489 lines
49 KiB
XML
489 lines
49 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.3007" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8581abe0-7def-4f35-8485-6eb68888239e" ID-PMC="PMC5322763" ID-PubMed="28243532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="375724" checkinTime="1488836410627" checkinUser="admin" docAuthor="Sonali Garg, Robin Suyesh, Sandeep Sukesan & Sd Biju" docDate="2017" docId="039287A32072FFDBFD88F97374C5E6DE" docLanguage="en" docName="peerj.articles.3007.pdf.imd" docOrigin="PeerJ 5 (3007)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Nyctibatrachus radcliffei Garg, Suyesh, Sukesan & Biju, 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FFABFFDB2067FFC1FF8BFFB77650E403" masterDocTitle="Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1668138891850" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sonali Garg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Robin Suyesh</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sandeep Sukesan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sd Biju</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PeerJ</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3007</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>50</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7717/peerj.3007</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">8581abe0-7def-4f35-8485-6eb68888239e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC5322763</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">28243532</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">375724</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6045138" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127719756" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6045138" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0F9F1491-B1E0-4F4B-9946-0E21AA7E71C8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287A32072FFDBFD88F97374C5E6DE" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[515,1329,1732,1863]" box="[515,911,1732,1760]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName box="[515,812,1732,1759]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[515,812,1732,1759]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[819,911,1733,1760]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="21.[515,1329,1732,1863]" box="[515,1329,1769,1796]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0F9F1491-B1E0-4F4B-9946-0E21AA7E71C8</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[522,777,1805,1832]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[515,1329,1732,1863]" box="[522,777,1805,1832]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Radcliffe’s Night Frog</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[515,849,1836,1863]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[515,1329,1732,1863]" box="[515,849,1836,1863]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[526,600,1836,1863]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[507,571,1715,1737]" captionTargetBox="[494,1220,231,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[491,1220,229,1671]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Morphometric differentiation of species using the discriminant function analyses. (A) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 79.1 % of the variations among seven miniature-sized species. (B) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 83.9 % of the variations among five medium-sized species. (C) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 86.3 % of the variations among six large-sized species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375725/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation box="[657,671,1836,1863]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="22.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 6 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus radcliffei sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 920). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Dorsal view, in life. (C) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (D) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (E) Ventral view, in life. (F) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (G) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (H) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (I) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375730/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">6</figureCitation>
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; Tables S1–S7)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375730/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" targetPageId="22">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[507,1513,1510,1650]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1285,1510,1533]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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Figure 6 Holotype of
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<taxonomicName box="[729,973,1510,1532]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,973,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[978,1054,1511,1532]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/920).
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</emphasis>
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(A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Dorsal view, in life. (C) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (D) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (E) Ventral view, in life. (F) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (G) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (H) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (I) Schematic illustration of foot webbing.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,611,234,260]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Holotype.</emphasis>
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ZSI/WGRC/V/A/920, adult male, from Thiashola estate (11°13 48.2 N 76° 37 0 2.1 E, 1920 m), Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu state, India, collected by SDB and SG on 0 9 July 2016.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,617,354,380]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Paratypes.</emphasis>
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ZSI/WGRC/V/A/921–922, two adult males, collected along with the holotype, and ZSI/WGRC/V/A/923–924, two adult males, collected from the same locality as holotype, by SDB and SG on 0 8 July 2016.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,773,473,499]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Other material studied.</emphasis>
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SDBDU 2014.2771, from the same locality as the type series, collected by SDB and SG on 0 6 October 2014, was used only for genetic identification of species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,629,593,619]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Etymology.</emphasis>
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This species is named after the late
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<taxonomicName box="[1058,1130,593,619]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
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Richard Radcliffe in recognition of his contribution towards biodiversity conservation in the Nilgiris. The species name
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<taxonomicName box="[491,590,673,699]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
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<emphasis box="[491,590,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">radcliffei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a noun in the genitive case.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[491,1542,234,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,619,712,738]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[627,904,712,738]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
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<emphasis box="[627,904,712,738]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from known congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) medium-sized adult males (SVL 32.8–38.3 mm,
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<emphasis box="[673,694,793,818]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N</emphasis>
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= 5); (2) body robust; (3) a well developed ridge extending from the lip over the tip of the snout to between the nostrils, at which point it bifurcates, producing an inverted ‘Y’; (4) wrinkled dorsal skin without prominent spinular projections; (5) third finger disc prominent (male FDIII 1.0–1.2, FWIII 0.4–0.6,
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<emphasis box="[1165,1186,913,938]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N</emphasis>
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= 5), without dorso-terminal groove; (6) fourth toe disc prominent (male TDIV 1.5–1.6, TWIV 0.5–0.6,
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<emphasis box="[1368,1389,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N</emphasis>
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= 5), with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally; (7) presence of two palmar tubercles; (8) foot webbing large, fourth toe webbing extending up to the disc on either side; (9) thigh longer than shank (male TL/SHL ratio 107.1–110.2%,
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<emphasis box="[1122,1143,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N</emphasis>
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= 5); and (10) shank nearly equal to foot length (male SHL/FOL ratio 97.6–102.9%,
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<emphasis box="[1080,1101,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N</emphasis>
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= 5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[491,1542,234,1895]" lastBlockId="24.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,828,1151,1177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Morphological comparison.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[838,1115,1151,1177]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
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<emphasis box="[838,1115,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from its congeners
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<emphasis box="[621,1178,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName box="[621,731,1191,1217]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aliciae">N. aliciae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[742,948,1191,1217]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallaiensis">N. anamallaiensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[958,1178,1191,1217]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis" status="sp. nov.">N. athirappillyensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1190,1288,1191,1217]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName box="[1305,1448,1191,1217]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">N. beddomii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[491,654,1230,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deccanensis">N. deccanensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[670,776,1230,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deveni">
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<emphasis box="[670,776,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. deveni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis box="[792,1152,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName box="[792,1002,1230,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">N. kempholeyensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1013,1152,1230,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari" status="sp. nov.">N. manalari</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1160,1255,1231,1257]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName box="[1267,1405,1231,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">N. minimus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1416,1523,1231,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">N. minor</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[491,606,1271,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="periyar">N. periyar</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[622,722,1270,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pillaii">
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<emphasis box="[622,722,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. pillaii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[737,907,1270,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[737,907,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. pulivijayani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[916,1010,1271,1297]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1023,1196,1270,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinmoorei" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[1023,1196,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. robinmoorei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1205,1299,1271,1297]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1312,1481,1270,1296]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[1312,1481,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. sabarimalai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<emphasis box="[556,814,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName box="[556,672,1310,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shiradi">N. shiradi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[683,814,1310,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vasanthi">N. vasanthi</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[870,985,1310,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="webilla" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[870,985,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. webilla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[992,1082,1311,1337]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
by its larger adult male snout-vent size, SVL 32.8–38.3 mm (vs. smaller, male SVL 10.0–27.6 mm); differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1332,1535,1350,1376]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karnatakaensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1332,1535,1350,1376]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. karnatakaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[543,681,1390,1416]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kumbara">
|
||
<emphasis box="[543,681,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. kumbara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its smaller adult male snout-vent size, SVL 32.8–38.3 mm (vs. larger, male SVL 42.8–63.8 mm); differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[951,1063,1430,1456]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="danieli">
|
||
<emphasis box="[951,1063,1430,1456]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. danieli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1078,1282,1430,1456]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dattatreyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1078,1282,1430,1456]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. dattatreyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1296,1448,1430,1456]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1448,1430,1456]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. humayuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1463,1529,1431,1456]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1463,1529,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. jog</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,620,1470,1495]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,620,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[632,746,1470,1496]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poocha">
|
||
<emphasis box="[632,746,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. poocha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[758,954,1470,1496]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctipalustris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[758,954,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. sanctipalustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1008,1131,1470,1495]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vrijeuni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1008,1131,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. vrijeuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its fourth toe webbing extending up to the disc on either side (vs. not beyond the first subarticular tubercle on either side), third finger disc without groove, and fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally (vs. third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[610,722,1629,1655]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="danieli">
|
||
<emphasis box="[610,722,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. danieli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover notched distally in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[524,728,1669,1695]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dattatreyaensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[524,728,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. dattatreyaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally in
|
||
<emphasis box="[613,846,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[613,768,1709,1735]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humayuni">N. humayuni</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[779,846,1710,1735]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jog">N. jog</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[909,1038,1710,1735]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petraeus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[909,1038,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. petraeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; third finger disc and fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1132,1246,1749,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poocha">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1132,1246,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. poocha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover notched distally in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1107,1303,1788,1814]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanctipalustris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1303,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. sanctipalustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1361,1484,1789,1814]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vrijeuni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1361,1484,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N. vrijeuni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Because of its extensive webbing between toes, third finger and fourth toe disc morphology, and wrinkled dorsal skin,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[959,1235,1868,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[959,1235,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,691,228,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthodermis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,691,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. acanthodermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[707,919,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[707,790,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavi">N. gavi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[801,919,228,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">N. grandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[934,1036,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[934,1036,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1098,1240,228,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1098,1240,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1255,1531,228,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1255,1531,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may also be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[809,955,267,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indraneili">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,955,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. indraneili</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which occurs in the same geographical region in the Nilgiris. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[755,888,307,333]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[755,888,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. radcliffei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1040,1240,307,333]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthodermis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1040,1240,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. acanthodermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its dorsal skin without prominent spinular projections (vs. prominent wrinkled skin with spinular projections), relatively smaller male snout-vent size, SVL 32.8–38.3 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1196,1217,387,412]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. larger, male SVL 52.9–66.2 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[674,695,426,451]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), relatively larger male SL/HL ratio of 43.8–47.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1351,1372,426,451]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SL/HL ratio of 32.8–37%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[797,818,466,491]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), relatively larger male EL/HL ratio of 26.5–32.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1470,1491,466,491]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male EL/HL ratio of 21.6–22.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,954,505,530]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), thigh longer than shank, male TL/SHL ratio 107.1–110.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,693,545,570]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. nearly equal, male TL/SHL ratio 99.3–100.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1356,1377,545,570]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), shank nearly equal to foot length, male SHL/FOL ratio 97.6–102.9%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1238,1259,584,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. longer, male SHL/FOL ratio 106.7–110.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,872,624,649]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), and fourth toe webbing extending up to the disc on either side, I1–1II1–1+III1–1+IV1–1V (vs. below, I1–1II1–1+III1–1 2/3IV1 2/3–1V).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,800,702,728]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,800,702,728]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[957,1038,703,728]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[957,1038,703,728]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. gavi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its snout rounded in lateral view (vs. nearly obtuse), relatively smaller male snout-vent size, SVL 32.8–38.3 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1386,1407,742,767]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. larger, male SVL 49.5–57.5 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[874,895,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 2), relatively larger male SL/HL ratio of 43.8–47.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,512,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SL/HL ratio of 32.5–34.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1004,1025,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 2), relatively smaller male FAL/HAL ratio of 61.6–69.5%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[676,697,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male FAL/HAL ratio of 72.1–81.5%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1247,1268,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 2), and fourth toe webbing extending up to the disc on either side, I1–1II1–1+III1–1+IV1–1V (vs. up to the first subarticular tubercle on either side: I1–1 2/3II1–1 3/4III1–2IV2–1V).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,800,978,1004]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,800,978,1004]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[953,1070,978,1004]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[953,1070,978,1004]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its relatively smaller male snout-vent size, SVL 32.8–38.3 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[791,812,1019,1044]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. larger, male SVL 62.2–76.9 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1312,1333,1019,1044]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 3), relatively smaller male HL/SVL ratio of 35.2–37.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[997,1018,1058,1083]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male HL/SVL ratio of 39.3–40.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,512,1098,1123]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 3), relatively larger male SL/HL ratio of 43.8–47.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1179,1200,1098,1123]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SL/HL ratio of 34.5–36.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[676,697,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 3), and fourth toe webbing extending up to the disc on either side, I1–1II1–1+III1–1+IV1–1V (vs. below, I1–1II1–1 3/4III1–1 3/4IV1 3/4–1V).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,800,1215,1241]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,800,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[951,1097,1215,1241]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indraneili">
|
||
<emphasis box="[951,1097,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. indraneili</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its wrinkled dorsal skin (vs. weakly wrinkled), relatively smaller male snout-vent size, SVL 32.8–38.3 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1323,1344,1256,1281]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. larger, male SVL 42.5,
|
||
<emphasis box="[681,702,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 1), relatively larger male SL/HL ratio of 43.8–47.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1376,1397,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SL/HL ratio of 33.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[828,849,1335,1360]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 1), eye length shorter than snout length, male EL/SL ratio 58.1–73.6%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[706,727,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. equal, male EL/SL ratio 100%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1200,1221,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 1), fourth toe disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover rounded distally (vs. without groove), and fourth toe webbing extending up to the disc on either side, I1–1II1–1+III1–1+IV1–1V (vs. below, I1–1II1–2III1–2−IV2−–1V).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,800,1531,1557]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,800,1531,1557]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[955,1057,1532,1557]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[955,1057,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its relatively larger male SL/HL ratio of 43.8–47.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[674,695,1572,1597]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SL/HL ratio of 34.3–41%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1175,1196,1572,1597]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 7), relatively smaller male FAL/HAL ratio of 61.6–69.5%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[863,884,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male FAL/HAL ratio of 74.6–86.9%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1430,1451,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 7), thigh longer than shank, male TL/SHL ratio 107.1–110.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1194,1215,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. nearly equal, male ratio TL/SHL 99.5–101.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[822,843,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 7), and fourth toe webbing extending up to the disc on either side, I1–1II1–1+III1–1+IV1–1V (vs. up to the first subarticular tubercle on either side, I1 1/3–1 3/4II1–2 1/3III1–2IV2–1V).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastBlockId="25.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,800,1808,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,800,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[947,1089,1808,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[947,1089,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N. sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its relatively larger male SL/HL ratio of 43.8–47.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,693,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SL/HL ratio of 35.8–37.7%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1186,1207,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), relatively smaller male FAL/HAL ratio of 61.6–69.5%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[863,884,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male FAL/HAL ratio of 76.3–79.7%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1430,1451,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4), and fourth toe webbing extending up to the disc on either side, I1–1II1–1+III1–1+IV1–1V (vs. up to the first subarticular tubercle on either side, I1–1 4/5II1–2III1–2IV2–1V).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,1066,307,333]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Description of holotype
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[783,1059,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">(measurements in mm)</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male (SVL 38.3); head wider than long (HW 14.5, HL 13.6); snout nearly rounded in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view, its length (SL 6.2) longer than horizontal diameter of eye (EL 3.6); loreal region obtuse with indistinct canthus rostralis; interorbital space flat, wider (IUE 3.8) than upper eyelid (UEW 2.3) and internarial distance (IN 2.9); nostril closer to eye (EN 2.6) than tip of snout (NS 3.3); tympanum indistinct; vomerine ridge present, bearing small teeth, at an angle of 90° to the body axis, closer to each other than choanae, longer than the distance between them; tongue moderately large, emarginated, bearing no median lingual process. Forearm (FAL 6.9) shorter than hand length (HAL 11.2), finger length formula: I <II <IV <III, fingers with prominent discs, finger discs wide compared to finger width (FDI 1.2, FWI 0.6; FDII 1.2, FWII 0.5; FDIII 1.2, FWIII 0.4; FDIV 1.0, FWIV 0.4), tips rounded without groove; subarticular tubercles prominent, oval, single, all present; prepollex distinct, oval; two palmar tubercles, oval, distinct; nuptial pads present. Thigh length (TL 18.5) longer than shank (SHL 17.1) and foot (FOL 17.1), relative digit lengths I <II <III <V <IV, toes with prominent discs, toe discs wide compared to toe width (TDI 1.5, TWI 0.5; TDII 1.6, TWII 0.6; TDIII 1.6, TWIII 0.6; TDIV 1.6, TWIV 0.6; TDV 1.2, TWV 0.5), toes discs with dorso-terminal groove, cover rounded distally; foot webbing large: I1–1II1–1+III1–1+IV1–1V, fourth toe webbing extending up to the disc on either side; subarticular tubercles well developed, oval, single, all present; inner metatarsal tubercle present, oval; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; dermal fringe along toes I and V present; a tarsal fold extending from anterior edge of the inner metatarsal tubercle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Skin of snout shagreened to granular, upper eyelids tuberculate; sides of the head, anterior and posterior parts of back, and upper and lower parts of flank wrinkled; subocular gland prominent, extending from the posterior ventral border of the orbit towards the posterior axis of the mandibles; supratympanic fold well developed, extending from behind the eye to near the shoulder; dorsal parts of forelimb, thigh and shank with weakly developed folds or wrinkles; a well developed ridge starting from the lip and extending over the tip of the snout to between the nostrils, at which point it bifurcates, producing an inverted ‘Y’; ventral surface of throat with longitudinal folds, chest shagreened, belly shagreened to slightly wrinkled, limbs shagreened; femoral glands weakly developed.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,727,1492,1518]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Colour of holotype.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[733,799,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">In life</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsum and lateral sides of head reddish-brown with scattered blackish-brown spots, upper eyelids dark brown (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1076,1150,1532,1558]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="22.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 6 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus radcliffei sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 920). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Dorsal view, in life. (C) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (D) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (E) Ventral view, in life. (F) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (G) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (H) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (I) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375730/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 6B); forelimbs (including fingers) and hind limbs (including toes) light brown with faint brown transverse bands; anterior and posterior parts of flanks light brown. Ventral surfaces light flesh-red, sides of abdomen and hind limbs light reddish-brown with prominent black speckles; hand and foot dark grey; foot webbing light grey with minute black speckles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1263,1325,1690,1716]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="22.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 6 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus radcliffei sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 920). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Dorsal view, in life. (C) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (D) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (E) Ventral view, in life. (F) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (G) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (H) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (I) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375730/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
<emphasis box="[1365,1535,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">In preservation</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsum and lateral sides of head dark grey with scattered black spots, upper eyelids dark grey (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[559,623,1769,1795]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="22.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 6 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus radcliffei sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 920). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Dorsal view, in life. (C) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (D) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (E) Ventral view, in life. (F) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (G) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (H) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (I) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375730/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
F); ventral surfaces greyish-white, sides of abdomen and limbs grey with dark grey spots; hand and foot dark grey (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[923,996,1808,1834]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="22.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 6 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus radcliffei sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 920). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Dorsal view, in life. (C) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (D) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (E) Ventral view, in life. (F) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (G) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (H) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (I) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375730/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
G and 6H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastBlockId="26.[491,1542,228,733]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,626,1847,1873]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Variations.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric data from five adult males, including the holotype, is given in Table S6. Overall, the colour and meristic characters of the paratypes are similar to the holotype.
|
||
<emphasis box="[657,910,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Colour in preservation</emphasis>
|
||
. ZSI/WGRC/V/A/921, ZSI/WGRC/V/A/923–924: dorsum uniformly darker brown in colour, ventral surface with more prominent greyishbrown speckles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[491,1542,228,733]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,836,347,374]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Secondary sexual characters.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[848,906,348,374]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Male</emphasis>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/920), femoral glands weakly developed, nuptial pads absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[491,1542,228,733]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,889,427,453]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[898,1175,427,453]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radcliffei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1175,427,453]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Nyctibatrachus radcliffei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1183,1276,428,454]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is currently known only from its type locality, which is located in the Nilgiris, north of Palghat gap in the southern Western Ghats state of Tamil Nadu. All the specimens were found in crevices under rocks in a hill stream inside the tea estate. In our study, we observed tadpoles of this species during the month of October 2014 and confirmed their identity using DNA. Since calls or breeding activity was not observed at the time of collection (in July), we presume that this species breeds during the early monsoon period. Collections were made between 20:00–23:00 h.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |