564 lines
75 KiB
XML
564 lines
75 KiB
XML
<document id="A913E7B88E5D73771B1CBB6F3D303F3A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5085.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5802920" ID-ZooBank="12FC3342-F2A0-4EE1-9853-9C5855076A10" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1640331575322" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Calder, Dale R. & Faucci, Anuschka" docDate="2021" docId="039687B70D01E0467DA022C06186FB8D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5085.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5085 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.18:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="18" docTitle="Monotheca gibbosa Calder & Faucci 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FFAFFFCF0D24E0617D3727506411FFF0" masterDocTitle="Shallow water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the 2002 NOWRAMP cruise to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands" masterLastPageNumber="73" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1708477145926" updateUser="karina">
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<mods:title id="8309D0FF04752FEDC299DE67D4321ADC">Shallow water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the 2002 NOWRAMP cruise to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="71A152E538ED77807DD65E5D8EDE8C2F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9ABD505D8D57B5AEB7259EEFF87870F8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FD2A6FF20674C123037D5AAFFC7D7543">Calder, Dale R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="1262963C17B1C43BBBD9CCCD46207108" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1D8124992CD604892770A03B9A43E7BC">Faucci, Anuschka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9DDD52DBEC4AE1FB3A1FD11B90C82A07" type="email">anuschka@hawaii.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="5CB209DBD07F132178FC0C8ECE114A03">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="778CA0E6CD4E81C955E73330D1DDA062">
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<mods:date id="39CB2528D2CC25A9F76C7B4377B427BD">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="231BCDC04E7C6F4460E5AE5E086720BA">2021-12-24</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="8E8631568573550F67607ED062292A78" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7EAEDC26C0BF008E273A803E00F2BD55">5085</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="9B2B023944F3604FD5652FF1D63884B8">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="4D2292B0A6C74A0B3675F6EA27631E2A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="24B143FCDEA98877D279884F9C88B92F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5085.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CED978E92443D849C058CDD03E8BF4E3" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A9126367D17F2E08A3F87D4F2991B78F" type="Zenodo-Dep">5802920</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039687B70D01E0467DA022C06186FB8D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687B70D01E0467DA022C06186FB8D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687B70D01E0467DA022C06186FB8D" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="C325652A0D01E0447DA022C065E0FA5B" box="[151,497,1424,1451]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8036A10D01E0447DA022C065E0FA5B" blockId="37.[151,497,1424,1487]" box="[151,497,1424,1451]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<heading id="D0C881CD0D01E0447DA022C065E0FA5B" bold="true" box="[151,497,1424,1451]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D01E0447DA022C065E0FA5B" bold="true" box="[151,497,1424,1451]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D01E0447DA022C06595FA5B" ID-CoL="8TG58" authority="Calder & Faucci, 2021" authorityName="Calder & Faucci" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,388,1424,1451]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D01E0447DA022C06595FA5B" bold="true" box="[151,388,1424,1451]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Monotheca gibbosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27857C80D01E0447CA422C165E0FA5B" box="[403,497,1425,1451]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C325652A0D01E0447DA022E5652DFA3F" box="[151,316,1461,1487]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8036A10D01E0447DA022E5652DFA3F" blockId="37.[151,497,1424,1487]" box="[151,316,1461,1487]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<figureCitation id="13042A240D01E0447DA022E56502FA3F" box="[151,275,1461,1487]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1030,1054]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,191,993]" captionTargetId="figure-19@37.[151,1437,181,1006]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 11. Plumulariidae. a, Monotheca flexuosa (Bale, 1894), part of hydrocaulus with two hydrocladia, each with a hydrotheca, Kure Atoll, ROMIZ B5447. Scale equals 0.1 mm. b, Monotheca gibbosa, sp. nov., holotype, part of hydrocaulus with hydrocladia and three hydrothecae, Laysan Island, ROMIZ B5448. Scale equals 0.1 mm. c, Monotheca gibbosa, sp. nov., holotype, part of hydrocaulus, and a hydrocladium with one hydrotheca, Laysan Island, ROMIZ B5448. Scale equals 0.05 mm. d, Plumularia floridana (Nutting 1900), part of hydrocaulus with bases of two hydrocladia, one with two hydrothecae, Gardner Pinnacles, ROMIZ B5449. Scale equals 0.1 mm. e, Plumularia strictocarpa Pictet, 1893, part of hydrocaulus with bases of two hydrocladia, one with two hydrothecae, Kure Atoll, ROMIZ B5453. Scale equals 0.1 mm. f, Plumularia strictocarpa Pictet, 1893, part of hydrorhiza, and proximal end of hydrocaulus with a gonotheca, Kure Atoll, ROMIZ B5453. Scale equals 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5802950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5802950/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs 11b, c</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13042A240D01E0447C1722E5652DFA3F" box="[288,316,1461,1487]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1409,1433]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,814,1386]" captionTargetId="figure-291@38.[151,1436,813,1386]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 12. Plumulariidae. Monotheca gibbosa, sp. nov., holotype, Laysan Island, ROMIZ B5448. a, part of colony, with hydrorhiza, hydrocaulus, six hydrocladia, and six hydrothecae. b, distal end of hydrocaulus, with four hydrocladia and four hydrothecae. c, distal end of hydrocaulus, with hydrocladium and a hydrotheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5802954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5802954/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">12</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C325652A0D01E0447DA022A96074F9E1" box="[151,1125,1529,1553]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8036A10D01E0447DA022A96074F9E1" blockId="37.[151,1125,1529,1553]" box="[151,1125,1529,1553]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2F118F0D01E0447DA022A96074F9E1" box="[151,1125,1529,1553]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D01E0447DA022A96590F9E1" ID-CoL="4KJKF" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,385,1529,1553]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D01E0447DA022A96590F9E1" box="[151,385,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.—
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9E10B00D01E0447CA822A96649F9E1" author="Cooke, W. J." box="[415,600,1529,1553]" page="100" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1977">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D01E0447CA822A96649F9E1" author="Cooke, W. J." box="[415,600,1529,1553]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="71 - 104" refId="ref54661" refString="Cooke, W. J. (1977) Order Hydroida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication, 64 (1), 71 - 104." type="journal article" year="1977">Cooke, 1977: 100</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 27 (not
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D01E0447FED22A9604BF9E1" ID-CoL="8LF4B" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[730,1114,1529,1553]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D01E0447FED22A967D3F9E1" box="[730,962,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Monotheca margaretta</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D01E0447EFE22A9604BF9E1" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[969,1114,1529,1553]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref64982" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C325652A0D01E0447DA0216F6057F9A9" box="[151,1094,1599,1626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D01E0447DA0216F6057F9A9" blockId="37.[151,1436,1599,2022]" box="[151,1094,1599,1626]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D01E0447DA0216F6527F9A9" bold="true" box="[151,310,1599,1625]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type locality.</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B573CFC0D01E0447C0B216F6053F9A9" box="[316,1090,1599,1626]" collectionCode="SCUBA" country="United States of America" location="Laysan Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hawaii">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F32876310D01E0447C0B216F6569F9A9" box="[316,376,1599,1625]" name="United States of America" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USA</collectingCountry>
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||
:
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<collectingRegion id="49FBF8430D01E0447CB4216F65C6F9A9" box="[387,471,1599,1625]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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<location id="8EE0607A0D01E0447CD521106690F9A9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687B70D01E0467DA022C06186FB8D:8EE0607A0D01E0447CD521106690F9A9" box="[482,641,1599,1626]" country="United States of America" name="Laysan Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" stateProvince="Hawaii">Laysan Island</location>
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, at
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<collectionCode id="ED2EAE640D01E0447F90216F6712F9A9" box="[679,771,1599,1625]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">SCUBA</collectionCode>
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depth, on calcareous rubble
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C325652A0D01E0447DF021336021F951" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8B8036A10D01E0447DF021336021F951" blockId="37.[151,1436,1599,2022]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D01E0447DF02133655FF98D" bold="true" box="[199,334,1635,1661]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective
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<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D01E0447E8B21336016F98D" box="[956,1031,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">gibbus</emphasis>
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, meaning “bulging”, “protuberant”, or “hunpbacked”, in allusion to the prominent hump at the base of the hydrotheca.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C325652A0D01E0447DF021FB6640F8C2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B8036A10D01E0447DF021FB604FF91A" blockId="37.[151,1436,1599,2022]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D01E0447DF021FB658FF935" bold="true" box="[199,414,1707,1733]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Voucher material.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B573CFC0D01E0447C9221FB604FF91A" collectingDate="2002-09-18" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="A. Faucci" location="Laysan Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="B5448" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<typeStatus id="548488030D01E0447C9221FB662CF935" box="[421,573,1707,1733]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8EE0607A0D01E0447F7F21FC66F6F935" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687B70D01E0467DA022C06186FB8D:8EE0607A0D01E0447F7F21FC66F6F935" box="[584,743,1707,1734]" name="Laysan Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Laysan Island</location>
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||
, on a small piece of calcareous rubble,
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||
<date id="FF8110610D01E044799621FB610AF935" box="[1185,1307,1707,1733]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2002-09-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFC5E9890D01E044799621FB610AF935" box="[1185,1307,1707,1733]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2002-09-18">18.ix.2002</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, three fragments of a colony, to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B440D01E0447CBF219F65D8F91A" box="[392,457,1743,1770]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, without gonothecae, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26CA53770D01E0447E07218067B1F919" box="[816,928,1743,1770]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">A. Faucci</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE640D01E0447E9C219F6014F919" box="[939,1029,1743,1769]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB999EDA0D01E044793B219F604BF91A" box="[1036,1114,1743,1770]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">B5448</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D01E0447DA021A46640F8C2" blockId="37.[151,1436,1599,2022]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B573CFC0D01E0447DA021A4665CF8C2" collectingDate="2002-09-18" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="A. Faucci" location="Laysan Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="B5492" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="548488030D01E0447DA021A46536F8FE" box="[151,295,1780,1806]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8EE0607A0D01E0447C0621A465C0F8FD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687B70D01E0467DA022C06186FB8D:8EE0607A0D01E0447C0621A465C0F8FD" box="[305,465,1779,1806]" name="Laysan Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Laysan Island</location>
|
||
, on algae,
|
||
<date id="FF8110610D01E0447F7D21A366D4F8FD" box="[586,709,1779,1805]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2002-09-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFC5E9890D01E0447F7D21A366D4F8FD" box="[586,709,1779,1805]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2002-09-18">18.ix.2002</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
. two colonies or colony fragments, to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B440D01E044794221A360A7F8FE" box="[1141,1206,1779,1806]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, without gonothecae, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26CA53770D01E0447C1420486582F8C1" box="[291,403,1815,1842]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">A. Faucci</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE640D01E0447CA9204765E9F8C1" box="[414,504,1815,1841]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB999EDA0D01E0447CC82047665CF8C2" box="[511,589,1815,1842]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">B5492</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C325652A0D01E0477DF0206B65A9FCE5" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8036A10D01E0477DF0206B65BEFD01" blockId="37.[151,1436,1599,2022]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D01E0447DF0206B6548F8A5" bold="true" box="[199,345,1851,1877]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies minuscule, inconspicuous, with erect cormoids reaching
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B440D01E0447952206B60BBF8A6" box="[1125,1194,1851,1878]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, arising from a creeping hydrorhiza having occasional internal perisarcal spurs in its lumen. Hydrocaulus monosiphonic, strongly geniculate distal to a straight pedicellate base of varied length, unbranched, divided at regular intervals into long, slender, ahydrothecate internodes by distinct, transverse nodes; cauline internodes relatively straight, 180–230 µm long beyond basal region, 19–25 µm wide at nodes, with firm perisarc and internal perisarcal ridges at proximal and distal ends, each internode with one nematotheca in axil of a distal apophysis and one about midway on internode on side opposite apophysis. Apophyses with a mamelon and a distal perisarcal ridge, given off alternately from opposite sides of hydrocaulus, bearing short, unbranched hydrocladia each with a single distal hydrotheca. Hydrocladia 140–190 µm long, with one proximal athecate internode and a longer distal thecate internode; nodes nearly straight; athecate internodes short, lacking nematothecae, 35–40 µm long, narrowest proximally, widest distally, with a distal perisarcal ridge; thecate internodes 120–150 µm long, saddle-shaped in lateral view, each with a hydrotheca, a median inferior nematotheca, two lateral nematothecae, and usually with three internal perisarcal ridges beneath hydrotheca, terminating in a blunt and short central point between lateral nematothecae, ending proximal to adaxial wall of hydrothecal orifice. Nematothecae bithalamic, movable, conical; cauline nematothecae 45 µm long; median nematothecae 30–40 µm long, not reaching base of hydrotheca, rim sloping only slightly downwards from abaxial to adaxial wall; lateral nematothecae 35–45 µm long, arising from slight lateral bulges at distal end of internode, not reaching hydrothecal orifice. Hydrothecae prostrate, with base elevated on raised subhydrothecal chamber of internode, creating a prominent basal hump, proportionately deep, with maximum depth 125–145 µm, slender and cylindrical but with a pronounced U-shaped bend, perisarc firm relative to thecal size; adaxial wall concave, adnate to internode except free at distal end; abaxial wall strongly convex except becoming strongly concave below margin; rim nearly circular, entire, facing obliquely upwards, aperture diameter 65–67 µm; base with a ring of desmocytes; intrathecal ridge lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D02E0477DF025AB65A9FCE5" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,789]" box="[199,440,763,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Gonothecae not seen.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF4066290D02E0477DA022D167AEFA11" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5802954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5802954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5802954/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,250,1409,1433]" targetBox="[152,1436,814,1386]" targetPageId="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D02E0477DA022D167AEFA11" blockId="38.[151,1436,1409,1506]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477DA022D16715FA6A" bold="true" box="[151,772,1409,1434]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
FIGURE 12.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477C1F22D165D4FA69" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" box="[296,453,1409,1433]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Plumulariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477CE622D1668FFA69" authority="Calder & Faucci, 2021" authorityName="Calder & Faucci" authorityYear="2021" box="[465,670,1409,1433]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477CE622D1668FFA69" bold="true" box="[465,670,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Monotheca gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27857C80D02E0477F9B22D26711FA6A" box="[684,768,1410,1434]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype, Laysan Island, ROMIZ B5448.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E047798E22D260DAFA6A" bold="true" box="[1209,1227,1410,1434]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">a,</emphasis>
|
||
part of colony, with hydrorhiza, hydrocaulus, six hydrocladia, and six hydrothecae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477E1D22F6672FFA4E" bold="true" box="[810,830,1446,1470]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">b,</emphasis>
|
||
distal end of hydrocaulus, with four hydrocladia and four hydrothecae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477C17229A6523FA12" bold="true" box="[288,306,1482,1506]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">c,</emphasis>
|
||
distal end of hydrocaulus, with hydrocladium and a hydrotheca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C325652A0D02E0467DF021406070FBA9" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D02E0477DF021406720F82A" blockId="38.[151,1437,1552,2010]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477DF02140652AF9DA" bold="true" box="[199,315,1552,1578]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477C7221406637F9DA" authority="Calder & Faucci, 2021" authorityName="Calder & Faucci" authorityYear="2021" box="[325,550,1552,1578]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477C7221406637F9DA" box="[325,550,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Monotheca gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477F0121406683F9DA" bold="true" box="[566,658,1552,1578]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27857C80D02E0477F0121406683F9DA" box="[566,658,1552,1578]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, is immediately distinguishable from all other species currently assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477C3221646637F9BE" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[261,550,1588,1614]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477C3221646592F9BE" box="[261,387,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Monotheca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477CBD21646637F9BE" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[394,550,1588,1614]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref64982" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">
|
||
Nutting,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B440D02E0477CD921646637F9BE" box="[494,550,1588,1614]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.826" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="in" value="1900.0">1900</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the distinctive shape of its hydrothecae. These are proportionately elongate, slender, and bent in the shape of a curved cylinder, with the abaxial wall having a prominent basal hump. In this, they somewhat resemble an inchworm (caterpillar of a geometrid moth) in motion. By contrast, hydrothecae in other species of the genus, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477F0621F0676BF94A" authority="(Johnston, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[561,890,1696,1722]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obliqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477F0621F066BEF94A" box="[561,687,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. obliqua</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477FF721F06763F94A" author="Johnston, G." box="[704,882,1696,1722]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref60485" refString="Johnston, G. (1847) A history of the British zoophytes. 2 nd Edition. John Van Voorst, London, 488 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 19627" type="book" year="1847">Johnston, 1847</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477EBF21F06103F94B" authority="(Kirchenpauer, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Kirchenpauer" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[904,1298,1696,1723]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477EBF21F06002F94A" box="[904,1043,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E047791321F0611BF94B" author="Kirchenpauer, G. H." box="[1060,1290,1696,1723]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 59" refId="ref60747" refString="Kirchenpauer, G. H. (1876) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. II. Plumularia und Nemertesia. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Hamburg-Altona, 6 (2), 1 - 59." type="journal article" year="1876">Kirchenpauer, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E047781721F06537F92E" authority="(Bale, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hyalina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E047781721F0618DF94A" box="[1312,1436,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. hyalina</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477DA82194650FF92E" author="Bale, W. M." box="[159,286,1732,1758]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="15 - 48" refId="ref49853" refString="Bale, W. M. (1881) On the Hydroida of south-eastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species, and notes on the genus Aglaophenia. Journal of the Microscopical Society of Victoria, 2, 15 - 48. [While usually cited as 1882, evidence exists that this work appeared earlier. According to Bedot (1916: 6), " Il a paru un tirage a part antidate en 1881 "]" type="journal article" year="1881">Bale, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477C0421946646F92E" authority="(Bale, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[307,599,1732,1758]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pulchella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477C04219465D0F92E" box="[307,449,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. pulchella</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477CE62194665EF92E" author="Bale, W. M." box="[465,591,1732,1758]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="15 - 48" refId="ref49853" refString="Bale, W. M. (1881) On the Hydroida of south-eastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species, and notes on the genus Aglaophenia. Journal of the Microscopical Society of Victoria, 2, 15 - 48. [While usually cited as 1882, evidence exists that this work appeared earlier. According to Bedot (1916: 6), " Il a paru un tirage a part antidate en 1881 "]" type="journal article" year="1881">Bale, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477F532194679DF92E" authority="(Bale, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[612,908,1732,1758]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477F53219466E4F92E" box="[612,757,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. spinulosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477E3221946795F92E" author="Bale, W. M." box="[773,900,1732,1758]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="15 - 48" refId="ref49853" refString="Bale, W. M. (1881) On the Hydroida of south-eastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species, and notes on the genus Aglaophenia. Journal of the Microscopical Society of Victoria, 2, 15 - 48. [While usually cited as 1882, evidence exists that this work appeared earlier. According to Bedot (1916: 6), " Il a paru un tirage a part antidate en 1881 "]" type="journal article" year="1881">Bale, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477EAE219460A2F92E" authority="(Bale, 1894)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[921,1203,1732,1758]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477EAE2194600DF92E" box="[921,1052,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E047791B219460BAF92E" author="Bale, W. M." box="[1068,1195,1732,1758]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="93 - 117" refId="ref50012" refString="Bale, W. M. (1894) Further notes on Australian hydroids, with descriptions of some new species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, New Series, 6, 93 - 117." type="journal article" year="1894">Bale, 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E04779882194651CF8F2" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E047798821946170F92D" box="[1215,1377,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. margaretta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E047785E2194651CF8F2" author="Nutting, C. C." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref64982" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477C2D21B86644F8F2" authority="Picard, 1951" authorityName="Picard" authorityYear="1951" box="[282,597,1767,1794]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="posidoniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477C2D21B865ADF8F2" box="[282,444,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. posidoniae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477CF321B86644F8F2" author="Picard, J." box="[452,597,1767,1794]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="338 - 349" refId="ref66133" refString="Picard, J. (1951) Note sur les hydraires littoraux de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu, 2, 338 - 349." type="journal article" year="1951">Picard, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477F5421B86766F8F2" authority="Watson, 1973" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1973" box="[611,887,1768,1794]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="togata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477F5421B866C3F8F1" box="[611,722,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. togata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477FEE21B86766F8F2" author="Watson, J. E." box="[729,887,1768,1794]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="153 - 200" refId="ref70813" refString="Watson, J. E. (1973) Pearson Island Expedition 1969. - 9. Hydroids. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 97, 153 - 200." type="journal article" year="1973">Watson, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477EB321B860C5F8F2" authority="Watson, 2011 a" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2011" box="[900,1236,1768,1794]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphibola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477EB321B86032F8F2" box="[900,1059,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. amphibola</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E047791D21B860C5F8F2" author="Watson, J. E." box="[1066,1236,1768,1794]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref71197" refString="Watson, J. E. (2011 a) Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 68, 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2011.68.05" type="journal article" year="2011">Watson, 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E04779D721B86552F8D6" authority="Gil & Ramil, 2021" authorityName="Gil & Ramil" authorityYear="2021" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bergstadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E04779D721B86161F8F2" box="[1248,1392,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. bergstadi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E047784F21B86552F8D6" author="Gil, M. & Ramil, F." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="49 - 96" refId="ref57907" refString="Gil, M. & Ramil, F. (2021) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Vema and Valdivia seamounts (SE Atlantic). European Journal of Taxonomy, 758, 49 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2021.758.1425" type="journal article" year="2021">Gil & Ramil, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are shaped like a cup, bowl, scoop, cowl, or bonnet. Also differing in the same way are other species that have been assigned at times to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477F6B206066CBF8BA" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[604,730,1840,1866]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477F6B206066CBF8BA" box="[604,730,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Monotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477E6D20606186F8BA" authority="(Mulder & Trebilcock, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Mulder & Trebilcock" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[858,1431,1840,1866]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="excavata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477E6D20606057F8B9" box="[858,1094,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Plumularia excavata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E04779622060619EF8BA" author="Mulder, J. F. & Trebilcock, R. E." box="[1109,1423,1840,1866]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="115 - 124" refId="ref64630" refString="Mulder, J. F. & Trebilcock, R. E. (1911) Notes on Victorian Hydroida, with description of new species. (Continued). Geelong Naturalist, Series 2, 4, 115 - 124." type="journal article" year="1911">Mulder & Trebilcock, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477DA02004668BF89E" authority="(Mulder & Trebilcock, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Mulder & Trebilcock" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[151,666,1876,1902]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crateriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477DA020046559F89E" box="[151,328,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P. crateriformis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477C6020046683F89E" author="Mulder, J. F. & Trebilcock, R. E." box="[343,658,1876,1902]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="115 - 124" refId="ref64630" refString="Mulder, J. F. & Trebilcock, R. E. (1911) Notes on Victorian Hydroida, with description of new species. (Continued). Geelong Naturalist, Series 2, 4, 115 - 124." type="journal article" year="1911">Mulder & Trebilcock, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477F90200467CCF89E" authority="(Leloup, 1971)" baseAuthorityName="Leloup" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[679,989,1876,1902]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vervoorti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477F902004673AF89D" box="[679,811,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P. vervoorti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477E0D200467C4F89E" author="Leloup, E." box="[826,981,1876,1902]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref61811" refString="Leloup, E. (1971) Hydropolypes de la Baie du Levrier, Cote Africaine Occidentale. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 47 (35), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1971">Leloup, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477EDD2004615AF89E" authority="Watson 1973" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1973" box="[1002,1355,1876,1902]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="epibracteolosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477EDD200460BCF89E" box="[1002,1197,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P. epibracteolosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E04779822004615AF89E" author="Watson, J. E." box="[1205,1355,1876,1902]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="153 - 200" refId="ref70813" refString="Watson, J. E. (1973) Pearson Island Expedition 1969. - 9. Hydroids. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 97, 153 - 200." type="journal article" year="1973">Watson 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E04778BF200465A1F862" authority="Watson, 1973" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1973" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="meretricia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E04778BF2004651AF861" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P. meretricia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477C24202865A1F862" author="Watson, J. E." box="[275,432,1912,1938]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="153 - 200" refId="ref70813" refString="Watson, J. E. (1973) Pearson Island Expedition 1969. - 9. Hydroids. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 97, 153 - 200." type="journal article" year="1973">Watson, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. More closely resembling hydrothecae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E0477EA720286001F862" authorityName="Calder & Faucci" authorityYear="2021" box="[912,1040,1912,1938]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E0477EA720286001F862" box="[912,1040,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">M. gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D02E047799120286502F846" authority="Bale, 1881" authorityName="Bale" authorityYear="1881" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="goldsteini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D02E04779912028618DF862" box="[1190,1436,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Plumularia goldsteini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D02E0477DA020CC6502F846" author="Bale, W. M." box="[151,275,1948,1974]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="15 - 48" refId="ref49853" refString="Bale, W. M. (1881) On the Hydroida of south-eastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species, and notes on the genus Aglaophenia. Journal of the Microscopical Society of Victoria, 2, 15 - 48. [While usually cited as 1882, evidence exists that this work appeared earlier. According to Bedot (1916: 6), " Il a paru un tirage a part antidate en 1881 "]" type="journal article" year="1881">Bale, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, each hydrocladium in that species bears 3–4 hydrothecae rather than one, and the aperture of the hydrotheca is vertical rather than oblique in orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D03E0467DF027C767E3FE5D" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Other noteworthy characters also set
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467F5627C766CEFF41" authorityName="Calder & Faucci" authorityYear="2021" box="[609,735,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467F5627C766CEFF41" box="[609,735,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apart from its congeners. For example, there are no abaxial and adaxial flanges on the hydrothecae, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467F5027EB6715FF25" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2011" box="[615,772,187,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphibola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467F5027EB6715FF25" box="[615,772,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. amphibola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thecate internodes of the species end in an inconspicuous point, while those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467CBB278F660EFF09" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[396,543,223,249]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467CBB278F660EFF09" box="[396,543,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. spinulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
terminate in a prominent spine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467EA0278F601EFF09" author="Bale, W. M." box="[919,1039,223,249]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="15 - 48" refId="ref49853" refString="Bale, W. M. (1881) On the Hydroida of south-eastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species, and notes on the genus Aglaophenia. Journal of the Microscopical Society of Victoria, 2, 15 - 48. [While usually cited as 1882, evidence exists that this work appeared earlier. According to Bedot (1916: 6), " Il a paru un tirage a part antidate en 1881 "]" type="journal article" year="1881">Bale 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E046792A278F60D0FF09" author="Watson, J. E." box="[1053,1217,223,249]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref71197" refString="Watson, J. E. (2011 a) Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 68, 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2011.68.05" type="journal article" year="2011">Watson 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hydrothecae lack an intrathecal ridge, such as that present in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467FFD26536745FEED" baseAuthorityName="Kirchenpauer" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[714,852,259,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467FFD26536745FEED" box="[714,852,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467EA726536033FEED" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[912,1058,259,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467EA726536033FEED" box="[912,1058,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. spinulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nematothecae are not adaxially excavated like those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C9626776623FEB1" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[417,562,295,321]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C9626776623FEB1" box="[417,562,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. spinulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467F5D267766C9FEB0" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1973" box="[618,728,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="togata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467F5D267766C9FEB0" box="[618,728,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. togata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and median nematothecae are neither adaxially excavated nor immovable as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C6B261B65F4FE95" baseAuthorityName="Kirchenpauer" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[348,485,331,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C6B261B65F4FE95" box="[348,485,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467F28261B676AFE95" authority="(Watson 2011 a)" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[543,891,331,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphibola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467F28261B66AFFE95" box="[543,702,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. amphibola</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467FFA261B6765FE95" author="Watson, J. E." box="[717,884,331,357]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref71197" refString="Watson, J. E. (2011 a) Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 68, 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2011.68.05" type="journal article" year="2011">Watson 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The hydrothecal rim is entire rather than being indented by a median adaxial notch as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467F47263F6703FE78" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[624,786,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467F47263F6703FE78" box="[624,786,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. margaretta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Characters of the gonothecae are also of value in distinguishing species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C4226C365E2FE5D" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[373,499,403,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C4226C365E2FE5D" box="[373,499,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Monotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467FBB26C3671BFE5D" authorityName="Calder & Faucci" authorityYear="2021" box="[652,778,403,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467FBB26C3671BFE5D" box="[652,778,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are as yet unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D03E0467DF026E76620FDCD" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Although described here as a new species, this is the second report of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467EE926E7604DFE21" authorityName="Calder & Faucci" authorityYear="2021" box="[990,1116,439,465]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467EE926E7604DFE21" box="[990,1116,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FBF8430D03E046799526E760E7FE21" box="[1186,1270,439,465]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E046783626E7618DFE21" author="Cooke, W. J." box="[1281,1436,439,465]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="71 - 104" refId="ref54661" refString="Cooke, W. J. (1977) Order Hydroida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication, 64 (1), 71 - 104." type="journal article" year="1977">Cooke (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported it, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C01268B6629FE04" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[310,568,475,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C01268B6629FE04" box="[310,568,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from red algae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467FC0268B6791FE05" box="[759,896,475,501]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Rhodomelaceae" genus="Amansia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467FC0268B6748FE05" box="[759,857,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Amansia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on the Kahe Point Reef, Oahu. As noted above, the Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C2926AF65AEFDE8" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[286,447,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C2926AF65AEFDE8" box="[286,447,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. margaretta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in having hydrothecae that are cup-shaped and shallow rather than being elongate and in the form of a curved cylinder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D03E0467DF025176160FD01" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Hydroid colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C852517663AFD91" authorityName="Calder & Faucci" authorityYear="2021" box="[434,555,583,609]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C852517663AFD91" box="[434,555,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are exceptionally minuscule and inconspicuous. Of all the species in a genus having diminutive cormoids, it is perhaps the smallest. Colonies described here were only
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B440D03E0467948253B60AEFD75" box="[1151,1215,619,645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height, and specimens reported from Kahe Point Reef, Oahi, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467F9A25DF6750FD59" author="Cooke, W. J." box="[685,833,655,681]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="71 - 104" refId="ref54661" refString="Cooke, W. J. (1977) Order Hydroida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication, 64 (1), 71 - 104." type="journal article" year="1977">Cooke (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467E5E25DF601BFD58" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[873,1034,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467E5E25DF601BFD58" box="[873,1034,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. margaretta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were likewise
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B440D03E046798C25DF6106FD59" box="[1211,1303,655,681]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
high. Other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C3A25E3659AFD3D" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[269,395,691,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C3A25E3659AFD3D" box="[269,395,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Monotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with colonies less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B440D03E0467FA225E266C7FD3D" box="[661,726,690,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
high include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467E5925E367CAFD3C" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1973" box="[878,987,691,716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="togata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467E5925E367CAFD3C" box="[878,987,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. togata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E046792725E36176FD3D" authority="(Watson 2011 a)" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[1040,1383,691,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphibola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E046792725E360BCFD3D" box="[1040,1197,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. amphibola</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E046798C25E3614EFD3D" author="Watson, J. E." box="[1211,1375,691,717]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref71197" refString="Watson, J. E. (2011 a) Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 68, 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2011.68.05" type="journal article" year="2011">Watson 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The largest colonies of the genus appear to be those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467FFA25876759FD01" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[717,840,727,753]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obliqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467FFA25876759FD01" box="[717,840,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. obliqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which can reach
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B440D03E04679242587605BFD01" box="[1043,1098,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
high (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E04679A625876174FD01" author="Gravili, C. & De Vito, D. & Di Camillo, C. G. & Martell, L. & Piraino, S. & Boero, F." box="[1169,1381,726,753]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref58738" refString="Gravili, C., De Vito, D., Di Camillo, C. G., Martell, L., Piraino, S. & Boero, F. (2015) The non-siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide. Zootaxa, 3908 (1), 1 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3908.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Gravili
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E04679DE2587610BFD01" box="[1257,1306,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D03E0467DF025AB6070FBA9" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Although most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467CC025AB6664FCE5" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[503,629,763,789]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467CC025AB6664FCE5" box="[503,629,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Monotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are believed to be epiphytic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467EE625AB6069FCE5" author="Watson, J. E." box="[977,1144,763,789]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref71197" refString="Watson, J. E. (2011 a) Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 68, 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2011.68.05" type="journal article" year="2011">Watson 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), hydroids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E046782C25AB618CFCE5" authorityName="Calder & Faucci" authorityYear="2021" box="[1307,1437,763,789]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E046782C25AB618CFCE5" box="[1307,1437,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. gibbosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined here occurred on a fragment of calcareous rubble as well as on algae. Of 11 species recognized in the genus in this work (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C4E241365E4FCAD" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[377,501,835,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obliqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C4E241365E4FCAD" box="[377,501,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. obliqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467F342413669DFCAD" baseAuthorityName="Kirchenpauer" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[515,652,835,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467F342413669DFCAD" box="[515,652,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467FAD24136704FCAD" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[666,789,835,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hyalina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467FAD24136704FCAD" box="[666,789,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. hyalina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467E1424136043FCAD" box="[803,1106,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467E14241367A9FCAD" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[803,952,835,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spinulosa">M. spinulosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467EF324136043FCAD" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[964,1106,835,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pulchella">M. pulchella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467956241360F5FCAD" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1121,1252,835,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467956241360F5FCAD" box="[1121,1252,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E04679C424136184FCAC" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1267,1429,835,860]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E04679C424136184FCAC" box="[1267,1429,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. margaretta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467DA024376529FC71" authorityName="Picard" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,312,871,897]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="posidoniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467DA024376529FC71" box="[151,312,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. posidoniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C70243765A4FC70" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1973" box="[327,437,871,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="togata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C70243765A4FC70" box="[327,437,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. togata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467CF324376673FC71" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[452,610,871,897]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphibola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467CF324376673FC71" box="[452,610,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. amphibola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467F9624376721FC71" authorityName="Gil & Ramil" authorityYear="2021" box="[673,816,871,897]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bergstadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467F9624376721FC71" box="[673,816,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. bergstadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), only four appear to be substrate generalists. The predominantly European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467CB824DB6618FC55" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[399,521,907,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Clytia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obliqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467CB824DB6618FC55" box="[399,521,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. obliqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported from algae, sponges, hydroids, bryozoans, cirripedes, and rocks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467DA824FF654FFC39" author="Cornelius, P. F. S." box="[159,350,942,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 386" refId="ref54973" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995 b) North-west European thecate hydroids and their medusae. Part 2. Sertulariidae to Campanulariidae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 50, 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="1995">Cornelius 1995b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467C5D24FF662BFC39" author="Gravili, C. & De Vito, D. & Di Camillo, C. G. & Martell, L. & Piraino, S. & Boero, F." box="[362,570,942,969]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref58738" refString="Gravili, C., De Vito, D., Di Camillo, C. G., Martell, L., Piraino, S. & Boero, F. (2015) The non-siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide. Zootaxa, 3908 (1), 1 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3908.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Gravili
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467CF724FF65E3FC39" box="[448,498,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Pacific,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467FC324FF6767FC39" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[756,886,943,969]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467FC324FF6767FC39" box="[756,886,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found on red and green algae, mussels, ascidians, and polychaete tubes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467F32248366B8FC1D" author="Watson, J. E." box="[517,681,979,1005]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref71197" refString="Watson, J. E. (2011 a) Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 68, 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2011.68.05" type="journal article" year="2011">Watson 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The common Atlantic hydroid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467922248360A7FC1C" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1045,1206,979,1004]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467922248360A7FC1C" box="[1045,1206,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. margaretta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has most often been observed on algae (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C9F24A76633FBE1" authorityName="C. Agardh" authorityYear="1820" box="[424,546,1015,1041]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C9F24A76633FBE1" box="[424,546,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Sargassum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467F0724A766B8FBE1" authorityName="J. V. F. Lamouroux" authorityYear="1825" box="[560,681,1015,1041]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Turbinaria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467F0724A766B8FBE1" box="[560,681,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Turbinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and seagrasses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467E5824A767CDFBE1" box="[879,988,1015,1041]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467E5824A767CDFBE1" box="[879,988,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Thalassia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but it also occurs on invertebrates and inanimate substrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467CBC234B6601FBC5" author="Galea, H. R." box="[395,528,1051,1077]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref56868" refString="Galea, H. R. (2010) Additional shallow-water thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 2570 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2570.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Galea 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467F0C234B672FFBC4" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[571,830,1051,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467F0C234B672FFBC4" box="[571,830,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467E7A234B608DFBC5" author="Mendoza-Becerril, M. A. & Simoes, N. & Genzano, G." box="[845,1180,1051,1077]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="125 - 142" refId="ref63085" refString="Mendoza-Becerril, M. A., Simoes, N. & Genzano, G. (2018) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Alacranes Reef, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 94, 125 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.5343 / bms. 2017.1072" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Mendoza-Becerril
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467916234B6042FBC5" box="[1057,1107,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Calder 2019). The recently described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E0467C62236F65F2FBA9" authorityName="Gil & Ramil" authorityYear="2021" box="[341,483,1087,1113]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bergstadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467C62236F65F2FBA9" box="[341,483,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M. bergstadi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found on algae and a bryozoan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467EB3236F6045FBA9" author="Gil, M. & Ramil, F." box="[900,1108,1087,1113]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="49 - 96" refId="ref57907" refString="Gil, M. & Ramil, F. (2021) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Vema and Valdivia seamounts (SE Atlantic). European Journal of Taxonomy, 758, 49 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2021.758.1425" type="journal article" year="2021">Gil & Ramil 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C325652A0D03E0467DF023336186FB8D" box="[199,1431,1122,1149]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036A10D03E0467DF023336186FB8D" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1149]" box="[199,1431,1122,1149]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E0467DF0233365C1FB8C" bold="true" box="[199,464,1122,1149]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Reported Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Hawaiian archipelago. Oahu: Kahe Point Reef (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B500D03E0467EEB23336075FB8D" author="Cooke, W. J." box="[988,1124,1123,1149]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="71 - 104" refId="ref54661" refString="Cooke, W. J. (1977) Order Hydroida. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication, 64 (1), 71 - 104." type="journal article" year="1977">Cooke 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D220D03E04679BA23336196FB8C" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1165,1415,1123,1149]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAB30D03E04679BA23336196FB8C" box="[1165,1415,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |