192 lines
20 KiB
XML
192 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:mods id="C0DEC8FA383D37F02CB393A3C32ABC78" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="645A4399386E00E33B707A57E49CD397">
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<mods:title id="134C45C3B2D2118E1EAEBB1199DAC3CA">Spalacidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="626F07A02F4FE4E97E1DB6C1DCAD6DB2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="250D54D59227FB327883D652C7D5F819">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8A0745ACBC01BD386E8B02CDD7D61DAB">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="BD13346D3630ED59085CF3C724E57057">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="837D301196ADD358BEAFBC2AE36D206F">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="CEC352336F7F38EE5BB9F7E05AE0575E">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="EB211D45133F11FBCD900AAEDE026CCE">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AE87DDFF9ABD17FAE4F65BFE99FB2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608866" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195728722" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6608866" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF9ABD17FAE4F65BFE99FB2D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87DDFF9ABD17FAE4F65BFE99FB2D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9ABD16FAE4F65BFA01F5B8" box="[1379,1434,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16FAE4F65BFA01F5B8" blockId="6.[1374,2456,2532,2657]" box="[1379,1434,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF9ABD16FAE4F65BFA01F5B8" box="[1379,1434,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<figureCitation id="133C2A4EFF9ABD16FAE4F65BFA01F5B8" box="[1379,1434,2532,2578]" captionStart="Plate 5: Spalacidae" captionStartId="2.[102,132,3298,3323]" captionTargetBox="[14,2754,13,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Altai Zokor (Myospalax myospalax), 2. Steppe Zokor (Myospalax aspalax), 3. Armand’s Zokor (Mpyospalax armandii), 4. Manchurian Zokor (Myospalax psilurus), 5. Khingan Zokor (Myospalax epsilanus), 6. Fontanier’s Zokor (FEospalax fontaniern), 7. Gansu Zokor (Fospalax cansus), 8. Qinling Zokor (Fospalax rufescens), 9. Plateau Zokor (FEospalax bailey), 10. Rothschild’s Zokor (Eospalax rothschildi), 11. Smith’s Zokor (Eospalax smithu), 12. Chinese Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sinensis), 13. Hoary Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys pruinosus), 14. Indomalayan Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis), 15. Lesser Bamboo Rat (Cannomys badius), 16. African Root Rat (Tachyoryctes splendens), 17. Giant Root Rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), 18. Oltenia Blind Mole-rat (Spalax istricus), 19. Mehely’s Blind Mole-rat (Spalax antiquus), 20. Bukovina Blind Mole-rat (Spalax graecus), 21. Podolsk Blind Mole-rat (Spalax zemni), 22. Sandy Blind Mole-rat (Spalax arenarius), 23. Greater Blind Mole-rat (Spalax microphthalmus), 24. Giant Blind Mole-rat (Spalax giganteus), 25. Kazakhstan Blind Mole-rat (Spalax uralensis), 26. Lesser Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax leucodon), 27. Anatolian Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax xanthodon), 28. Middle East Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax ehrenbergi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609169/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">14.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9ABD16FA2CF65BF856F5B8" box="[1451,1997,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16FA2CF65BF856F5B8" blockId="6.[1374,2456,2532,2657]" box="[1451,1997,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF9ABD16FA2CF65BF856F5B8" box="[1451,1997,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF9ABD16FA2CF65BF856F5B8" box="[1451,1997,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Indomalayan Bamboo Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9ABD16F793F65BF60CF5B8" box="[2068,2455,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16F793F65BF60CF5B8" blockId="6.[1374,2456,2532,2657]" box="[2068,2455,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF9ABD16F793F65BF60CF5B8" box="[2068,2455,2532,2578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF9ABD16F793F65BF60CF5B8" ID-CoL="4SCSC" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[2068,2455,2532,2578]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumatrensis">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9ABD16F793F65BF60CF5B8" box="[2068,2455,2532,2578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Rhizomys sumatrensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9ABD16FAE7F59BF790F5CA" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16FAE7F59BF6E2F593" blockId="6.[1374,2456,2532,2657]" box="[1376,2425,2596,2617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF9ABD16FAE7F59BF6E2F593" box="[1376,2425,2596,2617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9ABD16FAE7F59BFA30F593" bold="true" box="[1376,1451,2596,2617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF9ABD16FA32F59BF916F593" box="[1461,1677,2596,2617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Rhizomys de Sumatra</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9ABD16F924F59BF966F593" bold="true" box="[1699,1789,2596,2617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF9ABD16F880F59BF850F593" box="[1799,1995,2596,2617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Grof3e Bambusratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9ABD16F867F59BF7A0F593" bold="true" box="[2016,2107,2596,2617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF9ABD16F7C1F59BF6E2F593" box="[2118,2425,2596,2617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Rata de bambu de Indomalasia</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16FAD8F5F4F790F5CA" blockId="6.