208FF26392EFF5B" box="[544,632,216,242]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1523]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[112,662,775,1338]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 18. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.43, a coprolitic/regurgitate patch of scales from a large individual from Tillywhandland: A, complete specimen; B-F, separate flank scales in matrix, viewed under a light microscope;G-J, SEM images of specialized scales; G, stellate head tessera in crown view; H, stellate head tessera in lateral view; I, fractured tuberculated head scale in anterior view; J, transitional or umbellate scale in anterocrown view; K-Q, thin sections of scales; K, crown horizontal section of head scale or tessera; L, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones with a vertical transverse section of a small Mesacanthus mitchelli Egerton,1860 scale above anterior crown (to right);M, vertical transverse section of scale with six crown growth" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538487/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Fig. 18I</figureCitation>
|
||
), and umbellate scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738033C10A2149FF093AEBFEBB" box="[353,445,247,274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1523]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[112,662,775,1338]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 18. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.43, a coprolitic/regurgitate patch of scales from a large individual from Tillywhandland: A, complete specimen; B-F, separate flank scales in matrix, viewed under a light microscope;G-J, SEM images of specialized scales; G, stellate head tessera in crown view; H, stellate head tessera in lateral view; I, fractured tuberculated head scale in anterior view; J, transitional or umbellate scale in anterocrown view; K-Q, thin sections of scales; K, crown horizontal section of head scale or tessera; L, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones with a vertical transverse section of a small Mesacanthus mitchelli Egerton,1860 scale above anterior crown (to right);M, vertical transverse section of scale with six crown growth" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538487/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Fig. 18J</figureCitation>
|
||
) which were positioned next to sensory canals. Histological structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A738033C10A205FFEC93B90FEF8" box="[119,198,311,337]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[113,124,1566,1584]" captionTargetBox="[113,1209,215,1523]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[112,662,775,1338]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 18. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 NMS G.2010.7.43, a coprolitic/regurgitate patch of scales from a large individual from Tillywhandland: A, complete specimen; B-F, separate flank scales in matrix, viewed under a light microscope;G-J, SEM images of specialized scales; G, stellate head tessera in crown view; H, stellate head tessera in lateral view; I, fractured tuberculated head scale in anterior view; J, transitional or umbellate scale in anterocrown view; K-Q, thin sections of scales; K, crown horizontal section of head scale or tessera; L, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones with a vertical transverse section of a small Mesacanthus mitchelli Egerton,1860 scale above anterior crown (to right);M, vertical transverse section of scale with six crown growth" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538487/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
L-Q) is comparable with the scales from NMS G.2010.7.39.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D657D8033C10A2059FE6938D5FA2F" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68033C10A2059FE693A7FFE18" blockId="21.[111,649,407,1541]" box="[113,297,407,433]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">COMPARISON</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68033C10A2059FE483A55FA2F" blockId="21.[111,649,407,1541]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A2059FE483BA1FE79" author="BERG L. S." box="[113,247,438,464]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="85 - 517" refId="ref13131" refString="BERG L. S. 1940. - Classification of fishes both recent and fossil. Transactions of the Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR 5: 85 - 517. [85 - 345 in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1940">Berg (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
raised the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2194FE4B393FFE66" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" box="[444,617,437,463]" class="Acanthodii" family="Euthacanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Euthacanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to incorporate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A20D2FE2B3ADDFE46" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[250,395,469,495]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A20D2FE2B3ADDFE46" box="[250,395,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2200FE2B3B97FDA6" authorityName="Egerton" authorityYear="1860" family="Climatiidae" genus="Brachyacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2200FE2B3B97FDA6" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Brachyacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A20E6FE0B3A0AFDB9" author="MILES R. S." box="[206,348,501,528]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="147 - 194" refId="ref14361" refString="MILES R. S. 1966. - The acanthodian fishes of the Devonian Plattenkalk of the Paffrath trough in the Rhineland. Arkiv fur Zoologi 18: 147 - 194." type="journal article" year="1966">Miles (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also considered that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2216FE0B3B97FD86" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2216FE0B3B97FD86" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A20DFFDEB3ACAFD86" authorityName="Egerton" authorityYear="1860" box="[247,412,533,559]" family="Climatiidae" genus="Brachyacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A20DFFDEB3ACAFD86" box="[247,412,533,559]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Brachyacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were members of the same family as both forms have no teeth and a principle gill cover that did not cover the whole gill chamber.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A20FFFD8A3A34FD26" author="MILES R. S." box="[215,354,628,655]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="147 - 194" refId="ref14361" refString="MILES R. S. 1966. - The acanthodian fishes of the Devonian Plattenkalk of the Paffrath trough in the Rhineland. Arkiv fur Zoologi 18: 147 - 194." type="journal article" year="1966">Miles (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2221FD8A3901FD24" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1845" box="[521,599,628,653]" genus="Parexus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2221FD8A3901FD24" box="[521,599,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Parexus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2059FD6D3B8CFD04" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1845" box="[113,218,659,685]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Climatius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2059FD6D3B8CFD04" box="[113,218,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Climatius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belonged in the same family (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2237FD6D3BCEFD67" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Climatiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as both forms had teeth in the lower jaw and the principal gill cover covered most, if not all of the gill chamber. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A215DFD0C3952FCA5" author="MILES R. S." box="[373,516,754,780]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="111 - 213" refId="ref14420" refString="MILES R. S. 1973. - Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 111 - 213." type="journal article" year="1973">Miles (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A21B0FCEC397FFC85" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[408,553,786,812]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A21B0FCEC397FFC85" box="[408,553,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A221EFCED39D0FC85" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1845" box="[566,646,787,812]" genus="Parexus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A221EFCED39D0FC85" box="[566,646,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Parexus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2088FCCC3A37FCE5" authorityName="Miles" authorityYear="1973" box="[160,353,818,844]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Vernicomacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2088FCCC3A37FCE5" box="[160,353,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Vernicomacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as these three forms have a complete reduction of the posterior lorical plate and the ventral pinnal laminae.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A21E2FC8F3901FC22" author="MILES R. S." box="[458,599,881,907]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="111 - 213" refId="ref14420" refString="MILES R. S. 1973. - Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 24: 111 - 213." type="journal article" year="1973">Miles (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A20C8FC6F3A3FFC02" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[224,361,913,939]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A20C8FC6F3A3FFC02" box="[224,361,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differed from the other two forms as it lacked the anterior lorical, the median prepectoral and the anterior pinnal plates.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A220BFC2E3A47FBA3" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="189 - 216" refId="ref13931" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematic, in AR- RATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 189 - 216." type="book chapter" year="2004">Hanke & Wilson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2191FC0F395FFBA3" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1845" box="[441,521,1009,1034]" genus="Parexus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2191FC0F395FFBA3" box="[441,521,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Parexus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had a close relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2130FBF13AFFFB80" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[280,425,1039,1065]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2130FBF13AFFFB80" box="[280,425,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to the apparent unique character of the prepectoral spine being plate-like and well-separated from the pectoral fin spine. However, our investigations show that the “prepectoral plate” in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A21B0FB70397CFB01" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[408,554,1166,1192]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A21B0FB70397CFB01" box="[408,554,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more spine-like than previously recognized, and could possibly even be an admedian spine + plate. Fin spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A20FEFB133A33FAAE" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[214,357,1261,1287]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A20FEFB133A33FAAE" box="[214,357,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of LORS taxa traditionally referred to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A21F5FAF339D2FA8E" authorityName="sensu Denison" authorityYear="1979" box="[477,644,1293,1319]" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Climatiiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having smooth ridges, a character shared with ischnacanthiform, acanthodiform and diplacanthiform taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68033C10A20A0FA7238FDFDA6" blockId="21.[111,649,407,1541]" lastBlockId="21.[674,1212,216,1415]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A20A0FA723AF3FA0F" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[136,421,1420,1446]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="189 - 216" refId="ref13931" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematic, in AR- RATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 189 - 216." type="book chapter" year="2004">Hanke & Wilson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the new species collected from the Early Devonian of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31076668033C10A2059FA353B93FA4C" box="[113,197,1483,1509]" name="Canada" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
made previous classification schemes too simplistic and that any attempt to reclassify the acanthodians would be premature, until work on describing new species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31076668033C10A23F7FF093F65FEB8" box="[991,1075,247,273]" name="Canada" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31076668033C10A2442FF093FE5FEB8" box="[1130,1203,247,273]" name="Russia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which was in progress, was completed, and that the work on reinterpreting the acanthodians already described from the Early Devonian of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31076668033C10A244CFEA83FEFFED9" box="[1124,1209,342,368]" name="Canada" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Scottish Early Devonian (of which this is part) was also required. As noted earlier, neither of the recent cladistic analyses by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A23D8FE4B3FEEFE79" author="DAVIS S. P. & FINARELLI J. A. & COATES M. I." box="[1008,1208,437,464]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="247 - 250" refId="ref13534" refString="DAVIS S. P., FINARELLI J. A. & COATES M. I. 2012. - Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes. Nature 486: 247 - 250." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Davis
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A241CFE483F31FE66" box="[1076,1127,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A22FBFE2B38C4FE46" author="ZHU M. & YU X. & AHLBERG P. E. & CHOO B. & LU J. & QIAO T. & QU Q. & ZHAO W. & JIA L. & BLOM H. & ZHU Y." box="[723,914,469,495]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="188 - 193" refId="ref15427" refString="ZHU M., YU X., AHLBERG P. E., CHOO B., LU J., QIAO T., QU Q., ZHAO W., JIA L., BLOM H. & ZHU Y. 2013. - A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones. Nature 502: 188 - 193." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Zhu
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2322FE283816FE46" box="[778,832,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
show
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A23F0FE2B3F3FFE46" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[984,1129,469,495]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A23F0FE2B3F3FFE46" box="[984,1129,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
closely allied to any other taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68033C10A2293FDEB38D5FA2F" blockId="21.[674,1212,216,1415]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Our detailed new information on histology of the scales of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2311FDCA3F68FDE7" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[825,1086,564,590]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2311FDCA3F68FDE7" box="[825,1086,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as giving as comprehensive as possible detail on the variation over the body and between different sized fish, allows comparison of scale structure with some other LORS taxa that fall outside the well-supported ischnacanthiform and acanthodiform clades –
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A236DFD0C38F8FC85" authority="(Newton, 1892) (Burrow & Turner 2010)" authorityName="Burrow & Turner" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Newton" baseAuthorityYear="1892" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A236DFD0C38ADFCA5" box="[837,1019,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Nostolepis scotica</emphasis>
|
||
(Newton, 1892) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A2285FCEC38F0FC85" author="BURROW C. J. & TURNER S." box="[685,934,786,813]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref13272" refString="BURROW C. J. & TURNER S. 2010. - Reassessment of " Protodus " scoticus from the Early Devonian of Scotland, in ELLIOTT D. K., MAISEY J. G., YU X & MIAO D. (eds), Morphology, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of Fossil Fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 123 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2010">Burrow&Turner 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A2390FCED398CFCE4" authority="Agassiz, 1845" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1845" genus="Parexus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="recurvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2390FCED3F09FC85" box="[952,1119,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Parexus recurvus</emphasis>
|
||
Agassiz, 1845
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A22CEFCCC38FDFCE5" author="BURROW C. J. & NEWMAN M. J. & DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L." box="[742,939,818,844]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="392 - 414" refId="ref13385" refString="BURROW C. J., NEWMAN M. J., DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. 2013. - Redescription of Parexus recurvus, an Early Devonian acanthodian from the Midland Valley of Scotland. Alcheringa 37: 392 - 414." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Burrow
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2315FCCD3838FCE5" box="[829,878,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A23CDFCCC386AFCC5" authority="Agassiz, 1845" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1845" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Climatius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A23CDFCCC3FEEFCE5" box="[997,1208,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Climatius reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
Agassiz, 1845
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Burrow
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2384FCAC38B1FCC2" box="[940,999,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press) – as well as with some of the contemporary “spiny” taxa from the MOTH locality in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31076668033C10A23C5FC6F3F12FC02" box="[1005,1092,913,939]" name="Canada" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A228DFC4E3FEFFC62" authority="Hanke & Wilson, 2004" authorityName="Hanke & Wilson" authorityYear="2004" box="[677,1209,944,971]" genus="Obtusacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corroconis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A228DFC4E38E6FC63" box="[677,944,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Obtusacanthus corroconis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A239EFC4E3FEFFC62" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[950,1209,944,971]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="189 - 216" refId="ref13931" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematic, in AR- RATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 189 - 216." type="book chapter" year="2004">Hanke & Wilson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A22FAFC2E398DFBA3" authority="Hanke & Wilson, 2004" authorityName="Hanke & Wilson" authorityYear="2004" genus="Lupopsyroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macracanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A22FAFC2E38A2FC43" box="[722,1012,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Lupopsyroides macracanthus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A23D2FC2E398DFBA3" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="189 - 216" refId="ref13931" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematic, in AR- RATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 189 - 216." type="book chapter" year="2004">Hanke& Wilson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A22C5FC0E38A8FBA3" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." box="[749,1022,1008,1034]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="189 - 216" refId="ref13931" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematic, in AR- RATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. & CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen: 189 - 216." type="book chapter" year="2004">Hanke & Wilson 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A243CFC0E3F60FB83" authority="Bernascek & Dineley, 1977" authorityName="Bernascek & Dineley" authorityYear="1977" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Brochoadmones" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacanthiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="milesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A243CFC0E39B0FB80" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Brochoadmones milesi</emphasis>
|
||
Bernascek & Dineley, 1977
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A2461FBF1386BFBE3" author="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H." pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="526 - 537" refId="ref13997" refString="HANKE G. F. & WILSON M. V. H. 2006. - Anatomy of the early Devonian acanthodian Brochoadmones milesi based on nearly complete body fossils, with comments on the evolution and development of paired fins. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 526 - 537." type="journal article" year="2006">Hanke & Wilson 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A237BFBD138C1FBC0" authority="Gagnier & Wilson, 1996" authorityName="Gagnier & Wilson" authorityYear="1996" class="Acanthodii" genus="Kathemacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosulentus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A237BFBD13F2FFBE0" box="[851,1145,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Kathemacanthus rosulentus</emphasis>
|
||
Gagnier & Wilson, 1996
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hanke & Wilson 2010) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A22FFFB913989FB01" authority="Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977" authorityName="Bernacsek & Dineley" authorityYear="1977" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Lupopsyrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A22FFFB9138ECFB21" box="[727,954,1135,1160]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Lupopsyrus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A22C2FB703880FB01" author="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P." box="[746,982,1166,1192]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="469 - 487" refId="ref14091" refString="HANKE G. F. & DAVIS S. P. 2012. - A re-examination of Lupopsyrus pygmaeus Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977 (Pisces, Acanthodii). Geodiversitas 34 (3): 469 - 487. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2012 n 3 a 1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hanke & Davis 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Histological studies have not yet been done on scales of LORS taxa
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A228DFB33381CFB4E" authorityName="Egerton" authorityYear="1860" box="[677,842,1229,1255]" family="Climatiidae" genus="Brachyacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A228DFB33381CFB4E" box="[677,842,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Brachyacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A23A9FB333F14FB4E" authorityName="Miles" authorityYear="1973" box="[897,1090,1229,1255]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Vernicomacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A23A9FB333F14FB4E" box="[897,1090,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Vernicomacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, of the other listed taxa, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A23DCFB133FD1FAAE" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[1012,1159,1261,1287]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A23DCFB133FD1FAAE" box="[1012,1159,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A228DFAF3385CFA8E" authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[677,778,1293,1319]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A228DFAF3385CFA8E" box="[677,778,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Nostolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the “typical acanthodian” histological scale structure with superposed crown growth zones, combined with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A238DFAB23F59FACF" authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[933,1039,1356,1382]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A238DFAB23F59FACF" box="[933,1039,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Nostolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC88548033C10A243FFAB33F1FFACE" box="[1047,1097,1357,1383]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">type</typeStatus>
|
||
histology sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A22C2FA923829FA2F" author="GROSS W." box="[746,895,1388,1414]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref13847" refString="GROSS W. 1971. - Downtonische und Dittonische Acanthodier-Reste des Ostseegebietes. Palaeontographica A 136: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1971">Gross (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D657D8033C107228DFA5239C1F90B" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68033C10A228DFA52381AFA6D" blockId="21.[677,1212,1452,1541]" box="[677,844,1452,1478]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">BIOGEOGRAPHY</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68033C10A228DFA323FEAF9AC" blockId="21.[677,1212,1452,1541]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">None of the other main sources of articulated gnathostomes of Lochkovian age (MOTH local-</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8033C10A2059F9CA3FEDF908" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4822542" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4822542" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4822542/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" startId="21.[113,124,1588,1606]" targetBox="[145,1178,215,1625]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68033C10A2059F9CA3FEDF908" blockId="21.[113,1211,1588,1697]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">
|
||
FIG. 17. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758033C10A20E4F9CA391DF9EF" authority="Powrie, 1864 NMS G." authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[204,587,1588,1606]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A20E4F9CA3AC4F9EF" box="[204,402,1588,1606]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078033C10A21B0F9CA3953F9EF" author="POWRIE J." box="[408,517,1588,1606]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
NMS G.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2010.7.39, thin sections of scales from a large partial articulated specimen from Tillywhandland:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2137F9B53A7AF9F4" bold="true" box="[287,300,1611,1629]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">A</emphasis>
|
||
, a group of scales in various orientations;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2256F9B539F7F9F4" bold="true" box="[638,673,1611,1629]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">B -H</emphasis>
|
||
, sections through individual scales;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A23EDF9B53884F9F4" bold="true" box="[965,978,1611,1629]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">B</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical longitudinal section with six crown growth zones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2148F99F3A38F9DA" bold="true" box="[352,366,1633,1651]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">C</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse section with three crown growth zones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A237AF99C3836F9DD" bold="true" box="[850,864,1634,1652]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">D</emphasis>
|
||
, crown horizontal section with eight crown growth zones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A20C2F9863BA0F923" bold="true" box="[234,246,1656,1674]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">E</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse section through posterior part of scale with at least eight growth zones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A23CDF98638A6F923" bold="true" box="[997,1008,1656,1674]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">F</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse sec- tion through the anterior part of the scale with five crown growth zones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48033C10A2290F9713990F908" bold="true" box="[696,710,1679,1697]" pageId="21" pageNumber="342">G</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical longitudinal section with seven crown growth zones;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68030C1092059F9873FF5F90B" blockId="22.[113,1210,1657,1698]" pageId="22" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48030C1092059F9873B29F922" bold="true" box="[113,127,1657,1675]" pageId="22" pageNumber="343">H</emphasis>
|
||
, midneck horizontal section showing vascular canal opening into lower crown.Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48030C1092357F98738CCF922" bold="true" box="[895,922,1657,1675]" pageId="22" pageNumber="343">bcl</emphasis>
|
||
, bone cell lacunae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48030C1092413F9873F06F922" bold="true" box="[1083,1104,1657,1675]" pageId="22" pageNumber="343">igl</emphasis>
|
||
, incremental growth lines;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48030C10920C9F96E3BA4F90B" bold="true" box="[225,242,1680,1698]" pageId="22" pageNumber="343">m</emphasis>
|
||
, mesodentine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48030C109215AF9713AD2F908" bold="true" box="[370,388,1679,1697]" pageId="22" pageNumber="343">Sf</emphasis>
|
||
, Sharpey’s fibres;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48030C1092237F9713961F908" bold="true" box="[543,567,1679,1697]" pageId="22" pageNumber="343">Sg</emphasis>
|
||
, Stranggewebe;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48030C10922ECF96E398EF90B" bold="true" box="[708,728,1680,1698]" pageId="22" pageNumber="343">vc</emphasis>
|
||
, vascular canal. Scale bars: A,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138030C10923F6F96E3F7FF90B" box="[990,1065,1680,1698]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
; B-H,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B138030C1092475F96E3FF6F90B" box="[1117,1184,1680,1698]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="343" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E8031C1082059F9E03FECF90B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538487/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="344" startId="23.[113,124,1566,1584]" targetBox="[113,1209,215,1523]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F68031C1082059F9E03FECF90B" blockId="23.[113,1210,1566,1698]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">
|
||
FIG. 18. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758031C10820E7F9E03902F999" authority="Powrie, 1864 NMS G." authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[207,596,1566,1584]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C10820E7F9E03AC0F999" box="[207,406,1566,1584]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B078031C10821B5F9E0395AF999" author="POWRIE J." box="[413,524,1566,1584]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
NMS G.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2010.7.43, a coprolitic/regurgitate patch of scales from a large individual from Tillywhandland:
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C108210AF9CB3A79F9EE" bold="true" box="[290,303,1589,1607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">A</emphasis>
|
||
, complete specimen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C10821CDF9CB3953F9EE" bold="true" box="[485,517,1589,1607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">B -F</emphasis>
|
||
, separate flank scales in matrix, viewed under a light microscope;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C108240FF9CB3F11F9EE" bold="true" box="[1063,1095,1589,1607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">G -J</emphasis>
|
||
, SEM images of specialized scales;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C1082102F9B53A6EF9F4" bold="true" box="[298,312,1611,1629]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">G</emphasis>
|
||
, stellate head tessera in crown view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C108225EF9B239D2F9F7" bold="true" box="[630,644,1612,1630]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">H</emphasis>
|
||
, stellate head tessera in lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C10823E8F9B23890F9F7" bold="true" box="[960,966,1612,1630]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">I</emphasis>
|
||
, fractured tuberculated head scale in anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C1082101F99C3A65F9DD" bold="true" box="[297,307,1634,1652]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">J</emphasis>
|
||
, transitional or umbellate scale in anterocrown view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C10822C1F99C385AF9DD" bold="true" box="[745,780,1634,1652]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">K -Q</emphasis>
|
||
, thin sections of scales;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C10823FFF99C38B2F9DD" bold="true" box="[983,996,1634,1652]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">K</emphasis>
|
||
, crown horizontal section of head scale or tessera;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C108216FF9873A04F922" bold="true" box="[327,338,1657,1675]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">L</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical longitudinal section with three crown growth zones with a vertical transverse section of a small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D758031C1082059F96E3AC9F90B" authority="Egerton, 1860" authorityName="Egerton" authorityYear="1860" box="[113,415,1680,1698]" class="Acanthodii" family="Acanthodidae" genus="Mesacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthodiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitchelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C1082059F96E3A7FF90B" box="[113,297,1680,1698]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">Mesacanthus mitchelli</emphasis>
|
||
Egerton,1860
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
scale above anterior crown (to right);
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE48031C10822F8F96E39B7F90B" bold="true" box="[720,737,1680,1698]" pageId="23" pageNumber="344">M</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse section of scale with six crown growth
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF78667E803EC1072059FDBD3BE4FDC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4538489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538489/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" startId="24.[113,124,579,597]" targetBox="[124,1206,234,537]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6803EC1072059FDBD3BE4FDC5" blockId="24.[113,1211,579,620]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">
|
||
FIG. 19. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC10720E4FDBD39DEFDFC" authority="Powrie, 1864 Reconstruction" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[204,648,579,597]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC10720E4FDBD3AC7FDFC" box="[204,401,579,597]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC10721BFFDBD3952FDFC" author="POWRIE J." box="[407,516,579,597]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="413 - 429" refId="ref14777" refString="POWRIE J. 1864. - On the fossiliferous rocks of Forfarshire and their contents. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 47: 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1864">Powrie, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Reconstruction
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the whole fish in lateral view, much modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC107246AFDBD3FEEFDFC" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[1090,1208,579,597]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="49 - 146" refId="ref15257" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1937. - The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 228 B: 49 - 146." type="journal article" year="1937">Watson (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 4A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6803EC1072059FD4D3F41F98D" blockId="24.[112,648,691,1572]" lastBlockId="24.[675,1211,691,1572]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">
|
||
ity,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3107666803EC10720B3FD4D3BB9FD64" box="[155,239,691,717]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Severnaya Zemlya) have yielded specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC1072124FD2D395BFD44" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[268,525,723,749]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC1072124FD2D395BFD44" box="[268,525,723,749]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the morphology and histology of the scales of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC107205CFCED3BAFFC85" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[116,249,786,812]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC107205CFCED3BAFFC85" box="[116,249,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">E. macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compare closely with some isolated scales from the Baltic region of Europe. As demonstrated above, this histological structure is of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC10720B0FC8F3BAAFC22" authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[152,252,881,907]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC10720B0FC8F3BAAFC22" box="[152,252,881,907]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Nostolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC8854803EC107212CFC8C3A60FC25" box="[260,310,882,908]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. Variations within this grouping were further refined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC1072150FC6F3BE9FC62" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. & BURROW C. J." pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="635 - 649" refId="ref15224" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. & BURROW C. J. 2005. - Diversity of tissues in acanthodians with Nostolepis - type histological structure. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50: 635 - 649." type="journal article" year="2005">Valiukevičius & Burrow (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in order to delimit the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC1072234FC4E39D0FC63" authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[540,646,944,970]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC1072234FC4E39D0FC63" box="[540,646,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Nostolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240579F803EC1072059FC2F3BC2FC42" box="[113,148,977,1003]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, which had scores of new species assigned to it over the last several decades (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC10721DDFC0E3BF8FB83" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="236 - 243" refId="ref15071" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1994. - Acanthodians and their stratigraphic significance, in CHERKESOVA S., KARATA- JUTE- TALIMAA V. & MATUKHIN R. (eds), Stratigraphy and Fauna of the Lower Devonian of the Tareya Key Section (Taimyr). Nedra, Leningrad: 131 - 197, 236 - 243 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1994">Valiukevičius 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC1072094FBEE3BAEFB83" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." box="[188,248,1040,1066]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref15135" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1998. - Acanthodians and zonal stratigraphy of Lower and Middle Devonian in East Baltic and Byelorussia. Palaeontographica A 248: 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC107212FFBEE3A06FB83" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." box="[263,336,1040,1066]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="131 - 204" refId="ref15166" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 2003 a. - Devonian acanthodians from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 131 - 204." type="journal article" year="2003">2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b). The scale histology for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC107205CFBD13A2DFBE0" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[116,379,1071,1097]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC107205CFBD13A2DFBE0" box="[116,379,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
corresponds to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC107205CFBB13BB5FBC0" authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[116,227,1103,1129]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Nostolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC107205CFBB13BB5FBC0" box="[116,227,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Nostolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240579F803EC10720C5FBB13A46FBC0" box="[237,272,1103,1129]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Valiukevičius has erected many new Siluro-Devonian acanthodian taxa based on isolated scales, and several of the varieties which he assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC1072109FB503A8BFB61" authorityName="Wells" authorityYear="1944" box="[289,477,1198,1224]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Cheiracanthoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC1072109FB503A8BFB61" box="[289,477,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Cheiracanthoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. are strikingly similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC10721B0FB333966FB4E" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[408,560,1229,1255]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC10721B0FB333966FB4E" box="[408,560,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scales of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC10720B9FB1339D0FAAE" authority="Valiukevicius, 1994" authorityName="Valiukevicius" authorityYear="1994" box="[145,646,1261,1287]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Cheiracanthoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC10720B9FB133AF7FAAE" box="[145,417,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Cheiracanthoides borealis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC1072182FB1339D0FAAE" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." box="[426,646,1261,1287]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="236 - 243" refId="ref15071" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1994. - Acanthodians and their stratigraphic significance, in CHERKESOVA S., KARATA- JUTE- TALIMAA V. & MATUKHIN R. (eds), Stratigraphy and Fauna of the Lower Devonian of the Tareya Key Section (Taimyr). Nedra, Leningrad: 131 - 197, 236 - 243 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1994">Valiukevičius, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC1072052FAF33A0FFA8E" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." box="[122,345,1293,1319]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="236 - 243" refId="ref15071" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1994. - Acanthodians and their stratigraphic significance, in CHERKESOVA S., KARATA- JUTE- TALIMAA V. & MATUKHIN R. (eds), Stratigraphy and Fauna of the Lower Devonian of the Tareya Key Section (Taimyr). Nedra, Leningrad: 131 - 197, 236 - 243 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1994">Valiukevičius 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 65.4, 66.1, 2, pl. 23, figs1-5) from the Lochkovian-Pragian of Taimyr,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3107666803EC1072059FAB23BE1FACF" box="[113,183,1356,1382]" name="Russia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
are most similar morphologically to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC10720A7FA923ADBFA2F" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[143,397,1388,1414]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC10720A7FA923ADBFA2F" box="[143,397,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A240579F803EC10721BDFA923AE3FA2F" box="[405,437,1388,1414]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, having four to six parallel ridges with flat areas laterally on the crown. In the original description, the Taimyr scales are described as lacking Stranggwebe, but as shown by the hundreds of sections which we have of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC107205CF9F43A22F98D" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[116,372,1546,1572]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC107205CF9F43A22F98D" box="[116,372,1546,1572]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
scales, this tissue is vis- ible only when sections are made directly through the Stranglakunae in the scales. Other scales with more numerous (13-21) short fine ridges on the anterior crown from a lower stratum in the same section in Taimyr, assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC1072429FCCC3893FCC5" authority="Valiukevicius, 1994" authorityName="Valiukevicius" authorityYear="1994" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Cheiracanthoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC1072429FCCC398AFCC2" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Cheiracanthoides rarus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC10722CDFCAF3893FCC5" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." box="[741,965,849,876]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="236 - 243" refId="ref15071" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1994. - Acanthodians and their stratigraphic significance, in CHERKESOVA S., KARATA- JUTE- TALIMAA V. & MATUKHIN R. (eds), Stratigraphy and Fauna of the Lower Devonian of the Tareya Key Section (Taimyr). Nedra, Leningrad: 131 - 197, 236 - 243 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1994">Valiukevičius, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC10723FEFCAF3FE3FCC5" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." box="[982,1205,849,876]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="236 - 243" refId="ref15071" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1994. - Acanthodians and their stratigraphic significance, in CHERKESOVA S., KARATA- JUTE- TALIMAA V. & MATUKHIN R. (eds), Stratigraphy and Fauna of the Lower Devonian of the Tareya Key Section (Taimyr). Nedra, Leningrad: 131 - 197, 236 - 243 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1994">Valiukevičius 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs71.1-3, 72.1, pl. 23, figs 6-8), resemble those of large specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC10723AAFC6C3F56FC02" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[898,1024,913,939]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC10723AAFC6C3F56FC02" box="[898,1024,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">E. macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphologically, but have only narrow canals in the scale crowns. Scales of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC1072326FC2E3989FBA3" authority="Valiukevicius, 1998" authorityName="Valiukevicius" authorityYear="1998" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Cheiracanthoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nativus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC1072326FC2E3F4EFC43" box="[782,1048,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Cheiracanthoides nativus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC1072409FC2E3989FBA3" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref15135" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1998. - Acanthodians and zonal stratigraphy of Lower and Middle Devonian in East Baltic and Byelorussia. Palaeontographica A 248: 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1998">Valiukevičius, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC10722C6FC0E3890FBA3" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." box="[750,966,1008,1034]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref15135" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1998. - Acanthodians and zonal stratigraphy of Lower and Middle Devonian in East Baltic and Byelorussia. Palaeontographica A 248: 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1998">Valiukevičius 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 1, fig. 16, 19, 20, 21; pl. 9, figs 6-8; pl. 10, figs 1-9; pl. 11, figs 1-2) from the Lochkovian Stoniskiai Regional Stage of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3107666803EC10722EEFBB13860FBC0" box="[710,822,1103,1129]" name="Lithuania" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3107666803EC107236CFBB138DAFBC0" box="[836,908,1103,1129]" name="Latvia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Latvia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C3F814803EC10723B1FBB13F48FBC0" box="[921,1054,1103,1129]" country="Russia" name="Kaliningrad" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Kaliningrad</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3107666803EC1072407FBB13F2BFBC3" box="[1071,1149,1103,1130]" name="Russia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC107228FFB91388FFB20" authority="Valiukevicius, 1998" authorityName="Valiukevicius" authorityYear="1998" box="[679,985,1134,1161]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Cheiracanthoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC107228FFB913852FB21" box="[679,772,1134,1161]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">C.planus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC1072320FB90388FFB20" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." box="[776,985,1134,1161]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref15135" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1998. - Acanthodians and zonal stratigraphy of Lower and Middle Devonian in East Baltic and Byelorussia. Palaeontographica A 248: 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1998">Valiukevičius, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC10723C1FB903FE0FB20" author="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J." box="[1001,1206,1134,1161]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref15135" refString="VALIUKEVICIUS J. J. 1998. - Acanthodians and zonal stratigraphy of Lower and Middle Devonian in East Baltic and Byelorussia. Palaeontographica A 248: 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1998">Valiukevičius 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 3, figs 9-11, 14, 15; pl. 9, figs 1-5) from the Pridoli-Lochkovian of the East Baltic and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3107666803EC107247FFB503996FB4E" name="Belarus" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Byelorussia</collectingCountry>
|
||
fit within both the morphological and histological variation shown by the scales of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC1072402FB133FECFAAE" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[1066,1210,1261,1287]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC1072402FB133FECFAAE" box="[1066,1210,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. However, as recently shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803EC1072405FAF339A6FAEE" author="BURROW C. J. & NEWMAN M. J. & DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L." pageId="24" pageNumber="345" pagination="392 - 414" refId="ref13385" refString="BURROW C. J., NEWMAN M. J., DAVIDSON R. G. & DEN BLAAUWEN J. L. 2013. - Redescription of Parexus recurvus, an Early Devonian acanthodian from the Midland Valley of Scotland. Alcheringa 37: 392 - 414." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Burrow
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC10724AEFAF03FECFA8E" box="[1158,1210,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
it cannot be assumed that isolated scales with similar morphology and histology belong to the same species, genus or perhaps even class of fish. Our study has shown a wider range of body scale morphotypes for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803EC10723BAFA523F59FA6C" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[914,1039,1451,1477]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC10723BAFA523F59FA6C" box="[914,1039,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">E.macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than previously imagined, and future studies of isolated scale assemblages should encompass this variation in determining species composition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6803EC1072059F99C39C1F90B" blockId="24.[113,1210,1634,1698]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">
|
||
zones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC1072085F99C3BEDF9DD" bold="true" box="[173,187,1634,1652]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">N</emphasis>
|
||
, low crown horizontal section of a flank scale;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC1072269F99C3906F9DD" bold="true" box="[577,592,1634,1652]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">O</emphasis>
|
||
, crown horizontal section through an incomplete large scale showing nine or ten crown growth zones;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC1072171F9873A33F922" bold="true" box="[345,357,1657,1675]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">P</emphasis>
|
||
, mid-neck horizontal section through a small flank scale;
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803EC107236AF9873807F922" bold="true" box="[834,849,1657,1675]" pageId="24" pageNumber="345">Q</emphasis>
|
||
, vertical transverse section with four crown growth zones. Scale bars: A,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B13803EC107214DF96E3AF7F90B" box="[357,417,1680,1698]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
; B-F,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B13803EC10721E7F96E394DF90B" box="[463,539,1680,1698]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
; G-Q,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B13803EC1072279F96E39C5F90B" box="[593,659,1680,1698]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="345" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D657D803FC1062059FF27396EFBE0" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6803FC1062059FF273A5AFF59" blockId="25.[111,650,217,1097]" box="[113,268,217,243]" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">CONCLUSIONS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836F6803FC1062059FF09396EFBE0" blockId="25.[111,650,217,1097]" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">
|
||
This work is part of a project to revise and expand descriptions of all the Scottish Devonian acanthodians, updating general morphological characters and incorporating new data to clarify classification of the acanthodians and their relationships with other groups of fishes. Previous cladistic approaches have been hampered by the lack of data on articulated acanthodians across the Old Red Sandstone continent. This problem is being addressed by various workers working particularly in the Siluro-Devonian of the Canadian MOTH locality and the Scottish Old Red Sandstone.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803FC10620C0FDAA3A82FDC7" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[232,468,596,622]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macnicoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803FC10620C0FDAA3A82FDC7" box="[232,468,596,622]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">Euthacanthus macnicoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(new reconstruction shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="133C2A73803FC106212FFD8A3A06FD27" box="[263,336,628,654]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[113,124,579,597]" captionTargetBox="[124,1206,234,537]" captionTargetId="figure-460@24.[113,1209,215,547]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 19. — Euthacanthus macnicoli Powrie, 1864 Reconstruction of the whole fish in lateral view, much modified after Watson (1937: fig. 4A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4538489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4538489/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
) is important in this regard as many workers (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803FC106216FFD6D3AB6FD04" author="DENISON R." box="[327,480,659,685]" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" refId="ref13595" refString="DENISON R. 1979. - Acanthodii, in SCHULTZE H. - P. (ed.), Handbook of palaeoichthyology, 5. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 62 p." type="book" year="1979">Denison 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) considered the species as one of the more “primitive” acanthodians, and more recently as a stem acanthodiform (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803FC106221BFD2D3BFDFCA5" author="BRAZEAU M. D." pageId="25" pageNumber="346" pagination="305 - 308" refId="ref13169" refString="BRAZEAU M. D. 2009. - The braincase and jaws of a Devonian " acanthodian " and modern gnathostome origins. Nature 457: 305 - 308." type="journal article" year="2009">Brazeau 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or the basal taxon of the osteichthyan stem lineage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803FC10620E3FCEC3AD1FC85" author="DAVIS S. P. & FINARELLI J. A. & COATES M. I." box="[203,391,786,812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" pagination="247 - 250" refId="ref13534" refString="DAVIS S. P., FINARELLI J. A. & COATES M. I. 2012. - Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes. Nature 486: 247 - 250." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Davis
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803FC1062139FCED3A13FC85" box="[273,325,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or in a polytomy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803FC106205BFCCC3BADFCE5" authorityName="Miles" authorityYear="1973" box="[115,251,818,844]" class="Acanthodii" genus="Ptomacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803FC106205BFCCC3BADFCE5" box="[115,251,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">Ptomacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ischnacanthiforms,[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803FC10621F9FCCC3967FCE5" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1845" box="[465,561,818,844]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Climatius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803FC10621F9FCCC3967FCE5" box="[465,561,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">Climatius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803FC106226BFCCC3B8EFCC2" authorityName="Egerton" authorityYear="1860" family="Climatiidae" genus="Brachyacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803FC106226BFCCC3B8EFCC2" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">Brachyacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803FC10620D3FCAC3A1DFCC2" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1845" box="[251,331,850,875]" genus="Parexus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803FC10620D3FCAC3A1DFCC2" box="[251,331,850,875]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">Parexus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], acanthodiforms and [stem chondrichthyan “acanthodians” +
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803FC10621FDFC8E39D7FC22" box="[469,641,880,907]" class="Chondrichthyes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Chondrichthyes</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B07803FC1062051FC6F3A4AFC02" author="ZHU M. & YU X. & AHLBERG P. E. & CHOO B. & LU J. & QIAO T. & QU Q. & ZHAO W. & JIA L. & BLOM H. & ZHU Y." box="[121,284,913,939]" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" pagination="188 - 193" refId="ref15427" refString="ZHU M., YU X., AHLBERG P. E., CHOO B., LU J., QIAO T., QU Q., ZHAO W., JIA L., BLOM H. & ZHU Y. 2013. - A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones. Nature 502: 188 - 193." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Zhu
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803FC1062085FC6C3B8BFC02" box="[173,221,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Here we support the view that the species is not closely allied to the climatiids, and that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803FC1062058FC2E3BA3FC43" authorityName="Powrie" authorityYear="1864" box="[112,245,976,1002]" family="Euthacanthidae" genus="Euthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAE4803FC1062058FC2E3BA3FC43" box="[112,245,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="346">Euthacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the sole genus in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803FC1062235FC2E3BE3FBA3" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1940" class="Acanthodii" family="Euthacanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Euthacanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.Work in progress on other LORS taxa should help to clarify relationships between the traditional “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D75803FC1062052FBD13BB9FBE0" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1846" box="[122,239,1071,1097]" class="Acanthodii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Acanthodii</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and other early gnathostomes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |