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<mods:title id="FD5721B4F1D1E222EDA2513B17AA879D">Taxonomy of Simulium (Inaequalium) petropoliense Coscarón (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Brazil, with the first description of the male and larva</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D40351F720FCAA584760F7E16544EB18">Hernandez, Luis Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FEC2681EF230DF7FB13944522073EB27">Shelley, Anthony John</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="7568833EFF87AF50D16DF9BDFE1135B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6492828" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119347375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6492828" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7568833EFF87AF50D16DF9BDFE1135B1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7568833EFF87AF50D16DF9BDFE1135B1" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF87AF5CD16DF9BDFC943177" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" authority="Coscaron" authorityName="Coscaron" box="[264,861,1598,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense" subGenus="Inaequalium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF87AF5CD16DF9BDFC943177" bold="true" box="[264,861,1598,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF87AF5CD16DF9BDFEB73177" bold="true" box="[264,382,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF87AF5CD1F5F9BDFDE53177" bold="true" box="[400,556,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Inaequalium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF87AF5CD258F9BDFD173177" bold="true" box="[573,734,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">petropoliense</emphasis>
Coscarón
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(
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF87AF5CD174F9E2FE473154" box="[273,398,1633,1659]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStart-1="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStart-2="FIGURES 13 – 15" captionStart-3="FIGURES 16 – 22" captionStart-4="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStart-5="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStart-6="FIGURES 40 – 43" captionStartId-0="3.[264,382,1508,1532]" captionStartId-1="4.[264,382,1652,1676]" captionStartId-2="5.[264,382,1841,1865]" captionStartId-3="6.[264,382,1544,1568]" captionStartId-4="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionStartId-5="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionStartId-6="13.[264,370,1766,1787]" captionTargetBox-0="[272,1316,571,1478]" captionTargetBox-1="[279,1304,645,1630]" captionTargetBox-2="[327,1284,670,1829]" captionTargetBox-3="[278,1311,522,1521]" captionTargetBox-4="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetBox-5="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetBox-6="[318,1248,714,1749]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[264,1323,566,1486]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[264,1323,630,1645]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[313,1298,670,1834]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[264,1323,513,1534]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetId-5="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetId-6="figure@13.[308,1258,710,1755]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="12" captionTargetPageId-6="13" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 1. Nudiocular area. 2. Cibarium. 3. Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 4. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 5. Scutal pattern (light source posterior)." captionText-1="FIGURES 6 – 12. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 6. Front leg. 7. Mid leg. 8. Hind leg. 9. Claw of hind leg. 10. Eighth sternite and gonapophyses (Holotype). 11. Cercus and paraproct (Holotype). 12. Genital fork." captionText-2="FIGURES 13 – 15. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 13. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 14. Scutal pattern (light source posterior). 15. Head and thorax (lateral view)." captionText-3="FIGURES 16 – 22. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 16. Front leg. 17. Mid leg. 18. Hind leg. 19. Claw of hind leg. 20. Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 21. Ventral plate (ventral view). 22. Paramere and median sclerite." captionText-4="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." captionText-5="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." captionText-6="FIGURES 40 – 43. Typical breeding grounds of Simulium (Inaequalium) petropoliense in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State. 40, 41. Different sections of the first waterfall after Alto da Mozela, (site 1695) on Rio de Janeiro to Jardim de Itaipava road (BR 040). 42, 43. Forest and waterfall in front of Posto Brasão, (site 1697) on Rio de Janeiro to Jardim de Itaipava road (BR 040)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/173309/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/173310/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/173314/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figs. 1–43</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF87AF5CD16DF930FD2231E5" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" authority="Coscaron, 1980: 298" authorityName="Coscaron" authorityPageNumber="298" authorityYear="1980" box="[264,747,1715,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF87AF5CD16DF930FDCD31E5" box="[264,516,1715,1738]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="7C601439FF87AF5CD269F930FD2231E5" author="Coscaron" box="[524,747,1715,1738]" page="298" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF87AF5CD269F930FD7131E5" author="Coscaron" box="[524,696,1715,1738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón, 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 298
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–301. 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF87AF5CD34AF930FC7531E5" box="[815,956,1715,1738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
Ψ (reared), 
<collectingCountry id="85D672B8FF87AF5CD424F930FB6F31E5" box="[1089,1190,1715,1738]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
: Rio de Janeiro State, Petrópolis; 
<date id="897F14E8FF87AF5CD241F957FD4431C4" box="[548,653,1748,1771]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="1979-05-12">12.v.1979</date>
(
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF87AF5CD2F8F957FCCD31C4" box="[669,772,1748,1771]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Coscarón</emphasis>
) (MLP). [Examined.]
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF87AF5CD16DF975FC1C3002" blockId="1.[264,1322,1713,1838]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF87AF5CD16DF975FDEF3022" box="[264,550,1782,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Inaequalium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF87AF5CD16DF975FDEF3022" box="[264,550,1782,1805]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Inaequalium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[New combination of 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF87AF5CD379F975FC103022" author="Py-Daniel" box="[796,985,1782,1805]" pageId="1" pageNumber="20" refString="Py-Daniel, V. &amp; Moreira Sampaio, R. T. (1994 a) Jalacingomyia gen. n. (Culicomorpha); a ressurreicao de Gymnopaidinae; a eliminacao do nivel tribal; apresentacao de novos caracteres e redescricao dos estagios larval e pupal de Simulium columbaschense (Fabricius, 1787) (Diptera: Simuliidae). Memorias del CAICET, 4, 101 - 148." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Py­Daniel (1994a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF87AF5CD385F975FC393022" author="Py-Daniel" box="[992,1008,1782,1805]" pageId="1" pageNumber="20" refString="Py-Daniel, V. &amp; Moreira Sampaio R. T. (1994 b) Actualizacao nomenclatural para Simuliidae Neotropical (Diptera, Culicomorpha, Simuliidae). Memorias del CAICET, 4, 149 - 156." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF87AF5CD460F975FE7D3002" pageId="1" pageNumber="20" refString="Py-Daniel, V. &amp; Moreira Sampaio, R. T. (1995) Generos e especies de Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) assinalados para o Brasil ate 1995. Entomologia y Vectores, 5, 117 - 121." type="journal article">Py­Daniel &amp; Moreira Sampaio (1995)</bibRefCitation>
on upgrading the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF87AF5CD285F894FCAE3001" box="[736,871,1815,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Inaequalium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF87AF5CD285F894FCAE3001" box="[736,871,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Inaequalium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to genus.]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B5DB61A3FF84AF54D16DFE98FDC03232" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF84AF5FD16DFE98FC9D36F9" blockId="2.[264,1325,283,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF84AF5FD16DFE98FEA3361A" bold="true" box="[264,362,283,309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Female.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF84AF5FD113FE9FFDF73619" author="Coscaron" box="[374,574,284,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón (1980)</bibRefCitation>
stated in the original description of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF84AF5FD461FE9FFB0D361A" box="[1028,1220,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Inaequalium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF84AF5FD461FE9FFB0D361A" box="[1028,1220,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that the females are similar to females of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF84AF5FD2D5FEC7FC5C3672" box="[688,917,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF84AF5FD2D5FEC7FC5C3672" box="[688,917,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We redescribe the female of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF84AF5FD571FEC7FE6F36AA" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Inaequalium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF84AF5FD571FEC7FE6F36AA" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on two pharate females and an examination of a slide containing one hind leg, one wing, and the genitalia of the 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF84AF5FD344FE17FC453681" box="[801,908,404,430]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. General body colour black. Body length (specimens in ethanol) 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF84AF5FD20CFE3FFD3E36F9" box="[617,759,444,470]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="3.15" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.5 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF84AF5FD362FE3FFCDF36FA" box="[775,790,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF84AF5FD15DFE67FE3C35C1" blockId="2.[264,1325,283,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF84AF5FD15DFE67FEBE36D2" box="[312,375,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Head</emphasis>
—dichoptic with dark red eyes and nudiocular area slightly developed (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF84AF5FD4B6FE67FAD336D1" box="[1235,1306,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1508,1532]" captionTargetBox="[272,1316,571,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,566,1486]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 1. Nudiocular area. 2. Cibarium. 3. Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 4. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 5. Scutal pattern (light source posterior)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Frons, clypeus, and occiput black, with silvery grey pruinosity; frons, clypeus, and occiput with semi­recumbent, black hairs interspersed with white erect hairs. Mouthparts black. Antennae with scape and pedicel yellowish brown, rest of flagellar segments dark brown. Cibarium with well developed, sclerotized cornuae and group of sharp teeth of varying size extending from base of cornuae to central area of cibarium, which is weakly protuberant (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF84AF5FD1FAFD57FE2E35C1" box="[415,487,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1508,1532]" captionTargetBox="[272,1316,571,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,566,1486]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 1. Nudiocular area. 2. Cibarium. 3. Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 4. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 5. Scutal pattern (light source posterior)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF84AF5FD15DFD7FFE1B3119" blockId="2.[264,1325,283,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF84AF5FD15DFD7FFE45343A" box="[312,396,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Thorax</emphasis>
—scutum black, covered with recumbent, pale golden hairs [specimen photographed in ethanol]. Scutal pattern variable depending on light incidence. With anterior illumination scutum black; humeri yellowish, lateral and posterior margins black (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF84AF5FD174FCF7FE9534A1" box="[273,348,884,910]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1508,1532]" captionTargetBox="[272,1316,571,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,566,1486]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 1. Nudiocular area. 2. Cibarium. 3. Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 4. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 5. Scutal pattern (light source posterior)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). With posterior illumination, thorax black, with faint 1+1 median, grey pruinose vittae on anterior region of scutum (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF84AF5FD2B4FC1FFCD53499" box="[721,796,924,950]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1508,1532]" captionTargetBox="[272,1316,571,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,566,1486]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 1. Nudiocular area. 2. Cibarium. 3. Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 4. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 5. Scutal pattern (light source posterior)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) [this pattern not clear on photograph, as specimen was photographed in ethanol]; humeri yellowish; lateral and posterior margins weakly pruinose. Scutellum pale brown, devoid of hairs in single specimen examined. Postnotum dark brown with grey pruinosity. Pleura black with silver pruinosity. Wing venation as in 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF84AF5FD1D6FBBFFE323379" box="[435,507,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1508,1532]" captionTargetBox="[272,1316,571,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,566,1486]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 1. Nudiocular area. 2. Cibarium. 3. Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 4. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 5. Scutal pattern (light source posterior)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
. Costa of wing with sparse distribution of spines and setae. Subcosta with line of setae, except apical one third bare. Radius with row of setae intermixed with distinct spines, basal section of radius with line of setae. Basal tuft of sparse, light brown setae. Leg coloration as in 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF84AF5FD22DFB37FD7F33E1" box="[584,694,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="4.[264,382,1652,1676]" captionTargetBox="[279,1304,645,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,630,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 6. Front leg. 7. Mid leg. 8. Hind leg. 9. Claw of hind leg. 10. Eighth sternite and gonapophyses (Holotype). 11. Cercus and paraproct (Holotype). 12. Genital fork." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173309/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 6–8</figureCitation>
[based on teneral specimen]. Foreleg with coxa pale brown, trochanter, femur, inner margin and apex of tibia, and basitarsal segments I–IV dark brown to black; basal two thirds of outer margin of tibia whitish. Mid leg with coxa, trochanter, apex of femur and tibia, and apex of basitarsal segments I–II dark brown; basal two thirds of femur pale brown; basal two thirds of tibia and basitarsal segment I, and base of basitarsal segment II whitish. 
<collectingCountry id="85D672B8FF84AF5FD2EEFAFFFD0F32B9" box="[651,710,1404,1430]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hind</collectingCountry>
leg with coxa, trochanter, apical third of femur and tibia, and apex of basitarsal segments I–II dark brown; basal two thirds of femur pale brown; basal two thirds of tibia and basitarsal segment I, and base of basitarsal segment II whitish. Claws weakly curved, with small basal tooth (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF84AF5FD3EFFA77FC1B3121" box="[906,978,1524,1550]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="4.[264,382,1652,1676]" captionTargetBox="[279,1304,645,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,630,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 6. Front leg. 7. Mid leg. 8. Hind leg. 9. Claw of hind leg. 10. Eighth sternite and gonapophyses (Holotype). 11. Cercus and paraproct (Holotype). 12. Genital fork." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173309/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Halteres lemon yellow with dark brown base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF84AF5ED15DF9C7FE6136D1" blockId="2.[264,1325,283,1870]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1323,284,510]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF84AF5FD15DF9C7FE083172" box="[312,449,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Abdomen—</emphasis>
tergite I pale brown, tergite II dark brown with silver pruinosity on anterior margins; tergites II–IX black. Tergal plates weakly developed. Sternites greyish; genitalia black. Eighth sternite weakly sclerotized with long, irregularly distributed setae on posterior margin; gonapophyses sub­triangular, half length of eighth sternite at midpoint, membranous, except sclerotized internal margins (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF84AF5FD307F967FC7531D1" box="[866,956,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="4.[264,382,1652,1676]" captionTargetBox="[279,1304,645,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,630,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 6. Front leg. 7. Mid leg. 8. Hind leg. 9. Claw of hind leg. 10. Eighth sternite and gonapophyses (Holotype). 11. Cercus and paraproct (Holotype). 12. Genital fork." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173309/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Cercus sub­oval, sclerotized, covered with distinct, long, brown setae; paraproct sub­triangular, sclerotized, extended ventrally 1.5 times longer than height of cercus with distinct prominence on posterior margin at junction with cercus; paraproct covered with long setae on posterior half and macrotrichia apically (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF85AF5ED244FEC7FDB93671" box="[545,624,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="4.[264,382,1652,1676]" captionTargetBox="[279,1304,645,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,630,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 6. Front leg. 7. Mid leg. 8. Hind leg. 9. Claw of hind leg. 10. Eighth sternite and gonapophyses (Holotype). 11. Cercus and paraproct (Holotype). 12. Genital fork." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173309/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig.11</figureCitation>
). Genital fork sclerotized, with stem slightly expanded apically; termination of lateral arms with anterior and posterior process developed, subtriangular (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF85AF5ED1EBFE17FE203681" box="[398,489,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="4.[264,382,1652,1676]" captionTargetBox="[279,1304,645,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,630,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 6. Front leg. 7. Mid leg. 8. Hind leg. 9. Claw of hind leg. 10. Eighth sternite and gonapophyses (Holotype). 11. Cercus and paraproct (Holotype). 12. Genital fork." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173309/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Spermatheca sub­oval, without external sculpturing and irregularly distributed spicules on internal surface; area of insertion of spermathecal duct membranous.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A9BE62A0FF85AF5ED16DFA67FD9D316E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[272,1316,571,1478]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF85AF5ED16DFA67FD9D316E" blockId="3.[264,1323,1508,1601]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED16DFA67FE7D32D3" bold="true" box="[264,436,1508,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURES 1–5</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF85AF5ED1ACFA67FD0232D4" box="[457,715,1508,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED1ACFA67FD0232D4" box="[457,715,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF85AF5ED285FA67FCFC32D4" box="[736,821,1508,1531]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF85AF5ED322FA67FC7532D4" box="[839,956,1508,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) female. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED44BFA67FB8B32D3" bold="true" box="[1070,1090,1508,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.</emphasis>
Nudiocular area. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED573FA67FAE332D3" bold="true" box="[1302,1322,1508,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.</emphasis>
Cibarium. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED11EF984FE473130" bold="true" box="[379,398,1543,1567]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.</emphasis>
Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED37AF984FCFA3130" bold="true" box="[799,819,1543,1567]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4.</emphasis>
Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED4A9F984FB293130" bold="true" box="[1228,1248,1543,1567]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5.</emphasis>
Scutal pattern (light source posterior).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF85AF5ED15DF9F7FC133199" blockId="3.[264,1323,1652,1878]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED15DF9F7FEBE31A1" bold="true" box="[312,375,1652,1678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Male</emphasis>
. General body colour black. Body length (specimen in ethanol) 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF85AF5ED403F9F7FB3A31A1" box="[1126,1267,1652,1678]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="2.9" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.6">2.6–3.2 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED561F9F6FADA31A1" box="[1284,1299,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
= 2). Wing length 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF85AF5ED1A2F91FFDE63199" box="[455,559,1692,1718]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1.98">1.98 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED225F91EFD863199" box="[576,591,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
= 1); wing width 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF85AF5ED347F91FFCB53199" box="[802,892,1692,1718]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED3E9F91EFC523199" box="[908,923,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">n</emphasis>
= 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF85AF5ED15DF946FCB53001" blockId="3.[264,1323,1652,1878]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED15DF946FE5931F1" box="[312,400,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head –</emphasis>
holoptic with dark red eyes. Frons and clypeus with silvery grey pruinosity and covered by dark hairs. Mouthparts black. Antennae with scape and pedicel yellowish brown, rest of flagellar segments black (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF85AF5ED285F897FCA63001" box="[736,879,1812,1838]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[327,1284,670,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[313,1298,670,1834]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 13. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 14. Scutal pattern (light source posterior). 15. Head and thorax (lateral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173310/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 13–15</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF85AF59D15DF8BEFC823561" blockId="3.[264,1323,1652,1878]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,284,590]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF85AF5ED15DF8BEFE6D3079" box="[312,420,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Thorax –</emphasis>
scutum dark black covered with evenly distributed golden, recumbent hairs [specimen photographed in ethanol]. Thorax, regardless of light incidence, black (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF82AF59D4A1FE9FFEE13671" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[327,1284,670,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[313,1298,670,1834]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 13. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 14. Scutal pattern (light source posterior). 15. Head and thorax (lateral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173310/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 13, 14</figureCitation>
), but with faint 1+1 silver cunae if specimen tilted dorso­laterally (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF82AF59D456FEC7FB433671" box="[1075,1162,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 15" captionStartId="5.[264,382,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[327,1284,670,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[313,1298,670,1834]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 15. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 13. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 14. Scutal pattern (light source posterior). 15. Head and thorax (lateral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173310/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
); humeri pale yellow; lateral and posterior margins black. Scutellum pale brown covered with recumbent, golden hairs interspersed with long, erect, dark brown setae. Postnotum dark brown with silvery grey pruinosity. Pleura black with grey pruinosity. Halteres whitish yellow with light brown base. Wing setation as in female except Sc bare. Leg coloration as in female (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF82AF59D1EDFD8FFDD13509" box="[392,536,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 22" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[278,1311,522,1521]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,513,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 22. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 16. Front leg. 17. Mid leg. 18. Hind leg. 19. Claw of hind leg. 20. Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 21. Ventral plate (ventral view). 22. Paramere and median sclerite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 16–18</figureCitation>
). Claws without tooth but with thumb­like protuberance (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF82AF59D4A1FD8FFAD53509" box="[1220,1308,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 22" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[278,1311,522,1521]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,513,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 22. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 16. Front leg. 17. Mid leg. 18. Hind leg. 19. Claw of hind leg. 20. Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 21. Ventral plate (ventral view). 22. Paramere and median sclerite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). Femur and tibia of hind leg with lanceolate setae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A9BE62A0FF82AF59D16DF9F7FD6E31FE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173309/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[279,1304,645,1630]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF82AF59D16DF9F7FD6E31FE" blockId="4.[264,1323,1652,1745]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D16DF9F7FE7231A3" bold="true" box="[264,443,1652,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURES 6–12</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF82AF59D1ACF9F7FD0C31A4" box="[457,709,1652,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D1ACF9F7FD0C31A4" box="[457,709,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF82AF59D2B1F9F7FCE331A4" box="[724,810,1652,1675]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF82AF59D351F9F7FC6031A4" box="[820,937,1652,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) female. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D46BF9F7FBEA31A3" bold="true" box="[1038,1059,1652,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6.</emphasis>
Front leg. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D4FCF9F7FB6431A3" bold="true" box="[1177,1197,1652,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">7.</emphasis>
Mid leg. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D573F9F7FAE231A3" bold="true" box="[1302,1323,1652,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">8.</emphasis>
Hind leg. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D112F914FE453180" bold="true" box="[375,396,1687,1711]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9.</emphasis>
Claw of hind leg. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D23AF914FD493180" bold="true" box="[607,640,1687,1711]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">10.</emphasis>
Eighth sternite and gonapophyses (Holotype). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D4E2F914FB6F3180" bold="true" box="[1159,1190,1687,1711]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11.</emphasis>
Cercus and paraproct (Holotype). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D193F93AFDDE31FE" bold="true" box="[502,535,1721,1745]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12.</emphasis>
Genital fork.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF82AF58D15DF886FCE93559" blockId="4.[264,1322,1796,1902]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,630]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF82AF59D15DF886FE513031" box="[312,408,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Abdome</emphasis>
n—tergites dark brown to black, basal fringe with long, brown hairs. Faint silver pruinose ornamentation on ventro­lateral margins of tergites II, III–VIII. Genitalia black; sternites greyish with faint silver pruinosity [specimen in ethanol]; tergal plates undeveloped. Gonoxocite sub­quadrangular; gonostyle sub­trapezoidal, nearly same length as gonocoxite, terminating in single spine; gonocoxite and gonostyle covered with long setae (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF83AF58D1C2FEEFFDC536A9" box="[423,524,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 22" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[278,1311,522,1521]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,513,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 22. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 16. Front leg. 17. Mid leg. 18. Hind leg. 19. Claw of hind leg. 20. Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 21. Ventral plate (ventral view). 22. Paramere and median sclerite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). Ventral plate sclerotized, with main body well developed, prominently produced on anterior margin, and with wide concavity on central region of posterior margin; basal arms sclerotized and curved inwards; main body of ventral plate covered by long hairs (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF83AF58D27AFE67FDB036D1" box="[543,633,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 22" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[278,1311,522,1521]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,513,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 22. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 16. Front leg. 17. Mid leg. 18. Hind leg. 19. Claw of hind leg. 20. Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 21. Ventral plate (ventral view). 22. Paramere and median sclerite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Median sclerite pyriform, as long as wide at mid point, with incision on apical one third (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF83AF58D2F0FD8FFD273509" box="[661,750,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 22" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[278,1311,522,1521]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,513,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 22. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 16. Front leg. 17. Mid leg. 18. Hind leg. 19. Claw of hind leg. 20. Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 21. Ventral plate (ventral view). 22. Paramere and median sclerite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Paramere with developed and sclerotized basal process and numerous long and short spines along distal half; membrane between basal arms of paramere with fine spicules (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF83AF58D2DEFDDFFCDD3559" box="[699,788,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 22" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[278,1311,522,1521]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,513,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 22. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 16. Front leg. 17. Mid leg. 18. Hind leg. 19. Claw of hind leg. 20. Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 21. Ventral plate (ventral view). 22. Paramere and median sclerite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="A9BE62A0FF83AF58D16DF8B2FB3F305F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173310/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[327,1284,670,1829]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF83AF58D16DF8B2FB3F305F" blockId="5.[264,1323,1841,1904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF83AF58D16DF8B2FE053066" bold="true" box="[264,460,1841,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURES 13–15</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF83AF58D1BBF8B1FD173066" box="[478,734,1842,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF83AF58D1BBF8B1FD173066" box="[478,734,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF83AF58D294F8B1FC8F3066" box="[753,838,1842,1865]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF83AF58D331F8B1FC003066" box="[852,969,1842,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) male. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF83AF58D444F8B2FB8B3066" bold="true" box="[1057,1090,1841,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">13.</emphasis>
Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF83AF58D1D8F8DBFE16305F" bold="true" box="[445,479,1880,1904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">14.</emphasis>
Scutal pattern (light source posterior). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF83AF58D3E4F8DBFC6B305F" bold="true" box="[897,930,1880,1904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">15.</emphasis>
Head and thorax (lateral view).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF80AF5BD15DFE98FBED36F9" blockId="6.[264,1323,283,470]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD15DFE98FEB0361A" bold="true" box="[312,377,283,309]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pupa</emphasis>
. Cocoon length dorsally 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF80AF5BD2D0FE9FFC8E3619" box="[693,839,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="2.3">2.3–2.8 mm</quantity>
(mean = 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF80AF5BD3A3FE9FFBE13619" box="[966,1064,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
, s.d. = 0.14, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD4B7FE9FFB28361A" box="[1234,1249,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
= 9); ventrally 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF80AF5BD11DFEC7FDCF3671" box="[376,518,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="2.9" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.6">2.6–3.2 mm</quantity>
(mean = 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF80AF5BD212FEC7FD1D3671" box="[631,724,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
, s.d = 0.21, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD306FEC7FCBB3672" box="[867,882,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
= 7); pupa length 2.0– 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF80AF5BD4E5FEC7FB133671" box="[1152,1242,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
(mean = 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF80AF5BD145FEEFFEB536A9" box="[288,380,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
, s.d. = 0.20, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD277FEEFFDE836AA" box="[530,545,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
= 7); gill length 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF80AF5BD283FEEFFCBD36A9" box="[742,884,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.9" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.9 mm</quantity>
(mean = 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF80AF5BD386FEEFFB8936A9" box="[995,1088,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
, s.d. = 0.2, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD4A3FEEFFB1C36AA" box="[1222,1237,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
= 9). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD15DFE17FE5A3682" box="[312,403,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cocoon</emphasis>
—slipper­shaped (as in 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF80AF5BD2D7FE17FC8F3681" box="[690,838,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 23, 24</figureCitation>
), light to dark brown, composed of fine network of coalescent fibres and reinforced rim to anterior aperture.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A9BE62A0FF80AF5BD16DF98BFC6D314B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[278,1311,522,1521]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF80AF5BD16DF98BFC6D314B" blockId="6.[264,1323,1544,1637]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD16DF98BFE00310F" bold="true" box="[264,457,1544,1568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURES 16–22</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF80AF5BD1BDF98BFD1C3130" box="[472,725,1544,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD1BDF98BFD1C3130" box="[472,725,1544,1567]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF80AF5BD281F98BFCF33130" box="[740,826,1544,1567]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF80AF5BD320F98BFC733130" box="[837,954,1544,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) male. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD469F98BFBE5310F" bold="true" box="[1036,1068,1544,1568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">16.</emphasis>
Front leg. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD4C0F98BFB0F310F" bold="true" box="[1189,1222,1544,1568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">17.</emphasis>
Mid leg. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD16DF9A8FEE0316C" bold="true" box="[264,297,1579,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">18.</emphasis>
Hind leg. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD1C6F9A8FE0D316C" bold="true" box="[419,452,1579,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19.</emphasis>
Claw of hind leg. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD2FDF9A8FD70316C" bold="true" box="[664,697,1579,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.</emphasis>
Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD56CF9A8FAE3316C" bold="true" box="[1289,1322,1579,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">21.</emphasis>
Ventral plate (ventral view). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD25FF9CEFD92314A" bold="true" box="[570,603,1613,1637]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">22.</emphasis>
Paramere and median sclerite.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF80AF5AD15DF91AFC2F36D1" blockId="6.[264,1323,1688,1874]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1323,284,1550]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF80AF5BD15DF91AFEAC319D" box="[312,357,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gill</emphasis>
—light to dark brown with 5 (sometimes 6) forwardly directed filaments arranged in vertical plane. Gill variable, common pattern as follows: gill configuration with main trunk short giving rise to 2 strongly asymmetrical primary branches, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral. Dorsal primary branch conspicuously thick and divided into 4, finger­like filaments apically. Ventral primary branch single and distinctly curved at mid point (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF80AF5BD4F6F8BBFB24307D" box="[1171,1261,1848,1874]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). All filaments rounded distally, distinctly covered with short black setae, edges weakly crenate. Variation in gill configuration occurs sometimes, with dorsal branch dividing apically into secondary branches at different heights and ventral primary branch having 1 or 2 filaments distally (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF81AF5AD10AFE17FDC93681" box="[367,512,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 27–28</figureCitation>
). Another variation occurs in which primary branch divides on basal one third into 2 elongate secondary branches; both then bifurcate more apically into tertiary filaments, all branches covered by long hairs (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF81AF5AD3E4FE67FC1036D1" box="[897,985,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF81AF5AD15DFD8FFEBF35E9" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,1550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF81AF5AD15DFD8FFEBE350A" box="[312,375,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Head</emphasis>
—frontoclypeus with 2+2 long, single, bifid, or trifid frontal and 1+1 long, bifid or quadrifid, facial trichomes; frontoclypeus with group of platelets mesally, 1+1 groups of approximately 13 platelets dorso­laterally and 2 groups of platelets in groups of 2–3 laterally in frontal region; tubercles rounded and densely distributed over entire surface (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF81AF5AD174FD2FFEA135E9" box="[273,360,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF81AF5AD15DFD57FDE934A1" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,1550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF81AF5AD15DFD57FE4535C2" box="[312,396,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thorax</emphasis>
—with approximately 4+4 long, bifid to quadrifid trichomes near margin of dorsal cleft, 1 long, bifid trichome on posterior region mesally, 1+1 long and 1+1 small, simple trichomes on alar region, and 3+3 long, simple trichomes on ventral margin of alar region; tubercles rounded (some pointed near base of gill) and densely distributed over entire surface of thorax.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF81AF5AD15DFC1FFB703121" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,1550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF81AF5AD15DFC1FFE6F349A" box="[312,422,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Abdomen</emphasis>
—tergite I with 1+1 long, sub­lateral, simple trichomes; tergite II with 3+3 sub­median, spiniform setae in row, 3+3 small, simple trichomes in vertical line to spiniform outer setae, and 1+1 spiniform setae on lateral margin; tergites III–IV with 4+4 sub­median, simple hooks in row along posterior margin, 1+1 simple trichomes anterior to outer trichomes, and 1+1 spiniform setae on lateral margin; tergites V–VI without trichomes or setae; tergites VII and VIII without visible trichomes, but well­developed spine combs resembling teeth on anterior margin; tergite IX weakly sclerotized, with welldeveloped spine combs resembling teeth on anterior margin and terminating in 1+1 small, apical spines. Abdominal sternite III with 3+3 sub­median and 2+2 lateral spiniform setae; sternite IV with 1 sub­median and 2+2 lateral spiniform setae; sternite V with 2+2 separated bifid or trifid hooks on posterior margin, and 2+2 sub­lateral and 2 lateral spiniform setae; sternite VI with 2+2 separated bifid hooks on posterior margin, 1+1 spiniform setae anterior to outermost hooks, 1+1 long, trichomes between outermost hooks; sternite VII with 2+2 well separated bifid or simple hooks on posterior margin, 1+1 long, simple trichomes between and anterior to outermost hooks; sternite VIII without setae; sternite IX sclerotized. Spine combs on anterior margin of sternites III­IX.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF81AF5AD15DF9C7FB8C31F9" blockId="7.[264,1323,1604,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF81AF5AD15DF9C7FE2C3171" bold="true" box="[312,485,1604,1630]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mature larva.</emphasis>
Body length 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF81AF5AD2E6F9C7FCD83171" box="[643,785,1604,1630]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="5.25" valueMax="5.8" valueMin="4.7">4.7–5.8 mm</quantity>
(mean = 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF81AF5AD3E5F9C7FC143171" box="[896,989,1604,1630]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
, s.d. = 0.32, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF81AF5AD417F9C7FB483172" box="[1138,1153,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
= 9); width of head capsule 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF81AF5AD1C8F9EFFDF731A9" box="[429,574,1644,1670]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 mm</quantity>
(mean = 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF81AF5AD2D2F9EFFCD131A9" box="[695,792,1644,1670]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
, s.d. = 0.09, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF81AF5AD3DFF9EFFC0031AA" box="[954,969,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
= 9); length of head capsule 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF81AF5AD16DF917FE5F3181" box="[264,406,1684,1710]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.55" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.7 mm</quantity>
(mean = 
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF81AF5AD26DF917FDAF3181" box="[520,614,1684,1710]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
, s.d. = 0.09, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF81AF5AD365F917FCC63182" box="[768,783,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
= 10). Body colour dark grey dorso­laterally, whitish ventrally (specimens preserved in ethanol). Form as in 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF81AF5AD38EF93FFB8B31F9" box="[1003,1090,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStartId="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF81AF54D15DF967FD513411" blockId="7.[264,1323,1604,1870]" lastBlockId="9.[264,1324,284,1230]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF81AF5AD15DF967FEBE31D2" box="[312,375,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Head</emphasis>
—mainly pale and dark brown, anterior region of cephalic apotome yellow. Numerous small setae present on all surfaces and head capsule slightly wrinkled. Head pattern positive (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF81AF5AD18CF8B7FD813061" box="[489,584,1844,1870]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStartId="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
). Postgenal cleft narrow, bell­shaped with sub­triangular extension at apex; postgenal bridge as long as hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8FAF54D397FE9FFB413619" box="[1010,1160,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStartId="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 33–34</figureCitation>
). Hypostoma strongly pigmented on anterior margin with 9 apical teeth; simple median tooth sharp, well developed and more prominent than 3+3 sub­lateral teeth, but of similar dimensions to 1+1 lateral teeth; 2+2 small para­lateral teeth and 4–5 lateral serrations [tiny intermediate teeth seen only at high magnification on either side of median and sub­lateral teeth]; hypostoma with 1+1 lines of 4–5 hypostomal setae parallel to lateral margin and 1+1 long setae in posterior half of hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8FAF54D2B9FD8FFCF13509" box="[732,824,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStartId="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
). Antennae nearly as long as labral fan, pigmented; segment proportions (proximal, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D342FDB7FCFF3562" box="[807,822,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n</emphasis>
= 5; median, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D396FDB7FBCB3562" box="[1011,1026,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n</emphasis>
= 5 and distal, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D4B2FDB7FB2F3562" box="[1239,1254,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n</emphasis>
= 6) approximately 0.02–0.07:0.05–0.08:0.06–0.1, antennal segments I–II pale brown, segment III brown (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8FAF54D1F7FD07FE2735B1" box="[402,494,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStartId="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
). Mandible with second comb tooth longer than first and third, 10 internal teeth, and 2 mandibular serrations, with anterior longer than posterior; mandibular combs well developed (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8FAF54D24CFD57FD4D35C1" box="[553,644,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStartId="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
). Mandibular lateral process single (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8FAF54D424FD57FB5435C1" box="[1089,1181,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStartId="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
). Maxillary palps heavily pigmented; three times as long as wide at base. Cephalic fan with approximately 30–50 rays (
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D22EFCA7FD933412" box="[587,602,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n</emphasis>
= 6).
</paragraph>
<caption id="A9BE62A0FF8EAF55D16DF97DFE613075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8EAF55D16DF97DFE613075" blockId="8.[264,1323,1790,1882]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8EAF55D16DF97DFE033039" bold="true" box="[264,458,1790,1814]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURES 23–30</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8EAF55D1BCF97DFD1F303A" box="[473,726,1790,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8EAF55D1BCF97DFD1F303A" box="[473,726,1790,1813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8EAF55D280F97DFCF2303A" box="[741,827,1790,1813]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8EAF55D323F97DFC72303A" box="[838,955,1790,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) pupa. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8EAF55D46BF97DFBE63039" bold="true" box="[1038,1071,1790,1814]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">23.</emphasis>
Cocoon (lateral view). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8EAF55D16DF8A3FEE03017" bold="true" box="[264,297,1824,1848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">24.</emphasis>
Cocoon (dorsal view). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8EAF55D221F8A3FDAC3017" bold="true" box="[580,613,1824,1848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">25.</emphasis>
Gill configuration (typical form). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8EAF55D39EF8A3FB8C3017" bold="true" box="[1019,1093,1824,1848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">26–29.</emphasis>
Gill variations. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8EAF55D56CF8A3FAE33017" bold="true" box="[1289,1322,1824,1848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">30.</emphasis>
Frontoclypeus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8FAF54D15DFCCFFAD23499" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D15DFCCFFE45344A" box="[312,396,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Thorax</emphasis>
—grey dorsally and ventrally. Cuticle apparently without setae. Proleg with plate heavily sclerotized with approximately 28–32 processes of nearly 10–13 hooks (
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D566FCF7FADB34A2" box="[1283,1298,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n</emphasis>
= 3). Pupal respiratory gill histoblast dark brown; dissected gill histoblast with 5 filaments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8FAF54D15DFC47FC0F33E1" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D15DFC47FE6F34F2" box="[312,422,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Abdomen</emphasis>
—usually grey dorsally, progressively paler ventrally, especially toward posterior where last segments white [in some specimens, some abdominal segments are yellowish dorsally]. Ventral nerve cord whitish. Ventral papillae present, small. Cuticle mainly lacking setae, except area around anal sclerite. Anal sclerite well sclerotized, with posterior arms extending one third of circumference of posterior circlet; no sclerotized areas between arms (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8FAF54D261FB0FFD973389" box="[516,606,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStartId="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). Posterior circlet with approximately 40–80 rows of 14–20 hooks (
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D13AFB37FEA733E2" box="[351,366,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">n</emphasis>
= 6). Anal gill not everted in specimens examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8FAF54D16DFA87FDC03232" blockId="9.[264,1323,1284,1870]" box="[264,521,1284,1309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D16DFA87FDC03232" box="[264,521,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Taxonomic discussion</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B5DB61A3FF8FAF57D15DFAAFFBAF3119" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8FAF57D15DFAAFFE5935B1" blockId="9.[264,1323,1284,1870]" lastBlockId="10.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8FAF54D15DFAAFFD9A326A" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[312,595,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D15DFAAFFD9A326A" box="[312,595,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8FAF54D322FAAFFBDB3269" author="Coscaron" box="[839,1042,1324,1350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón (1980)</bibRefCitation>
from a reared female 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF8FAF54D16DFAD7FEA73241" box="[264,366,1364,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and pupal 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF8FAF54D195FAD7FD9C3241" box="[496,597,1364,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
collected in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro State, on 
<date id="897F14E8FF8FAF54D4F5FAD7FACA3241" box="[1168,1283,1364,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1979-05-12">12.v.1979</date>
by this author. On a visit to MLP, the first author of the current paper examined the 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF8FAF54D490FAFFFAEE32B9" box="[1269,1319,1404,1430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
material of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8FAF54D1F0FA27FD9D3292" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[405,596,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D1F0FA27FD9D3292" box="[405,596,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The material identified as 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8FAF54D3C3FA27FBAC3292" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[934,1125,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D3C3FA27FBAC3292" box="[934,1125,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
housed in MLP consists of a pinned reared female and two slides. One slide contains the genitalia of a female (only the genital fork, spermatheca, gonapophyses, cercus, and paraproct), one wing and one hind leg. This slide does not bear a label stating locality, date or collector’s name, but it has a white label in Coscarón’s hand “ 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8FAF54D308F9C7FB4D3172" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[877,1156,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D308F9C7FB4D3172" box="[877,1156,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ψ 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D4865341FF8FAF54D4CFF9C7FB233171" box="[1194,1258,1604,1630]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
” and “parte del Holotipo” [= part of the 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF8FAF54D2DEF9EFFCE631A9" box="[699,815,1644,1670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
]. The stem and the left lateral arm of the genital fork are broken. The coxa of the hind leg is missing. The other slide, which is labelled as 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF8FAF54D1F7F93FFE3331F9" box="[402,506,1724,1750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, only contains a pupal exuviae. However, the pinned reared female labelled as 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF8FAF54D1EEF967FE3B31D1" box="[395,498,1764,1790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(HOLOTIPO) of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8FAF54D2A1F967FCB631D2" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[708,895,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8FAF54D2A1F967FCB631D2" box="[708,895,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not belong to this species. This specimen is entire and has been glued, together with its pupal exuviae, to a card point, which is attached to the pin. The number and configuration of the pupal gill filaments agree with the pattern found in 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D2D4FE9FFC293619" ID-CoL="8DZ6P" authority="Coscaron" authorityName="Coscaron" box="[689,992,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="souzalopesi">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D2D4FE9FFCA8361A" box="[689,865,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. souzalopesi</emphasis>
Coscarón
</taxonomicName>
and it has been labelled accordingly (see Material Examined). This problem was discussed with Sixto Coscarón, who agreed with Luis Hernández’s identification. The remains of the single reared female of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D14FFE17FE2E3682" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[298,487,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D14FFE17FE2E3682" box="[298,487,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was partly dissected by Coscarón to illustrate the morphology of the genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D180FE3FFCBC36F9" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" authority="Coscaron 1980" authorityName="Coscaron" authorityYear="1980" box="[485,885,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D180FE3FFD6A36FA" box="[485,675,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D2D1FE3FFCA236F9" author="Coscaron" box="[692,875,444,470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, was not found in the MLP holdings and it is now considered lost. The morphology of the gonapophyses and hind leg in the single slide, which bears on its label “part of the 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF8CAF57D3E8FD8FFC303509" box="[909,1017,524,550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
”, agree with Coscaron’s illustrations of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D1D9FDB7FDB03562" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[444,633,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D1D9FDB7FDB03562" box="[444,633,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Consequently, we consider that this is all that remains of the 
<typeStatus id="227A8C8AFF8CAF57D15EFDDFFE683559" box="[315,417,604,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D1BCFDDFFD54355A" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[473,669,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D1BCFDDFFD54355A" box="[473,669,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and it has been labelled accordingly (see Material Examined).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8CAF57D15DFD2FFC183329" blockId="10.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D15DFD2FFD9F35EA" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[312,598,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D15DFD2FFD9F35EA" box="[312,598,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is placed in the 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D32DFD2FFBC235EA" ID-CoL="8DZ5L" box="[840,1035,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D32DFD2FFBC235EA" box="[840,1035,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group by the combination of characters given by 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D2D2FD57FCBC35C1" author="Coscaron" box="[695,885,724,750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón (1980</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D3E1FD57FC0835C1" author="Coscaron" box="[900,961,724,750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1987) El genero Simulium Latreille en la region neotropical: analisis de los grupos supraespecificos, especies que los integran y distribucion geografica (Simuliidae, Diptera). 112 pp. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil." type="book" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D3AAFD57FBC435C1" author="Coscaron" box="[975,1037,724,750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1991) Simuliidae. Fauna de Agua Dulce de la Republica Argentina 38 (Insecta Diptera) (2). FECIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 304 pp." type="book" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
), especially the females with a sub­triangular paraproct with a basal protuberance (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8CAF57D3D0FD7FFBC23439" box="[949,1035,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="4.[264,382,1652,1676]" captionTargetBox="[279,1304,645,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,630,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 6. Front leg. 7. Mid leg. 8. Hind leg. 9. Claw of hind leg. 10. Eighth sternite and gonapophyses (Holotype). 11. Cercus and paraproct (Holotype). 12. Genital fork." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173309/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
); male with an elongate, sub­triangular gonostyle, the same length as the gonocoxite (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8CAF57D465FCA7FB943411" box="[1024,1117,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 22" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[278,1311,522,1521]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,513,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 22. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 16. Front leg. 17. Mid leg. 18. Hind leg. 19. Claw of hind leg. 20. Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 21. Ventral plate (ventral view). 22. Paramere and median sclerite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
), and pupa with asymmetrical gill filaments (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8CAF57D232FCCFFD2F3449" box="[599,742,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 25–29</figureCitation>
). We agree with the placement of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D40AFCCFFAE3344A" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[1135,1322,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D40AFCCFFAE3344A" box="[1135,1322,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this species group. We have compared 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D29EFCF7FC7134A2" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[763,952,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D29EFCF7FC7134A2" box="[763,952,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the three other species of the 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D151FC1FFE3E349A" ID-CoL="8DZ5L" box="[308,503,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D151FC1FFE3E349A" box="[308,503,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group (
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D2D1FC1FFD3C349A" box="[692,757,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D29BFC1FFBFE3499" author="Crosskey" box="[766,1079,924,950]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M. (2004) A revised taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 82 pp. [web version: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / entomology / projects / blackflies / Inventory. pdf] (accessed 11 February 2006)." type="book" year="2004">Crosskey &amp; Howard 2004</bibRefCitation>
) based on images in the BMNH image archive, specimens in the AMNH, BMNH, IOC, MLP, and NMUH collections, and descriptions and figures in 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D360FC6FFC043329" author="Coscaron" box="[773,973,1004,1030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón (1980)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8CAF57D15DFB97FBAF3119" blockId="10.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The morphology of the female genitalia separates 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D3A2FB97FB733301" ID-CoL="8DZ65" authority="Smart" authorityName="Smart" box="[967,1210,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lurybayae">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D3A2FB97FBAA3302" box="[967,1123,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. lurybayae</emphasis>
Smart
</taxonomicName>
from 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D571FB97FD51337A" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D571FB97FE60337A" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">S. petropoliense</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D1D3FBBFFD51337A" ID-CoL="8DZ5L" authority="Lutz" authorityName="Lutz" box="[438,664,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">S. botulibranchium</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
Lutz, and 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D372FBBFFC74337A" ID-CoL="8DZ6P" box="[791,957,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="souzalopesi">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D372FBBFFC74337A" box="[791,957,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. souzalopesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D388FBBFFB48337A" ID-CoL="8DZ65" box="[1005,1153,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lurybayae">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D388FBBFFB48337A" box="[1005,1153,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. lurybayae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the paraproct is sub­quadrangular, extending ventrally nearly by the same length as the cercus, and with a small protuberance basally (BMNH image archive). This configuration agrees with the general morphology of most of the species in the 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D322FB37FC7233E2" box="[839,955,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">inaequale</emphasis>
species group. The male, pupa, and larva of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D1C3FB5FFDF233DA" ID-CoL="8DZ65" box="[422,571,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lurybayae">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D1C3FB5FFDF233DA" box="[422,571,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. lurybayae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unknown. In 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D37DFB5FFC1E33DA" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[792,983,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D37DFB5FFC1E33DA" box="[792,983,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D38CFB5FFB0433DA" ID-CoL="8DZ5L" box="[1001,1229,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D38CFB5FFB0433DA" box="[1001,1229,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D571FB5FFE593232" ID-CoL="8DZ6P" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="souzalopesi">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D571FB5FFE593232" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. souzalopesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the paraproct is sub­triangular extending ventrally 1.5 times beyond the junction with the cercus, and has a distinct protuberance on the posterior margin basally (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8CAF57D174FAD7FEA53241" box="[273,364,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 12" captionStartId="4.[264,382,1652,1676]" captionTargetBox="[279,1304,645,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,630,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 12. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 6. Front leg. 7. Mid leg. 8. Hind leg. 9. Claw of hind leg. 10. Eighth sternite and gonapophyses (Holotype). 11. Cercus and paraproct (Holotype). 12. Genital fork." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173309/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D11AFAD7FDF33241" author="Coscaron" box="[383,570,1364,1390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
). The female of the latter three species cannot be separated without examination of the pupal gill filaments. Based on the morphology of the male genitalia, especially the ventral plate, the male of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D306FA27FBE83292" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[867,1057,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D306FA27FBE83292" box="[867,1057,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to the male of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D10CFA4FFD8032CA" ID-CoL="8DZ5L" box="[361,585,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D10CFA4FFD8032CA" box="[361,585,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having the basal arms of the ventral plate reduced (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8CAF57D4A8FA4FFAED32C9" box="[1229,1316,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 22" captionStartId="6.[264,382,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[278,1311,522,1521]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,513,1534]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 22. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) male. 16. Front leg. 17. Mid leg. 18. Hind leg. 19. Claw of hind leg. 20. Gonocoxite and gonostyle, inset detail of gonostyle. 21. Ventral plate (ventral view). 22. Paramere and median sclerite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173311/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D16DFA77FE093121" author="Coscaron" box="[264,448,1524,1550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D1B2FA77FD103122" ID-CoL="8DZ6P" box="[471,729,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="souzalopesi">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D1B2FA77FD103122" box="[471,729,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Simulium souzalopesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite distinct by having the ventral plate with well­developed basal arms that distinctly curve inwards (
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D3C7F99FFB903119" author="Coscaron" box="[930,1113,1564,1590]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B5DB61A3FF8CAF56D15DF9C7FB763171" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8CAF56D15DF9C7FD4435B1" blockId="10.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastBlockId="11.[264,1325,284,1630]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The most reliable character to recognise 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D343F9C7FC2C3172" box="[806,997,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D343F9C7FC2C3172" box="[806,997,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the configuration of the pupal gill filaments. 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D273F9EFFCFD31AA" box="[534,820,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D273F9EFFCFD31AA" box="[534,820,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D31AF9EFFBA331AA" box="[895,1130,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D31AF9EFFBA331AA" box="[895,1130,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D571F9EFFE583182" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="souzalopesi">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D571F9EFFE583182" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. souzalopesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that in the latter species the pupal gill filaments are bare and there are only 6 filaments (
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8CAF57D1FCF93FFD8631F9" author="Coscaron" box="[409,591,1724,1750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D2E7F93FFCF431FA" box="[642,829,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D2E7F93FFCF431FA" box="[642,829,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8CAF57D310F93FFB9C31FA" box="[885,1109,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8CAF57D310F93FFB9C31FA" box="[885,1109,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the gills are stout and bulbous for their main part and consist of a dorsal and a ventral primary branch that divide from the main stem basally in the vertical plane, each of them forming a right angle or nearly a right angle, causing the rest of the gill to be directed anteriorly. A prominence is present on each primary branch at or near the right angle bend (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D47BFE9FFB663619" box="[1054,1199,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 23–29</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D4D9FE9FFE8E3671" author="Coscaron" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
). The dorsal primary branch in the two species then divides into four (
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D571FEC7FE6F36AA" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D571FEC7FE6F36AA" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or up to five (
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D232FEEFFCF136AA" box="[599,824,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D232FEEFFCF136AA" box="[599,824,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) secondary branches of variable length. In 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D16DFE17FE0A3682" box="[264,451,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D16DFE17FE0A3682" box="[264,451,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they are finer and longer (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D29AFE17FC463681" box="[767,911,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 25–29</figureCitation>
), but much stouter and shorter in 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D571FE17FD6236F9" authority="Coscaron 1980" authorityName="Coscaron" authorityYear="1980" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D571FE17FE0236FA" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D186FE3FFD6B36F9" author="Coscaron" box="[483,674,444,470]" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The ventral primary branch remains bulbous and simple in 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D119FE67FD9436D2" box="[380,605,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D119FE67FD9436D2" box="[380,605,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BMNH image archive; 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D3E6FE67FBF136D1" author="Coscaron" box="[899,1080,484,510]" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
), but it can be single or divided into two filamentous secondary branches in 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D3D1FD8FFBBD350A" box="[948,1140,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D3D1FD8FFBBD350A" box="[948,1140,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D4ECFD8FFAD73509" box="[1161,1310,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 25–29</figureCitation>
). Another difference between these two species is the morphology of the gill surface. In 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D571FDB7FE02355A" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D571FDB7FE02355A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the gill is covered in minute spicules, whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D450FDDFFB3A355A" box="[1077,1267,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D450FDDFFB3A355A" box="[1077,1267,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is covered with hairs (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D195FD07FD4835B1" box="[496,641,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 25–29</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8DAF56D15DFD2FFC1C34A1" blockId="11.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The larva of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D1B5FD2FFD4535EA" box="[464,652,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D1B5FD2FFD4535EA" box="[464,652,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
externally resembles that of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D381FD2FFB0C35EA" box="[996,1221,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D381FD2FFB0C35EA" box="[996,1221,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its similar postgenal cleft (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D201FD57FD3C35C1" box="[612,757,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 39" captionStartId="12.[264,382,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,311,1709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 39. Simulium petropoliense larva (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 31. Larval habitus (lateral view). 32. Head (dorsal view). 33. Head (ventral view). 34. Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 35. Hypostoma (ventral view). 36. Antennal segments. 37. Mandible (lateral view). 38. Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 39. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 33–34</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D364FD57FC8F35C1" box="[769,838,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1508,1532]" captionTargetBox="[272,1316,571,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,566,1486]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 1. Nudiocular area. 2. Cibarium. 3. Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 4. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 5. Scutal pattern (light source posterior)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G in 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D3E1FD57FBF035C1" author="Coscaron" box="[900,1081,724,750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
), which is large and bell­shaped with a distinct median incision. However, it can be reliably identified by the different configuration of the dissected pupal gill histoblasts. The larva of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D40FFCA7FAC63412" box="[1130,1295,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="souzalopesi">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D40FFCA7FAC63412" box="[1130,1295,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. souzalopesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily identified by the shorter postgenal cleft (
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D355FCCFFB843449" author="Coscaron" box="[816,1101,844,870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">
Coscarón 1980, 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D397FCCFFBFE3449" box="[1010,1079,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1508,1532]" captionTargetBox="[272,1316,571,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,566,1486]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 1. Nudiocular area. 2. Cibarium. 3. Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 4. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 5. Scutal pattern (light source posterior)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
G
</bibRefCitation>
) and the pupal gill histoblasts with 6 filaments, not covered by hairs or spinules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8DAF56D15DFC1FFB763171" blockId="11.[264,1325,284,1630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Variation in the pupal gill filaments, frontoclypeal trichomes, and setation of abdominal sternites V–VIII was seen in specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D3E9FC47FB8034F2" box="[908,1097,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D3E9FC47FB8034F2" box="[908,1097,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that we examined. The configuration of the filaments is of the same general pattern shown in 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D4F3FC6FFAE13329" box="[1174,1320,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 25–29</figureCitation>
. Branching heights, girth of filaments, and setation can vary. The more common form is that shown in 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D1CBFBBFFDCD3379" box="[430,516,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
, with the bulbous dorsal primary branch giving rise to four narrower filaments in the distal half of the gill and the single bulbous ventral branch becoming narrower distally. Less common forms include the branching of secondary filaments at the midpoint of the gill (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D264FB37FD5B33E1" box="[513,658,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 26, 27</figureCitation>
), in the basal half of the gill (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D392FB37FB4133E1" box="[1015,1160,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 28, 29</figureCitation>
) and with the ventral primary branch being bifid distally (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D36BFB5FFC6933D9" box="[782,928,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 26, 27</figureCitation>
). Setation varies from short setae (
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF8DAF56D175FA87FE713231" box="[272,440,1284,1310]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.025" valueMax="0.03" valueMin="0.02">0.02–0.03mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D1ADFA87FE1E3232" box="[456,471,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n</emphasis>
= 5; 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D241FA87FD7C3231" box="[548,693,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 25–27</figureCitation>
) to longer setae in the specimens with more basal branching of the gill filaments (
<quantity id="3A399FCDFF8DAF56D2E9FAAFFD353269" box="[652,764,1324,1350]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D369FAAFFCD2326A" box="[780,795,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">n</emphasis>
= 3; 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D307FAAFFC3E3269" box="[866,1015,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 30" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[281,1308,317,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,310,1782]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 30. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) pupa. 23. Cocoon (lateral view). 24. Cocoon (dorsal view). 25. Gill configuration (typical form). 26 – 29. Gill variations. 30. Frontoclypeus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173312/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 28, 29</figureCitation>
). The range of variations above was observed in two nearby localities in the Municipality of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro (see also Material Examined): a stream below a waterfall on the Rio de Janeiro to Jardim de Itaipava road (BR040), in the first waterfall after Alto da Mozela (site 1695) (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D174FA4FFE6932C9" box="[273,416,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 43" captionStartId="13.[264,370,1766,1787]" captionTargetBox="[318,1248,714,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[308,1258,710,1755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 43. Typical breeding grounds of Simulium (Inaequalium) petropoliense in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State. 40, 41. Different sections of the first waterfall after Alto da Mozela, (site 1695) on Rio de Janeiro to Jardim de Itaipava road (BR 040). 42, 43. Forest and waterfall in front of Posto Brasão, (site 1697) on Rio de Janeiro to Jardim de Itaipava road (BR 040)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173314/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 40–41</figureCitation>
), and Rio de Janeiro to Jardim de Itaipava road (BR040), waterfall in front of Posto Brasão (site 1696, 1697). 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D2E6FA77FC203121" author="Coscaron" box="[643,1001,1524,1550]" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">
Coscarón (1980: 300, 
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8DAF56D3EFFA77FC073121" box="[906,974,1524,1550]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1508,1532]" captionTargetBox="[272,1316,571,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,566,1486]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium petropoliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) female. 1. Nudiocular area. 2. Cibarium. 3. Anterior region of wing (Holotype). 4. Scutal pattern (light source anterior). 5. Scutal pattern (light source posterior)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173308/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F)
</bibRefCitation>
figured a 1+1 single facial trichome on the frontoclypeus, but specimens with bifid or trifid facial trichomes were seen in our material and the hooks on sternites V–VII can be either bifid or trifid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B5DB61A3FF8DAF56D16DF917FE5E3182" box="[264,407,1684,1709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8DAF56D16DF917FE5E3182" blockId="11.[264,1322,1684,1830]" box="[264,407,1684,1709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D16DF917FE5E3182" box="[264,407,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B5DB61A3FF8DAF56D15DF93FFD763009" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8DAF56D15DF93FFD763009" blockId="11.[264,1322,1684,1830]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8DAF56D15DF93FFD8731FA" ID-CoL="8DZ6H" box="[312,590,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8DAF56D15DF93FFD8731FA" box="[312,590,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected only in 
<collectingCountry id="85D672B8FF8DAF56D3FEF93FFC2A31F9" box="[923,995,1724,1750]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
in Petrópolis Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State (
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D26CF967FC8F31D1" author="Crosskey" box="[521,838,1764,1790]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M. (2004) A revised taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 82 pp. [web version: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / entomology / projects / blackflies / Inventory. pdf] (accessed 11 February 2006)." type="book" year="2004">Crosskey &amp; Howard 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D331F967FBC031D1" author="Coscaron" box="[852,1033,1764,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón 1980</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D472F967FB9D31D1" author="Coscaron" box="[1047,1108,1764,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1987) El genero Simulium Latreille en la region neotropical: analisis de los grupos supraespecificos, especies que los integran y distribucion geografica (Simuliidae, Diptera). 112 pp. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil." type="book" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D407F967FB6931D1" author="Coscaron" box="[1122,1184,1764,1790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1991) Simuliidae. Fauna de Agua Dulce de la Republica Argentina 38 (Insecta Diptera) (2). FECIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 304 pp." type="book" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8DAF56D4CBF967FE0D3009" author="Strieder" pageId="11" pageNumber="20" refString="Strieder, M. N. &amp; Py-Daniel, V. (2000) Revisao de Inaequalium (Diptera, Simuliidae), com redescricao das formas imaturas e descricao de uma nova especie. Entomologia y Vectores (supplemento 2), 7, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="2000">Strieder &amp; Py­Daniel 2000</bibRefCitation>
; Material examined).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="A9BE62A0FF8AAF51D16DF936FDF1304C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173313/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[269,1310,329,1699]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8AAF51D16DF936FDF1304C" blockId="12.[264,1324,1717,1891]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D16DF936FE0531E2" bold="true" box="[264,460,1717,1741]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURES 31–39</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8AAF51D1B8F936FD1431E3" box="[477,733,1717,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D1B8F936FD1431E3" box="[477,733,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva (
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8AAF51D34AF936FC4C31E3" box="[815,901,1717,1740]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8AAF51D3F6F936FBC131E3" box="[915,1032,1717,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) larva. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D404F936FB4B31E2" bold="true" box="[1121,1154,1717,1741]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">31.</emphasis>
Larval habitus (lateral view). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D1C0F959FE0E31DD" bold="true" box="[421,455,1754,1778]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">32.</emphasis>
Head (dorsal view). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D2CCF959FD0331DD" bold="true" box="[681,714,1754,1778]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">33.</emphasis>
Head (ventral view). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D3D0F959FC1E31DD" bold="true" box="[949,983,1754,1778]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">34.</emphasis>
Hypostoma and postgenal cleft (ventral view). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D1C8F97CFE073038" bold="true" box="[429,462,1791,1815]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">35.</emphasis>
Hypostoma (ventral view). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D299F97CFCD43038" bold="true" box="[764,797,1791,1815]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">36.</emphasis>
Antennal segments. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D39BF97CFBE93038" bold="true" box="[1022,1056,1791,1815]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">37.</emphasis>
Mandible (lateral view). 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D16DF8A6FEE03012" bold="true" box="[264,297,1829,1853]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">38.</emphasis>
Anterior part of mandibular teeth, with arrow indicating mandibular lateral process. 
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8AAF51D4A9F8A6FB273012" bold="true" box="[1228,1262,1829,1853]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">39.</emphasis>
Anal sclerite and posterior circlet.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="B5DB61A3FF8BAF50D16DFE9FFE1135B1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8BAF50D16DFE9FFD41361A" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,670]" box="[264,648,284,309]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8BAF50D16DFE9FFD41361A" box="[264,648,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Biology and medical importance</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD7E3228FF8BAF50D15DFEC7FE1135B1" blockId="13.[264,1323,284,670]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8BAF50D15DFEC7FE333671" author="Coscaron" box="[312,506,324,350]" pageId="13" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1980) Notas sobre simulidos Neotropicales IX. Sobre un grupo de especies proximo al subgenero Simulium (Inaequalium) (Diptera - Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 39, 293 - 301." type="journal article" year="1980">Coscarón (1980</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8BAF50D269FEC7FD813671" author="Coscaron" box="[524,584,324,350]" pageId="13" pageNumber="19" refString="Coscaron, S. (1991) Simuliidae. Fauna de Agua Dulce de la Republica Argentina 38 (Insecta Diptera) (2). FECIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 304 pp." type="book" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<bibRefCitation id="99504FD9FF8BAF50D2F1FEC7FC383671" author="Strieder" box="[660,1009,324,350]" pageId="13" pageNumber="20" refString="Strieder, M. N. &amp; Py-Daniel, V. (1999) Especies de Inaequalium (Diptera, Simuliidae): dados bionomicos e chaves para sua identificacao. Biociencias, 7, 43 - 72." type="journal article" year="1999">Strieder &amp; Py­Daniel (1999)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the immature stages of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8BAF50D118FEEFFD5C36AA" box="[381,661,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8BAF50D118FEEFFD5C36AA" box="[381,661,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Simulium petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be collected in open spaces in small trickles with clear water, commonly attached to vegetation and rocks, sympatric with 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8BAF50D571FE17FE0236FA" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="botulibranchium">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8BAF50D571FE17FE0236FA" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. botulibranchium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8BAF50D268FE3FFD7136FA" box="[525,696,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="souzalopesi">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8BAF50D268FE3FFD7136FA" box="[525,696,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. souzalopesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have collected larvae and several pupae of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8BAF50D571FE3FFE6F36D2" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8BAF50D571FE3FFE6F36D2" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attached to rocks in trickles of clear water in a waterfall. It was also collected on leaves where the water was running faster. The immature stages were collected in the open part of the waterfall receiving direct sunlight (
<figureCitation id="65FA2EADFF8BAF50D435FDB7FB2C3561" box="[1104,1253,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 43" captionStartId="13.[264,370,1766,1787]" captionTargetBox="[318,1248,714,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[308,1258,710,1755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 43. Typical breeding grounds of Simulium (Inaequalium) petropoliense in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State. 40, 41. Different sections of the first waterfall after Alto da Mozela, (site 1695) on Rio de Janeiro to Jardim de Itaipava road (BR 040). 42, 43. Forest and waterfall in front of Posto Brasão, (site 1697) on Rio de Janeiro to Jardim de Itaipava road (BR 040)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173314/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 40–43</figureCitation>
). The alimentary habits of 
<taxonomicName id="3AC149ABFF8BAF50D19DFDDFFD7D355A" box="[504,692,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petropoliense">
<emphasis id="CFB5EE3AFF8BAF50D19DFDDFFD7D355A" box="[504,692,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">S. petropoliense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not known. Females have never been found biting humans in 
<collectingCountry id="85D672B8FF8BAF50D1EDFD07FE1D35B1" box="[392,468,644,670]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>