[1374,2456,2532,2657]" box="[1375,2059,2635,2656]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF9ABD16FAD8F5F4F790F5CA" box="[1375,2059,2635,2656]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9ABD16FAD8F5F4F9CDF5CA" bold="true" box="[1375,1622,2635,2656]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF9ABD16F9E7F5F4F880F5CA" box="[1632,1819,2635,2656]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Large Bamboo Rat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF9ABD16F8AEF5F4F790F5CA" box="[1833,2059,2635,2656]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Sumatran Bamboo Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9ABD16F844F531F58BF505" box="[1987,2576,2702,2735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16F844F531F58BF505" blockId="6.[1986,2579,2702,3129]" box="[1987,2576,2702,2735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9ABD16F844F531F7C5F505" bold="true" box="[1987,2142,2702,2735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF9ABD16F7E9F531F590F505" authority="Raffles, 1821" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[2158,2571,2702,2735]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumatrensis">Mus sumatrensis Raffles, 1821</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9ABD16F843F50AF759F57C" box="[1988,2242,2741,2774]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16F843F50AF759F57C" blockId="6.[1986,2579,2702,3129]" box="[1988,2242,2741,2774]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6F3C96FF9ABD16F843F50AF759F57C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802165313" box="[1988,2242,2741,2774]" country="Malaysia" location="Malacca" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" specimenCount="1">
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<location id="8ED86010FF9ABD16F843F50AF7ACF57C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF9ABD17FAE4F65BFE99FB2D:8ED86010FF9ABD16F843F50AF7ACF57C" box="[1988,2103,2741,2774]" country="Malaysia" name="Malacca" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Malacca</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F310765BFF9ABD16F7C0F50AF725F57C" box="[2119,2238,2741,2774]" name="Malaysia" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9ABD16F843F562F60EF3B8" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16F843F562F60EF3B8" blockId="6.[1986,2579,2702,3129]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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Classically treated as a member of the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF9ABD16F7A4F4BBF72DF48F" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1832" box="[2083,2230,2820,2853]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Nyctocleptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctocleptes</taxonomicName>
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, but R. Lopez-Antonanzas and colleagues in 2013 showed that extant species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF9ABD16F73BF4E8F6AAF4DE" box="[2236,2353,2903,2932]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhizomys</taxonomicName>
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are very closely related with respect to known fossil taxa. Distributions of subspecies are poorly delineated, and multiple species may be present. Four subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9ABD16F845F3A3F879F356" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF786643FF9ABD16F845F3A3F879F356" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609135" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6609135" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609135/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" targetBox="[1372,1962,2708,3121]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16F845F3A3F6C9F393" blockId="6.[1986,2579,2702,3129]" box="[1986,2386,3100,3129]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9ABD16F845F3A3F6C9F393" bold="true" box="[1986,2386,3100,3129]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16FAD8F381F657F3F5" blockId="6.[1373,2576,3134,3483]" box="[1375,2508,3134,3167]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF9ABD16FAD8F381F657F3F5" authority="Raffles, 1821" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[1375,2508,3134,3167]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumatrensis" subSpecies="sumatrensis">R.s.sumatrensisRaffles,1821—SMalayPeninsulaSofSeberangPerai(Malaysia).</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16FAD8F3D5F6B8F304" blockId="6.[1373,2576,3134,3483]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF9ABD16FAD8F3D5F6B8F304" authority="McClelland, 1841" authorityName="McClelland" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumatrensis" subSpecies="cinereus">R.s.cinereusMcClelland,1841—EMyanmar,SYunnan(SWChina),Thailand,Laos,Vietnam,WCambodia,andMalayPeninsulaStoPahang(Malaysia).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16FAD8F30CF82BF37E" blockId="6.[1373,2576,3134,3483]" box="[1375,1968,3251,3284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF9ABD16FAD8F30CF82BF37E" authority="Thomas, 1915" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1375,1968,3251,3284]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumatrensis" subSpecies="insularis">R.s.insularisThomas,1915—NESumatra.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD16FAD8F364F879F356" blockId="6.[1373,2576,3134,3483]" box="[1375,2018,3291,3324]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF9ABD16FAD8F364F8DEF356" authority="Brongersma, 1936" authorityName="Brongersma" authorityYear="1936" box="[1375,1861,3291,3324]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sumatrensis" subSpecies="padangensis">R. s. padangensis Brongersma, 1936</taxonomicName>
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— Sumatra.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9ABD17FADAF2BCFC1DFE32" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="6" pageNumber="135" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9ABD17FADAF2BCFC1DFE32" blockId="6.[1373,2576,3134,3483]" lastBlockId="7.[181,1392,295,1159]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">
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||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9ABD16FADAF2BCF9C3F28E" bold="true" box="[1373,1624,3331,3364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="135">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 260-480 mm, tail 100-200 mm; weight 2.1-4 kg. The Indomalayan Bamboo Ratis large, with light brown, shaggy pelage. Top of head and cheeks are reddish; belly is lighter and sparsely haired enough that bare skin can be seen between hairs. Tail is hairless and has pink tip. Upper incisors are extrabuccal, orange, and slightly proodont. Unlike other species of Rhizomyini, two posterior toe pads on hindfeet fuse into single pad in adults. There are ten nipples: 2 pairs of pectoral + 3 pairs of inguinal. Diploid number is 2n = 50.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9BBD17FF30FE21FCF1FE4D" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9BBD17FF30FE21FCF1FE4D" blockId="7.[181,1392,295,1159]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9BBD17FF30FE21FEBDFE15" bold="true" box="[183,294,414,447]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Bamboo thickets at elevations of 1000-4000 m. The Indomalayan Bamboo Rat is moderately tolerant of human disturbance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9BBD17FF30FE53FBE6FD9F" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9BBD17FF30FE53FBE6FD9F" blockId="7.[181,1392,295,1159]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9BBD17FF30FE53FE24FDA7" bold="true" box="[183,447,492,525]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Indomalayan Bamboo Rat feeds primarily on bamboo, but it may eat roots of other plants or crops such as tapioca and sugarcane.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9BBD17FF30FD84FEA8FD06" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9BBD17FF30FD84FEA8FD06" blockId="7.[181,1392,295,1159]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9BBD17FF30FD84FEA6FDF6" bold="true" box="[183,317,571,604]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Most reproductive activity of the Indomalayan Bamboo Rat occurs in February—April or August—-October. After gestation of 22 days, 3-5 young are born. It lives c.4 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9BBD17FF31FD09FC83FD51" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9BBD17FF31FD09FC83FD51" blockId="7.[181,1392,295,1159]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9BBD17FF31FD09FE3AFD79" bold="true" box="[182,417,694,723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Indomalayan Bamboo Rat is nocturnal. It emerges from its burrow to feed and is known to climb bamboo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9BBD17FF3FFCBFFD40FCDB" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9BBD17FF3FFCBFFD40FCDB" blockId="7.[181,1392,295,1159]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9BBD17FF3FFCBFFCE5FC8B" bold="true" box="[184,894,768,801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Burrows of Indomalayan Bamboo Rats are up to 9 m long and 1 m deep and are constructed in soft soil. One to six entrances are marked with large mounds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9BBD17FF3EFCC8FC6DFBA4" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9BBD17FF3EFCC8FC6DFBA4" blockId="7.[181,1392,295,1159]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9BBD17FF3EFCC8FD87FC32" bold="true" box="[185,540,887,920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List and the 2016 China Red List. The Indomalayan Bamboo Rat is known from several protected areas and can be common, but it may be in decline in some areas such as parts of southern Myanmar. It is hunted for food and is a crop pest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF9BBD17FF3EFBA2FE99FB2D" pageId="7" pageNumber="136" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF9BBD17FF3EFBA2FE99FB2D" blockId="7.[181,1392,295,1159]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF9BBD17FF3EFBA2FEC9FB9C" bold="true" box="[185,338,1053,1078]" pageId="7" pageNumber="136">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen (1940), Aplin & Lunde (2008a), Brongersma (1936), Corbet & Hill (1992), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Jiang Zhigang et al. (2016), Lopez-Antonanzas et al. (2013), Musser & Carleton (2005), Smith (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |