261 lines
32 KiB
XML
261 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="159681450DDF06B0489B4AEA26222F25">Phylogenetic analysis of the genera of endemic Hawaiian sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) based on morphology with redescription and key to the genera of endemic Hawaiian Nitidulidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BC257C5099AC67FAD034675D3D2403A3">Ewing, Curtis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2EA594EFA4C3E2F86847D3913D6299F5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="ADDDB0B49BC98596504594D5EE393EA1">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AE878DFFB2FFD1FF4FCC992DDFFCE2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6250222" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119355295" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6250222" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE878DFFB2FFD1FF4FCC992DDFFCE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE878DFFB2FFD1FF4FCC992DDFFCE2" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF4FCC992924FE19" blockId="24.[151,375,431,457]" box="[151,375,431,457]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<heading id="D0F081F7FFB2FFD0FF4FCC992924FE19" bold="true" box="[151,375,431,457]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FF4FCC992924FE19" ID-CoL="Y7T" authority="Sharp" authorityName="Sharp" box="[151,375,431,457]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FF4FCC992924FE19" bold="true" box="[151,375,431,457]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FF4FCC992970FE19" bold="true" box="[151,291,431,457]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Apetasimus</emphasis>
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Sharp
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF4FCCCC2ADFFDE1" blockId="24.[151,1081,506,721]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<typeStatus id="54BC8839FFB2FFD0FF4FCCCC2889FDC1" box="[151,218,506,529]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<collectionCode id="ED16AE5EFFB2FFD0FF4FCCCC2889FDC1" box="[151,218,506,529]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">TYPE</collectionCode>
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SPECIES:
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FE8ECCCC2A29FDC1" authority="Scott" authorityName="Scott" box="[342,634,506,529]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="involucer">
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FE8ECCCC2A6FFDC1" box="[342,572,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Apetasimus involucer</emphasis>
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Scott
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FD58CCCC2AC6FDC1" box="[640,661,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB2FFD0FD44CCCC2B2AFDC1" author="Sharp" box="[668,889,506,529]" pageId="24" pageNumber="28" refString="Sharp, D. & Scott, H. (1908) Coleoptera 3. In: D. Sharp (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis: being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 435 - 508." type="book chapter" year="1908">Sharp & Scott, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 458 (monotypy).
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FF4FCF2C29A2FDE1" authority="Sharp, 1881: 513" authorityName="Sharp" authorityPageNumber="513" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,497,538,561]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Brachypeplus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FF4FCF2C2979FDE1" box="[151,298,538,561]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Brachypeplus</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB2FFD0FEEFCF2C29EFFDE1" author="Sharp" box="[311,444,538,561]" pageId="24" pageNumber="28" refString="Sharp, D. (1881) On some new Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society London, 29, 507 - 534." type="journal article" year="1881">Sharp, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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: 513
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</taxonomicName>
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. (syn. in part).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF4FCF0C2B6FFD81" blockId="24.[151,1081,506,721]" box="[151,828,570,593]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FF4FCF0C2905FD81" ID-CoL="Y7T" authority="Sharp" authorityName="Sharp" box="[151,342,570,593]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FF4FCF0C2941FD81" box="[151,274,570,593]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Apetasimus</emphasis>
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Sharp
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FE85CF0C2921FD81" box="[349,370,570,593]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">in</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA6108AFFB2FFD0FEA1CF0C2ADFFD81" author="Sharp" box="[377,652,570,593]" page="458" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1908">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB2FFD0FEA1CF0C2A05FD81" author="Sharp" box="[377,598,570,593]" pageId="24" pageNumber="28" refString="Sharp, D. & Scott, H. (1908) Coleoptera 3. In: D. Sharp (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis: being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 435 - 508." type="book chapter" year="1908">Sharp & Scott, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 458
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</treatmentCitation>
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. [n. gen., n. sp.].
