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<document id="EA18FAF315ADC91FAEA1F364FADE010E" ID-CLB-Dataset="38930" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4118.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a4e408c4-2575-4b5c-878b-e1b9010ec619" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264597" ID-ZooBank="CFA586DA-10EE-468B-80EE-35351E3845FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1465242077321" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="C, Lees David" docDate="2016" docId="038747324C62C6401EB728FCFB6F2681" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4118.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4118 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Heteropsis drepana" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFBE3F4A4C76C6571E202D2DFFD32174" masterDocTitle="Heteropsis (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Mycalesina): 19 new species from Madagascar and interim revision" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1698662715872" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="57BCF6B286A09BF70735F9D453BCFC3B">Heteropsis (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Mycalesina): 19 new species from Madagascar and interim revision</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="137E43E976D8D4CBB387291F864A8E5F">C, Lees David</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038747324C62C6401EB728FCFB6F2681" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6086416" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120817091" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6086416" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038747324C62C6401EB728FCFB6F2681" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038747324C62C6401EB728FCFB6F2681" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C62C6431EB728FCFC2E249F" box="[151,1021,1489,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C62C6431EB728FCFC2E249F" blockId="20.[151,1021,1489,1515]" box="[151,1021,1489,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<heading id="D0D941484C62C6431EB728FCFC2E249F" bold="true" box="[151,1021,1489,1515]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431EB728FCFC2E249F" bold="true" box="[151,1021,1489,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431EB728FCFE51249F" box="[151,386,1489,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431EB728FCFE51249F" bold="true" box="[151,386,1489,1515]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Heteropsis drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (including subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431CFC28FCFC26249F" authority="Butler, 1879" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1879" box="[732,1013,1489,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431CFC28FCFC85249F" bold="true" box="[732,854,1489,1515]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Henotesia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C62C6431D7E28FCFC26249F" author="Butler" box="[862,1013,1489,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Butler, A. G. (1879) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera from Madagascar, with notes on some of the forms already described. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 4, 227 - 246. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937908679820" type="journal article" year="1879">Butler, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C62C6421EB72B35FBE9241B" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C62C6431EB72B35FA4F2694" blockId="20.[151,1436,1560,2017]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431EEE2B34FE892745" box="[206,346,1560,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431EEE2B34FE892745" box="[206,346,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (comprising the ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431C5E2B34FD1F2744" box="[638,716,1561,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="narova">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431C5E2B34FD1F2744" box="[638,716,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">narova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group’ of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C62C6431D702B34FBFC2744" author="Torres" box="[848,1071,1560,1585]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Torres, E., Lees, D. C., Vane-Wright, R. I., Kremen, C., Leonard, J. A. &amp; Wayne, R. K. (2001) Examining monophyly in a large radiation of Madagascan butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Mycalesina) based on mitochondrial DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20, 460 - 473. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2001.0984" type="journal article" year="2001">
Torres
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431D842B34FC3B2745" box="[932,1000,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.,</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
, otherwise known as subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431EB72B10FDDC2721" ID-CoL="92BDD" authority="Lees et al., 2003" authorityName="Lees et al." authorityYear="2003" box="[151,527,1596,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431EB72B10FE9E2720" box="[151,333,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Henotesia sensu</emphasis>
Lees
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431FAF2B10FE1E2721" box="[399,461,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.,</emphasis>
2003
</taxonomicName>
, but referred to here as the ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431D642B10FC652720" ID-CoL="92BDD" box="[836,950,1597,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431D642B10FC652720" box="[836,950,1597,1620]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Henotesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade’, with the addition of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431ACF2B10FABD2721" box="[1263,1390,1596,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431ACF2B10FABD2721" box="[1263,1390,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431EB72B4CFEE1270D" box="[151,306,1632,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431EB72B4CFEE1270D" box="[151,306,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ht. fuliginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431C202B4CFDEA270D" box="[512,569,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015) also includes the prior genus
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431DFD2B4DFB8B270D" box="[989,1112,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Houlbertia</emphasis>
. The
<typeStatus id="549548864C62C6431ABB2B4CFB18270D" box="[1179,1227,1633,1657]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
species of the last genus is
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431EDE2BA9FD7B27E9" authority="Oberthur, 1916" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" box="[254,680,1668,1693]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Houlbertia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erebennis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431EDE2BA9FE3C27E9" box="[254,495,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Houlbertia erebennis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C62C6431FD82BA9FD7B27E9" author="Oberthur" box="[504,680,1668,1693]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as selected by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C62C6431D402BA9FC3D27E9" author="Viette" box="[864,1006,1668,1693]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Viette, P. (1961) Les Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres de Madagascar: biogeographie et repartition. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 85, 353 - 360." type="journal article" year="1961">Viette, 1961</bibRefCitation>
, which has priority over Hemming’s, 1964, selection of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431F452B85FD1727B4" ID-CoL="952QX" authority="Ward, 1871" authorityName="Ward" authorityYear="1871" box="[357,708,1704,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Erebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="passandava">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431F452B85FDE827B5" box="[357,571,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Erebia passandava</emphasis>
Ward, 1871
</taxonomicName>
as the
<typeStatus id="549548864C62C6431D322B84FC9127B5" box="[786,834,1705,1729]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
species; NHM’s Lepindex needs to be updated in this regard. The (subgenus)
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431F822BE0FDC72790" ID-CoL="92BDD" box="[418,532,1741,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431F822BE0FDC72790" box="[418,532,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Henotesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as circumscribed by Lees
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431D1E2BE0FCAE2791" box="[830,893,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.,</emphasis>
(2003), who synonymised
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431A902BE1FAF82791" box="[1200,1323,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Houlbertia</emphasis>
with it, is based on
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431F2A2BDCFEE1267C" box="[266,306,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">He.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431F1D2BDDFDF0267C" ID-CoL="934V4" authority="Butler, 1879" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1879" box="[317,547,1776,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wardii">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431F1D2BDDFE56267D" box="[317,389,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">wardii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C62C6431FB02BDDFDF0267C" author="Butler" box="[400,547,1776,1801]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Butler, A. G. (1879) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera from Madagascar, with notes on some of the forms already described. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 4, 227 - 246. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937908679820" type="journal article" year="1879">Butler, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which became on combination a junior subjective homonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431B052BDCFE9A2659" ID-CoL="934V4" authority="Mabille, 1877" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wardii">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431B052BDCFA4F267D" box="[1317,1436,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ht. wardii</emphasis>
(Mabille, 1877)
</taxonomicName>
. The
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431FA72A38FDDE2659" box="[391,525,1812,1837]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431FA72A38FDDE2659" box="[391,525,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, or at least the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431D202A38FCA12658" ID-CoL="92BDD" box="[768,882,1813,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431D202A38FCA12658" box="[768,882,1813,1836]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Henotesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade, is supported by both morphological (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C62C6431B7F2A38FF032624" author="Lees" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and molecular data (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C62C6431FD32A15FCE82624" author="Kodandaramaiah" box="[499,827,1848,1873]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Kodandaramaiah, U., Lees, D. C., Muller, C. J., Torres, E., Karanth, C. P. &amp; Wahlberg, N. (2010) Phylogenetics and biogeography of a spectacular Old World radiation of butterflies: the subtribe Mycalesina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrini). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 172" type="journal article" year="2010">
Kodandaramaiah
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431C982A14FD232625" box="[696,752,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Perhaps the most important morphological feature of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431EE12A70FEE12600" ID-CoL="92BDD" box="[193,306,1885,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431EE12A70FEE12600" box="[193,306,1885,1908]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Henotesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade is the dorso-ventrally flattened aedeagus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C62C6431D732A70FC002601" author="Lees" box="[851,979,1885,1909]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). However, the entire
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431AEC2A70FA802601" box="[1228,1363,1884,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431AEC2A70FA802601" box="[1228,1363,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group includes moderately to highly sexually dimorphic species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C62C6431D112AADFC6126EC" author="Lees" box="[817,946,1920,1944]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431A782AACFB4B26ED" box="[1112,1176,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.,</emphasis>
(2015, Suppl. Fig. S4) using ten genes found that their 11 sampled members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431D142A88FC7626C8" ID-CoL="92BDD" box="[820,933,1957,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431D142A88FC7626C8" box="[820,933,1957,1980]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Henotesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade, had 92% bootstrap support as sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431EB72AE4FEF32695" box="[151,288,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431EB72AE4FEF32695" box="[151,288,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and this clade 87% support as sister to the hitherto hard to place
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C62C6431A0E2AE4FB182695" box="[1070,1227,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431A0E2AE4FB182695" box="[1070,1227,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ht. fuliginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The sister of
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C62C6431B592AE4FA4F2694" box="[1401,1436,1993,2016]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ht.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C63C6421EB72DBAFEBC2384" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421EB72DBAFF2721C4" box="[151,244,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421EB72DBAFF2721C4" box="[151,244,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group is recovered with significant bootstrap support (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421D792DBAFBBE21C4" author="Aduse-Poku" box="[857,1133,151,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Aduse-Poku, K., Lees, D. C., Brattstrom, O., Kodandaramaiah, U., Collins, S. &amp; Brakefield, P. M., (2016) Molecular phylogeny and generic-level taxonomy of the widespread palaeotropical ' Heteropsis clade' (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Mycalesina). Systematic Entomology, in press. http: // dx. doi. org / syen. 12183" type="book" year="2016">
Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421DCC2DB4FBF721C4" box="[1004,1060,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
, in press) as sister to a ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421B592DB4FF0C21A1" ID-CoL="955MC" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iboina">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421B592DB4FF0C21A1" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. iboina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group’ of
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C63C6421F422D91FE1C21A1" box="[354,463,188,213]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421FFA2D90FD8121A0" ID-CoL="8HKH8" box="[474,594,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421FFA2D90FD8121A0" box="[474,594,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heteropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that included
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421CDE2D90FC8F21A1" box="[766,860,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vola">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421CDE2D90FC8F21A1" box="[766,860,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. vola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that was previously (and erroneously) placed in (subgenus)
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F3B2DF2FEBD218C" ID-CoL="93PFY" box="[283,366,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Telinga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F3B2DF2FEBD218C" box="[283,366,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Telinga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Lees
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421FFC2DCCFDCE218C" box="[476,541,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.,</emphasis>
2003. The
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C852DF2FD3E218C" ID-CoL="955MC" box="[677,749,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iboina">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C852DF2FD3E218C" box="[677,749,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">iboina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group also comprised
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421DD62DCCFAD8218C" ID-CoL="955MC" authority="Ward, 1870" authorityName="Ward" authorityYear="1870" box="[1014,1291,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iboina">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421DD62DCCFBB9218C" box="[1014,1130,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. iboina</emphasis>
(Ward, 1870)
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421B0E2DCCFEEB2068" authority="Butler, 1879" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421B0E2DCCFA4F218C" box="[1326,1436,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. parva</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421EBE2C29FEE32068" author="Butler" box="[158,304,260,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Butler, A. G. (1879) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera from Madagascar, with notes on some of the forms already described. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 4, 227 - 246. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937908679820" type="journal article" year="1879">Butler, 1879</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C172C28FD6E2069" box="[567,701,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avelona">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C172C28FD6E2069" box="[567,701,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. avelona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (=
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421D0D2C29FC4A2069" box="[813,921,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicristata">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D0D2C29FC4A2069" box="[813,921,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">bicristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421A312C28FB3E2068" author="Torres" box="[1041,1261,260,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Torres, E., Lees, D. C., Vane-Wright, R. I., Kremen, C., Leonard, J. A. &amp; Wayne, R. K. (2001) Examining monophyly in a large radiation of Madagascan butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Mycalesina) based on mitochondrial DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20, 460 - 473. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2001.0984" type="journal article" year="2001">
Torres
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421A442C28FB732069" box="[1124,1184,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
), including
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421B592C28FE582034" authority="Ward, 1870" authorityName="Ward" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avelona">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421B592C28FF232034" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. avelona</emphasis>
(Ward, 1870)
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F882C04FCD12034" authority="Oberthur, 1916" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" box="[424,770,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uniformis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F882C04FDEE2034" box="[424,573,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. uniformis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421C6B2C0AFD292034" author="Oberthur" box="[587,762,295,320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421D2D2C04FB8D2034" authority="Mabille, 1880" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1880" box="[781,1118,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvidens">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D2D2C04FC762034" box="[781,933,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. parvidens</emphasis>
(Mabille, 1880)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421AB92C04FF082010" authority="Mabille, 1878" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicristata">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421AB92C04FAFD2034" box="[1177,1326,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. bicristata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421B1C2C0AFF002010" author="Mabille" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Mabille, P. (1878) Lepidoptera Africana. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 3, 81 - 95." type="journal article" year="1878">Mabille, 1878</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. No undescribed species are known in the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C962C60FCF42011" ID-CoL="955MC" box="[694,807,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iboina">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C962C60FCF42011" box="[694,807,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. iboina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. In general, the question of the number and limits of subgenera in
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F702C5CFE1B20FC" ID-CoL="8HKH8" box="[336,456,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F702C5CFE1B20FC" box="[336,456,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heteropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is left open here. If the name
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D052C42FC7320FC" box="[805,928,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Houlbertia</emphasis>
Oberthür was restricted to a clade of highly sexually dimorphic species that include
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C492CB8FD3720D8" box="[617,740,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="narova">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C492CB8FD3720D8" box="[617,740,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. narova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, excluding
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421D4F2CB8FBF120D9" ID-CoL="952QX" box="[879,1058,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Erebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="passandava">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D4F2CB8FBF120D9" box="[879,1058,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. passandava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421B792CB8FA4F20D9" box="[1369,1436,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.,</emphasis>
(2015,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C63C6421EC72C9AFEFA20A4" box="[231,297,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1711,1733]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,492,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1437,481,1690]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Venation and wing patterning diagram of a fairly typical species of Heteropsis from Madagascar (Heteropis antahala group; ♂), DV. Sdbp = Supra-discocellular brush and patch. Cub = Cubital brush. Ventral banding: Cb = Costal bars. Mf = Median fleck (pale highlight). Mb = Median band. PMb = Premedian band. Ore = Ocellus ring extension. Pml = Premarginal line. Sml = Submarginal line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264598/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), with
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F5D2C94FDEE20A4" ID-CoL="92BDD" authority="Butler" authorityName="Butler" box="[381,573,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F5D2C94FE3C20A4" box="[381,495,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Henotesia</emphasis>
Butler
</taxonomicName>
retained as a separate subgenus, this would leave
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421A5A2C94FAFA20A4" ID-CoL="952QX" box="[1146,1321,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Erebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="passandava">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421A5A2C94FAFA20A4" box="[1146,1321,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. passandava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without a subgeneric name. While more faithful to traditional taxonomy in
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C63C6421DA22CF1FBD82081" box="[898,1035,476,501]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, this also seems complicated and a pragmatic solution might be to synonymise both
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421CC02F2CFC81236C" ID-CoL="92BDD" box="[736,850,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421CC02F2CFC81236C" box="[736,850,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Henotesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421DB22CD2FBDE236C" box="[914,1037,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Houlbertia</emphasis>
with the nominotypical subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421EB72F08FE422349" ID-CoL="8HKH8" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" box="[151,401,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421EB72F08FEDC2348" box="[151,271,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heteropsis</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
, perhaps with the addition of the previously enigmatic
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421A272F08FB702349" box="[1031,1187,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421A272F08FB702349" box="[1031,1187,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. fuliginosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, forming together the well-supported clade in Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C192F64FDAA2314" box="[569,633,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.,</emphasis>
(2015,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C63C6421CF12F6AFCC12314" box="[721,786,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1711,1733]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,492,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1437,481,1690]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Venation and wing patterning diagram of a fairly typical species of Heteropsis from Madagascar (Heteropis antahala group; ♂), DV. Sdbp = Supra-discocellular brush and patch. Cub = Cubital brush. Ventral banding: Cb = Costal bars. Mf = Median fleck (pale highlight). Mb = Median band. PMb = Premedian band. Ore = Ocellus ring extension. Pml = Premarginal line. Sml = Submarginal line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264598/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). However, such an action, that would abandon names in prior use as historic curiosities, awaits a forthcoming study. It should also be noted that without explicit justification (perhaps merely because it seemed different to other African hairy-eyed mycalesines),
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421B172FA2FF0F23B8" author="d'Abrera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="d'Abrera, B. L. (1997) Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. Part 1. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae, Satyridae. Hill House Publishers, Melbourne &amp; London, 263 pp." type="book" year="1997">d’Abrera (1997</bibRefCitation>
: 226) included the African species ‘
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C4F2F99FD6623B9" box="[623,693,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">peitho</emphasis>
Plötz, 1880’ in ‘
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D522F99FC3E23B9" box="[882,1005,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Houlbertia</emphasis>
’ (but see new genus in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421AD62F99FF2E2384" author="Aduse-Poku" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Aduse-Poku, K., Lees, D. C., Brattstrom, O., Kodandaramaiah, U., Collins, S. &amp; Brakefield, P. M., (2016) Molecular phylogeny and generic-level taxonomy of the widespread palaeotropical ' Heteropsis clade' (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Mycalesina). Systematic Entomology, in press. http: // dx. doi. org / syen. 12183" type="book" year="2016">
Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421BA82F98FF672384" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
, in press).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C63C6421EE72FD1FBE9241B" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F4C2FD0FE202261" box="[364,499,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F4C2FD0FE202261" box="[364,499,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group with the most vivid blue upperside ♂♂ such as
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421A7D2FD0FB202261" box="[1117,1267,764,789]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Houlbertia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erebennis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421A7D2FD0FB202261" box="[1117,1267,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. erebennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur at lower elevations than those with dark ♂♂, further discussed below. The last group tend to be found in more montane areas, up to over
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C63C6421F762E6EFE7E222F" box="[342,429,835,859]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="2300.0">2300 m</quantity>
, in the case of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C742E69FD092228" box="[596,730,835,860]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauliani">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C742E69FD092228" box="[596,730,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. pauliani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is as high as any mycalesines are found in
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C63C6421B2F2E6EFA4A2228" box="[1295,1433,835,860]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. ♂♂ of most species are quite rarely attracted to ripe fruit and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421D6A2E4AFBDA220B" box="[842,1033,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana" status="stat. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D6A2E4AFBDA220B" box="[842,1033,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C63C6421A312E4BFBA5220B" box="[1041,1142,870,895]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421A312E4BFBA5220B" bold="true" box="[1041,1142,870,895]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">stat. rev.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(see also below) has been observed to feed on flowers of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421FDA2EA4FD3D22D6" ID-CoL="44K8" authority="Endl." authorityName="Endl." box="[506,750,905,930]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Dichaetanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421FDA2EA4FD7922D6" box="[506,682,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Dichaetanthera</emphasis>
Endl.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421CDD2EA4FC1622D6" ID-CoL="CK9" box="[765,965,905,930]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421DF22EA7FB8222D6" author="Lees" box="[978,1105,906,930]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
), whereas the opposite sex is regularly attracted to fruit. Adults sometimes feed on
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421CDE2E83FC9622B1" box="[766,837,942,965]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">in situ</emphasis>
fruits. Species fly from understory to lower canopy, males following lightgaps, sometimes resting on top of clumps of bamboo, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421A6C2EFFFB00229D" box="[1100,1235,976,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421A6C2EFFFB00229D" box="[1100,1235,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males hilltop and rest on top of ridge bushes in sunny weather. Many if not all species seems to be closely associated with different
<typeStatus id="549548864C63C6421EB72935FF012544" box="[151,210,1048,1072]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">types</typeStatus>
of forest bamboo, but early stage data is very sparse. Stands of bamboo (such as of the giant
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421AC4293AFED22520" ID-CoL="8VW25" authority="S.Dransf." authorityName="S.Dransf." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cathariostachys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421AC4293AFA4F2544" box="[1252,1436,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cathariostachys</emphasis>
S.Dransf.
</taxonomicName>
in the lowlands) can sometimes support large sympatrically flying populations of several closely related species. ♀♀ of the more sexually dimorphic members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421D6F2972FC052503" box="[847,982,1118,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D6F2972FC052503" box="[847,982,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group tend to be very sedentary resting low in the undergrowth on leaf litter (where they are cryptic with fallen leaves including those of bamboo), and may not be noticed at all when not venturing off paths. The ♀♀ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421DAA298AFBEB25CA" ID-CoL="952QX" box="[906,1080,1189,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Erebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="passandava">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421DAA298AFBEB25CA" box="[906,1080,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. passandava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
itself closely resemble those of the distantly related
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F5F29E7FD422595" ID-CoL="955MC" authority="Ward, 1870" authorityName="Ward" authorityYear="1870" box="[383,657,1225,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iboina">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F5F29E7FE212596" box="[383,498,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. iboina</emphasis>
(Ward, 1870)
</taxonomicName>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421CEB29E4FC502596" author="Oberthur" box="[715,899,1225,1250]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür (1916)</bibRefCitation>
not only described its ♀ as a form (
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421B0329E4FAA12595" box="[1315,1394,1225,1249]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">fitensis</emphasis>
) of ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421E8029C1FF3B2471" ID-CoL="955MC" box="[160,232,1260,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iboina">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421E8029C1FF3B2471" box="[160,232,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">iboina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’, but in a different genus than
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C4829C1FCB22471" authority="Moore, 1878" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[616,865,1260,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Culapa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C4829C1FD682471" box="[616,699,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Culapa</emphasis>
Moore, 1878
</taxonomicName>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421DB529C3FE94245C" ID-CoL="6M295" authority="Oberthur, 1916" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="andravahana" variety="macrophthalma">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421DB529C3FB7A2471" box="[917,1193,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Henotesia andravahana</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421ACB29C1FA4F2471" box="[1259,1436,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">macrophthalma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421EB72822FE94245C" author="Oberthur" box="[151,327,1295,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in which he also included ♀♀ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421CFF283CFC43245C" ID-CoL="952QX" box="[735,912,1295,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Erebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="passandava">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421CFF283CFC43245C" box="[735,912,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. passandava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
along with
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421A3E283CFB75245C" ID-CoL="6LQ8P" box="[1054,1190,1295,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421A3E283CFB75245C" box="[1054,1190,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421A972822FABA245C" author="Oberthur" box="[1207,1385,1295,1320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421EB72819FEC42438" author="Lees" box="[151,279,1332,1356]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). The more montane members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C9F2819FC942438" box="[703,839,1331,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C9F2819FC942438" box="[703,839,1331,1356]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group have ♀♀ that tend to be vertical trunk-resting (as do often the ♂♂, likely explaining their less sexually dimorphic wing patterns).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C63C6421EE72857FCFF26BE" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C63C6421EE72857FCFF26BE" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Within the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F662856FE1D24E7" box="[326,462,1402,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F662856FE1D24E7" box="[326,462,1402,1427]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group are two or more groups of phenetically similar, moderately sexually dimorphic species, which inhabit montane forest ridges between
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C63C6421D2028B3FC7324C2" box="[768,928,1438,1462]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1500.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–2000 m</quantity>
. Two sampled members in the phylogeny of Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F0A28EFFEB924AE" box="[298,362,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.,</emphasis>
(2015,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C63C6421FE328ECFDD724AE" box="[451,516,1473,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1711,1733]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,492,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1437,481,1690]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Venation and wing patterning diagram of a fairly typical species of Heteropsis from Madagascar (Heteropis antahala group; ♂), DV. Sdbp = Supra-discocellular brush and patch. Cub = Cubital brush. Ventral banding: Cb = Costal bars. Mf = Median fleck (pale highlight). Mb = Median band. PMb = Premedian band. Ore = Ocellus ring extension. Pml = Premarginal line. Sml = Submarginal line." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264598/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) are
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C6228EFFCE524AE" authority="Lees, 2003" authorityName="Lees" authorityYear="2003" box="[578,822,1474,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viettei">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C6228EFFD6124AD" box="[578,690,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. viettei</emphasis>
Lees, 2003
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D4F28EFFC4024AD" box="[879,915,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht.</emphasis>
‘
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421D8428ECFBEA24AE" box="[932,1081,1473,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D8428ECFBEA24AE" box="[932,1081,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ (=
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421A4428EFFAD624AE" box="[1124,1285,1473,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421A4428EFFAD624AE" box="[1124,1285,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. westwoodi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C63C6421B2E28ECFABA24AE" box="[1294,1385,1473,1498]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421B2E28ECFABA24AE" bold="true" box="[1294,1385,1473,1498]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, see below), which were sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421FC928CBFDA32489" box="[489,624,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421FC928CBFDA32489" box="[489,624,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421CB428CBFC0A2489" authority="Mabille, 1880" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1880" box="[660,985,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421CB428CBFCCF2489" box="[660,796,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. difficilis</emphasis>
(Mabille, 1880)
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421DDC28CBFB6D2489" box="[1020,1214,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana" status="stat. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421DDC28CBFB6D2489" box="[1020,1214,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C63C6421AE828C9FAE32489" box="[1224,1328,1508,1533]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421AE828C9FAE32489" bold="true" box="[1224,1328,1508,1533]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">stat. rev.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, see also below). Unlike the last two species, the ♂♂ of the first pair have dark, non-reflective uppersides, and correspond to sp. 13 (‘
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421ED22B00FEB72730" box="[242,356,1581,1604]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421ED22B00FEB72730" box="[242,356,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Henotesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 13’
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421F9C2B01FDB32730" author="Kremen" box="[444,608,1580,1604]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Kremen, C. (1994) Biological inventory using target taxa: a case study of the butterflies of Madagascar. Ecological Applications, 4, 407 - 422. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1941946" type="journal article" year="1994">Kremen, 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 417; now including sp. 74), and sp. 13B, respectively, of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421AC52B01FA4A2730" author="Lees" box="[1253,1433,1579,1604]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees (1997: 64)</bibRefCitation>
. This species pair exhibit varying degrees of whitish or cream highlighting distal of the HWV Mb. The
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421B3D2B7DFA4F271C" box="[1309,1436,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421B3D2B7DFA4F271C" box="[1309,1436,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sub-group of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F752B59FE0827FF" box="[341,475,1650,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drepana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F752B59FE0827FF" box="[341,475,1650,1675]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. drepana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group represents a tightly knit species complex with dark-uppersides and includes
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421B592B59FF3827DB" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421B592B59FF3827DB" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C63C6421ED22BBBFE9F27DB" box="[242,332,1686,1711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421ED22BBBFE9F27DB" bold="true" box="[242,332,1686,1711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421FA42BBAFDE727DB" box="[388,564,1686,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vanewrighti" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421FA42BBAFDE727DB" box="[388,564,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. vanewrighti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C63C6421C1B2BBBFD4627DB" box="[571,661,1686,1711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C1B2BBBFD4627DB" bold="true" box="[571,661,1686,1711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(sp. 12, and sp. 63, respectively), as well as at least one undescribed species (sp. 20, which is the same as sp. 77; see
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421C8C2B97FCF927A6" author="Lees" box="[684,810,1722,1746]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421D152B97FBD027A6" author="Torres" box="[821,1027,1721,1746]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Torres, E., Lees, D. C., Vane-Wright, R. I., Kremen, C., Leonard, J. A. &amp; Wayne, R. K. (2001) Examining monophyly in a large radiation of Madagascan butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Mycalesina) based on mitochondrial DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20, 460 - 473. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2001.0984" type="journal article" year="2001">
Torres
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421DA22B97FC6927A6" box="[898,954,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). The
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421A672B97FB1627A6" box="[1095,1221,1721,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421A672B97FB1627A6" box="[1095,1221,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sub-group exhibits the presence or absence of a russet or dark patch on the underside of the FW along vein 1A+2A (in
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C63C6421B2F2BF1FA4B2781" box="[1295,1432,1756,1781]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, only the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421EDA2A2CFEAE266D" box="[250,381,1792,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avelona">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421EDA2A2CFEAE266D" box="[250,381,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. avelona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of mycalesines also exhibit a FWV patch). Another dark non-reflective upperside pair, more similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F762A08FE1A2648" box="[342,457,1829,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viettei">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F762A08FE1A2648" box="[342,457,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. viettei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421FCF2A08FD472649" box="[495,660,1828,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421FCF2A08FD472649" box="[495,660,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. westwoodi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although not represented in the phylogeny of Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421B782A08FA4F2649" box="[1368,1436,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.,</emphasis>
(2015), and so with relationship unresolved, is
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C852A65FCF5262B" box="[677,806,1864,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imerina" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C852A65FCF5262B" box="[677,806,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. imerina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C63C6421D0D2A6AFC542614" box="[813,903,1863,1888]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421D0D2A6AFC542614" bold="true" box="[813,903,1863,1888]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(sp. 22; same as sp. 76 of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421A902A65FAFD2614" author="Lees" box="[1200,1326,1864,1888]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421B1A2A65FF2F26F7" author="Torres" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Torres, E., Lees, D. C., Vane-Wright, R. I., Kremen, C., Leonard, J. A. &amp; Wayne, R. K. (2001) Examining monophyly in a large radiation of Madagascan butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Mycalesina) based on mitochondrial DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20, 460 - 473. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2001.0984" type="journal article" year="2001">
Torres
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421BA82A65FF6726F0" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421F1B2A41FE1126F0" box="[315,450,1899,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauliani">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421F1B2A41FE1126F0" box="[315,450,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ht. pauliani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sp. 37 of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421C1D2A41FD6F26F7" author="Lees" box="[573,700,1899,1923]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). In order to describe these five new species, it is necessary to go into some detail first to clarify the identity of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421C862AA3FB8D26D3" authority="Mabille, 1878" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1878" box="[678,1118,1934,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421C862AA3FC6026D3" box="[678,947,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C63C6421D9C2AA3FB8D26D3" author="Mabille" box="[956,1118,1934,1959]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Mabille, P. (1878) Lepidoptera Africana. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 3, 81 - 95." type="journal article" year="1878">Mabille, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which potentially blurs the identity of some of these species, and then to lectotypify it.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C63C6411EE72AF9FC952229" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C63C6411EE72AF9FBBB2010" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2030]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,2016]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421EE72AF9FD88269A" bold="true" box="[199,603,2004,2030]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C63C6421EE72AF9FE322699" box="[199,481,2004,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C63C6421EE72AF9FE322699" bold="true" box="[199,481,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
problem.
</emphasis>
Although Mabille’s original (1878) short unillustrated description of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411EB72DBAFDC421C4" authority="in Latin" authorityName="in Latin" box="[151,535,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411EB72DBAFE7421C4" box="[151,423,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
, in Latin
</taxonomicName>
, does not mention the number of specimens, citing only
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C60C6411A972DBAFAED21C4" box="[1207,1342,151,176]" name="Madagascar" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
as
<typeStatus id="549548864C60C6411B4B2DB5FA4F21C4" box="[1387,1436,152,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
locality, the first and main part of the short description matches at least the (apparently lost, see below) ♂ specimen illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411F092DF2FE0D218C" box="[297,478,223,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter">Mabille ([1885]</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. 5, Fig. 6.7). However, this first part does not match the ♂ of the taxon represented by the “var.” in the latter work and illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411CEA2C29FCAB2069" author="Mabille" box="[714,888,260,285]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter" year="1885">Mabille [1885]</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. 5,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C60C6411DEA2C29FBDC2068" box="[970,1039,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[192,1379,232,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[161,1426,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. ♂ genitalia in LV (left), DV (right). A: Heteropsis cf. harveyi (see text) (Anjozorobe; 98 DL). B: Ht. vanewrighti Lees, sp. nov. (Mt. Bekolosy; 233 DL). C: Ht. imerina Lees, sp. nov. (Ankazomivady; 154 DL). Scale bar: 3 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264605/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). The additional details in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411B652C29FF362034" author="Mabille" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter" year="1885">Mabille ([1885</bibRefCitation>
-7]) suggests that the original description had been based on at least three phenotypically divergent specimens, two ♂ and one ♀ (that illustrated dorsally by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411D372C61FC192011" box="[791,970,332,357]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter">Mabille, [1885]</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. 5,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C60C6411A372C61FB892010" box="[1047,1114,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[262,1325,218,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[252,1334,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Adults in DV (left), VV (right) A: HT ♂ of Heteropsis vanewrighti Lees, sp. nov. (Mt. Bekolosy; NHMUK 010289124). B: PT ♀ of Ht. vanewrighti (Mt. Bekolosy; NHMUK 010289125). C: HT ♂ of Ht. imerina Lees, sp. nov. (Mantadia; NHMUK 010289132). D: PT ♀ of Ht. imerina (Ankasoka, route Lakato; DCL-DB- 2906, MNHN). Scale bar: 30 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264606/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C60C6411EE72C42FC952229" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Despite several searches over two decades and no doubt by previous potential authors interested in resolving the problem (including P. Viette, who had planned to revise the
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C60C6411D432CB9FC0320D9" box="[867,976,404,429]" name="Madagascar" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
satyrines; all of his ms
<typeStatus id="549548864C60C6411AFC2CB9FA9D20D9" box="[1244,1358,404,429]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="lectotype">lectotypes</typeStatus>
of this group are unpublished), no possible ♂
<typeStatus id="549548864C60C6411C442C95FD1520A4" box="[612,710,440,464]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411CD32C9AFBD020A4" box="[755,1027,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411CD32C9AFBD020A4" box="[755,1027,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been traced in the three main feasible repositories for Mabille material, BMNH and MNHN (DCL, pers. obs.), or ZHMU (W. Mey, pers. comm.). Although the ♂ (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C60C6411F412CD2FE6D236C" box="[353,446,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1718,1740]" captionTargetBox="[210,1375,193,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[210,1377,193,1694]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 6. A: pastiche of illustrations from Mabille ([1885]) in Grandidier’s work, Figs 6, 7, 8, 9 from Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a from Pl. 7 B. The ♂ “ var. ” in (Pl. 5: Fig. 8) of that work might possibly represent Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov., while the ♂ in (Pl. 5, Figs 7, 8) probably represents Ht. viettei (Lees, 2003) and the ♀ upperside in (Pl. 5: Fig. 9) probably represents the same species, described as Mycalesis difficilis Mabille, 1880 (probable HT illustrated: Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a). B: alternative illustration prior to hand colouring (from copy of Mabille ([1885]) in BHL online library) of Mabille’s Pl. 5: Fig. 9; C: Ht. andravahana (Mabille, 1878), stat. rev. ♀ (Anjanaharibe Sud 25 / 11 / 2014, photo: D. C. Lees), representing a dry seasonal form of this species, for comparison with D: chosen LT ♀ of Mycalesis andravahana, DV, VV (BMNH (E) # 674841; considered to represent the ♀ specimen depicted by Mabille ([1885]: Pl. 5. Fig. 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264603/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
, ‘6, 7’) might have been a good choice for the
<typeStatus id="549548864C60C6411DD82CD2FB8C236C" box="[1016,1119,511,536]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411AAC2CD2FEE42348" authority="Mabille, 1878" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411AAC2CD2FA4F236C" box="[1164,1436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411EB72F09FEE42348" author="Mabille" box="[151,311,548,573]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Mabille, P. (1878) Lepidoptera Africana. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 3, 81 - 95." type="journal article" year="1878">Mabille, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, unfortunately both it and the “var.” appear to have been lost or destroyed. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411ACD2F08FF6F2314" author="Lees" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees (1997: 33, 62)</bibRefCitation>
and Lees
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411F612F64FE552314" box="[321,390,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.,</emphasis>
(2003: [789], note 45) already suggested a possible solution to the vexing problem of typification of this nominal taxon by fixing as LT a ♀ specimen that came from the Henley Grose-Smith collection (via the Joicey bequest to BMNH). This specimen bears a historical rectangular “
<typeStatus id="549548864C60C6411A002FBDFBB923DC" box="[1056,1130,656,680]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">TYPE</typeStatus>
” label, without labelling of its
<typeStatus id="549548864C60C6411E9C2F98FF3F23B9" box="[188,236,693,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
identity and is now numbered as BMNH(E) #674841. Because of its wide and distinctive HWV white postmedial band, which is strongly indented around the HWV space-CuA1 ocellus, this specimen had been thought (Lees
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411EFC2FD0FEC82261" box="[220,283,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.,</emphasis>
(2003: [789], note 45; where “
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411C552FD0FD5A2260" box="[629,649,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H</emphasis>
. 13” was a
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411D2C2FD1FC872261" box="[780,852,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">lapsus</emphasis>
for ‘
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411DAB2FD0FC4C2260" box="[907,927,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">H</emphasis>
. 13B’), to correspond to ‘sp. 13B’ (described below as
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411F2E2E0CFE66224C" box="[270,437,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="westwoodi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411F2E2E0CFE66224C" box="[270,437,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ht. westwoodi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species apparently endemic to the southeastern mountains of
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C60C6411AEA2E32FA80224C" box="[1226,1363,799,824]" name="Madagascar" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, from Andohahela to Ranomafana and Andringitra National Parks).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C60C6401EE72E45FED5241B" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C60C6411EE72E45FA4F26AB" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
A close re-examination of this specimen (BMNH(E) #674841) now reveals diagnostic features (a highly crenate HW, and HWV ocelli, apart from that in space-CuA1, expressed as strong white spots, as well as a strongly indented near-right-angle of the Mb around CuA1), that together identify it as a potentially dry season form of a species that was also described by Mabille as
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411C8D2EF9FBE32298" authority="Mabille, 1880" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1880" box="[685,1072,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411C8D2EF9FC502299" box="[685,899,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mycalesis difficilis</emphasis>
Mabille, 1880
</taxonomicName>
. This last taxon is illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411EB72ED7FE802567" box="[151,339,1018,1043]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter">Mabille, ([1885]</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 7B, ‘2’, ‘2a’) and reproduced here (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C60C6411D332ED7FCBE2567" box="[787,877,1018,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1718,1740]" captionTargetBox="[210,1375,193,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[210,1377,193,1694]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 6. A: pastiche of illustrations from Mabille ([1885]) in Grandidier’s work, Figs 6, 7, 8, 9 from Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a from Pl. 7 B. The ♂ “ var. ” in (Pl. 5: Fig. 8) of that work might possibly represent Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov., while the ♂ in (Pl. 5, Figs 7, 8) probably represents Ht. viettei (Lees, 2003) and the ♀ upperside in (Pl. 5: Fig. 9) probably represents the same species, described as Mycalesis difficilis Mabille, 1880 (probable HT illustrated: Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a). B: alternative illustration prior to hand colouring (from copy of Mabille ([1885]) in BHL online library) of Mabille’s Pl. 5: Fig. 9; C: Ht. andravahana (Mabille, 1878), stat. rev. ♀ (Anjanaharibe Sud 25 / 11 / 2014, photo: D. C. Lees), representing a dry seasonal form of this species, for comparison with D: chosen LT ♀ of Mycalesis andravahana, DV, VV (BMNH (E) # 674841; considered to represent the ♀ specimen depicted by Mabille ([1885]: Pl. 5. Fig. 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264603/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
, ‘9’).
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411D932ED1FBE62567" box="[947,1077,1018,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411D932ED1FBE62567" box="[947,1077,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M. difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on a single individual, for which a matching ♀ HT (DCL-DB-2872), previously unlabelled as a
<typeStatus id="549548864C60C6411DE5290DFC2B254C" box="[965,1016,1056,1080]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
, was already located in MNHN (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411B462932FF00252F" author="Lees" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 389; Lees
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411F412969FE76252F" box="[353,421,1090,1115]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.,</emphasis>
2003). Its (metallic blue upperside) ♂ was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411A72296FFB28252F" author="Oberthur" box="[1106,1275,1090,1115]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür 1916</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411B0A2969FF2D250B" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulosa">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411B0A2969FF2D250B" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Henotesia undulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(together with a non-reflective form¸
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411C8B2945FCE8250B" box="[683,827,1126,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="undulosa" variety="luctuosa">
var.
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411CFC294BFCE8250B" box="[732,827,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">luctuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and its ♀ described independently in the same work as
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411E9A29A1FF3125D7" box="[186,226,1164,1187]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">He.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411ECD29A7FDA025D7" box="[237,627,1162,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="andravahana" variety="macrophthalma">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411ECD29A7FE5125D7" box="[237,386,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">andravahana</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411FE329A7FDA025D7" box="[451,627,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">macrophthalma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411C9729A6FCE925D7" author="Lees" box="[695,826,1163,1187]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Although it is has not previously been clear what species is represented by the ♀ whose dorsal surface only is illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411DD92983FB6125B3" box="[1017,1202,1198,1223]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter">Mabille ([1885]</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. 5,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C60C6411B282983FA9D25B3" box="[1288,1358,1198,1223]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[262,1325,218,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[252,1334,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Adults in DV (left), VV (right) A: HT ♂ of Heteropsis vanewrighti Lees, sp. nov. (Mt. Bekolosy; NHMUK 010289124). B: PT ♀ of Ht. vanewrighti (Mt. Bekolosy; NHMUK 010289125). C: HT ♂ of Ht. imerina Lees, sp. nov. (Mantadia; NHMUK 010289132). D: PT ♀ of Ht. imerina (Ankasoka, route Lakato; DCL-DB- 2906, MNHN). Scale bar: 30 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264606/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) as an example of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411F3C29FFFDFB259F" box="[284,552,1234,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411F3C29FFFDFB259F" box="[284,552,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, indeed it cannot be ruled out that this illustrates (considering its small ocelli), a potentially dry seasonal form of Mabille’s nominal species
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411D4A29D5FC23247B" box="[874,1008,1270,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411D4A29D5FC23247B" box="[874,1008,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M. difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In fact the resemblance to a recent photograph of a living ♀ from Anjanaharibe Sud is striking (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C60C6411D7D2837FC702447" box="[861,931,1306,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1718,1740]" captionTargetBox="[210,1375,193,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[210,1377,193,1694]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 6. A: pastiche of illustrations from Mabille ([1885]) in Grandidier’s work, Figs 6, 7, 8, 9 from Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a from Pl. 7 B. The ♂ “ var. ” in (Pl. 5: Fig. 8) of that work might possibly represent Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov., while the ♂ in (Pl. 5, Figs 7, 8) probably represents Ht. viettei (Lees, 2003) and the ♀ upperside in (Pl. 5: Fig. 9) probably represents the same species, described as Mycalesis difficilis Mabille, 1880 (probable HT illustrated: Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a). B: alternative illustration prior to hand colouring (from copy of Mabille ([1885]) in BHL online library) of Mabille’s Pl. 5: Fig. 9; C: Ht. andravahana (Mabille, 1878), stat. rev. ♀ (Anjanaharibe Sud 25 / 11 / 2014, photo: D. C. Lees), representing a dry seasonal form of this species, for comparison with D: chosen LT ♀ of Mycalesis andravahana, DV, VV (BMNH (E) # 674841; considered to represent the ♀ specimen depicted by Mabille ([1885]: Pl. 5. Fig. 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264603/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C). About the original ♀ specimen, Mabille ([1887]: 58) stated “La femelle est d'une couleur plus claire que le mâle, surtout sur le disque. L'ocelle des ailes supérieures est très grand, d'un fauve clair; l'ocelle des inférieures est très petit. En dessous, les premières ailes ont les zébrures blanchâtres jusque dans la cellule; l'espace terminal est d'un gris cendré. Aux inférieures, il y a les mêmes dessins, mais plus délayés; la bandelette blanche est d'un gris sale. Les autres parties de l'insecte sont comme dans le
<typeStatus id="549548864C60C6411F7328FDFE50249C" box="[339,387,1488,1512]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
mâle que nous avons décrit plus haut”. Just below this he stated “L'envergure est de 36 millimetres chez le ♂, de 44 chez la ♀.
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411C7928DFFCB9277F" authority="Andravahana" authorityName="Andravahana" box="[601,874,1522,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411C7928DFFCB9277F" box="[601,874,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mycalesis Andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
à été envoyé a le Henley Grose Smith des parties boisées du nord-est de l'île”. The HT of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411C5A2B3BFC82275B" box="[634,849,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411C5A2B3BFC82275B" box="[634,849,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mycalesis difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had the same provenance (Mabille, 1880), but as implied above, would represent a likely wet seasonal form of the same species. The potential ♀ ST of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411B5D2B11FEFF2703" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411B5D2B11FEFF2703" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M. andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coming from the Grose-Smith collection (BMNH(E) #674841;
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C60C6411DDD2B73FBEC2703" box="[1021,1087,1630,1655]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1718,1740]" captionTargetBox="[210,1375,193,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[210,1377,193,1694]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 6. A: pastiche of illustrations from Mabille ([1885]) in Grandidier’s work, Figs 6, 7, 8, 9 from Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a from Pl. 7 B. The ♂ “ var. ” in (Pl. 5: Fig. 8) of that work might possibly represent Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov., while the ♂ in (Pl. 5, Figs 7, 8) probably represents Ht. viettei (Lees, 2003) and the ♀ upperside in (Pl. 5: Fig. 9) probably represents the same species, described as Mycalesis difficilis Mabille, 1880 (probable HT illustrated: Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a). B: alternative illustration prior to hand colouring (from copy of Mabille ([1885]) in BHL online library) of Mabille’s Pl. 5: Fig. 9; C: Ht. andravahana (Mabille, 1878), stat. rev. ♀ (Anjanaharibe Sud 25 / 11 / 2014, photo: D. C. Lees), representing a dry seasonal form of this species, for comparison with D: chosen LT ♀ of Mycalesis andravahana, DV, VV (BMNH (E) # 674841; considered to represent the ♀ specimen depicted by Mabille ([1885]: Pl. 5. Fig. 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264603/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
D) measures
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C60C6411AF32B73FAEB2703" box="[1235,1336,1630,1655]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.02" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="50.2">50.2 mm</quantity>
absolute wingspan and between
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C60C6411FBE2BAEFDFF27EE" box="[414,556,1667,1691]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.315" metricValueMax="2.33" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="23.15" valueMax="23.3" valueMin="23.0">23–23.3 mm</quantity>
FWL. However, all four wings are fixed to the body with the FW tergal edges angled in a non-orthogonal orientation, with blobs of red sealing wax. My digital reconstruction of the wings shows that the apex to apex dimension, when reconstructed as
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411D2B2BE7FC122797" box="[779,961,1738,1763]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter">Mabille ([1885]</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. 5,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C60C6411A2E2BE7FB822797" box="[1038,1105,1738,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[262,1325,218,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[252,1334,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Adults in DV (left), VV (right) A: HT ♂ of Heteropsis vanewrighti Lees, sp. nov. (Mt. Bekolosy; NHMUK 010289124). B: PT ♀ of Ht. vanewrighti (Mt. Bekolosy; NHMUK 010289125). C: HT ♂ of Ht. imerina Lees, sp. nov. (Mantadia; NHMUK 010289132). D: PT ♀ of Ht. imerina (Ankasoka, route Lakato; DCL-DB- 2906, MNHN). Scale bar: 30 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264606/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) actually would measure
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C60C6411B522BE6FF3B2673" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.45" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="44.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="44.0">44– 45 mm</quantity>
apex to apex. It should be acknowledged that in general,
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411DA42BDDFC2F2673" box="[900,1020,1776,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411DA42BDDFC2F2673" box="[900,1020,1776,1799]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Heteropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are in general hard to identify from uppersides, more so for a painting of a ♀.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C60C6411CA72A3FFCAF265F" author="Oberthur" box="[647,892,1810,1835]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür (1916: 205)</bibRefCitation>
was convinced that it represented the ♀ of the taxon/taxa in his collection that he referred to as “
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411CF32A1BFC69263B" box="[723,954,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411CF32A1BFCC8263B" box="[723,795,1846,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wardii">wardii</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411D052A1BFC69263B" box="[805,954,1846,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">andravahana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
”. This usage might reflect his insight into the likely compound nature of Mabille’s description (and redescription) of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C60C6411A282A71FB142607" box="[1032,1223,1882,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C60C6411A282A71FB142607" box="[1032,1223,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M. andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; indeed, Oberthür labelled one specimen (now numbered BMNH(E) 647848) with the above compound taxon name. Perhaps (or not), Oberthür was aware of the underside pattern of the specimen in the Grose-Smith collection (whether or not he ever visited the Grose-Smith or the Joicey collection, housed in Surrey, where the specimen would have gone in 1910).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EB72DBAFBC620A7" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Oberthür nevertheless named his form ‘
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C7E2DBAFCDD21C4" box="[606,782,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">macrophthalma</emphasis>
’ as a “var.” of “
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401DEE2DB4FB0D21C4" box="[974,1246,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401DEE2DB4FB0D21C4" box="[974,1246,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Henotesia andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. In any case, it now transpires that the only surviving potential
<typeStatus id="549548864C61C6401C922D90FCDA21A1" box="[690,777,189,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401D0F2D91FBEF21A1" box="[815,1084,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401D0F2D91FBEF21A1" box="[815,1084,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BMNH(E) #674841) that was previously located (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401F552DCDFE27218C" author="Lees" box="[373,500,224,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
, Lees
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C1C2DCCFDAF218C" box="[572,636,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.,</emphasis>
2003) does not disagree with Mabille’s ([1885-7]) redescription in any significant aspect. The dorsal illustration would indeed represent a quite accurate portrayal of the original specimen. There is indication, especially on the non hand-coloured copy of Mabille’s work available on Biodiversity Heritage Library (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C61C6401FD52C61FDEA2011" box="[501,569,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1718,1740]" captionTargetBox="[210,1375,193,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[210,1377,193,1694]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 6. A: pastiche of illustrations from Mabille ([1885]) in Grandidier’s work, Figs 6, 7, 8, 9 from Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a from Pl. 7 B. The ♂ “ var. ” in (Pl. 5: Fig. 8) of that work might possibly represent Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov., while the ♂ in (Pl. 5, Figs 7, 8) probably represents Ht. viettei (Lees, 2003) and the ♀ upperside in (Pl. 5: Fig. 9) probably represents the same species, described as Mycalesis difficilis Mabille, 1880 (probable HT illustrated: Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a). B: alternative illustration prior to hand colouring (from copy of Mabille ([1885]) in BHL online library) of Mabille’s Pl. 5: Fig. 9; C: Ht. andravahana (Mabille, 1878), stat. rev. ♀ (Anjanaharibe Sud 25 / 11 / 2014, photo: D. C. Lees), representing a dry seasonal form of this species, for comparison with D: chosen LT ♀ of Mycalesis andravahana, DV, VV (BMNH (E) # 674841; considered to represent the ♀ specimen depicted by Mabille ([1885]: Pl. 5. Fig. 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264603/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B), of the pale HWV postmedian area showing through to the dorsal surface, just as it does in BMNH(E) #674841, and as clearly indicated in the illustration of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401A6A2C42FF3520DB" authority="in Mabille" authorityName="in Mabille" authorityYear="1885" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401A6A2C42FACD20FC" box="[1098,1310,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mycalesis difficilis</emphasis>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401B652C42FF3520DB" author="Mabille" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter" year="1885">Mabille ([1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: Pl. 7B) (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C61C6401F6D2CBBFE7920DB" box="[333,426,406,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1718,1740]" captionTargetBox="[210,1375,193,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[210,1377,193,1694]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 6. A: pastiche of illustrations from Mabille ([1885]) in Grandidier’s work, Figs 6, 7, 8, 9 from Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a from Pl. 7 B. The ♂ “ var. ” in (Pl. 5: Fig. 8) of that work might possibly represent Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov., while the ♂ in (Pl. 5, Figs 7, 8) probably represents Ht. viettei (Lees, 2003) and the ♀ upperside in (Pl. 5: Fig. 9) probably represents the same species, described as Mycalesis difficilis Mabille, 1880 (probable HT illustrated: Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a). B: alternative illustration prior to hand colouring (from copy of Mabille ([1885]) in BHL online library) of Mabille’s Pl. 5: Fig. 9; C: Ht. andravahana (Mabille, 1878), stat. rev. ♀ (Anjanaharibe Sud 25 / 11 / 2014, photo: D. C. Lees), representing a dry seasonal form of this species, for comparison with D: chosen LT ♀ of Mycalesis andravahana, DV, VV (BMNH (E) # 674841; considered to represent the ♀ specimen depicted by Mabille ([1885]: Pl. 5. Fig. 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264603/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). The relative size of dorsal FW and HW ocelli and their rings in these two versions of Mabille’s illustration (Pl. 5, ‘9’) is also convincingly accurate as corresponding.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EE72CF3FE02236F" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The specimen labelled “BMNH(E) #674841” is therefore now designated as the
<typeStatus id="549548864C61C6401A582CF3FB0C2083" box="[1144,1247,478,503]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
♀ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401B0C2CF3FE1F236F" authority="Mabille 1878" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401B0C2CF3FEFF236F" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401F132F2FFE1F236F" author="Mabille" box="[307,460,514,539]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Mabille, P. (1878) Lepidoptera Africana. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 3, 81 - 95." type="journal article" year="1878">Mabille 1878</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EE72F0AFDA5245C" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
As mentioned above,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401FE12F0BFDAA234B" author="Oberthur" box="[449,633,550,575]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür (1916)</bibRefCitation>
also included ♀♀ of what has been known (Lees
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401A9C2F05FB25234B" box="[1212,1270,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003) as ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401B592F05FF202317" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401B592F05FF202317" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’, as well as of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401FEE2F66FD8E2317" box="[462,605,586,611]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401FEE2F66FD8E2317" box="[462,605,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401C872F66FCB32317" box="[679,864,586,611]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Erebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="passandava">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C872F66FCB32317" box="[679,864,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. passandava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in his series of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401A6A2F66FE9423F2" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="andravahana" variety="macrophthalma">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401A6A2F66FAB22317" box="[1098,1377,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Henotesia andravahana</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401EB72F40FE9423F2" box="[151,327,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">macrophthalma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As it was originally curated (pers. obs.), Oberthür’s series of “
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401A112F40FACB23F2" box="[1073,1304,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401A112F40FBAA23F2" box="[1073,1145,621,646]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wardii">wardii</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401AA32F40FACB23F2" box="[1155,1304,621,646]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">andravahana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
”, however, came mainly from Fianarantsoa, with a few specimens from Antsianaka, and essentially comprised ♂♂ and a few ♀♀ of just one species, previously known as morphospecies 12 (‘
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401DA32F98FC2623B8" box="[899,1013,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401DA32F98FC2623B8" box="[899,1013,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Henotesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401A292F99FBB723B9" box="[1033,1124,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401A292F99FBB723B9" box="[1033,1124,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sp. 12)’ of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401AD32F98FA4B23B9" author="Kremen" box="[1267,1432,693,717]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Kremen, C. (1994) Biological inventory using target taxa: a case study of the butterflies of Madagascar. Ecological Applications, 4, 407 - 422. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1941946" type="journal article" year="1994">Kremen, 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 417) from Ranomafana; actually, the unrelated
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401C972FF4FCEE2385" box="[695,829,728,753]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C972FF4FCEE2385" box="[695,829,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which like the nominal species
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401A9A2FF4FE902260" authority="Oberthur, 1916" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulosa">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401A9A2FF4FA4F2385" box="[1210,1436,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Henotesia undulosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401EB72FD6FE902260" author="Oberthur" box="[151,323,763,788]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, has dull metallic blue upperside ♂♂, is not known from the Southeast of
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C61C6401A5F2FD6FADF2260" box="[1151,1292,763,788]" name="Madagascar" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
). ‘Sp. 12’, as known from Ranomafana, is now described below as
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401CDA2E0DFCAA2243" box="[762,889,798,823]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401CDA2E0DFCAA2243" box="[762,889,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a manuscript name of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401AA82E0DFADB2243" author="Lees" box="[1160,1288,799,823]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401B3D2E0DFA4F2243" box="[1309,1436,798,823]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401B3D2E0DFA4F2243" box="[1309,1436,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
not only has ♂♂ with very dark brown uppersides, but also lacks the distinctly white postmedial band which as mentioned above is present in
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401C2B2E4AFD53220A" box="[523,640,871,894]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viettei">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C2B2E4AFD53220A" box="[523,640,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. viettei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is not certain if the species without HWV whitish postmedian highlighting represented as “var.” of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401C692EA4FC8A22D6" box="[585,857,905,930]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C692EA4FC8A22D6" box="[585,857,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Mabille’s description and redescription (1878; [1885]: Pl. 5,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C61C6401F1C2E80FE5022B1" box="[316,387,941,966]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[192,1379,232,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[161,1426,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. ♂ genitalia in LV (left), DV (right). A: Heteropsis cf. harveyi (see text) (Anjozorobe; 98 DL). B: Ht. vanewrighti Lees, sp. nov. (Mt. Bekolosy; 233 DL). C: Ht. imerina Lees, sp. nov. (Ankazomivady; 154 DL). Scale bar: 3 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264605/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
; [1887], text) and reproduced here in
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C61C6401D642E80FC4E22B2" box="[836,925,941,966]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1718,1740]" captionTargetBox="[210,1375,193,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[210,1377,193,1694]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 6. A: pastiche of illustrations from Mabille ([1885]) in Grandidier’s work, Figs 6, 7, 8, 9 from Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a from Pl. 7 B. The ♂ “ var. ” in (Pl. 5: Fig. 8) of that work might possibly represent Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov., while the ♂ in (Pl. 5, Figs 7, 8) probably represents Ht. viettei (Lees, 2003) and the ♀ upperside in (Pl. 5: Fig. 9) probably represents the same species, described as Mycalesis difficilis Mabille, 1880 (probable HT illustrated: Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a). B: alternative illustration prior to hand colouring (from copy of Mabille ([1885]) in BHL online library) of Mabille’s Pl. 5: Fig. 9; C: Ht. andravahana (Mabille, 1878), stat. rev. ♀ (Anjanaharibe Sud 25 / 11 / 2014, photo: D. C. Lees), representing a dry seasonal form of this species, for comparison with D: chosen LT ♀ of Mycalesis andravahana, DV, VV (BMNH (E) # 674841; considered to represent the ♀ specimen depicted by Mabille ([1885]: Pl. 5. Fig. 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264603/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
is referable to
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401A732E83FB0622B2" box="[1107,1237,941,966]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401A732E83FB0622B2" box="[1107,1237,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it might be. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401F2E2EFDFE08229D" author="Aurivillius" box="[270,475,976,1001]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Aurivillius, P. O. C. (1911) In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), (1908 - 1925) Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. (2) 13 - Afrikanischen Faunengebietes, A. Kerner, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 613, pls. 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="1911">Aurivillius (1911)</bibRefCitation>
described a similar ‘var.’ lacking the white postmedian HWV band as ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401B0A2EFCFEFF2578" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401B0A2EFCFEFF2578" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Henotesia andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab.
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401F4D2ED8FE382578" box="[365,491,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">marmorata</emphasis>
’ (specimen represented in
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C61C6401D1F2EDEFC592578" box="[831,906,1011,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1840,1862]" captionTargetBox="[267,1325,216,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[244,1342,193,1819]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 7. Adults in DV (left), VV (right) or in natural postures. A: HT ♂ of Heteropsis harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. (NHMUK 010289119). B: PT ♀ of Ht. harveyi (NHMUK 010289121). C: HT ♂ of Henotesia andravahana ab. marmorata Aurivillius, 1911 (NHRS-TOBI 000000050). D: pair of Ht. harveyi in copula (Maromizaha, photo courtesy Lance Featherstone). E: ♂ of Ht. imerina (Ankazomivady, 23 / 03 / 2003, photo: D. C. Lees), for comparison, showing relatively produced ‘ tail’ on HW vein M 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264604/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C). Its HT ♂ (‘TYPUS’, specimen NHRS- TOBI000000050) was examined by DCL in SNHM. This is an unavailable name (clearly infrasubspecific, Art 45.6.2), but the specimen matches well
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401C762911FD072527" box="[598,724,1082,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C762911FD072527" box="[598,724,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in fact much more clearly than does that illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401B652917FF3D2503" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter">Mabille ([1885]</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. 5, 8). As judged by Mabille’s [1885] plate,
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401D112972FC602503" box="[817,947,1118,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401D112972FC602503" box="[817,947,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been one of the species under Mabille’s eyes when he described
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401C0929AEFD3425EE" box="[553,743,1153,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C0929AEFD3425EE" box="[553,743,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">M. andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even though not the first mentioned, or focal, form of the description. In
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401F68298BFE1925CA" box="[328,458,1189,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401F68298BFE1925CA" box="[328,458,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although the ventral irrorated pattern and general colouration resemble the ventral illustration in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401F1929E5FE222595" box="[313,497,1224,1249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Mabille, P. (1885 - 1887) Histoire, Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Vol. 18 - 19. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 364 pp., 55 pls. [Grandidier, A. [1885 - 1887] (Ed.)] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1599" type="book chapter">Mabille ([1885]</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. 5,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C61C6401C6529E5FD592595" box="[581,650,1224,1249]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[192,1379,232,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[161,1426,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. ♂ genitalia in LV (left), DV (right). A: Heteropsis cf. harveyi (see text) (Anjozorobe; 98 DL). B: Ht. vanewrighti Lees, sp. nov. (Mt. Bekolosy; 233 DL). C: Ht. imerina Lees, sp. nov. (Ankazomivady; 154 DL). Scale bar: 3 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264605/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), generally the median and pre-median HWV bands are much more clearly delineated. This is the case in the HT of Aurivillius’ aberration, and in most specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401ACA29C0FABA2471" box="[1258,1385,1260,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harveyi">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401ACA29C0FABA2471" box="[1258,1385,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ht. harveyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but not so for Mabille’s ♂ ‘var.’ (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C61C6401FC12822FDE8245C" box="[481,571,1295,1320]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1718,1740]" captionTargetBox="[210,1375,193,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[210,1377,193,1694]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 6. A: pastiche of illustrations from Mabille ([1885]) in Grandidier’s work, Figs 6, 7, 8, 9 from Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a from Pl. 7 B. The ♂ “ var. ” in (Pl. 5: Fig. 8) of that work might possibly represent Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov., while the ♂ in (Pl. 5, Figs 7, 8) probably represents Ht. viettei (Lees, 2003) and the ♀ upperside in (Pl. 5: Fig. 9) probably represents the same species, described as Mycalesis difficilis Mabille, 1880 (probable HT illustrated: Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a). B: alternative illustration prior to hand colouring (from copy of Mabille ([1885]) in BHL online library) of Mabille’s Pl. 5: Fig. 9; C: Ht. andravahana (Mabille, 1878), stat. rev. ♀ (Anjanaharibe Sud 25 / 11 / 2014, photo: D. C. Lees), representing a dry seasonal form of this species, for comparison with D: chosen LT ♀ of Mycalesis andravahana, DV, VV (BMNH (E) # 674841; considered to represent the ♀ specimen depicted by Mabille ([1885]: Pl. 5. Fig. 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264603/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
, ‘8’).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EE72819FED5241B" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
To resolve the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401F51281EFDAC2438" box="[369,639,1331,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401F51281EFDAC2438" box="[369,639,1331,1356]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mycalesis andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
problem, the following synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401A132819FA9A2438" box="[1075,1353,1331,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401A132819FA9A2438" box="[1075,1353,1331,1356]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Heteropsis andravahana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is thus proposed:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C61C6401EE72856FB6F2681" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EE72856FB442489" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401EE72856FD4424E6" authority="Mabille, 1878" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1878" box="[199,663,1402,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andravahana">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401EE72856FE0F24E7" box="[199,476,1402,1427]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Heteropsis andravahana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401FCB2857FD5D24E6" author="Mabille" box="[491,654,1402,1427]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Mabille, P. (1878) Lepidoptera Africana. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 3, 81 - 95." type="journal article" year="1878">Mabille, 1878</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. LT ♀, here designated (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C61C6401D8C2857FC2324E7" box="[940,1008,1402,1427]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1718,1740]" captionTargetBox="[210,1375,193,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[210,1377,193,1694]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 6. A: pastiche of illustrations from Mabille ([1885]) in Grandidier’s work, Figs 6, 7, 8, 9 from Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a from Pl. 7 B. The ♂ “ var. ” in (Pl. 5: Fig. 8) of that work might possibly represent Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov., while the ♂ in (Pl. 5, Figs 7, 8) probably represents Ht. viettei (Lees, 2003) and the ♀ upperside in (Pl. 5: Fig. 9) probably represents the same species, described as Mycalesis difficilis Mabille, 1880 (probable HT illustrated: Pl. 5, Figs 2, 2 a). B: alternative illustration prior to hand colouring (from copy of Mabille ([1885]) in BHL online library) of Mabille’s Pl. 5: Fig. 9; C: Ht. andravahana (Mabille, 1878), stat. rev. ♀ (Anjanaharibe Sud 25 / 11 / 2014, photo: D. C. Lees), representing a dry seasonal form of this species, for comparison with D: chosen LT ♀ of Mycalesis andravahana, DV, VV (BMNH (E) # 674841; considered to represent the ♀ specimen depicted by Mabille ([1885]: Pl. 5. Fig. 9." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264603/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
D), lacking abdomen (the only known surviving potential ST, from the Grose-Smith collection): BMNH(E) #674841, bearing labels “LT (round purplebordered label)/
<typeStatus id="549548864C61C6401F6828EDFE5224AD" box="[328,385,1472,1497]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
HT (round red-bordered label)/
<typeStatus id="549548864C61C6401CC628EDFCFC24AD" box="[742,815,1472,1497]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">TYPE</typeStatus>
. [white red printed label]/Ex Grose-Smith, 1910/Joicey Bequest Brit. Mus. 1934-120./[Colour photocopy of
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C61C6401CC528C9FCF52489" box="[741,806,1508,1533]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[262,1325,218,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[252,1334,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 9. Adults in DV (left), VV (right) A: HT ♂ of Heteropsis vanewrighti Lees, sp. nov. (Mt. Bekolosy; NHMUK 010289124). B: PT ♀ of Ht. vanewrighti (Mt. Bekolosy; NHMUK 010289125). C: HT ♂ of Ht. imerina Lees, sp. nov. (Mantadia; NHMUK 010289132). D: PT ♀ of Ht. imerina (Ankasoka, route Lakato; DCL-DB- 2906, MNHN). Scale bar: 30 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264606/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
from plate 5 of Mabille, 1887]”;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EE72B2AFF332730" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401EE72B2AFD9B2754" authority="Mabille, 1880" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1880" box="[199,584,1543,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Mycalesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401EE72B2AFE4F2754" box="[199,412,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mycalesis difficilis</emphasis>
Mabille, 1880
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C61C6401C762B2AFD122754" box="[598,705,1543,1568]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C762B2AFD122754" bold="true" box="[598,705,1543,1568]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
HT ♀ (Lees et al 2003: note 42, [p. 789]): MNHN (DCL-DB- 2872);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EE72B7DFC7627C5" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401EE72B7DFD8F2713" ID-CoL="3KVBC" authority="Oberthur, 1916" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" box="[199,604,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulosa">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401EE72B7DFE742713" box="[199,423,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Henotesia undulosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401F8E2B63FD8F2713" author="Oberthur" box="[430,604,1614,1639]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C61C6401C472B63FD032713" box="[615,720,1614,1639]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C472B63FD032713" bold="true" box="[615,720,1614,1639]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
LT ♂, here designated: BMNH(E) #674825, LT (round purplebordered label)/
<typeStatus id="549548864C61C6401F6E2B59FE5427F9" box="[334,391,1652,1677]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
(round red-bordered label)/
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C61C6401CF22B59FC8F27F9" box="[722,860,1652,1677]" name="Madagascar" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, Antsianaka, Perrot Freres, 2e Semestre 1893/Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3/[copy of f.
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C61C6401CAE2BB4FD3027C5" box="[654,739,1688,1713]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.188199999999999" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="2830.0">2830 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401CCA2BB5FC4A27C5" author="Oberthur" box="[746,921,1688,1713]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
];
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EE72B90FCD12636" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401EE72B90FD3D27A1" ID-CoL="6M28T" authority="Oberthur, 1916" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" box="[199,750,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="undulosa" variety="luctuosa">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401EE72B90FE7627A1" box="[199,421,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Henotesia undulosa</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401FFC2B91FDE827A1" box="[476,571,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">luctuosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401C622B91FD3D27A1" author="Oberthur" box="[578,750,1724,1749]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C61C6401CD82B91FC8C27A1" box="[760,863,1724,1749]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401CD82B91FC8C27A1" bold="true" box="[760,863,1724,1749]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
LT ♂, here designated (of 4 potential STs), lacking abdomen: BMNH(E) #674827, bearing labels “LT (round purple-bordered label)/
<typeStatus id="549548864C61C6401A092BF2FBB1278C" box="[1065,1122,1759,1784]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
(round red-bordered label)/
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C61C6401EB72A28FEF3266A" box="[151,288,1797,1822]" name="Madagascar" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, Antsianaka, Perrot Freres, 2e Semestre 1893/Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3/
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401AE42A28FEA72636" authority="Obthr." authorityName="Obthr." class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gallienia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="undulosa" variety="luctuosa">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401AE42A28FA4F266A" box="[1220,1436,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Gallienia undulosa</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401EE72A04FEF52636" box="[199,294,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">luctuosa</emphasis>
Obthr.
</taxonomicName>
[label in Oberthür’s handwriting]”;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EE72A60FCD426A6" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C61C6401EE72A60FC462611" ID-CoL="6M295" authority="Oberthur, 1916" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" box="[199,917,1868,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Henotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="andravahana" variety="macrophthalma">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401EE72A60FE0F2611" box="[199,476,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Henotesia andravahana</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401C022A61FD012611" box="[546,722,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">macrophthalma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401CC12A61FC462611" author="Oberthur" box="[737,917,1868,1893]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C61C6401D882A61FBC42611" box="[936,1047,1868,1893]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C61C6401D882A61FBC42611" bold="true" box="[936,1047,1868,1893]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
LT ♀, here designated, lacking abdomen (of 34 original STs, mixed series): BMNH(E) #674826, bearing labels: “LT (round purple-bordered label)/
<typeStatus id="549548864C61C6401EFD2ABBFEC526DB" box="[221,278,1942,1967]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
(round red-bordered label)/
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C61C6401C6D2ABBFD0426DB" box="[589,727,1942,1967]" name="Madagascar" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, Antsianaka, Perrot Freres, 2e Semestre 1893/Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3/[copy of f.
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C61C6401FC42A97FDEA26A6" box="[484,569,1977,2002]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.72668" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="3042.0">3042 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C61C6401C1F2A94FD3C26A6" author="Oberthur" box="[575,751,1977,2002]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) Observations sur une centurie d'Especes de Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres malagaches. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 11, 177 - 244." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
]”;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C61C6401EE72AF0FB6F2681" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,2038]" box="[199,1212,2013,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">The above lectotypification releases the four montane species below to be described anew.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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