treatments-xml/data/03/92/87/039287AAFFB1FFAE3839FEFE8C34503D.xml

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<mods:title id="38C469BBEDDC2E4D8FE6776760740682">Redescription of Apteronotus mariae (Eigenmann &amp; Fisher, 1914) and the taxonomic status of Apteronotus jurubidae (Fowler, 1944) (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DD70A12AF72BE6EDB9958A5098377756">Santana, Carlos David De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="45CA7FEA34BDB548385C316BAF0BDF55">2004</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB1FFAB3839FEFE8C735346" blockId="2.[264,817,283,310]" box="[264,817,283,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB1FFAB3839FEFE8C735346" ID-CoL="FYRY" authority="Eigenmann and Fisher" authorityName="Eigenmann and Fisher" box="[264,817,283,310]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB1FFAB3839FEFE8C735346" bold="true" box="[264,817,283,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB1FFAB3839FEFE8EBA5345" bold="true" box="[264,504,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
(Eigenmann and Fisher)
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Original description (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB1FFAB3B33FE858CD753F2" author="Eigenmann" box="[514,917,359,385]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Fisher, H.. (1914) The Gymnotidae of Trans-Andean Colombia and Equador. Indiana University Studies, 25, 235 - 237." type="journal article" year="1914">Eigenmann and Fisher, 1914: 236</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
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“Head 7.1 
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, (6.3 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB38D9FE548D0453BE" box="[488,582,438,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
) in the length to the end of the anal; depth.92 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3D0CFE548B2F53BE" box="[1085,1133,438,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
, (.94 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3D98FE548A4553BE" box="[1193,1287,438,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
) in the length of the head; anal rays 173 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3B9DFE3B8D9E5383" box="[684,732,473,496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
, (176 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3A14FE3B8CC45383" box="[805,902,473,496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
); snout 2.7 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3D38FE3B8B7B5383" box="[1033,1081,473,496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
, (2.5 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3D4DFE3B8B9B5383" box="[1148,1241,473,496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
) in the length of the head; eye 5.5 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3B00FE1E8D235060" box="[561,609,508,531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
, (5.7 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3BAEFE1E8DBF5060" box="[671,765,508,531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
) in the interorbital, 5 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3ADAFE1E8B5B5060" box="[1003,1049,508,531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
(6 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3D0FFE1E8BDE5060" box="[1086,1180,508,531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
) in the head; width of head 2.4 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB38FFFDFC8EBE5046" box="[462,508,542,565]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
(2.5 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB1FFAB3B07FDFC8DD65046" box="[566,660,542,565]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
) in the depth. Head decurved; gape reaching to vertical from the eye; ground color light buff, body closely pigmented with minute dark chromatophores, much more abundant dorsally. An uninterrupted whitish streak along the median dorsal line from the end of the snout to the base of the caudal.”
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB1FFAB3839F8A58BDD552C" blockId="2.[264,1183,1863,1887]" box="[264,1183,1863,1887]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB1FFAB3839F8A58EC8552C" bold="true" box="[264,394,1863,1887]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Lateral and dorsal views of paratype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB1FFAB3A08F8AA8B4E552C" box="[825,1036,1864,1887]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB1FFAB3A08F8AA8B4E552C" box="[825,1036,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
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, CAS 62345.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA3839FEFE8C0B5340" ID-CoL="52F42" authority="Eigenmann &amp; Fisher (1914: 236)" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Fisher" authorityPageNumber="236" authorityYear="1914" box="[264,841,284,307]" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Sternarchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA3839FEFE8E9B5340" box="[264,473,284,307]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sternarchus mariae</emphasis>
: 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA38D6FEFE8C0B5340" author="Eigenmann" box="[487,841,284,307]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Fisher, H.. (1914) The Gymnotidae of Trans-Andean Colombia and Equador. Indiana University Studies, 25, 235 - 237." type="journal article" year="1914">Eigenmann &amp; Fisher (1914: 236)</bibRefCitation>
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[original description; 
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locality: Girardot, 
<collectingCountry id="F32C762CFFB0FFAA3809FEDE8EEA5320" box="[312,424,316,339]" name="Colombia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colombia</collectingCountry>
]. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA3888FEDE8C955320" author="Eigenmann" box="[441,983,316,339]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1922) The fishes of western South America, Part I. The fresh-water fishes of northwestern South America, including Colombia, Panama, and Pacific slopes of Ecuador and Peru, together with an appendix upon the fishes of the Rio Meta in Colombia. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 9 (1), 1 - 346." type="journal article" year="1922">Eigenmann (1922: 175, 334, plate XXXIV, fig. 6)</bibRefCitation>
[in key; first illustration of the species]
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA3839FE9E8D6853E0" ID-CoL="FYRY" authority="Miles" authorityName="Miles" box="[264,554,380,403]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA3839FE9E8E9C53E0" box="[264,478,380,403]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA38DCFE9E8D6853E0" author="Miles" box="[493,554,380,403]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="Miles, C. (1947) Los peces del rio Magdalena. Ministerio de la Economia Nacional, Seccion de Piscicultura, Pesca y Caza, Bogota, 214 pp." type="book" year="1947">Miles</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1947: 181, 182 and 185, fig. 134) [new combination, in key]. Mago­ 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA3809FE7E8D1053C0" author="Leccia" box="[312,594,412,435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="Mago-Leccia, F. (1994) Electric fishes of continental waters of America. Fundacion para el Desarrollo de las Cinecias Fisicas, Matematicas y Naturales, 207 pp." type="book" year="1994">Leccia (1994: 29, fig. 32)</bibRefCitation>
[listed; illustrated]. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA3A03FE7E8B8D53C0" author="Albert" box="[818,1231,412,435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="13" refString="Albert, J. S. &amp; Campos-da-Paz, R. (1998) Phylogenetic systematics of Gymnotiformes with diagnoses of 58 clades: a review of avaliable data. In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (Ed). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil, pp. 419 - 446." type="book chapter" year="1998">Albert &amp; Campos­da­Paz (1998: 431)</bibRefCitation>
[listed]. Albert (2001: 76). de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA3B2EFE5E8D9F53A0" author="Santana" box="[543,733,444,467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="de Santana, C. D. (2003) Apteronotus caudimaculosus n. sp. (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae), a sexually dimorphic black ghost knifefish from the Pantanal, western Brazil, with a note on the monophyly of the A. albifrons species complex. Zootaxa, 252, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2003">Santana (2003: 8)</bibRefCitation>
[in key]. Albert (2003: 499) [listed].
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB0FFAA3839FDE68E2250CD" blockId="3.[264,1323,516,702]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB0FFAA3839FDE68E3B506D" box="[264,377,516,542]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE79FFB0FFAA38B9FDE68E9F506D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" box="[392,477,516,542]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FMNH</collectionCode>
56774, 195.1 mm TL, female, Girardot, 
<collectingCountry id="F32C762CFFB0FFAA3AEAFDE68B10506D" box="[987,1106,516,542]" name="Colombia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colombia</collectingCountry>
. Paratype— 
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE79FFB0FFAA3DC0FDE68A68506D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[1265,1322,516,542]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CAS</collectionCode>
62345 (IU 13375), 274.5 mm TL, female. Additional material— 
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3137, 284.3­ 330.0 mm TL, 
<specimenCount id="9D3DFD35FFB0FFAA38F5FDB68D55501D" box="[452,535,596,622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D3DFD35FFB0FFAA3B66FDB68D86501D" box="[599,708,596,622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE79FFB0FFAA3BE2FDB68C6B501D" box="[723,809,596,622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IAVHP</collectionCode>
3998, 198.0­212.0 mm TL, 
<specimenCount id="9D3DFD35FFB0FFAA3DB8FDB68B9E501D" box="[1161,1244,596,622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D3DFD35FFB0FFAA3C2DFDB68E1950E5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE79FFB0FFAA385DFD9E8E8050E5" box="[364,450,636,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IAVHP</collectionCode>
3999, 185.0­201.0 mm TL, 
<specimenCount id="9D3DFD35FFB0FFAA3A14FD9E8CDC50E5" box="[805,926,636,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE79FFB0FFAA3A9FFD9E8B4650E5" box="[942,1028,636,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IAVHP</collectionCode>
4000, 223.0 mm TL, 
<specimenCount id="9D3DFD35FFB0FFAA3C2DFD9E8E1E50CD" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB0FFAA3839FAEF8BBA5757" blockId="3.[264,1272,1293,1317]" box="[264,1272,1293,1317]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA3839FAEF8EC85756" bold="true" box="[264,394,1293,1317]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA38A0FAEC8D275756" box="[401,613,1294,1317]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA38A0FAEC8D275756" box="[401,613,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, CAS 62345, 274.5 mm TL, lower jaw, lateral view, left side.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB0FFAA3809FABA8BF15521" blockId="3.[264,1324,1368,1874]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Diagnosis. Included in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA3B43FABA8C585701" box="[626,794,1368,1394]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apteronotidae</taxonomicName>
by having a dorsal mid­sagittal electroreceptor organ and a caudal fin (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA3B63FA628C7D57E9" author="Mago-Leccia" box="[594,831,1408,1434]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="Mago-Leccia, F. (1994) Electric fishes of continental waters of America. Fundacion para el Desarrollo de las Cinecias Fisicas, Matematicas y Naturales, 207 pp." type="book" year="1994">Mago­Leccia, 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA3A7CFA628B8957E9" author="Albert" box="[845,1227,1408,1434]" pageId="3" pageNumber="13" refString="Albert, J. S. &amp; Campos-da-Paz, R. (1998) Phylogenetic systematics of Gymnotiformes with diagnoses of 58 clades: a review of avaliable data. In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (Ed). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil, pp. 419 - 446." type="book chapter" year="1998">Albert &amp; Campos­da­Paz, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Albert, 2001). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA386EFA4B8D0E57B1" box="[351,588,1449,1474]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA386EFA4B8D0E57B1" box="[351,588,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares the following diagnostic features with the subfamily Apteronotinae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA38F7FA328C115799" author="Albert" box="[454,851,1488,1514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="13" refString="Albert, J. S. &amp; Campos-da-Paz, R. (1998) Phylogenetic systematics of Gymnotiformes with diagnoses of 58 clades: a review of avaliable data. In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (Ed). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil, pp. 419 - 446." type="book chapter" year="1998">Albert &amp; Campos­da­Paz, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Albert, 2001): gape of mouth large, extending to the posterior edge of the eye; maxilla rhomboid in lateral view; anterior surface of mesethmoid concave, and lateral process of ventral ethmoid robust. Included in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA3862F9AB8EA35411" box="[339,481,1609,1634]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA3862F9AB8EA35411" box="[339,481,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apteronotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB0FFAA3B0BF9AA8CED5411" author="Albert" box="[570,943,1608,1634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="13" refString="Albert, J. S. &amp; Campos-da-Paz, R. (1998) Phylogenetic systematics of Gymnotiformes with diagnoses of 58 clades: a review of avaliable data. In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (Ed). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil, pp. 419 - 446." type="book chapter" year="1998">Albert &amp; Campos­da­Paz, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Albert, 2001) by possessing the following characters: white mid­dorsal stripe; white band circling the caudal fin base; and elongate posterior limb of the anguloarticular. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA3A65F97A8B0654C2" box="[852,1092,1688,1713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA3A65F97A8B0654C2" box="[852,1092,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be diagnosed within the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA38EAF9228D2B54AA" box="[475,617,1728,1753]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA38EAF9228D2B54AA" box="[475,617,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apteronotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of features: lateral ethmoid present and ossified (vs. lateral ethmoid absent or unossified in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA3ADFF90A8BC35572" box="[1006,1153,1768,1793]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuchillejo">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA3ADFF90A8BC35572" box="[1006,1153,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. cuchillejo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA3D8BF90A8E68555A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA3D8BF90A8E68555A" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. rostratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and body coloration light brown, with small black spots distributed over the integument (vs. coloration even or mottled in the remaining members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB0FFAA3D25F8DA8BE05522" box="[1044,1186,1848,1873]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB0FFAA3D25F8DA8BE05522" box="[1044,1186,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apteronotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF446634FFB7FFAD3839FEF98DB1532A" ID-Table-UUID="DF446634FFB7FFAD3839FEF98DB1532A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF446634FFB7FFAD3839FEF98DB1532A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[268,1310,487,1891]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB7FFAD3839FEF98DB1532A" blockId="4.[264,1323,283,345]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB7FFAD3839FEF98E395340" bold="true" box="[264,379,283,307]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometric data for the holotype, paratype, and two individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB7FFAD3D5FFEFE8E6A532A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB7FFAD3D5FFEFE8E6A532A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, values in mm or as percent of LEA or HL
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB7FFAD383DFE9C8C9953E0" blockId="4.[268,1310,382,471]" box="[268,987,382,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Characters Holoype 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB7FFAD3BBEFE9C8DA153E0" box="[655,739,382,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE79FFB7FFAD3A29FE9C8C9953E0" box="[792,987,382,403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IAVHP IAVHP</collectionCode>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB7FFAD3B21FE408D0D53A4" blockId="4.[268,1310,382,471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE79FFB7FFAD3B21FE408D1753C4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" box="[528,597,418,439]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FMNH</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE79FFB7FFAD3BB0FE408DED53C4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[641,687,418,439]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CAS</collectionCode>
62345 3137 3137 Range Mean+SD n 56774
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB7FFAD383DFE058A5C5530" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<table id="F93BC41CFFB70056383DFE058A5C5510" box="[268,1310,487,1891]" gridcols="6" gridrows="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFE058A5C538F" box="[268,1310,487,508]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFE058EA4538F" box="[268,486,487,508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Total length (TL)</th>
<th id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FE058D0C538F" box="[536,590,487,508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">212.8</th>
<th id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFE058D96538F" box="[670,724,487,508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">274.5</th>
<th id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FE058C14538F" box="[800,854,487,508]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">284.3</th>
<th id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFE058C91538F" box="[925,979,487,508]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">330</th>
<th id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFE058A5C538F" box="[1022,1310,487,508]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">212.8–330.0 ­­­­­­­­­­­­ 4</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFDE98A5C5033" box="[268,1310,523,576]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFDE98EA45033" box="[268,486,523,576]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Length to end of anal fin (LEA)</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FDE98D0C5033" box="[536,590,523,576]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">195</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFDE98D965033" box="[670,724,523,576]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">233</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FDE98C145033" box="[800,854,523,576]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">242.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFDE98C915033" box="[925,979,523,576]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">284.2</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFDE98A5C5033" box="[1022,1310,523,576]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">195.0–284.2 ­­­­­­­­­­­­ 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFDAD8A5C50F7" box="[268,1310,591,644]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFDAD8EA450F7" box="[268,486,591,644]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head length at gill opening (HL)</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FDAD8D0C50F7" box="[536,590,591,644]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">27.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFDAD8D9650F7" box="[670,724,591,644]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">42.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FDAD8C1450F7" box="[800,854,591,644]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">33</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFDAD8C9150F7" box="[925,979,591,644]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">36.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFDAD8A5C50F7" box="[1022,1310,591,644]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">27.3–42.8 ­­­­­­­­­­­­ 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFD768A5C50DA" box="[268,1310,660,681]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFD768EA450DA" box="[268,486,660,681]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head length/ LEA</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FD768D0C50DA" box="[536,590,660,681]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">14</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFD768D9650DA" box="[670,724,660,681]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">18.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FD768C1450DA" box="[800,854,660,681]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">14.9</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFD768C9150DA" box="[925,979,660,681]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">13.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFD768A5C50DA" box="[1022,1310,660,681]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">13.1–18.3 15.0+2.2 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFD5A8A5C509E" box="[268,1310,696,749]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFD5A8EA4509E" box="[268,486,696,749]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head length at opercu­ lar bone/ LEA</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FD5A8D0C509E" box="[536,590,696,749]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">13.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFD5A8D96509E" box="[670,724,696,749]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">16.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FD5A8C14509E" box="[800,854,696,749]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">13.6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFD5A8C91509E" box="[925,979,696,749]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFD5A8A5C509E" box="[1022,1310,696,749]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12.8–16.7 14.1+1.7 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFD1E8A5C5162" box="[268,1310,764,785]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFD1E8EA45162" box="[268,486,764,785]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head width/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FD1E8D0C5162" box="[536,590,764,785]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">43.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFD1E8D965162" box="[670,724,764,785]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">44.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FD1E8C145162" box="[800,854,764,785]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">52.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFD1E8C915162" box="[925,979,764,785]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">52.6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFD1E8A5C5162" box="[1022,1310,764,785]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">43.1–52.6 47.9+5.0 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFCC28A5C5146" box="[268,1310,800,821]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFCC28EA45146" box="[268,486,800,821]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head depth at eye/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FCC28D0C5146" box="[536,590,800,821]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">49.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFCC28D965146" box="[670,724,800,821]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">56.4</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FCC28C145146" box="[800,854,800,821]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">64.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFCC28C915146" box="[925,979,800,821]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">66.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFCC28A5C5146" box="[1022,1310,800,821]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">49.7–66.1 59.2+7.8 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFCA78A5C5109" box="[268,1310,837,890]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFCA78EA45109" box="[268,486,837,890]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head depth at nape/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FCA78D0C5109" box="[536,590,837,890]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">77.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFCA78D965109" box="[670,724,837,890]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">84.9</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FCA78C145109" box="[800,854,837,890]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">85.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFCA78C915109" box="[925,979,837,890]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">89.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFCA78A5C5109" box="[1022,1310,837,890]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">77.1–89.5 84.3+5.2 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFC6B8A5C51ED" box="[268,1310,905,926]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFC6B8EA451ED" box="[268,486,905,926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Snout length/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FC6B8D0C51ED" box="[536,590,905,926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">36.4</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFC6B8D9651ED" box="[670,724,905,926]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">36.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FC6B8C1451ED" box="[800,854,905,926]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">29.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFC6B8C9151ED" box="[925,979,905,926]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">30.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFC6B8A5C51ED" box="[1022,1310,905,926]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">29.1–36.8 33.1+4.0 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFC4C8A5C5190" box="[268,1310,942,995]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFC4C8EA45190" box="[268,486,942,995]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distance from poste­ rior nares to eye/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FC4C8D0C5190" box="[536,590,942,995]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFC4C8D965190" box="[670,724,942,995]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FC4C8C145190" box="[800,854,942,995]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">13.9</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFC4C8C915190" box="[925,979,942,995]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFC4C8A5C5190" box="[1022,1310,942,995]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9.7–13.9 12.2+1.8 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFC108A5C5654" box="[268,1310,1010,1063]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFC108EA45654" box="[268,486,1010,1063]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distance from snout to posterior nares/HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FC108D0C5654" box="[536,590,1010,1063]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">22.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFC108D965654" box="[670,724,1010,1063]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">24.6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FC108C145654" box="[800,854,1010,1063]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">15.2</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFC108C915654" box="[925,979,1010,1063]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">16.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFC108A5C5654" box="[1022,1310,1010,1063]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">15.2–24.6 19.6+4.5 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFBD48A5C5618" box="[268,1310,1078,1131]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFBD48EA45618" box="[268,486,1078,1131]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Internarial distance/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FBD48D0C5618" box="[536,590,1078,1131]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFBD48D965618" box="[670,724,1078,1131]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">13.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FBD48C145618" box="[800,854,1078,1131]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12.4</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFBD48C915618" box="[925,979,1078,1131]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9.6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFBD48A5C5618" box="[1022,1310,1078,1131]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9.6–13.1 11.2+1.8 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFB988A5C56FC" box="[268,1310,1146,1167]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFB988EA456FC" box="[268,486,1146,1167]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mouth length/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FB988D0C56FC" box="[536,590,1146,1167]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">35</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFB988D9656FC" box="[670,724,1146,1167]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">46.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FB988C1456FC" box="[800,854,1146,1167]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">46.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFB988C9156FC" box="[925,979,1146,1167]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">44.6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFB988A5C56FC" box="[1022,1310,1146,1167]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">35.0–46.7 43.1+5.5 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFB7D8A5C56C7" box="[268,1310,1183,1204]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFB7D8EA456C7" box="[268,486,1183,1204]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Orbital diameter/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FB7D8D0C56C7" box="[536,590,1183,1204]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFB7D8D9656C7" box="[670,724,1183,1204]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">8.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FB7D8C1456C7" box="[800,854,1183,1204]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFB7D8C9156C7" box="[925,979,1183,1204]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFB7D8A5C56C7" box="[1022,1310,1183,1204]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5.0–8.3 6.2+1.4 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFB218A5C568B" box="[268,1310,1219,1272]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFB218EA4568B" box="[268,486,1219,1272]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Interorbital distance/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FB218D0C568B" box="[536,590,1219,1272]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">21.2</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFB218D96568B" box="[670,724,1219,1272]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">25.2</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FB218C14568B" box="[800,854,1219,1272]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">33.9</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFB218C91568B" box="[925,979,1219,1272]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">31.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFB218A5C568B" box="[1022,1310,1219,1272]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">21.2–33.9 27.8+5.7 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFAE58A5C576F" box="[268,1310,1287,1308]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFAE58EA4576F" box="[268,486,1287,1308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gill opening/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FAE58D0C576F" box="[536,590,1287,1308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">17.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFAE58D96576F" box="[670,724,1287,1308]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">18.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FAE58C14576F" box="[800,854,1287,1308]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">27.9</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFAE58C91576F" box="[925,979,1287,1308]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">26.4</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFAE58A5C576F" box="[1022,1310,1287,1308]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">17.5–27.9 22.4+5.4 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFACE8A5C5712" box="[268,1310,1324,1377]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFACE8EA45712" box="[268,486,1324,1377]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Postorbital distance at gill opening/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FACE8D0C5712" box="[536,590,1324,1377]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">63.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFACE8D965712" box="[670,724,1324,1377]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">63.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FACE8C145712" box="[800,854,1324,1377]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">69.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFACE8C915712" box="[925,979,1324,1377]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">67.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFACE8A5C5712" box="[1022,1310,1324,1377]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">63.1–69.7 66.0+3.1 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFA928A5C57D6" box="[268,1310,1392,1445]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFA928EA457D6" box="[268,486,1392,1445]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Postorbital distance at opercular bone/ HL</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FA928D0C57D6" box="[536,590,1392,1445]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">54.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFA928D9657D6" box="[670,724,1392,1445]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">54.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FA928C1457D6" box="[800,854,1392,1445]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">63.9</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFA928C9157D6" box="[925,979,1392,1445]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">61.4</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFA928A5C57D6" box="[1022,1310,1392,1445]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">54.5–63.9 58.6+4.7 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFA568A5C579A" box="[268,1310,1460,1513]" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFA568EA4579A" box="[268,486,1460,1513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Greatest body depth/ LEA</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FA568D0C579A" box="[536,590,1460,1513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">13.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFA568D96579A" box="[670,724,1460,1513]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">16.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FA568C14579A" box="[800,854,1460,1513]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">18.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFA568C91579A" box="[925,979,1460,1513]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">15.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFA568A5C579A" box="[1022,1310,1460,1513]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">13.8–18.3 16.1+1.8 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DFA1B8A5C547D" box="[268,1310,1529,1550]" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DFA1B8EA4547D" box="[268,486,1529,1550]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Anal fin base/ LEA</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29FA1B8D0C547D" box="[536,590,1529,1550]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">84.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFFA1B8D96547D" box="[670,724,1529,1550]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">­</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11FA1B8C14547D" box="[800,854,1529,1550]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">88.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACFA1B8C91547D" box="[925,979,1529,1550]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">87.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFFA1B8A5C547D" box="[1022,1310,1529,1550]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">84.5–88.8 87.0+2.2 3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DF9FF8A5C5421" box="[268,1310,1565,1618]" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DF9FF8EA45421" box="[268,486,1565,1618]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distance from snout to anus/ LEA</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29F9FF8D0C5421" box="[536,590,1565,1618]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFF9FF8D965421" box="[670,724,1565,1618]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">7.6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11F9FF8C145421" box="[800,854,1565,1618]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6.8</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACF9FF8C915421" box="[925,979,1565,1618]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFF9FF8A5C5421" box="[1022,1310,1565,1618]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5.0–7.6 6.5+1.0 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DF9838A5C54E5" box="[268,1310,1633,1686]" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DF9838EA454E5" box="[268,486,1633,1686]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Prepectoral fin dis­ tance/ LEA</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29F9838D0C54E5" box="[536,590,1633,1686]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">15.6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFF9838D9654E5" box="[670,724,1633,1686]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">19.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11F9838C1454E5" box="[800,854,1633,1686]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">14.9</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACF9838C9154E5" box="[925,979,1633,1686]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFF9838A5C54E5" box="[1022,1310,1633,1686]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12.7–19.3 15.6+2.7 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DF9448A5C54A8" box="[268,1310,1702,1755]" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DF9448EA454A8" box="[268,486,1702,1755]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Preanal fin distance/ LEA</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29F9448D0C54A8" box="[536,590,1702,1755]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFF9448D9654A8" box="[670,724,1702,1755]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">14.9</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11F9448C1454A8" box="[800,854,1702,1755]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11.4</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACF9448C9154A8" box="[925,979,1702,1755]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11.3</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFF9448A5C54A8" box="[1022,1310,1702,1755]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11.3–14.9 12.4+1.6 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DF9088A5C556C" box="[268,1310,1770,1823]" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DF9088EA4556C" box="[268,486,1770,1823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Snout to dorsal–organ origin/ LEA</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29F9088D0C556C" box="[536,590,1770,1823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">45.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFF9088D96556C" box="[670,724,1770,1823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">51.7</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11F9088C14556C" box="[800,854,1770,1823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">60.1</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACF9088C91556C" box="[925,979,1770,1823]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">55.6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFF9088A5C556C" box="[1022,1310,1770,1823]" gridcol="5" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">45.5–60.1 53.2+6.1 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350B34FEFFB70056383DF8CC8A5C5510" box="[268,1310,1838,1891]" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DA5D82FFB70056383DF8CC8EA45510" box="[268,486,1838,1891]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pectoral fin length/ LEA</th>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563B29F8CC8D0C5510" box="[536,590,1838,1891]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">8.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563BAFF8CC8D965510" box="[670,724,1838,1891]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11.5</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563A11F8CC8C145510" box="[800,854,1838,1891]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563AACF8CC8C915510" box="[925,979,1838,1891]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">10.6</td>
<td id="76DA5D82FFB700563ACFF8CC8A5C5510" box="[1022,1310,1838,1891]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">8.5–11.5 10.4+1.3 4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C3216537FFB6FFAE3809FEFE8C34503D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB6FFAC3809FEFE8DBC5055" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB6FFAC3809FEFE8D615346" box="[312,547,284,309]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB6FFAC3809FEFE8D615346" box="[312,547,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be included in the “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB6FFAC3A62FEFE8C9C5346" box="[851,990,284,309]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albifrons">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB6FFAC3A62FEFE8C9C5346" box="[851,990,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. albifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species­group,” defined by two pigmentation characteristics: a pale pigment patch on the caudal peduncle and highcontrast pale or white mid­dorsal stripe and mental patch, as proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB6FFAC3D46FE8E8EA153DD" author="Albert" pageId="5" pageNumber="13" refString="Albert, J. S. &amp; Campos-da-Paz, R. (1998) Phylogenetic systematics of Gymnotiformes with diagnoses of 58 clades: a review of avaliable data. In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (Ed). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil, pp. 419 - 446." type="book chapter" year="1998">Albert &amp; Campos­da­Paz (1998)</bibRefCitation>
and Albert (2001). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB6FFAC3BE6FE768C8153DE" box="[727,963,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB6FFAC3BE6FE768C8153DE" box="[727,963,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB6FFAC3C20FE768ECE53A6" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB6FFAC3C20FE768ECE53A6" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. eschmeyeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB6FFAC38AEFE5E8D3053A6" box="[415,626,444,469]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenensis">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB6FFAC38AEFE5E8D3053A6" box="[415,626,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. magdalenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB6FFAC3B85FE5E8C0053A6" box="[692,834,444,469]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB6FFAC3B85FE5E8C0053A6" box="[692,834,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. rostratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by possessing a light brown body with small black spots distributed over the integument (vs. blotchy in the first two species, and uniformly brown to black in the third one).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB6FFAC3809FDD68A4950B5" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Description. Morphometrics for the 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB6FFAC3BD4FDD68C0E503D" box="[741,844,564,590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB6FFAC3AB6FDD68CAD503D" box="[903,1007,564,590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, plus two other specimens are presented in 
<tableCitation id="C6B90307FFB6FFAC38E5FDBE8D725005" box="[468,560,604,630]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetBox="[268,1310,487,1891]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric data for the holotype, paratype, and two individuals of Apteronotus mariae, values in mm or as percent of LEA or HL" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF446634FFB7FFAD3839FEF98DB1532A" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF446634FFB7FFAD3839FEF98DB1532A">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Body laterally compressed, greatest body depth at abdominal cavity or slightly posterior to this area. Dorsal profile nearly straight. Lateral line extending to tail, absent on caudal fin. First anterior perforated scale above pectoral fin origin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB6FFAC3809FD368CF1542D" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Head laterally compressed, widest at opercular region and deepest at dorsal region; profile nearly straight, snout somewhat curved. Eyes small, located laterally on head, completely covered by a thin membrane. Mesethmoid short and narrow, its anterior tip reduced, flexed ventrally, and concave. Lateral ethmoid present and ossified. Premaxilla of moderate size, with four irregular rows of teeth; 18 teeth in total (n=1). Maxilla crescentshaped, with an ossified anterodorsal head and anteroventral shelf, an anterior process, and the ventral margin of its descending blade curved. Dentary long and deep (
<figureCitation id="13002A39FFB6FFAC3DA2FC268B9C51AD" box="[1171,1246,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1293,1317]" captionTargetBox="[418,1168,751,1268]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[405,1178,742,1291]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apteronotus mariae, CAS 62345, 274.5 mm TL, lower jaw, lateral view, left side." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158537/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), with irregular rows of teeth, 12 to 13 teeth in total (n= 2). Anguloarticular elongated. Mandibular canal ossified, shaped as a tube. Mouth large, terminal, rictus passing a vertical through posterior border of eye. Upper jaw longer than lower jaw. Endopterygoid narrow, without teeth, and with an ascending process connecting the orbitosphenoid, its base ossified and the remaining portion unossified. anterior portion of the endopterygoid narrow, extending to midlength of dentary. Four branchiostegal rays, first and second almost filamentous, the remaining large and laminar. The 5th and 6th infraorbital bones ossified, their shape as a slender tube. Anterior nares at the end of a small tube, close to tip of snout; posterior ones ellipsoid, without a tube and closer to tip of snout than to eyes. Branchial opening slightly anterior to pectoral­fin origin; branchial membranes joined to isthmus. Anus and urogenital papilla adjacent, ventral, located in a vertical posterior to eye, but without a noticeable forward displacement with age. Pectoral fin somewhat elongated, broad and pointed distally, with ii+13 (
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB6FFAC38EEFA2E8D0B5795" box="[479,585,1484,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) to ii+16 rays. Anal fin origin slightly anterior to opercular region; 22–27 (n=4, mode= 27) unbranched anal­fin rays, 162–180 (n= 8, mode= 171) total anal­fin rays. The number of anal fin rays, we counted 
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the 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB6FFAC3D70F9FE8BE55445" box="[1089,1191,1564,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(vs. 
<quantity id="4CC39B59FFB6FFAC3DD0F9FE8A695445" box="[1249,1323,1564,1590]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3942" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="173.0">173 in</quantity>
the original description) and 
<quantity id="4CC39B59FFB6FFAC3B6BF9A68DE7542D" box="[602,677,1604,1630]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3434" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="171.0">171 in</quantity>
the 
<typeStatus id="5480881EFFB6FFAC3BE6F9A68C7E542D" box="[727,828,1604,1630]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(vs. 176).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB6FFAC3809F98E8E8E5555" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dorsal mid­sagittal electroreceptor organ origin on posterior half of body and inserted into a narrow middorsal groove almost extending to, or slightly passing, the end of the anal fin. Compressed and short tail, ending in a small and somewhat elongated caudal fin, with 21–22 rays (n= 2). Number of precaudal vertebrae 16, with 12 anterior and 4 transition vertebrae (n= 2).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB5FFAF3809FEFE8EAB53A5" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Coloration in alcohol. Body coloration light brown with fine black pigmented spots distributed over the integument; clear band from tip of snout to beginning of dorsal midsagittal electroreceptor organ; chin with white band; two clear bands encircling caudal peduncle, (only observed in some females); or a clear band surrounding caudal fin base, males and females.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB5FFAF3809FE068E8D5055" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sexual Dimorphism. We have not observed secondary sexual dimorphism in the specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB5FFAF3809FDD68EB151AD" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Electric organ discharges. The family 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3A33FDD68CE8503D" box="[770,938,564,590]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apteronotidae</taxonomicName>
differs from the other gymnotiforms in that the EOD is generated (usually at higher frequencies) by the action potential of neurons (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF38AEFD668D0D50ED" author="Bennett" box="[415,591,644,670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" refString="Bennett, M.. L. (1971) Electric organs. In: W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall (Ed). Fish Physiology. Vol. V, Academic Press, London, pp. 347 - 491." type="book chapter" year="1971">Bennett, 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3B50FD668C1B50ED" author="Kramer" box="[609,857,644,670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="14" refString="Kramer, B., Kirschbaum, F. &amp; Markl, H. (1981) Species-specificity of electric organ discharges in a sympatric group of gymnotoid fish from Manaus (Amazonas). In: Szabo, T &amp; Czeh, D. (Ed). Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Lower Vertebrates. Vol. 31. Pragamon Press, Budapest, pp. 195 - 219." type="book" year="1981">Kramer et al., 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3A5AFD668B0E50ED" author="Kirschbaum" box="[875,1100,644,670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="14" refString="Kirschbaum, F. (1995) Discharge types of gymnotiform fishes. In: Moller, P. (Ed). Electric Fishes: history and behavior. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, pp. 172 - 180." type="book chapter" year="1995">Kirschbaum, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3D6FFD668A6450ED" author="Crampton" box="[1118,1318,644,670]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" refString="Crampton, W. G. R. (1998) Electric signal design and habitat preferences in a species rich assemblage of gymnotiform fishes from the upper Amazon Basin. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 70 (4), 805 - 847." type="journal article" year="1998">Crampton, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3839FD4E8EBA50B5" author="Alves-Gomes" box="[264,504,684,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" refString="Alves-Gomes, J. A. (2001) The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective. Journal of Fish Biology, 58, 1489 - 1511." type="journal article" year="2001">Alves­Gomes, 2001</bibRefCitation>
, Crampton &amp; Albert, in press). Although there is growing evidence for species­specific or species typical EOD waveforms in some taxa of pulse generating gymnotiforms (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF38F1FD1E8C6D5165" author="Hopkins" box="[448,815,764,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="14" refString="Hopkins, C. D. &amp; Heiligenberg, W. (1978) Evolutionary designs for electric signals and electroreceptors in gymnotoid fishes of Surinam. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 3, 113 - 134." type="journal article" year="1978">Hopkins &amp; Heiligenberg 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3A0CFD1E8BE55165" author="Heiligenberg" box="[829,1191,764,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="14" refString="Heiligenberg, W. &amp; Bastian, J. (1980) Species specificity of electric organ discharges in sympatric gymnotoid fish of the Rio Negro. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 10, 187 - 203." type="journal article" year="1980">Heiligenberg &amp; Bastian, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; Crampton &amp; Albert, in press), little has been published about the species specificity of EOD waveforms in apteronotids. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3B27FCAE8C495115" box="[534,779,844,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="14" refString="Kramer, B., Kirschbaum, F. &amp; Markl, H. (1981) Species-specificity of electric organ discharges in a sympatric group of gymnotoid fish from Manaus (Amazonas). In: Szabo, T &amp; Czeh, D. (Ed). Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Lower Vertebrates. Vol. 31. Pragamon Press, Budapest, pp. 195 - 219." type="book">Kramer et al. (1981)</bibRefCitation>
and Crampton &amp; Albert (in press) noted that many sympatric species of river­dwelling 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3BCFFC968CE751FD" box="[766,933,884,910]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apteronotidae</taxonomicName>
from the Central Amazon share similar EOD waveforms. 
<collectingCountry id="F32C762CFFB5FFAF3B0AFC7E8D1E51C5" box="[571,604,924,950]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">As</collectingCountry>
such, the waveforms are not generally used as a taxonomic tool in apteronotids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB5FFAF3809FC0E8E1457CD" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
EOD fundamental frequencies and variations in the fourier power spectra have been used to separate sympatric assemblages of apteronotids (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3ACAFBF68B83565D" author="Crampton" box="[1019,1217,1044,1070]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" refString="Crampton, W. G. R. (1998) Electric signal design and habitat preferences in a species rich assemblage of gymnotiform fishes from the upper Amazon Basin. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 70 (4), 805 - 847." type="journal article" year="1998">Crampton, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3DE0FBF68EDA5625" author="Kirschbaum" pageId="6" pageNumber="14" refString="Kirschbaum, F. (1995) Discharge types of gymnotiform fishes. In: Moller, P. (Ed). Electric Fishes: history and behavior. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, pp. 172 - 180." type="book chapter" year="1995">Kirschbaum, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; Crampton &amp; Albert, in press). At the moment, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3AEDFBDE8ED7560D" authority="Boulenger" authorityName="Boulenger" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Orthosternarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tamandua">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB5FFAF3AEDFBDE8A685626" box="[988,1322,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Orthosternarchus tamandua</emphasis>
(Boulenger)
</taxonomicName>
presents the lowest EOD frequency in the family at 421 Hz, while 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3D81FB868CCB56D5" authority="Lundberg, Cox-Fernandes &amp; Albert" authorityName="Lundberg, Cox-Fernandes &amp; Albert" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Magosternarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raptor">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB5FFAF3D81FB868EFD56D6" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Magosternarchus raptor</emphasis>
Lundberg, Cox­Fernandes &amp; Albert
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3AE3FB6E8E2D56BD" authority="Steindachner" authorityName="Steindachner" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Sternarchella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schotti">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB5FFAF3AE3FB6E8B8E56D6" box="[978,1228,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sternarchella schotti</emphasis>
(Steindachner)
</taxonomicName>
have the highest EOD frequencies, at 1969 Hz and 2179 Hz respectively (Carmpton &amp; Albert, in press). It is thought that fish possessing low frequencies have a diet based primarily on aquatic invertebrates, while high­frequency species are believed to be primarily or at least partially fish predators (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3A05FACE8CBA5735" author="Crampton" box="[820,1016,1324,1350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" refString="Crampton, W. G. R. (1998) Electric signal design and habitat preferences in a species rich assemblage of gymnotiform fishes from the upper Amazon Basin. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 70 (4), 805 - 847." type="journal article" year="1998">Crampton, 1998</bibRefCitation>
). In addition it is believed that high frequency EODs may represent a better strategy or advantage to species inhabiting fast­flowing waters (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3B07FA9E8DBC57E5" author="Crampton" box="[566,766,1404,1430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" refString="Crampton, W. G. R. (1998) Electric signal design and habitat preferences in a species rich assemblage of gymnotiform fishes from the upper Amazon Basin. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 70 (4), 805 - 847." type="journal article" year="1998">Crampton, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB5FFAF3A3EFA9E8B4057E5" author="Alves-Gomes" box="[783,1026,1404,1430]" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" refString="Alves-Gomes, J. A. (2001) The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective. Journal of Fish Biology, 58, 1489 - 1511." type="journal article" year="2001">Alves­Gomes, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Crampton &amp; Albert, in press).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB5FFAF3809FA2E8DEA553D" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<collectingCountry id="F32C762CFFB5FFAF3809FA2E8E1B5795" box="[312,345,1484,1510]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">As</collectingCountry>
do most apteronotids, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3B58FA2E8C115796" box="[617,851,1484,1509]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB5FFAF3B58FA2E8C115796" box="[617,851,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apteronotus mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a quasi­sinusoidal EOD waveform. Electric organ discharges were recorded from a female captured at Honda with a water temperature of 27° C and a 
<collectingCountry id="F32C762CFFB5FFAF3B60F9FE8D375445" box="[593,629,1564,1590]" name="Philippines" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">pH</collectingCountry>
of 7.0. The waveforms of sympatric apteronotids captured at Honda had the same basic waveform. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3BCCF9A68CAB542E" box="[765,1001,1604,1629]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apterontous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB5FFAF3BCCF9A68CAB542E" box="[765,1001,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apterontous mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had the highest EOD frequency among the apteronotids captured at 1440 Hz (n=1, female) vs. 840 Hz in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3D86F98E8E0154DE" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB5FFAF3D86F98E8E0154DE" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. eschmeyeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n= 3, females) and 750 Hz in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3B9CF9768C3E54DE" box="[685,892,1684,1709]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenensis">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB5FFAF3B9CF9768C3E54DE" box="[685,892,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. magdalenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=1, female). 
<collectingCountry id="F32C762CFFB5FFAF3D1EF9768B1254DD" box="[1071,1104,1684,1710]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">As</collectingCountry>
both high and low frequency species apparently were found living in fast­moving water (however, they might inhabit different microhabitats), no correlation could be drawn between water velocity and EOD frequency. Examination of the stomach contents in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB5FFAF3A90F8EE8B565556" box="[929,1044,1804,1829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apterontous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB5FFAF3A90F8EE8B565556" box="[929,1044,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed the diet to consist mostly of aquatic invertebrates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436BCFFB4FFAE3809FEFE8C34503D" blockId="7.[264,1324,284,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Distribution. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE38E5FEFE8DF05346" box="[468,690,284,309]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE38E5FEFE8DF05346" box="[468,690,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Apteonotus mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from Girardot, Apulo and Honda in the Rio Magdalena basin, 
<collectingCountry id="F32C762CFFB4FFAE38D3FEA68D14532D" box="[482,598,324,350]" name="Colombia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13002A39FFB4FFAE3B56FEA68DF2532D" box="[615,688,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1823,1847]" captionTargetBox="[386,1194,697,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[379,1205,686,1809]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Type locality of Apteronotus mariae at Giradort (black square); localities at Apulo (red) and Honda (green). Type locality of Apteronotus jurubidae at Río Jurubidá (black dot)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158538/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), the last locality being a new record for the species. Additional gymnotiform species occurring in that same basin are 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3D30FE8E8BEF53F5" box="[1025,1197,364,390]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apteronotidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3D89FE8E8E0153DE" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE3D89FE8E8E0153DE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. eschmeyeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Santana, Maldonado­Ocampo, Severi &amp; Mendes, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3AF4FE768BB453DD" authority="Miles" authorityName="Miles" box="[965,1270,404,430]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenensis">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE3AF4FE768BD453DE" box="[965,1174,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. magdalenensis</emphasis>
(Miles)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3839FE5E8D8753A5" authority="Meek &amp; Hildebrand" authorityName="Meek &amp; Hildebrand" box="[264,709,444,470]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE3839FE5E8EDE53A6" box="[264,412,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A. rostratus</emphasis>
(Meek &amp; Hildebrand)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3BEBFE5E8CC553A5" box="[730,903,444,470]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sternopygidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3AACFE5E8E30538D" authority="Steindachner" authorityName="Steindachner" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Eigenmannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humboldtii">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE3AACFE5E8B8853A6" box="[925,1226,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eigenmannia humboldtii</emphasis>
(Steindachner)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE384CFE068C25538D" authority="Valenciennes" authorityName="Valenciennes" box="[381,871,484,510]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Eigenmannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virescens">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE384CFE068D5B538E" box="[381,537,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eigenmannia</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE3B74FE068DF3538E" box="[581,689,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">virescens</emphasis>
(Valenciennes)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3AAEFE068E135055" authority="Humboldt" authorityName="Humboldt" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sternopygidae" genus="Sternopygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequilabiatus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE3AAEFE068B94538E" box="[927,1238,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sternopygus aequilabiatus</emphasis>
(Humboldt)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE385EFDEE8D585055" box="[367,538,524,550]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hypopomidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3B07FDEE8B735055" authority="Regan" authorityName="Regan" box="[566,1073,524,550]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Brachyhypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE3B07FDEE8CF55056" box="[566,951,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brachyhypopomus occidentalis</emphasis>
(Regan)
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3DA3FDEE8A6A5055" box="[1170,1320,524,550]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gymnotidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D3FFFB4FFAE3839FDD68E3D503E" box="[264,383,564,589]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAAEFFB4FFAE3839FDD68E3D503E" box="[264,383,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gymnotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B4DFFB4FFAE3886FDD68C2B503D" author="Maldonado-Ocampo" box="[439,873,564,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" refString="Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A. &amp; Albert, J. S. (2003) Species diversity of gymnotiforms fishes (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei) in Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 4 (2), 147 - 165." type="journal article" year="2003">Maldonado­Ocampo &amp; Albert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>