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6510FFB2FFD0FF4FCF6C2AB4FD41" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF4FCF6C2AB4FD41" blockId="24.[151,1081,506,721]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711B5FFB2FFD0FF4FCF6C2AB4FD41" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FF4FCF6C2946FDA1" ID-CoL="63H8Q" box="[151,277,602,625]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Orthostolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FF4FCF6C2946FDA1" box="[151,277,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Orthostolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(in part, species 5–9) Sharp
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FD9ECF6C2A08FDA1" box="[582,603,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">in</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA6108AFFB2FFD0FDBACF6C2B27FDA1" author="Sharp" box="[610,884,602,625]" page="454" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1908">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB2FFD0FDBACF6C2B6CFDA1" author="Sharp" box="[610,831,602,625]" pageId="24" pageNumber="28" refString="Sharp, D. & Scott, H. (1908) Coleoptera 3. In: D. Sharp (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis: being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 435 - 508." type="book chapter" year="1908">Sharp & Scott, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 454
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</treatmentCitation>
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. (n. syn.).
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FF4FCF4C2905FD41" authority="Sharp" authorityName="Sharp" box="[151,342,634,657]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Cyrtostolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyrtostolus Sharp</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA6108AFFB2FFD0FEA1CF4C2ADBFD41" author="Sharp" box="[377,648,634,657]" page="457" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1908">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB2FFD0FEA1CF4C2A05FD41" author="Sharp" box="[377,598,634,657]" pageId="24" pageNumber="28" refString="Sharp, D. & Scott, H. (1908) Coleoptera 3. In: D. Sharp (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis: being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 435 - 508." type="book chapter" year="1908">Sharp & Scott, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 457
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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(n. syn.)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31D6510FFB2FFD0FF4FCFAC2B0CF8AC" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF4FCFAC2A28FD01" blockId="24.[151,1081,506,721]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC8839FFB2FFD0FF4FCFAC2889FD61" box="[151,218,666,689]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED16AE5EFFB2FFD0FF4FCFAC2889FD61" box="[151,218,666,689]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">TYPE</collectionCode>
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||
</typeStatus>
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||
SPECIES:
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FE8ECFAC2A28FD61" authority="Scott" authorityName="Scott" box="[342,635,666,689]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Cyrtostolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subalatus">
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FE8ECFAC2A6EFD61" box="[342,573,666,689]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cyrtostolus subalatus</emphasis>
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Scott
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FD5ACFAC2AC4FD61" box="[642,663,666,689]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">in</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB2FFD0FD45CFAC2B28FD61" author="Sharp" box="[669,891,666,689]" pageId="24" pageNumber="28" refString="Sharp, D. & Scott, H. (1908) Coleoptera 3. In: D. Sharp (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis: being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 435 - 508." type="book chapter" year="1908">Sharp & Scott, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 457 (monotypy).
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FF4FCF8C29FBFD01" authority="Ewing, 2006" authorityName="Ewing" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,424,698,721]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FF4FCF8C2941FD01" box="[151,274,698,721]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Apetasimus</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB2FFD0FEF8CF8C29FBFD01" author="Ewing" box="[288,424,698,721]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" refString="Ewing, C. P. (2006) Revision of the endemic Hawaiian sap beetle genus Apetasimus Sharp, 1908 (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Zootaxa, 1385, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2006">Ewing, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[syn., n. spp., key].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF4FCE342994FC34" blockId="24.[151,1437,770,2036]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Diagnosis: Size small to large, 4.0–8.3 mm L, 1.7–2.9 mm W. Color dark yellow, pale to dark red, pale to dark brown, or black, often with pale yellow to red areas on elytra, rarely head, prothorax, or abdomen dark brick red. Perisac with dorsal sclerites-primary appressed to the flagellum proximally. Flagellum short, directed ventroproximally. Perisac dorsoventrally attenuate distally (fig. 12). Dorsal incision deep, 3/4 of perisac length, ventral incision shallower, 1/5 of length or less. Microsculpture of dorsum usually granulate, rarely subobsolete and glabrous.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF1ECEC42DD7FA9C" blockId="24.[151,1437,770,2036]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Description: Eyes small with 18–21 facets to reduced with 6–12 facets (specimens with reduced eyes also with tarsal lobes and wings reduced, and margin of elytron widely explanate), never reaching margin of postgena; temple wide; postgena straight, convex, or weakly concave; angle formed with occiput oblique. Antennal grooves weakly convergent, medial margin usually nearly obsolete, rarely definite, lateral margin less distinct; antennal club compact, 9th antennomere transverse. Labrum broad and deeply to narrow and shallowly emarginated, with a short, acute projection medially, brushes of short setae present laterad of projection, longer setae present near lateral angle. Mandible with apex simple or bicuspid, subapical teeth 2–5. Third labial palpomere diverse: quadrate, sub quadrate and nearly parallel sided, subquadrate and wider at base, or elongate and spindle shaped. Paraglossae small, moderately projecting laterad and broadly rounded at apex.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF1EC86C2B19FA3C" blockId="24.[151,1437,770,2036]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Pronotum variable, always transverse and narrowed anteriorly; usually moderately convex, rarely depressed; widest near middle, rarely posterad of middle; hind angle usually sinuate, rarely obtusely rounded; anterior margin shallowly to deeply emarginate; hind margin bisinuate. Prosternal process diverse, small and upturned to broad and little upturned posterad of procoxae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF1EC8CC2C1EF9B4" blockId="24.[151,1437,770,2036]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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Elytron
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<date id="FFB9105BFFB2FFD0FEFFC8CC2917F9C4" box="[295,324,1530,1556]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2x</date>
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as long as wide or less; lateral margin narrow to widely explanate; punctures of elytron definite, striae often irregular, interstices little raised, often with thickenings bearing tufts of setae, thickenings sometimes paler. Elytra usually exposing abdominal segments 7, 6, and part of 5.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF1ECB442B93F95C" blockId="24.[151,1437,770,2036]" box="[198,960,1650,1676]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tarsomeres 1–3 variable, from strongly dilated to lobes obsolete.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD0FF1ECBAC2B0CF8AC" blockId="24.[151,1437,770,2036]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Metacoxal process of 3rd abdominal segment wide. Male pygidium broadly rounded to subtruncate, rarely subtruncate and shallowly and broadly emarginate with lateral margins sometimes forming small teeth; terminal ventral strongly to weakly bisinuate. Anal sclerite from parallel sided to strongly convergent apically, apex shallowly emarginate, truncate, or acute. Female pygidium broadly rounded, subtruncate, to very weakly and narrowly emarginate; terminal ventral subtruncate, broadly rounded, rarely weakly bisinuate. Gonocoxites elongate. Basal ring of spermatheca strongly sclerotized.</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31D6510FFB2FFD1FF1ECABD2DDFFCE2" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB2FFD1FF1ECABD2C67FEAA" blockId="24.[151,1437,770,2036]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,152,818]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FF1ECABD291EF874" ID-CoL="Y7T" box="[198,333,1931,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FF1ECABD291EF874" box="[198,333,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Apetasimus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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was based on
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB2FFD0FE2FCABD2B69F874" authority="Scott" authorityName="Scott" box="[503,826,1930,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="involucer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB2FFD0FE2FCABD2AA0F874" box="[503,755,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Apetasimus involucer</emphasis>
|
||
Scott
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</taxonomicName>
|
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, a species of small body size (~
|
||
<quantity id="4CFF9B7EFFB2FFD0FB72CABC2CA2F874" box="[1194,1265,1930,1956]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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) characterized by reduced flight wings. Recent collections and subsequent analyses have identified three distinct lineages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB2FFD0FF47CAEC2965F824" author="Ewing" box="[159,310,2010,2036]" pageId="24" pageNumber="27" refString="Ewing, C. P. (2006) Revision of the endemic Hawaiian sap beetle genus Apetasimus Sharp, 1908 (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Zootaxa, 1385, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2006">Ewing 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are three species, recently collected on Oahu, Molokai, and East Maui, that are closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FED7CDAE29CCFF61" box="[271,415,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="involucer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FED7CDAE2972FF61" box="[271,289,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FEEACDAE29CCFF61" box="[306,415,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">involucer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Two new fully winged species, one from Kauai and one from Hawaii Island, form a second lineage. The third lineage comprises six species, all apparently associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FB65CDF62D10FF09" ID-CoL="8PGT" box="[1213,1347,192,217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FB65CDF62D10FF09" box="[1213,1347,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acacia koa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These were formerly placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FE19CDDE2A18FED1" ID-CoL="63H8Q" box="[449,587,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Orthostolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FE19CDDE2A18FED1" box="[449,587,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Orthostolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and have not been collected since the 1930's. Similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FA5BCDDE2955FEF9" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="involucer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FA5BCDDE2DC6FED1" box="[1411,1429,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FF4FCC262955FEF9" box="[151,262,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">involucer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the six species formerly placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FD00CC262B31FEF9" ID-CoL="63H8Q" box="[728,866,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Orthostolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FD00CC262B31FEF9" box="[728,866,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Orthostolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FC46CC262C76FEF9" box="[926,1061,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Cyrtostolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FC46CC262C76FEF9" box="[926,1061,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cyrtostolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was noted in the description of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FEC9CC0E2AF6FE82" ID-CoL="Y7T" authority="Sharp & Scott 1908" authorityName="Sharp & Scott" authorityYear="1908" box="[273,677,312,338]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FEC9CC0E29CBFE81" box="[273,408,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Apetasimus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB3FFD1FE70CC0E2AC8FE82" author="Sharp" box="[424,667,312,338]" pageId="25" pageNumber="28" refString="Sharp, D. & Scott, H. (1908) Coleoptera 3. In: D. Sharp (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis: being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 435 - 508." type="book chapter" year="1908">Sharp & Scott 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Details of the form of the male internal copulatory sac support the transfer of these six species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FD94CC562A85FEA9" ID-CoL="63H8Q" box="[588,726,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Orthostolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FD94CC562A85FEA9" box="[588,726,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Orthostolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FD24CC562C7CFEAA" ID-CoL="Y7T" authority="Ewing 2006" authorityName="Ewing" authorityYear="2006" box="[764,1071,352,378]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FD24CC562BD0FEA9" box="[764,899,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Apetasimus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB3FFD1FC4ACC562C7BFEAA" author="Ewing" box="[914,1064,352,378]" pageId="25" pageNumber="27" refString="Ewing, C. P. (2006) Revision of the endemic Hawaiian sap beetle genus Apetasimus Sharp, 1908 (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Zootaxa, 1385, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2006">Ewing 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB8369BFFB3FFD1FF1ECCBE2DDFFCE2" blockId="25.[151,1436,152,818]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The six species formerly placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FD84CCBE2AB0FE71" box="[604,739,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Cyrtostolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FD84CCBE2AB0FE71" box="[604,739,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cyrtostolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FCC3CCBE2BF6FE71" ID-CoL="63H8Q" box="[795,933,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Orthostolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FCC3CCBE2BF6FE71" box="[795,933,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Orthostolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are apparently all extinct, with the last collections made in the 1930's. All of these species were exclusively or primarily collected subcortically on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FABCCC8628BCFE21" ID-CoL="8PGT" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FABCCC8628BCFE21" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acacia koa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB3FFD1FED9CCEE2A66FE22" author="Blackburn" box="[257,565,472,498]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Blackburn, R. T. & Sharp, D. (1885) On some new species and genera of Coleoptera. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 3, 131 - 231." type="journal article" year="1885">Blackburn & Sharp 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Perkins
|
||
<date id="FFB9105BFFB3FFD1FD7ECCEE2B7EFE22" box="[678,813,472,498]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1892" valueMax="1897">1892–1897</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB3FFD1FCE4CCEE2B9AFE22" author="Sharp" box="[828,969,472,498]" pageId="25" pageNumber="28" refString="Sharp, D. (1881) On some new Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society London, 29, 507 - 534." type="journal article" year="1881">Sharp 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB3FFD1FC00CCEE2C9EFE22" author="Sharp" box="[984,1229,472,498]" pageId="25" pageNumber="28" refString="Sharp, D. & Scott, H. (1908) Coleoptera 3. In: D. Sharp (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis: being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 435 - 508." type="book chapter" year="1908">Sharp & Scott 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Carabid beetles associated with the same micro-habitat apparently went extinct around the same time on Maui (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB3FFD1FAEDCF362884FD92" author="Liebherr" pageId="25" pageNumber="27" refString="Liebherr, J. K. (2004) Patterns of endangerment or pathways to enlightenment? Reconstructing the Fauna Hawaiiensis. Systematics and Biodiversity, 2, 175 - 189." type="journal article" year="2004">Liebherr 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These extinctions are correlated with the spread of adventive isopods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB3FFD1FBEECF1E2D10FD92" author="Taiti" box="[1078,1347,552,578]" pageId="25" pageNumber="28" refString="Taiti, S. & Howarth, F. G. (1996) Terrestrial isopods from the Hawaiian Islands (Isopoda: Oniscidae). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 45, 59 - 71." type="journal article" year="1996">Taiti & Howarth 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which disrupted the subcortical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FE66CF6629BCFDBA" ID-CoL="8PGT" box="[446,495,592,618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="koa">Koa</taxonomicName>
|
||
micro-habitat, possibly displacing the fungi on which the sap beetles depended. There is no host data for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BC8839FFB3FFD1FE3DCF4E2A44FD42" box="[485,535,632,658]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FD64CF4E2B1AFD41" box="[700,841,632,658]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="involucer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FD64CF4E2A9DFD41" box="[700,718,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FD04CF4E2B1AFD41" box="[732,841,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">involucer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though close relatives on Molokai and Maui were collected by fogging moss mats on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FD99CF962A88FD69" box="[577,731,672,697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FD99CF962A88FD69" box="[577,731,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Metrosideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FCC0CF962BD6FD69" ID-CoL="62LNM" box="[792,901,672,697]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Cibotiaceae" genus="Cibotium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FCC0CF962BD6FD69" box="[792,901,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cibotium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trunks respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB3FFD1FBA7CF962D44FD6A" author="Ewing" box="[1151,1303,672,698]" pageId="25" pageNumber="27" refString="Ewing, C. P. (2006) Revision of the endemic Hawaiian sap beetle genus Apetasimus Sharp, 1908 (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Zootaxa, 1385, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2006">Ewing 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The most common species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FEB1CFFE2AC5FD32" authority="Ewing" authorityName="Ewing" box="[361,662,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Nitidulidae" genus="Apetasimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pleomelarrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FEB1CFFE2928FD31" box="[361,379,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FE51CFFE2A6DFD31" box="[393,574,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">pleomelarrosus</emphasis>
|
||
Ewing
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is found within the leaf axils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D18FFB3FFD1FBC1CFFE2CD5FD31" box="[1049,1158,712,737]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Pleomele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EA89FFB3FFD1FBC1CFFE2CD5FD31" box="[1049,1158,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pleomele</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees in the Kokee area of Kauai. It is most plentiful in trees that have been stressed by breakage or blow down. They feed by chewing grooves in the leaf bases and presumably feed on fungi growing within the resulting sap flow (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B6AFFB3FFD1FB32CE2E2DD3FCE2" author="Ewing" box="[1258,1408,792,818]" pageId="25" pageNumber="27" refString="Ewing, C. P. (2006) Revision of the endemic Hawaiian sap beetle genus Apetasimus Sharp, 1908 (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Zootaxa, 1385, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2006">Ewing 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |