643 lines
77 KiB
XML
643 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document id="162D7F2448B54F02ED951E0633E6DB72" ID-CLB-Dataset="288840" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090-421.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c1f570ac-c75c-45d5-bbd5-0e2fba7b6a07" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10687866" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1630349604116" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A." docDate="2018" docId="038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169" docLanguage="en" docName="B421.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (421)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/0003-0090-421.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Hirtodrosophila ordinaria" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" masterDocId="FFB54925D67EDF1943487450904D8321" masterDocTitle="Hirtodrosophila Of North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1708521546524" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="55630FFE8F51E94EA46BF709BFE9A634">Hirtodrosophila Of North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9F387F2BC3952FC1F28A0139672CF29F">Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E1E12583FE05C84D55320E501ED9461B">Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FD2BB383A9120478B2210920523F8594">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="47098C6E8519529DCBDF31FCBD4430F3">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9897F4FF76BCCE848F958D26F6098902">
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<mods:date id="B94F6BBD406644ABA13EE6C8ADEC445D">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FF08C09CEC00F313022B7BD913AFE6AF">2018-06-21</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="54A56D198335638C1DD72C6E0BC01694">2018</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C32A794C094D114C51B0A1F3DFDFDA05">421</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="41868F2ED3EED4E42B78FD8CF19BD0F8" type="CLB-Dataset">288840</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10687938" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169" lastPageId="55" pageId="49">
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<subSubSection id="C33FD3C0D64FDF2841AE767094CF8119" box="[742,1154,544,568]" pageId="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64FDF2841AE767094CF8119" blockId="49.[742,1154,544,568]" box="[742,1154,544,568]" pageId="49">
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<heading id="D0D23727D64FDF2841AE767094CF8119" box="[742,1154,544,568]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="49" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D64FDF2841AE767094CF8119" ID-CoL="6M8D2" authority="(Coquillett)" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[742,1154,544,568]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
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<emphasis id="B9515C59D64FDF2841AE767093B68119" box="[742,1019,544,568]" italics="true" pageId="49">Hirtodrosophila ordinaria</emphasis>
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(Coquillett)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33FD3C0D64FDF28404776029414814B" box="[783,1113,594,618]" pageId="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64FDF28404776029414814B" blockId="49.[783,1113,594,618]" box="[783,1113,594,618]" pageId="49">
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<heading id="D0D23727D64FDF28404776029414814B" box="[783,1113,594,618]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="49" reason="2">
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<figureCitation id="131E9CCED64FDF284047760293CF814B" box="[783,898,594,618]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[108,150,1449,1470]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1423]" captionTargetId="figure-9@16.[108,1212,224,1423]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. Hirtodrosophila ordinaria, darker individual (a male). A. Head, frontal. B. Thorax and head, dorsal. C. Head and thorax, lateral. D. Abdomen, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10687898/files/figure.png" pageId="49">Figures 10</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131E9CCED64FDF2840C6760293E4814B" box="[910,937,594,618]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[108,150,1326,1347]" captionTargetBox="[109,1213,224,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[109,1213,224,1298]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 11. Hirtodrosophila ordinaria, lighter individual (a female). A. Habitus, lateral. B. Head and thorax, dorsal. C. Head and thorax, lateral. D. Abdomen, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10687902/files/figure.png" pageId="49">11</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131E9CCED64FDF2840FE760293A9814B" box="[950,996,594,618]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[108,150,1374,1395]" captionTargetBox="[109,1208,228,1338]" captionTargetId="figure-137@22.[108,1212,224,1348]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 16. Wings." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10687916/files/figure.png" pageId="49">16C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131E9CCED64FDF2840B876029441814B" box="[1008,1036,594,618]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="50.[107,148,1085,1106]" captionTargetBox="[178,1142,232,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-252@50.[108,1212,224,1059]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIG. 30. Preliminary scheme of relationships in the Holarctic Hirtodrosophila melanderi species group. Species that are omitted are H. shaitanensis and H. alpiniae (see text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10687958/files/figure.png" pageId="49">30</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131E9CCED64FDF28475F7602947E814B" box="[1047,1075,594,618]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="51.[108,150,1680,1701]" captionTargetBox="[136,1202,228,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-6@51.[108,1212,224,1654]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIG. 31. Hirtodrosophila ordinaria, C, D female (diss. no. 83). A. Frons, portion. B. Antenna. C. Spermatheca (note slightly sclerotized junction of spermathecal ducts). D. Oviscapt, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10687960/files/figure.png" pageId="49">31</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131E9CCED64FDF28477776029414814B" box="[1087,1113,594,618]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="52.[108,150,1627,1648]" captionTargetBox="[144,1178,233,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-9@52.[129,1191,224,1599]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIG. 32. Hirtodrosophila ordinaria, male terminalia (diss. no. 84). A. Epandrium and associated structures (subepandrial sclerite shown detached, in full ventral view). B. Surstylus. C. Spiny ventral surfaces of cerci, shown in full ventral view. D. Aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme, lateral. E. Hypandrium, aedeagus, aedeagal apodeme, ventral. F.Apex of aedeagus, ventral. G. Aedeagus, full ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10687962/files/figure.png" pageId="49">32</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33FD3C0D64FDF2841E476DD942C8011" pageId="49" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64FDF2841E476DD943B8184" blockId="49.[684,1207,653,816]" box="[684,1142,653,677]" pageId="49">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB35A765D64FDF2841E476DD943B8184" box="[684,1142,653,677]" pageId="49">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A84A65AD64FDF2841E476DD943F8184" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[684,1138,653,677]" page="190" pageId="49" year="1904">
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<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D64FDF2841E476DD943F8184" authority="Coquillett, 1904: 190" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityPageNumber="190" authorityYear="1904" box="[684,1138,653,677]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Psathyrellaceae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="49" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
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<emphasis id="B9515C59D64FDF2841E476DD93C48184" box="[684,905,653,677]" italics="true" pageId="49">Drosophila ordinaria</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD64FDF2840D876DD943F8184" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[912,1138,653,677]" pageId="49" pagination="166 - 192" refId="ref29011" refString="Coquillett, D. W. 1904. New North American Diptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 6: 166 - 192." type="journal article" year="1904">Coquillett, 1904: 190</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64FDF2841E476E0938881CB" blockId="49.[684,1207,653,816]" pageId="49">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB35A765D64FDF2841E476E0938881CB" pageId="49">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A84A65AD64FDF2841E476E0943181E9" author="Sturtevant, A. H." box="[684,1148,688,712]" page="337" pageId="49" year="1916">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D64FDF2841E476E0943181E9" authority="Sturtevant, 1916: 337" authorityName="Sturtevant" authorityPageNumber="337" authorityYear="1916" box="[684,1148,688,712]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Psathyrellaceae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="49" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="melanderi">
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<emphasis id="B9515C59D64FDF2841E476E093DD81E9" box="[684,912,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="49">Drosophila melanderi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD64FDF2840DF76E0943181E9" author="Sturtevant, A. H." box="[919,1148,688,712]" pageId="49" pagination="329 - 343" refId="ref29834" refString="Sturtevant, A. H. 1916. Notes on North American Drosophilidae with descriptions of 23 new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 9 (4): 329 - 343." type="journal article" year="1916">Sturtevant, 1916: 337</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. Synonymy by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD64FDF2840057683938C81CB" author="Lacy, R. C." box="[845,961,722,747]" pageId="49" pagination="59 - 63" refId="ref29270" refString="Lacy, R. C. 1981. Taxonomic and distributional notes on some fungus-feeding North American Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Entomological News 92 (2): 59 - 63." type="journal article" year="1981">Lacy, 1981</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64FDF2841E576A5942C8011" blockId="49.[684,1207,653,816]" pageId="49">
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<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D64FDF2841E576A5930A8011" authority="Stalker and Spencer, 1939: 112" authorityName="Stalker and Spencer" authorityPageNumber="112" authorityYear="1939" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Psathyrellaceae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="49" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="magnafumosa">
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<emphasis id="B9515C59D64FDF2841E576A593F6802C" box="[685,955,757,781]" italics="true" pageId="49">Drosophila magnafumosa</emphasis>
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Stalker and Spencer, 1939: 112
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</taxonomicName>
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. Synonymy by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD64FDF2840A1774894108011" author="Lacy, R. C." box="[1001,1117,792,816]" pageId="49" pagination="59 - 63" refId="ref29270" refString="Lacy, R. C. 1981. Taxonomic and distributional notes on some fungus-feeding North American Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Entomological News 92 (2): 59 - 63." type="journal article" year="1981">Lacy, 1981</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33FD3C0D64FDF284184771C93B5869F" pageId="49" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64FDF284184771C93B5869F" blockId="49.[684,1212,844,1739]" pageId="49">DIAGNOSIS: Coloration sexually dimorphic (males darker), highly variable (darker in individuals from cooler seasons and latitudes), usually with frontal vittae partly to entirely orange; dorsum of thorax yellowish, usually with diffuse, light to dark brown median stripe that is widened posteriad; pleura from light and yellowish with very faint infuscation to mostly dark brown; wing hyaline, legs, and halter light. Arista with relatively short branches, 1 ventral, 4 dorsal; basal flagellomere with setulae short; carina narrow. Male: Ventral portion of cercus curved inward, bearing stout, spinelike setae; surstylus with small dorsal lobe having short row of prensisetae pegs, larger ventral lobe with various prensisetae; hypandrium short and broad; aedeagus with pair of preapical lateral lobes. Female: Oviscapt margin entire (no emargination or differentiation of pegs)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33FD3C0D64FDF2F418571989170827C" lastPageId="54" pageId="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64FDF2B41857198947D8505" blockId="49.[684,1212,844,1739]" lastBlockId="50.[684,1213,1184,1738]" lastPageId="50" pageId="49">
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DESCRIPTION:
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<emphasis id="B9515C59D64FDF28403D719793B686FE" bold="true" box="[885,1019,1479,1503]" pageId="49">Coloration:</emphasis>
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Highly variable, from largely yellowish to dark brown, apparently based on temperature during development and sex (males being darker). Head: Frons varying from yellow and orange to brown and orange, always with faint bluish pollinosity on dorsal portion in frontal view; frontal vitta varying from entirely matte orange or orange-yellow, to just anterior portion orange with posterior portion brownish, always with ptilinal margin light, yellowish; ocellar triangle slightly shiny, yellowish to brownish outside of area of ocelli, always dark blackish brown within area of ocelli; frontoorbital plates yellowish to slightly infuscate, shiny. Antenna: Scape, pedicel light; basal flagellomere infuscate brown on anterior half. Face yellowish, light; cheeks slightly lighter, slightly darker at vibrissal angle. Proboscis: Clypeus same color as face or slightly darker; palps light yellowish, labellum slightly darker. Thorax almost entirely and evenly yellow, or like this but with diffuse, light to dark brown median stripe running down scutum and center of scutellum, stripe widened posteriad. Pleura varying from entirely light yellow with very faint brownish infuscation (beneath wing base and notopleural suture, sometimes dorsal portion of katepisternum), to mostly dark brown with some diffuse, lighter areas. Wing entirely hyaline, no markings; halter with knob cream colored, stem slightly darker. Legs entirely yellowish, coxae lighter. Abdomen: Tergites varying from mostly light yellow with faint, light brown infuscation on posterior and lateral margins (lateral margins are darkest), to largely dark brown; males with abdomen more extensively darkened; sternites very light yellow, cerci slightly infuscate.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF5AD0C3D64CDF2B4323706D92AD8750" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687958" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10687958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10687958/files/figure.png" pageId="50" startId="50.[107,148,1085,1106]" targetBox="[178,1142,232,1053]" targetPageId="50">
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<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64CDF2B4323706D92AD8750" blockId="50.[107,1210,1083,1137]" pageId="50">
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FIG. 30. Preliminary scheme of relationships in the Holarctic
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<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D64CDF2B419B706B93948772" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1949" box="[723,985,1083,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanderi">
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<emphasis id="B9515C59D64CDF2B419B706B93948772" box="[723,985,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="50">Hirtodrosophila melanderi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group. Species that are omitted are
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<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D64CDF2B42747009919E8751" baseAuthorityName="Sidorenko" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[316,467,1112,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shaitanensis">
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<emphasis id="B9515C59D64CDF2B42747009919E8751" box="[316,467,1112,1136]" italics="true" pageId="50">H. shaitanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D64CDF2B414F7009923B8751" box="[519,630,1112,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpiniae">
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<emphasis id="B9515C59D64CDF2B414F7009923B8751" box="[519,630,1112,1136]" italics="true" pageId="50">H. alpiniae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see text).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64CDF2C4184727D914A8757" blockId="50.[684,1213,1184,1738]" lastBlockId="53.[108,638,226,1738]" lastPageId="53" pageId="50">
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<emphasis id="B9515C59D64CDF2B4184727D935D8564" bold="true" box="[716,784,1581,1605]" pageId="50">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Antenna: Scape with row of setulae, pedicel setulose with two larger setae; basal flagellomere relatively short, apex reaching to lower level of carina, with short setulae only; arista with relatively short branches, 4 dorsal and 1 ventral branch, plus short apical fork, ventral branch opposite last dorsal branch or between it and apical fork. Eye with short, dense micropubescence; slightly egg shaped in lateral view (dorsal portion larger). Face: Carina narrow, short (not reaching to oral margin), ventral portion deeper. Vibrissa well developed, points forward, one pair present, subvibrissal setae all much smaller. Frons: Fronto-orbital plates matte, very finely striate; orbital plates and ocellar triangle slightly shiny. Fronto-orbital setae: Proclinate slightly shorter than posterior reclinate; anterior reclinate quite small, ca. 0.3× size of other orbitals, slightly differentiated from scattered small setulae on anterior portion of frons; proclinate, posterior reclinate and inner vertical in line, anterior reclinate slightly lateral to this tangent. Ocellar triangle fairly large, anterior point reaching to level of proclinates. Ocellar setae close, within area bordered by ocelli, very long (tips extended past level of proclinate sockets); postocellar setae ca. 0.65× length of ocellars, slightly thicker, parallel. Inner vertical setae strongly inclinate; outer verticals strongly lateroclinate, both pairs about same size. Proboscis relatively short, virtually all withdrawn into oral cavity at rest, labellum small; palp with single, preapical seta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5AD0C3D64DDF2A432472C093C585E2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687960" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10687960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10687960/files/figure.png" pageId="51" startId="51.[108,150,1680,1701]" targetBox="[136,1202,228,1650]" targetPageId="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64DDF2A432472C093C585E2" blockId="51.[108,1212,1678,1732]" pageId="51">
|
||
FIG. 31.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D64DDF2A438C72DE91888587" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[196,453,1678,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64DDF2A438C72DE91888587" box="[196,453,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="51">Hirtodrosophila ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, C, D female (diss. no. 83).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64DDF2A419772DE92BA8587" bold="true" box="[735,759,1678,1702]" pageId="51">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Frons, portion.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64DDF2A40D472DE93FF8587" bold="true" box="[924,946,1678,1702]" pageId="51">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Antenna.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64DDF2A475472DE947E8587" bold="true" box="[1052,1075,1678,1702]" pageId="51">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Spermatheca (note slightly sclerotized junction of spermathecal ducts).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64DDF2A41F672FC929585E5" bold="true" box="[702,728,1708,1732]" pageId="51">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Oviscapt, lateral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5AD0C3D64ADF2D4324720B93C685E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10687962" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10687962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10687962/files/figure.png" pageId="52" startId="52.[108,150,1627,1648]" targetBox="[144,1178,233,1593]" targetPageId="52">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64ADF2D4324720B93C685E8" blockId="52.[108,1212,1625,1738]" pageId="52">
|
||
FIG. 32.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D64ADF2D4380720991818550" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[200,460,1625,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64ADF2D4380720991818550" box="[200,460,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="52">Hirtodrosophila ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male terminalia (diss. no. 84).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64ADF2D4054720993798550" bold="true" box="[796,820,1625,1649]" pageId="52">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Epandrium and associated structures (subepandrial sclerite shown detached, in full ventral view).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64ADF2D4197722792B885AE" bold="true" box="[735,757,1655,1679]" pageId="52">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Surstylus.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64ADF2D402C7226933685AF" bold="true" box="[868,891,1654,1678]" pageId="52">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Spiny ventral surfaces of cerci, shown in full ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64ADF2D42CE72C491D2858D" bold="true" box="[390,415,1684,1708]" pageId="52">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme, lateral.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64ADF2D401872C49328858D" bold="true" box="[848,869,1684,1708]" pageId="52">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Hypandrium, aedeagus, aedeagal apodeme, ventral.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64ADF2D426272E1917385E8" bold="true" box="[298,318,1713,1737]" pageId="52">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of aedeagus, ventral.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64ADF2D411C72E1922085E8" bold="true" box="[596,621,1713,1737]" pageId="52">G.</emphasis>
|
||
Aedeagus, full ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64BDF2C43C4702F9250861C" blockId="53.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="53">
|
||
Head measurements (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64BDF2C42C270D091D087B6" box="[394,413,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="53">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4): CD/ED 0.19 (0.16–0.22), ED/EW 1.27 (1.22–1.33), FD/FW 1.06 (1.03–1.10), FL/LFW 0.91 (0.88–0.94), HW/ HD 1.43 (1.42–1.44), Ocellar S-index 1.28 (1.21– 1.33), OR1/OR3 0.78 (0.76–0.82), OR2/OR1 0.44 (0.41–0.47), VT-index 1.07 (1.06–1.10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64BDF2C43C47116943E82C0" blockId="53.[108,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="53.[683,1214,226,1738]" pageId="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64BDF2C43C4711690A9867F" bold="true" box="[140,228,1350,1374]" pageId="53">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
Setation: Acrostichal setae in 6 rows, ones near transverse suture not enlarged; anterior dorsocentral ca. 0.65× size of posterior ones; posterior dorsocentral about midway between anterior dorsocentral and scutellar margin. Anterior scutellars slightly convergent; posterior scutellars crossed for about half their length, slightly longer than anterior scutellars. Postpronotal lobe with two setae; notopleural area with 3 setae, dorsal one largest; 2 supra-alars (posterior one much longer), 2 postalars (one long, one short). Anterior katepisternal ca. 0.7× length of posterior katepisternal, small seta between these ca. 0.5× size of anterior katepisternal.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64BDF2C47647553942A823A" bold="true" box="[1068,1127,259,283]" pageId="53">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Forefemur with ventral row of 8 long, fine setae (lengths ca. equal to femur width), lateral row of ca. 4 fine, shorter setae; mid- and hind femora with only short setae; male foretarsus without fine, erect setulae; midtibia with thick ventroapical seta, hind tibia with preapical dorsal seta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64BDF2C418575BA94DC8186" blockId="53.[683,1214,226,1738]" pageId="53">
|
||
Thorax and wing measurements: ThL
|
||
<quantity id="4CDD2DAED64BDF2C47C775BA92948102" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="53" unit="mm" value="1.15">1.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
(1.09–1.21), DC-index 0.57 (0.52–0.66), S-index 0.58 (0.51–0.64), 4-V index 1.47 (1.41– 1.52), 5-X index 1.46 (1.23–1.72), C-index 2.89 (2.71–3.01), hb-index 2.05 (1.67–2.40), ThL/WL 0.44 (0.40–0.51), WL/WW 2.23 (2.16–2.29).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64BDF2C418476E193C08522" blockId="53.[683,1214,226,1738]" pageId="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64BDF2C418476E193C181E9" bold="true" box="[716,908,688,713]" pageId="53">Male Terminalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Epandrium evenly rounded, with row of ca. 6 setae on lateral surface, none dorsally, 12–14 setae on ventral lobe; microtrichia present over most of epandrium, except ventral lobes; ventral lobe of epandrium slender, extended almost to ventral margin of surstylus. Subepandrial sclerite roughly trapezoidal, with pair of short anterolateral arms. Cercus with microtrichia and large setae, ventral surface curved strongly inward and bearing group of ca. 25 stout, sharp, sclerotized, spinelike setae, 2–3 most medial ones largest and interdigitate with such spines on opposite cercus. Surstylus bilobed, with small dorsolateral lobe bearing comb of 5 prensisetae pegs; main lobe of surstylus pendulous, with ca. 15–18 mostly spinelike prensisetae (some peg ones laterally), ventral ones shortest, dorsal ones long, setiform. Hypandrium very short and broad, roughly horseshoe shaped; paraphysis simple, moderately sclerotized, digitiform in full ventral view, with 2 minute and 1 large seta at apex. Aedeagus arched in lateral view, in dorsoventral view bearing pair of hornlike lobes at apex, which are partially sclerotized; aedeagus without hairs or scales. Aedeagal apodeme very short.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD64BDF2F4185725C9170827C" blockId="53.[683,1214,226,1738]" lastBlockId="54.[108,637,226,1738]" lastPageId="54" pageId="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D64BDF2C4185725C93E28505" bold="true" box="[717,943,1548,1572]" pageId="53">Female Terminalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Oviscapt lightly sclerotized, with apical margin entire (no differentiation of pegs); with 19–20 oviscapt pegs, including short row of 3 small dorsal ones. Oviprovector well developed, apical scales coarse; spermatheca well sclerotized, dome shaped, exterior without striations or other ornamentation, apex slightly flattened, introvert ca. 0.8× length of capsule; small sac where spermathecal ducts meet is slightly sclerotized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33FD3C0D648DF2F43C4753691F487DA" pageId="54" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD648DF2F43C47536912E82BE" blockId="54.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="54">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F43C47536912E82BE" country="United States of America" location="White Mountains" pageId="54" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New Hampshire" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
TYPE:
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E3EE9D648DF2F438675369179825F" box="[206,308,358,382]" pageId="54" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD648DF2F427775369138825F" box="[319,373,358,382]" name="United States of America" pageId="54">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F423675369262825F" box="[382,559,358,382]" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="54">New Hampshire</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFAD690D648DF2F4171753690A882BE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169:8EFAD690D648DF2F4171753690A882BE" country="United States of America" name="White Mountains" pageId="54" stateProvince="New Hampshire">White Mountains</location>
|
||
. In USNM.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD648DF2F43C475F891F487DA" blockId="54.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="54">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F43C475F8914D8102" collectingDate="1960-07" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="M. R. Wheeler & W. S. Stone" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." elevation="1219" location="Glacier National Park" municipality="Anchorage" pageId="54" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Alaska" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F42AE75F8923B82E1" bold="true" box="[486,630,424,448]" pageId="54">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD648DF2F42AE75F8925082E1" box="[486,541,424,448]" name="United States of America" pageId="54">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F416175F8923B82E1" box="[553,630,424,448]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="54">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFE1A31D648DF2F4324759990A882C0" box="[108,229,457,481]" pageId="54">Anchorage</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9BA68BD648DF2F43A77599911882C0" box="[239,341,457,481]" pageId="54" value="1960-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDF5F63D648DF2F43A77599911882C0" box="[239,341,457,481]" pageId="54" value="1960-07">July 1960</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F4228759A91B482C0" box="[352,505,457,481]" pageId="54">M.R. Wheeler</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F414B7599923582C0" box="[515,632,457,481]" pageId="54">W.S. Stone</collectorName>
|
||
, 3000.3, 1♂ (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED34188ED648DF2F43BC75BA91018123" box="[244,332,490,514]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="54">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
, dissected by MRW, genitalia on slide).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F4244765B91ED81A6" collectingDate="1960-07" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="M. R. Wheeler & F. A. Cowan" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." elevation="1219" location="Glacier National Park" municipality="Anchorage" pageId="54" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Alaska" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F4244765B91398102" bold="true" box="[268,372,523,547]" pageId="54">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F4244765B91398102" box="[268,372,523,547]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="54">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A289969D648DF2F42CF765B914E8165" location="Fish Creek Campground" pageId="54">
|
||
<quantity id="4CDD2DAED648DF2F42CF765B919F8102" box="[391,466,523,547]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="54" unit="mi" value="1.5">1.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Fish Creek Campground
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFAD690D648DF2F425B767C925F8165" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169:8EFAD690D648DF2F425B767C925F8165" box="[275,530,556,580]" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." municipality="Anchorage" name="Glacier National Park" pageId="54" stateProvince="Alaska">Glacier National Park</location>
|
||
, VII/28– 29/47, 1762.7,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F4243761E91E88144" box="[267,421,589,613]" pageId="54">M.R. Wheeler</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F42E7761E927D8144" box="[431,560,589,614]" pageId="54">F.A. Cowan</collectorName>
|
||
, 2♂ (1 dissected, no. 85) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED34188ED648DF2F4272763F91D981A6" box="[314,404,623,647]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="54">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F42E0763F91A681E8" collectingDate="1960-07" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="D. A. Grimaldi" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." elevation="1219" location="Glacier National Park" municipality="Anchorage" pageId="54" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Alaska" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F42E0763F925281A6" bold="true" box="[424,543,623,647]" pageId="54">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F42E0763F925781A6" box="[424,538,623,647]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="54">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FBF8C7D648DF2F416D763F90DB8189" pageId="54">Broome Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFAD690D648DF2F43E076DF91A28186" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169:8EFAD690D648DF2F43E076DF91A28186" box="[168,495,655,680]" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." municipality="Anchorage" name="Chenango Valley State Park" pageId="54" stateProvince="Alaska">Chenango Valley State Park</location>
|
||
, 30
|
||
<location id="8EFAD690D648DF2F416076C092348189" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169:8EFAD690D648DF2F416076C092348189" box="[552,633,656,680]" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." municipality="Anchorage" name="August" pageId="54" stateProvince="Alaska">August</location>
|
||
, 1982,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F43E476E1910481E9" box="[172,329,688,713]" pageId="54">D.A. Grimaldi</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D234BC2D648DF2F421C76E1913A81E9" box="[340,375,689,713]" pageId="54" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED34188ED648DF2F42CD76E1919281E8" box="[389,479,689,713]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="54">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F42B876E191BA802A" collectingDate="1960-07" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="D. D. Miller" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." elevation="1219" location="Glacier National Park" municipality="Anchorage" pageId="54" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Alaska" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F42B876E190D581C8" bold="true" pageId="54">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F42B876E190D581C8" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="54">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8EFAD690D648DF2F43EC7682914081CB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169:8EFAD690D648DF2F43EC7682914081CB" box="[164,269,722,746]" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." municipality="Anchorage" name="Highland" pageId="54" stateProvince="Alaska">Highland</location>
|
||
, banana bait, VIII.62,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F42B47682923481CB" box="[508,633,722,746]" pageId="54">D.D. Miller</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D234BC2D648DF2F432476A390DD802B" box="[108,144,755,779]" pageId="54" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, 1♂ (dissected, MF-1) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED34188ED648DF2F42D976A391A6802A" box="[401,491,755,779]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="54">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F42B476A390A1804F" collectingDate="1960-07" collectionCode="AMNH" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." elevation="1219" location="Glacier National Park" municipality="Anchorage" pageId="54" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Alaska" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F42B476A3916B800A" bold="true" pageId="54">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F42B476A3916B800A" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="54">Tennessee– North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8EFAD690D648DF2F4273774490ED806C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169:8EFAD690D648DF2F4273774490ED806C" country="United States of America" county="Broome Co." municipality="Anchorage" name="Smoky Mountains National Park" pageId="54" stateProvince="Alaska">Smoky Mountains National Park</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CDD2DAED648DF2F43E57765914E806C" box="[173,259,821,845]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2192" pageId="54" unit="ft" value="4000.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00086778D648DF2F43E57765914E806C" box="[173,259,821,845]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2192" pageId="54" unit="ft" value="4000.0">4000 ft.</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, (
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E3EE9D648DF2F425F77659134806C" box="[279,377,821,845]" pageId="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F42977765923B806C" authorityName="Stalker and Spencer" authorityYear="1939" box="[479,630,821,845]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Psathyrellaceae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="magnafumosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F42977765923B806C" box="[479,630,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="54">magnafumosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in USNM)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F43B77706909D80F0" collectingDate="2016-06-19" collectingDateMax="2016-06-21" collectingDateMin="2016-06-19" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="G. B. Mainland & R. Wagner" country="United States of America" county="Orleans Co." elevation="503" latitude="44.79391" location="Great Smoky Mountains National Park" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-71.98795" municipality="Clingman's Dome" pageId="54" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Vermont">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFE1A31D648DF2F43B77706919D804C" box="[255,464,854,878]" pageId="54">Clingman’s Dome</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F42AB770691EA80AE" pageId="54">
|
||
<location id="8EFAD690D648DF2F42AB770691CC80AE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C315DD64FDF2E41AE767094258169:8EFAD690D648DF2F42AB770691CC80AE" country="United States of America" county="Orleans Co." latitude="44.79391" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-71.98795" municipality="Clingman's Dome" name="Great Smoky Mountains National Park" pageId="54" stateProvince="Vermont">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</location>
|
||
IX
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
/11/41, 1275.9,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F4105772790978091" pageId="54">G.B. Mainland</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F43A277C991298090" box="[234,356,921,945]" pageId="54">R. Wagner</collectorName>
|
||
, 2♂ (1 dissected, MF-3, AMNH).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F439177E991168715" collectingDate="2016-06-19" collectingDateMax="2016-06-21" collectingDateMin="2016-06-19" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="D. Grimaldi " country="United States of America" county="Orleans Co." elevation="503" latitude="44.79391" location="Great Smoky Mountains National Park" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-71.98795" municipality="Clingman's Dome" pageId="54" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Vermont">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F439177E9917380F0" bold="true" box="[217,318,953,977]" pageId="54">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F439177E9917380F0" box="[217,318,953,977]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="54">Vermont</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FBF8C7D648DF2F420577E9919E80F0" box="[333,467,953,977]" pageId="54">Orleans Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
, nr. Bald Mtn.,
|
||
<quantity id="4CDD2DAED648DF2F4324778A908B80D3" box="[108,198,986,1010]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0291999999999994" pageId="54" unit="ft" value="1650.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00086778D648DF2F4324778A908B80D3" box="[108,198,986,1010]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0291999999999994" pageId="54" unit="ft" value="1650.0">1650 ft.</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE11E68CD648DF2F439B778A910A80D3" box="[211,327,986,1010]" degrees="44.793912" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="54" precision="1" value="44.79391">44.793912</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE11E68CD648DF2F4210778A919A80D3" box="[344,471,986,1010]" degrees="71.987953" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="54" precision="1" value="-71.98795">-71.987953</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F42A0778B923A80D3" box="[488,631,986,1010]" pageId="54">D. Grimaldi</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9BA68BD648DF2F432477AB91548732" box="[108,281,1019,1043]" pageId="54" value="2016-06-19" valueMax="2016-06-21" valueMin="2016-06-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDF5F63D648DF2F432477AB91548732" box="[108,281,1019,1043]" pageId="54" value="2016-06-19" valueMax="2016-06-21" valueMin="2016-06-19">19–21/VI/2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, sweep netted in forest near stream (Mad Brook),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F422E704C909187B9" collectingDate="2016-06-19" collectingDateMax="2016-06-21" collectingDateMin="2016-06-19" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="D. Grimaldi" country="United States of America" county="Orleans Co." elevation="503" latitude="44.79391" location="Great Smoky Mountains National Park" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-71.98795" municipality="Clingman's Dome" pageId="54" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Vermont">
|
||
1♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D234BC2D648DF2F42D3704C91F28715" box="[411,447,1052,1076]" pageId="54" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(both dissected, nos. 84, 83 respectively).
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F42D8706D92358774" box="[400,632,1085,1109]" pageId="54">Mad Brook Farm, E</collectorName>
|
||
. Charleston, VII/15–25/82,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F42F8700F92098757" box="[432,580,1118,1142]" pageId="54">D. Grimaldi</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D234BC2D648DF2F4110700F92318757" box="[600,636,1119,1143]" pageId="54" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED34188ED648DF2F433C70D0909D87B9" box="[116,208,1152,1176]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="54">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F43A0702F910487FB" collectingDate="2016-06-19" collectingDateMax="2016-06-21" collectingDateMin="2016-06-19" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="M. R. Wheeler & W. B. Heed" country="United States of America" county="Orleans Co." elevation="503" latitude="44.79391" location="Great Smoky Mountains National Park" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-71.98795" municipality="Clingman's Dome" pageId="54" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Vermont">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F43A0702F913187B6" bold="true" box="[232,380,1151,1175]" pageId="54">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F43A0702F913B87B6" box="[232,374,1151,1175]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="54">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CDD2DAED648DF2F42C070D0919887B6" box="[392,469,1151,1176]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="54" unit="mi" value="10.0">10 mi.</quantity>
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F42A970D0923A87B6" box="[481,631,1151,1175]" pageId="54">N. Raymond</collectorName>
|
||
, 2186.2, VI/31–VIII/1/51,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F42DD70F192758799" box="[405,568,1184,1208]" pageId="54">M.R. Wheeler</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F410070F190E587FB" pageId="54">W.B. Heed</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D234BC2D648DF2F43FC7092909587F8" box="[180,216,1218,1242]" pageId="54" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED34188ED648DF2F43A07092910F87FB" box="[232,322,1218,1242]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="54">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4D8A16D648DF2F421D709291FB87DA" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Tacoma" country="United States of America" county="Pierce Co." location="Pierce Co." pageId="54" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FBF8C7D648DF2F421D7092918587FB" box="[341,456,1218,1242]" pageId="54">Pierce Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D0E59DD648DF2F429C7092926187F8" box="[468,556,1218,1241]" pageId="54">Tacoma</collectorName>
|
||
, (
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E3EE9D648DF2F4108709290D687DA" pageId="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D234BC2D648DF2F43D370B390FF87DB" box="[155,178,1251,1274]" pageId="54" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F439F70B3910C87DA" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1949" box="[215,321,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F439F70B3910C87DA" box="[215,321,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="54">melanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED34188ED648DF2F421270B391E387DA" box="[346,430,1251,1275]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="54" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33FD3C0D648DF2E43C57154914C867F" lastPageId="55" pageId="54" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD648DF2F43C5715492438547" blockId="54.[108,637,226,1738]" pageId="54">
|
||
COMMENTS: Very widespread across entire North America, principally in the north, and at higher elevations where it extends southerly into
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F432471379097865F" box="[108,218,1383,1406]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="54">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F4259713791F5865E" box="[273,440,1383,1407]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="54">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F42B27137923C865E" author="Lacy, R. C." box="[506,625,1383,1407]" pageId="54" pagination="59 - 63" refId="ref29270" refString="Lacy, R. C. 1981. Taxonomic and distributional notes on some fungus-feeding North American Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Entomological News 92 (2): 59 - 63." type="journal article" year="1981">Lacy, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Highly variable coloration seems to correspond to temperature, with darker specimens occurring in more northern latitudes, higher altitudes, and in spring and fall, similar to the situation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F410171BC92468505" authority="(Sabath et al., 1973)" baseAuthorityName="Sabath" baseAuthorityYear="1973" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Psathyrellaceae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="putrida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F410171BC91588505" italics="true" pageId="54">Drosophila putrida</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F4260725C924F8505" author="Sabath, M. D." box="[296,514,1548,1572]" pageId="54" pagination="509 - 512" refId="ref29648" refString="Sabath, M. D., R. C. Richmond, and R. M. Torrella. 1973. Temperature-mediated seasonal color changes in Drosophila putrida. American Midland Naturalist 90: 509 - 512." type="journal article" year="1973">Sabath et al., 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dramatic color variation probably resulted in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F4324721E909C8547" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[108,209,1614,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F4324721E909C8547" box="[108,209,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="54">ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being described three times.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD648DF2F43C4723F9441806C" blockId="54.[108,637,226,1738]" lastBlockId="54.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="54">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F43C4723F910C85A6" author="Wheeler, M. R." box="[140,321,1647,1671]" pageId="54" pagination="47 - 64" refId="ref30185" refString="Wheeler, M. R. 1954. Taxonomic studies on American Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publications 5422: 47 - 64." type="journal article" year="1954">Wheeler (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was the first to recognize that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F43D672C191688589" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[158,293,1680,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F43D672C191688589" box="[158,293,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="54">H. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“is quite similar in appearance to both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F439B72E2910985EB" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1949" box="[211,324,1714,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F439B72E2910985EB" box="[211,324,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="54">melanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F42C172E2926385EB" box="[393,558,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F42C172E2926785EB" authorityName="Stalker and Spencer" authorityYear="1939" box="[393,554,1714,1738]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Psathyrellaceae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="54" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="magnafumosa">magnafumosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F410F72E292B883DB" author="Lacy, R. C." box="[583,757,226,1738]" pageId="54" pagination="59 - 63" refId="ref29270" refString="Lacy, R. C. 1981. Taxonomic and distributional notes on some fungus-feeding North American Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Entomological News 92 (2): 59 - 63." type="journal article" year="1981">Lacy (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549E3EE9D648DF2F40EA74B2939183DB" box="[930,988,226,250]" pageId="54">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of all three species and confirmed their common identity. He briefly redescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F40CB75749441821D" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[899,1036,292,316]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F40CB75749441821D" box="[899,1036,292,316]" italics="true" pageId="54">H. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and figured the male genitalia for the first time, although he depicted the lower surstylus lobe as just setose instead of with prensisetae. He mentioned his examination of genitalia for specimens from Ithaca, New York, and the Smoky Mountains, Tennessee, that he collected as well as specimens collected by H.T. Spieth in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD648DF2F475F765B94378102" box="[1047,1146,523,547]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="54">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, California (on the state’s northern coast). I have not seen specimens from California, but given the distinctive structure of the male genitalia the identification is probably correct. It’s uncertain whether all the distribution records reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F41E47682936A81CB" author="Lacy, R. C." box="[684,807,722,746]" pageId="54" pagination="59 - 63" refId="ref29270" refString="Lacy, R. C. 1981. Taxonomic and distributional notes on some fungus-feeding North American Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Entomological News 92 (2): 59 - 63." type="journal article" year="1981">Lacy (1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, i.e., Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Quebec, Washington) were based on specimens that he examined or they were just reports of earlier literature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD648DF2F41857706944F86C3" blockId="54.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="54">
|
||
It is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F40C5770694F0804F" baseAuthorityName="Sidorenko" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[909,1213,854,878]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shaitanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F40C5770694F0804F" box="[909,1213,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="54">Hirtodrosophila shaitanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sidorenko, in Toda at al., 1996) is a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F404577C993DE8091" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[781,915,920,944]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F404577C993DE8091" box="[781,915,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="54">H. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F40EA77C8946E8091" baseAuthorityName="Sidorenko" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[930,1059,920,944]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shaitanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F40EA77C8946E8091" box="[930,1059,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="54">shaitanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a substitute name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F406977E9942580F0" authority="Sidorenko, 1995" authorityName="Sidorenko" authorityYear="1995" box="[801,1128,953,977]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neomakinoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F406977E993EC80F0" box="[801,929,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="54">neomakinoi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F40E577E9942580F0" author="Sidorenko, V. S." box="[941,1128,953,977]" pageId="54" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref29760" refString="Sidorenko, V. S. 1995. New data on Asian drosophilid flies (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Part I. Far Eastern Entomologist 8: 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1995">Sidorenko, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was preoccupied by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F40D8778A94F380D3" authorityName="Sidorenko" authorityYear="1995" box="[912,1214,986,1010]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neomakinoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F40D8778A94F380D3" box="[912,1214,986,1010]" italics="true" pageId="54">Hirtodrosophila neomakinoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Gupta and Singh, 1981]). I suspect this synonymy because
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F400E704C94588715" author="Sidorenko, V. S." box="[838,1045,1052,1076]" pageId="54" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref29760" refString="Sidorenko, V. S. 1995. New data on Asian drosophilid flies (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Part I. Far Eastern Entomologist 8: 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1995">Sidorenko’s (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of the external features, and his figures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F470D706D92A98757" author="Sidorenko, V. S." pageId="54" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref29760" refString="Sidorenko, V. S. 1995. New data on Asian drosophilid flies (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Part I. Far Eastern Entomologist 8: 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1995">Sidorenko, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 1–5) of the male and female terminalia are consistent with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F40EC702F944487B6" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[932,1033,1151,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F40EC702F944487B6" box="[932,1033,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="54">ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(though lacking in detail), including aedeagal structure and proportions, the blunt apex of the oviscapt, and the deep spermathecal introvert. Lastly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F477F70B394F087DA" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1079,1213,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F477F70B394F087DA" box="[1079,1213,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="54">H. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs north to Alaska, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F4746715494F1863D" baseAuthorityName="Sidorenko" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1038,1212,1284,1308]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shaitanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F4746715494F1863D" box="[1038,1212,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="54">H. shaitanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in Primorskii krai, Russian Far East (opposite
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D648DF2F405F711693C9867F" box="[791,900,1350,1374]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="54">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD648DF2F40C571169386867F" box="[909,971,1350,1374]" name="Japan" pageId="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and Irkutskaya oblast (just north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD648DF2F4009713793E0865E" box="[833,941,1383,1407]" name="Mongolia" pageId="54">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), so a Beringian distribution is very plausible. Specimens from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD648DF2F41E471F992BE86E0" box="[684,755,1449,1473]" name="Russia" pageId="54">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
need to be directly compared in detail with North American material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD648DF2E418471BB913C8715" blockId="54.[684,1214,226,1738]" lastBlockId="55.[108,638,226,1738]" lastPageId="55" pageId="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F418471BB93B88522" ID-CoL="6M8D2" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[716,1013,1515,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F418471BB93B88522" box="[716,1013,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="54">Hirtodrosophila ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F41E4725C935B8505" ID-CoL="37S43" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1949" box="[684,790,1548,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F41E4725C935B8505" box="[684,790,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="54">melanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, all six other members of which are Palearctic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F40D0727D947A8564" author="Wheeler, M. R." box="[920,1079,1581,1605]" pageId="54" pagination="47 - 64" refId="ref30185" refString="Wheeler, M. R. 1954. Taxonomic studies on American Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publications 5422: 47 - 64." type="journal article" year="1954">Wheeler, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F470C727E94F48564" author="Lacy, R. C." box="[1092,1209,1581,1606]" pageId="54" pagination="59 - 63" refId="ref29270" refString="Lacy, R. C. 1981. Taxonomic and distributional notes on some fungus-feeding North American Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Entomological News 92 (2): 59 - 63." type="journal article" year="1981">Lacy, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F41E4721E93CF8546" author="Bachli, G. & Vilela, A." box="[684,898,1614,1639]" pageId="54" pagination="1 - 362" refId="ref28797" refString="Bachli, G., C. R. Vilela, A. Escher, and A. Saura. 2004. The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 39: 1 - 362. Leiden: Brill." type="journal article" year="2004">Bächli et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D648DF2F40D2721E935B85A6" ID-CoL="3M4HB" authority="(Haliday)" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cameraria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D648DF2F40D2721E94F18547" box="[922,1212,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="54">Hirtodrosophila cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
(Haliday)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, redescribed in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD648DF2F477F723F92BC8588" author="Bachli, G. & Vilela, A." pageId="54" pagination="1 - 362" refId="ref28797" refString="Bachli, G., C. R. Vilela, A. Escher, and A. Saura. 2004. The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 39: 1 - 362. Leiden: Brill." type="journal article" year="2004">Bächli et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is widespread throughout Europe, occurring even in northern Africa and the Near East, its most northern record from the vicinity of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D649DF2E417074B290EB823A" country="Sweden" name="Stockholm" pageId="55">Stockholm</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD649DF2E43FA75539149823A" box="[178,260,259,283]" name="Sweden" pageId="55">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD649DF2E425B75539197823A" author="Bachli, G. & Vilela, A." box="[275,474,259,283]" pageId="55" pagination="1 - 362" refId="ref28797" refString="Bachli, G., C. R. Vilela, A. Escher, and A. Saura. 2004. The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 39: 1 - 362. Leiden: Brill." type="journal article" year="2004">Bächli et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although it is not reported from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD649DF2E42C075749181821D" box="[392,460,292,316]" name="Russia" pageId="55">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
or Siberia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD649DF2E410E757490BD827C" author="Toda, M. J., V. & S. Sidorenko & H-a & Watabe, S." pageId="55" pagination="455 - 477" refId="ref29977" refString="Toda, M. J., V. S. Sidorenko, H-a Watabe, S. Kholin, and N. N. Vinokurov. 1996. A revision of the Drosophilidae (Diptera) in East Siberia and Russian Far East: Taxonomy and biogeography. Zoological Science 13 (3): 455 - 477." type="journal article" year="1996">Toda et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E424075159231827C" ID-CoL="3M4KG" authority="(Okada)" baseAuthorityName="Okada" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[264,636,325,349]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="makinoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E424075159258827C" box="[264,533,325,349]" italics="true" pageId="55">Hirtodrosophila makinoi</emphasis>
|
||
(Okada)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD649DF2E439F7536915F825C" box="[215,274,358,381]" name="Japan" pageId="55">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Russian Far East, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E412B7537918C82BE" ID-CoL="3M4KV" authority="(Gupta and Singh)" baseAuthorityName="Gupta and Singh" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neomakinoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E412B753790A582BE" italics="true" pageId="55">H. neomakinoi</emphasis>
|
||
(Gupta and Singh)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected in wet conifer forest at
|
||
<quantity id="4CDD2DAED649DF2E420475F891DA82E1" box="[332,407,424,448]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="55" unit="ft" value="7500.0">7500 ft</quantity>
|
||
elevation in Darjeeling,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E14EA9D649DF2E43D7759A916782C0" box="[159,298,457,481]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="55">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD649DF2E42707599913982C0" box="[312,372,457,481]" name="India" pageId="55">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Three species occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD649DF2E432475BA90FC8123" box="[108,177,490,514]" name="China" pageId="55">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E43F575BB92698123" ID-CoL="3M4HZ" authority="(Zhang and Liang)" baseAuthorityName="Zhang and Liang" box="[189,548,490,514]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcapenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E43F575BB91068123" box="[189,331,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="55">H. furcapenis</emphasis>
|
||
(Zhang and Liang)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E417975BB918F8102" ID-CoL="3M4J2" authority="(Zhang and Liang)" baseAuthorityName="Zhang and Liang" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcapenisoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E417975BB90A18102" italics="true" pageId="55">H. furcapenisoides</emphasis>
|
||
(Zhang and Liang)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E42B7765C90E68144" ID-CoL="3M4K9" authority="(Zhang and Liang) (Zhang and Liang, 1995)" authorityName="Zhang and Liang" authorityYear="1995" baseAuthorityName="Zhang and Liang" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longifurcapenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E42B7765C90F78165" italics="true" pageId="55">H. longifurcapenis</emphasis>
|
||
(Zhang and Liang) (Zhang and Liang, 1995)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. When described from New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD649DF2E42A8761D927D8144" box="[480,560,589,613]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="55">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E4174761E925D81A6" ID-CoL="3M4GZ" authority="(Okada and Carson)" baseAuthorityName="Okada and Carson" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpiniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E4174761E917C81A7" italics="true" pageId="55">Hirtodrosophila alpiniae</emphasis>
|
||
(Okada and Carson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was affiliated with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E426876DF91C38186" ID-CoL="37S43" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1949" box="[288,398,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E426876DF91C38186" box="[288,398,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="55">melanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (Okada and Carson, 1980), but this is not entirely clear. On the one hand, it has a short, broad, U-shaped hypandrium, a bilobed surstylus, and large spines on the cercus, and was reported as breeding in fungi. On the other hand, it was also breeding in the flowers of a wild ginger (Zingerberaceae), and described as having the arista with “5 lower, very short branches,” the carina “high and long,” and the authors figure the cercus with two large spines on the posterior surface (vs. multiple spines or denticles on the ventral surface). This species also needs to be reexamined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD649DF2E43C4706E914C867F" blockId="55.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="55">
|
||
A preliminary scheme of relationships for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E4325700E91C68757" ID-CoL="37S43" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1949" box="[109,395,1118,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E4325700E91C68757" box="[109,395,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="55">Hirtodrosophila melanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group is presented in figure 32 (omitting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E42E370D0920087B6" ID-CoL="3M4LZ" baseAuthorityName="Sidorenko" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[427,589,1151,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shaitanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E42E370D0920087B6" box="[427,589,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="55">H. shaitanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E432570F190AE8799" ID-CoL="3M4GZ" box="[109,227,1184,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpiniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E432570F190AE8799" box="[109,227,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="55">H. alpiniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It is based on seven morphological features, five of which broadly define the species group.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E43F070B391F387DA" ID-CoL="3M4KG" baseAuthorityName="Okada" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[184,446,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="makinoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E43F070B391F387DA" box="[184,446,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="55">Hirtodrosophila makinoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be the most basal species, lacking the pair of slender lateral lobes on the aedeagus so distinctive to the other species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33FD3C0D649DF2E43C4713794258169" pageId="55" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A804BD649DF2E43C4713794258169" blockId="55.[108,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="55.[685,1216,226,584]" pageId="55">
|
||
Life history and host records are largely known for just two species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E414671D892318681" authorityName="Hsu" authorityYear="1949" box="[526,636,1416,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E414671D892318681" box="[526,636,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="55">melanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E438B71FA911986E0" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[195,340,1449,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E438B71FA911986E0" box="[195,340,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="55">H. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E42D171FA927C86E0" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[409,561,1450,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cameraria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E42D171FA927C86E0" box="[409,561,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="55">H. cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both appear to be rather polyphagous, breeding in an array of fleshy basidiomycetes, though they are rare compared to the common mycophagous species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E4246727D91A68564" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1866" box="[270,491,1581,1605]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Psathyrellaceae" genus="Drosophila" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="55" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="quinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E4246727D91A68564" box="[270,491,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="55">Drosophila quinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and testacea species groups. In North America,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD649DF2E42B2721F92358546" author="Lacy, R. C." box="[506,632,1615,1639]" pageId="55" pagination="59 - 63" refId="ref29270" refString="Lacy, R. C. 1981. Taxonomic and distributional notes on some fungus-feeding North American Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Entomological News 92 (2): 59 - 63." type="journal article" year="1981">Lacy (1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD649DF2E4324722090EE85A9" author="Lacy, R. C." box="[108,163,1648,1672]" pageId="55" pagination="1265 - 1275" refId="ref29305" refString="Lacy, R. C. 1982. Niche breadth and abundance as determinants of genetic variation in populations of mycophagous drosophilid flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Evolution 36 (6): 1265 - 1275." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reported having reared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E4287723F909D8589" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E4287723F909D8589" italics="true" pageId="55">Hirtodrosophila ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from 16 genera of basidiomycete fungi, comprising some 1520 specimens out of more than 20,000 drosophilids reared in total. I have very rarely encountered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E40FF75549473823A" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[951,1086,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E40FF75549473823A" box="[951,1086,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="55">H. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in my rearings of mycophagous drosophilids from the northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD649DF2E400E75169396827F" box="[838,987,326,350]" name="United States of America" pageId="55">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(e.g., Grimaldi and Jaenike, 1984). In Britain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD649DF2E408175379410825E" author="Basden, E. B." box="[969,1117,359,383]" pageId="55" pagination="603 - 655" refId="ref28842" refString="Basden, E. B. 1954. The distribution and biology of Drosophilidae (Diptera) in Scotland, including a new species of Drosophila. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 62: 603 - 655." type="journal article" year="1954">Basden, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB4FDBAD649DF2E4720753892A88280" author="Buxton, P. A." pageId="55" pagination="61 - 94" refId="ref28927" refString="Buxton, P. A. 1960. British Diptera associated with fungi III. Flies of all families reared from about 150 species of fungi. Entomologists' Monthly Magazine 96: 61 - 94." type="journal article" year="1960">Buxton, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F332C0DBD649DF2E406075D993EA8280" box="[808,935,393,417]" name="Switzerland" pageId="55">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Burla and Bächli, 1968),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E41E675FB937082E3" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[686,829,427,450]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" genus="Hirtodrosophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cameraria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E41E675FB937082E3" box="[686,829,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="55">H. cameraria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported as quite rare in mushrooms, although Shorrocks and Charlesworth (1980, 1982) reported that in Britain it is moderately abundant in certain species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E41E77660933E8169" box="[687,883,560,584]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Phallaceae" genus="Phallus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Phallales" pageId="55" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="impudicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E41E77660933E8169" box="[687,883,560,584]" italics="true" pageId="55">Phallus impudicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C25FBC8D649DF2E40E27661942F8169" box="[938,1122,561,584]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" kingdom="Fungi" order="Russulales" pageId="55" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="quietus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9515C59D649DF2E40E27661942F8169" box="[938,1122,561,584]" italics="true" pageId="55">Lactarius quietus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |