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<document id="D84E2CE2FA7EE84BE39F415EEE0D5278" ID-CLB-Dataset="7365" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4947.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="74dc998a-dc7a-4b02-b43c-a2064c9c6dc2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4614567" ID-ZooBank="7F3B4794-65CF-4691-A330-78A423F2606F" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1616002389958" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ebert, David A., Wintner, Sabine P. &amp; Kyne, Peter M." docDate="2021" docId="039287A19557FFB0CFF7596BFDE8261B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4947.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4947 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Carcharhinus leucas" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="FFABFFD99569FF8ECF605A0DFFF9206F" masterDocTitle="An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="127" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1698934036276" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="9303BBAB497D7FAACA870FE5E4279110">An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="997EC00147591A43E16648E060B79F54">Ebert, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1AD80F353118D11FFB6887F69F794F06">Wintner, Sabine P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E94C06649ECEB9C750C422DD9C319F89">Kyne, Peter M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E4B0BD184A645D4BDD9428CCF507DC56">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D3D3445856188BFABC97DCBC77E4C8BB">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039287A19557FFB0CFF7596BFDE8261B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4693947" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181006895" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4693947" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039287A19557FFB0CFF7596BFDE8261B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287A19557FFB0CFF7596BFDE8261B" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="C321653C9557FFB0CFF7596BFE2623CB" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8436B79557FFB0CFF7596BFD5F23EF" blockId="62.[151,1437,870,1653]" box="[151,678,870,897]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<heading id="D0CC81DB9557FFB0CFF7596BFD5F23EF" bold="true" box="[151,678,870,897]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349557FFB0CFF7596BFD5F23EF" ID-CoL="R3NW" ID-ENA="1214656" authority="(Muller &amp; Henle, 1839)" baseAuthorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[151,678,870,897]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucas">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CFF7596BFD5F23EF" bold="true" box="[151,678,870,897]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CFF7596BFE7023EE" bold="true" box="[151,393,870,897]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Carcharhinus leucas</emphasis>
(Müller &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CD71596BFD6723EF" author="Henle" box="[529,670,870,896]" firstAuthor="Henle" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="29 - 102" refId="ref110013" refString="M ʾ ller, J. &amp; Henle, F. G. J. (1839) s. n. In: Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Plagiostomen, Berlin, pp. 29 - 102." type="book chapter" year="1839">Henle, 1839</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B79557FFB0CFF75987FE2623CB" blockId="62.[151,1437,870,1653]" box="[151,479,906,933]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<collectingRegion id="49FFF8559557FFB0CFF75987FF0023CB" box="[151,249,906,932]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Zambezi</collectingRegion>
Shark or Bull Shark
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321653C9557FFB0CFF759A3FDBD253A" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8436B79557FFB0CFF759A3FB292383" blockId="62.[151,1437,870,1653]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69557FFB0CFF759A3FC1E23A7" author="Henle, F. G. J." box="[151,999,942,969]" page="42" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1839">
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349557FFB0CFF759A3FC1E23A7" ID-CoL="R3SY" authority="Valenciennes" authorityName="Valenciennes" box="[151,999,942,969]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucas" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CFF759A3FEEF23A7" box="[151,278,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CE4759A3FE6623A7" box="[295,415,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CED159A3FE0023A7" box="[433,505,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">leucas</emphasis>
Valenciennes
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CDFD59A2FD4A23A7" box="[669,691,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">in</emphasis>
M̹ller &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CC4E59A3FC1E23A7" author="Henle" box="[814,999,942,968]" firstAuthor="Henle" page="42" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="29 - 102" refId="ref110013" refString="M ʾ ller, J. &amp; Henle, F. G. J. (1839) s. n. In: Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Plagiostomen, Berlin, pp. 29 - 102." type="book chapter" year="1839">Henle, 1839: 42</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="548088159557FFB0CC9459A3FBA223A7" box="[1012,1115,942,968]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
(4): only 2 stuffed
<typeStatus id="548088159557FFB0CA5A59A2FA6523A6" box="[1338,1436,943,969]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
still in existence;
<collectingRegion id="49FFF8559557FFB0CEEB59DEFE182382" box="[395,481,979,1005]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">MNHN</collectingRegion>
A-9650,
<collectingRegion id="49FFF8559557FFB0CD2959DEFD662382" box="[585,671,979,1005]" country="Ireland" name="Monaghan" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">MNHN</collectingRegion>
A-9652. Type locality:
<location id="8EE4606C9557FFB0CCC759DFFBFB2383" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039287A19557FFB0CFF7596BFDE8261B:8EE4606C9557FFB0CCC759DFFBFB2383" box="[935,1026,978,1004]" municipality="Western Atlantic" name="Antilles" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Monaghan">Antilles</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE0ACCD9557FFB0CB6D59DEFB352383" box="[1037,1228,978,1005]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Western Atlantic</collectingMunicipality>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B79557FFB0CFF759FBFDBD253A" blockId="62.[151,1437,870,1653]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CFF759FBFEA0247F" bold="true" box="[151,345,1014,1040]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Local synonymy</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349557FFB0CE0759FBFD66247F" ID-CoL="R3PH" authority=": Robinson &amp; Dunn, 1923: 63" authorityName="Robinson &amp; Dunn" authorityPageNumber="63" authorityYear="1923" box="[359,671,1014,1040]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CE0759FBFD66247F" box="[359,671,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Carcharhinus melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69557FFB0CDCD59FBFC10247F" box="[685,1001,1014,1041]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CDCD59FBFC10247F" author="Robinson &amp; Dunn" box="[685,1001,1014,1041]" firstAuthor="Robinson" page="63" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref112529" refString="Robinson, R. &amp; Dunn, J. S. (1923) Salt Water Angling in South Africa. Robinson &amp; Co., Durban, 315 pp." type="book" year="1923">Robinson &amp; Dunn, 1923: 63</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349557FFB0CC9359FBFA95247F" authority="Smith, 1949 a: 42" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1949" box="[1011,1388,1014,1040]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Eulamnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamia">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CC9359FBFB5F247F" box="[1011,1190,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Eulamnia lamia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CBCB59FBFA95247F" author="Smith, J. L. B." box="[1195,1388,1014,1040]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref114538" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1949 a) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. South Africa Central News Agency Ltd., 550 pp." type="book" year="1949">Smith, 1949a: 42</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 9.
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349557FFB0CF835E17FDFB245B" ID-CoL="R3VZ" baseAuthorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[227,514,1050,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zambesensis">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CF835E17FDFB245B" box="[227,514,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Carcharinus zambesensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2B11999557FFB0CD735E17FBEF245A" box="[531,1046,1050,1077]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69557FFB0CD735E17FD02245B" box="[531,763,1050,1077]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CD735E17FD2D245B" author="Smith, J. L. B." box="[531,724,1050,1077]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="13" refId="ref115007" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1952 f) The Zambesi shark. South African Angler, 7 (5), 13, 26." type="journal article" year="1952">Smith, 1952f: 13</bibRefCitation>
, pl
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69557FFB0CC675E17FBEF245A" box="[775,1046,1050,1077]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CC675E17FC33245B" author="Davies" box="[775,970,1050,1076]" firstAuthor="Davies" page="18" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref97146" refString="Davies, D. H. (1963) Shark attack and its relation to temperature, beach patronage and seasonal abundance of dangerous sharks. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report, 6, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1963">Davies, 1963: 18</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349557FFB0CB435E17FEC12437" ID-CoL="R3QZ" authority=": Smith, 1958 a: 12" authorityName=": Smith" authorityPageNumber="12" authorityYear="1958" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanrooyeni">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CB435E17FABB245B" box="[1059,1346,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Carcharhinus vanrooyeni</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CA325E17FEC12437" author="Smith, J. L. B." pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="12 - 14" refId="ref115334" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1958 a) The mystery killer - the new shark Carcharhinus vanrooyeni. Veld &amp; Vlei, 3 (9), 12 - 14, 28." type="journal article" year="1958">Smith, 1958a: 12</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pls. (original description,
<collectingCountry id="F32C76279557FFB0CD0A5E33FD062436" box="[618,767,1086,1113]" name="South Africa" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">South Africa</collectingCountry>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CC735E33FC1E2436" author="Smith, J. L. B." box="[787,999,1086,1113]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref115467" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1961 a) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. 4 th Edition. Central News Agency Ltd., Cape Town, 580 pp." type="book" year="1961">Smith, 1961a: 565</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 108;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CB325E33FAE12437" author="Smith, J. L. B." box="[1106,1304,1086,1112]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref115571" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1962 b) The shark. Probe, Cape, 23 - 28." type="book" year="1962">Smith, 1962b: 27</bibRefCitation>
, pl.;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CA325E33FEC02413" author="Smith, J. L. B." pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="363 - 368" refId="ref115594" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1963) Shark attacks in the South African seas. In: Gilbert, P. W. (Ed.), Sharks and Survival. D. C. Heath, Boston, pp. 363 - 368." type="book chapter" year="1963">Smith, 1963: 364</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 1, 4, 6.
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349557FFB0CEAB5E6FFD4A2413" ID-CoL="R3NW" authority=": D'Aubrey, 1964 a: 39" authorityName="D'Aubrey" authorityPageNumber="39" authorityYear="1964" box="[459,691,1122,1148]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucas">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CEAB5E6FFD4A2413" box="[459,691,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Carcharhinus leucas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69557FFB0CDA05E6FFC032413" box="[704,1018,1122,1148]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CDA05E6FFC542413" author="D'Aubrey" box="[704,941,1122,1148]" firstAuthor="D'Aubrey" page="39" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref96632" refString="D'Aubrey, J. D. (1964 a) Preliminary guide to the sharks found off the east coast of South Africa. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report, 8, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">D’Aubrey, 1964a: 39</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 21
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CB655E6FFB3A2413" author="Davies" box="[1029,1219,1122,1148]" firstAuthor="Davies" page="32" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref97185" refString="Davies, D. H. (1964) About Sharks and Shark Attack. Shuter &amp; Shooter, Pietermaritzburg, 257 pp." type="book" year="1964">Davies, 1964: 32</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 15, pls. 11, 21, 25–26, 39, 45–46 (in part: pl. 25 is
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349557FFB0CD355E8AFCFB24CF" ID-CoL="R3MP" authorityName=": D'Aubrey" authorityYear="1964" box="[597,770,1158,1185]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amboinensis">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CD355E8AFCFB24CF" box="[597,770,1158,1185]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">C. amboinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CC7A5E8BFBBD24CF" author="Davies &amp; Joubert" box="[794,1092,1158,1184]" firstAuthor="Davies" page="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref97209" refString="Davies, D. H. &amp; Joubert, L. S. (1966) Tag evaluation and shark tagging in South African waters. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report, 12, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1966">Davies &amp; Joubert, 1966: 6</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CB315E8BFA6E24CE" author="Davies &amp; Joubert" box="[1105,1431,1158,1185]" firstAuthor="Davies" page="115" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="111 - 140" refId="ref97248" refString="Davies, D. H. &amp; Joubert, L. S. (1967) Tag evaluation and shark tagging in South African waters. 1964 - 65. In: Gilbert, P. W., Mathewson, R. F. &amp; Rall, D. P. (Eds.), Sharks, Skates, and Rays. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 111 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1967">Davies &amp; Joubert, 1967: 115</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CFA65EA7FE6824AB" author="Garrick" box="[198,401,1194,1220]" firstAuthor="Garrick" page="89" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref102137" refString="Garrick, J. A. F. (1967) A broad view of Carcharhinus species, their systematics and distribution. In: Gilbert, P. W., Mathewson, R. F. &amp; Rall, D. P. (Eds.), Sharks, Skates, and Rays. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 85 - 91." type="book chapter" year="1967">Garrick, 1967: 89</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CEFE5EA6FD7024AB" author="Bass" box="[414,649,1194,1221]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bass" page="37" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref92862" refString="Bass, A. J., D'Aubrey, J. D. &amp; Kistnasamy, N. (1973) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. I. The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae). Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, 33, 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1973">
Bass
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CEBB5EA6FDED24AB" box="[475,532,1194,1220]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
, 1973: 37
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 13;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CD905EA7FC4324AB" author="Garrick" box="[752,954,1194,1220]" firstAuthor="Garrick" page="81" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 194" refId="ref102208" refString="Garrick, J. A. F. (1982) Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular, 445, 1 - 194." type="journal article" year="1982">Garrick, 1982: 81</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 40–41;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CB365EA7FA9B24AB" author="Compagno" box="[1110,1378,1194,1220]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="378" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="251 - 655" refId="ref95496" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984 b) FAO Species Catalogue. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Vol. 4. No. 125. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO, Rome, pp. 251 - 655." type="book chapter" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Compagno, 1984b: 378</bibRefCitation>
, fig.;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CFA65EC2FE532487" author="Bass, A. J. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V." box="[198,426,1230,1257]" editor="Smith, M. M. &amp; Heemstra, P. C." journalOrPublisher="Macmillan, Johannesburg" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="104 - 105" refId="ref93292" refString="Bass, A. J. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V. (1986) Families Echinorhinidae, Proscyllidae, Odontaspidiidae, Mitsukurinidae. In: Smith, M. M. &amp; Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.), Smith's Sea Fishes. Macmillan, Johannesburg, pp. 63 + 103 + 104 - 105." title="Families Echinorhinidae, Proscyllidae, Odontaspidiidae, Mitsukurinidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Smith's Sea Fishes" year="1986">
Bass
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CE615EC2FECB2487" box="[257,306,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
., 1986: 73
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 9.9, pl. 2;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CD325EC3FC922487" author="Cliff &amp; Wilson" box="[594,875,1230,1256]" firstAuthor="Cliff" page="14" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref95251" refString="Cliff, G. &amp; Wilson, R. B. (1986) Natal Sharks Board's Field Guide to Sharks and Other Marine Animals. Natal Sharks Board, Umhlanga Rocks, 57 pp." type="book" year="1986">Cliff &amp; Wilson, 1986: 14</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CC165EC3FB982487" author="Compagno" box="[886,1121,1230,1256]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref95624" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1988 a) Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 486 pp." type="book" year="1988" yearSuffix="a">Compagno, 1988a: 6</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CB0D5EC3FA6E2487" author="Compagno" box="[1133,1431,1230,1257]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Compagno" page="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref96138" refString="Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A. &amp; Smale, M. J. (1989) Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 158 pp." type="book" year="1989">
Compagno
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CB8E5EC2FAE62487" box="[1262,1311,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
., 1989: 64
</bibRefCitation>
, pl.;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CF925EFFFE162563" author="Compagno" box="[242,495,1266,1292]" firstAuthor="Compagno" page="120" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="75 - 120" refId="ref95720" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1999) An overview of chondrichthyan systematics and biodiversity in southern Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 54, 75 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359199909520406" type="journal article" year="1999">Compagno, 1999: 120</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CE9B5EFEFC922562" author="Heemstra &amp; Heemstra" box="[507,875,1266,1293]" firstAuthor="Heemstra" page="59" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref104374" refString="Heemstra, P. C. &amp; Heemstra, E. (2004) Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. National Inquiry Service Centre and South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, 488 pp." type="book" year="2004">Heemstra &amp; Heemstra, 2004: 59</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CC175EFFFB4C2563" author="Compagno" box="[887,1205,1266,1293]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Compagno" page="299" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref95897" refString="Compagno, L., Dando, M. &amp; Fowler, S. (2005) Field Guide to the Sharks of the World. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, London, 368 pp." type="book" year="2005">
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69557FFB0CC175EFFFB842562" box="[887,1149,1266,1293]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
Compagno
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CC9A5EFEFBD22563" box="[1018,1067,1266,1292]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</treatmentCitation>
: 299
</bibRefCitation>
, fig., pl. 50;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CA245EFFFED7255F" author="Ebert, D. A. &amp; Fowler, S. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V." pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref99433" refString="Ebert, D. A., Fowler, S. &amp; Compagno, L. J. V. (2013) Sharks of the World: A Fully Illustrated Guide to the Sharks of the World. Wild Nature Press, Plymouth, 528 pp." type="book" year="2013">
Ebert
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CAE85EFEFF1A255F" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
a: 468, fig., pl. 61;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CD665F1AFD47255F" author="Mann" box="[518,702,1302,1329]" firstAuthor="Mann" page="33" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 343" refId="ref109360" refString="Mann, B. Q. (2013) Southern African marine linefish species profiles. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication, 9, 1 - 343." type="journal article" year="2013">Mann, 2013: 33</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CDAB5F1BFC74255F" author="NPOA" box="[715,909,1302,1328]" firstAuthor="NPOA" page="41" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref110949" refString="NPOA. (2013) National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (NPOA-Sharks). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Rogge Bay, Cape Town, 63 pp." type="book" year="2013">NPOA, 2013: 41</bibRefCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A9A10A69557FFB0CCFA5F1BFB44255F" box="[922,1213,1302,1329]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CCFA5F1BFB44255F" author="da Silva" box="[922,1213,1302,1329]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="da Silva" page="246" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="233 - 248" refId="ref96965" refString="da Silva C., Booth, A. J., Dudley, S. F. J., Kerwath, S. E., Lamberth, S. J., Leslie, R. W., McCord, M. E., Sauer, W. H. H. &amp; Zweig, T. (2015) A description and updated overview of the status and management of South Africa's chondrichthyan fisheries. South African Journal of Marine Science, 37, 233 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1044471" type="journal article" year="2015">
da Silva
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CC9F5F1AFBC8255F" box="[1023,1073,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
., 2015: 246
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CBAA5F1BFEC3253B" author="Ebert &amp; van Hees" firstAuthor="Ebert" page="146" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="141 - 156" refId="ref99877" refString="Ebert, D. A. &amp; van Hees, K. E. (2015) Beyond jaws: rediscovering the &quot; Lost Sharks &quot; of southern Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 37, 141 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1048730" type="journal article" year="2015">Ebert &amp; van Hees, 2015: 146</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B469557FFB0CE255F37FDC6253A" author="Weigmann, S." box="[325,575,1338,1365]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="837 - 1037" refId="ref118762" refString="Weigmann, S. (2016) Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. Journal of Fish Biology, 88, 837 - 1037. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 12874" type="journal article" year="2016">Weigmann, 2016: 857</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321653C9557FFB0CFF75F53FB96258B" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8436B79557FFB0CFF75F53FE8425AF" blockId="62.[151,1437,870,1653]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CFF75F53FE042517" bold="true" box="[151,509,1374,1400]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F32C76279557FFB0CFF75F53FED42517" box="[151,301,1374,1400]" name="South Africa" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">South Africa</collectingCountry>
voucher material
</emphasis>
:
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CD6A5F53FDA72517" box="[522,606,1374,1400]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
6176,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CDC85F53FD052517" box="[680,764,1374,1400]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
6177,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CC255F53FC602517" box="[837,921,1374,1400]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
13022,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CC915F53FBBC2517" box="[1009,1093,1374,1400]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
21214,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CBFD5F53FB082517" box="[1181,1265,1374,1400]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
75557,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CA285F53FA652517" box="[1352,1436,1374,1400]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
99094,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CE7E5F8FFE8B25F3" box="[286,370,1410,1436]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
99095,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CEB75F8FFDD225F3" box="[471,555,1410,1436]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
99096,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CDEF5F8FFD1A25F3" box="[655,739,1410,1436]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
200666,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CC355F8FFC5025F3" box="[853,937,1410,1436]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
200667,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CB7B5F8FFB9625F3" box="[1051,1135,1410,1436]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
200668,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CB825F8FFACF25F3" box="[1250,1334,1410,1436]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
200669,
<collectionCode id="ED2AAE729557FFB0CFA65FABFEE325AF" box="[198,282,1446,1472]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34984" name="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Other type of research institution/biorepository">SAIAB</collectionCode>
201699.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B79557FFB0CFF75FC7FB96258B" blockId="62.[151,1437,870,1653]" box="[151,1135,1482,1509]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CFF75FC7FE2A258B" bold="true" box="[151,467,1482,1508]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">South African distribution</emphasis>
: Breede River (WC) to the KZN border with
<collectingCountry id="F32C76279557FFB0CCB35FC7FB92258B" box="[979,1131,1482,1508]" name="Mozambique" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C321653C9557FFB0CFF75FE3FDE8261B" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8436B79557FFB0CFF75FE3FBC2263E" blockId="62.[151,1437,870,1653]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CFF75FE3FEFD2667" bold="true" box="[151,260,1518,1544]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Remarks</emphasis>
: This species is known to utilize freshwater rivers systems in KZN and seasonally during the summer months migrates to the Breede River (WC) where it also moves into the river. This species is one of the three most dangerous sharks in
<collectingCountry id="F32C76279557FFB0CE895C3BFD81263F" box="[489,632,1590,1616]" name="South Africa" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">South Africa</collectingCountry>
along with
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D349557FFB0CD9C5C3AFC6C263F" authorityName=": Barnard" authorityYear="1925" box="[764,917,1590,1617]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carcharias">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CD9C5C3AFC6C263F" box="[764,917,1590,1617]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">C. carcharias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CCAB5C3AFBCD263F" box="[971,1076,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">G. cuvier</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8436B79557FFB0CFF75C57FDE8261B" blockId="62.[151,1437,870,1653]" box="[151,529,1626,1653]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B94FEAA59557FFB0CFF75C57FE7D261B" bold="true" box="[151,388,1626,1652]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Conservation status</emphasis>
: NT (2009).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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