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<mods:title id="1431FEEA19DC9445E4112C13994D9F81">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA0A17EFF66DF051142FBB2" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA0A17EFF66DF05123EFB93" blockId="30.[151,513,1076,1135]" box="[151,513,1076,1102]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<heading id="D0C0D90AFFA0A17EFF66DF05123EFB93" bold="true" box="[151,513,1076,1102]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF66DF05123EFB93" bold="true" box="[151,513,1076,1102]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFF66DF05111CFB93" box="[151,291,1076,1102]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF66DF05111CFB93" bold="true" box="[151,291,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus</emphasis>
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AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFEACDF05123EFB93" author="Clark" box="[349,513,1076,1102]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Clark, A. H. (1908 d) Preliminary notice of a collection of recent crinoids from the Philippine Islands. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Quarterly, 52, 199 - 234." type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="d">Clark, 1908d</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA0A17EFF66DF671142FBB2" blockId="30.[151,513,1076,1135]" box="[151,381,1110,1135]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFFA0A17EFF66DF6710D4FBB2" box="[151,235,1110,1135]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Table 1</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA0A17EFF09DF671142FBB2" box="[248,381,1110,1135]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="31.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionStartId-1="32.[151,250,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,193,1685]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1425,208,1797]" captionTargetId-0="figure@31.[151,1435,193,1685]" captionTargetId-1="figure@32.[150,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId-0="31" captionTargetPageId-1="32" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Comanthus. (A – C) Comanthus parvicirrus— (A) live, with centrodorsal concealed within reef infrastructure; (B) aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) curled comb pinnule with transverse proximal comb tooth and triangular teeth confluent with exterior of pinnule. (D) Comanthus wahlbergii, aboral view showing centrodorsal with complete row of cirri. (E) Comanthus gisleni, aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (F) Comanthus suavia, aboral view showing centrodorsal without cirri. (G – H) Comanthus sp. 4 — (G) live, exposed on reef following extraction from coral rubble; (H) aboral view showing bright yellow centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (I) Comanthus sp. 2, aboral view. (J – K) Comanthus sp. 4, small specimen, oral (J) and aboral view (K). (L) Comanthus sp. 2, aboral view. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN- IE- 2013 - 8117; G – H. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8044; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8034; J – K. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8043; L. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8037. Lizard Island, Australia: B – C. AM J 17388, neotype. Low Island, Queensland, Australia: E. AM J 13304, holotype. Between Palfrey and Lizard Island, Australia: F. AM J 17275, holotype. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: D. SIO-BIC E 6251." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Maximum likelihood tree of Comanthus inferred from COI. Symbols, labels, and location abbreviations as in Table 2. New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010245 - KR 010270." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/580188/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/580189/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Figs. 15–16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA0A17EFF66DFAF134BFA9A" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA0A17EFF66DFAF129AFB6A" blockId="30.[151,1437,1182,1963]" box="[151,677,1182,1207]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF66DFAF110DFB6A" bold="true" box="[151,306,1182,1207]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Type species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFEC9DFAF129FFB6A" authority="Muller, 1841" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1841" box="[312,672,1182,1207]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Alecto" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvicirrus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFEC9DFAF123AFB6B" box="[312,517,1182,1206]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Alecto parvicirrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFDFDDFAF129FFB6A" author="Muller" box="[524,672,1182,1207]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Muller, J. (1841) Uber die Gattungen und Arten der Comatulen. Monatsberichte Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1841, 179 - 189." type="journal article" year="1841">Müller, 1841</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA0A17EFF36DFF3134BFA9A" blockId="30.[151,1437,1182,1963]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF36DFF311D7FB06" bold="true" box="[199,488,1218,1243]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Other included taxa (9).</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFE01DFF21369FB06" authority="Muller, 1843" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1843" box="[496,854,1218,1243]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Alecto" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wahlbergii">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFE01DFF21287FB06" box="[496,696,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Alecto wahlbergii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFD30DFF31369FB06" author="Muller" box="[705,854,1218,1243]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Muller, J. (1843) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Arten der Comatulen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 9, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1843">Müller, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFC92DFF21498FB06" authority="Bell, 1882" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1882" box="[867,1191,1218,1243]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Antedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="briareus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFC92DFF21419FB06" box="[867,1062,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Antedon briareus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFBDFDFF31498FB06" author="Bell" box="[1070,1191,1218,1243]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Bell, F. J. (1882) An attempt to apply a method of formulation to the species of the Comatulidae; with a description of a new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1882, 530 - 536." type="proceedings paper" year="1882">Bell, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFB45DFF215A3FB06" box="[1204,1436,1219,1243]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comantheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFB45DFF215A3FB06" box="[1204,1436,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comantheria weberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFF3BDFD7115EFB22" author="Clark" box="[202,353,1254,1279]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912 a) Seventeen new East Indian crinoids belonging to the families Comasteridae and Zygometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 25, 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1912" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1912a</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFE81DFD713C2FB22" authority="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986" authorityName="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail" authorityYear="1986" box="[368,1021,1254,1279]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gisleni">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFE81DFD7127AFB23" box="[368,581,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus gisleni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFDBEDFD613C2FB22" author="Rowe" box="[591,1021,1254,1279]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., Hoggett, A. K., Birtles, R. A. &amp; Vail, L. L. (1986) Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 197 - 277." type="journal article" year="1986">Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFBFDDFD710ECFAFE" authority="Fujita &amp; Obuchi, 2012" authorityName="Fujita &amp; Obuchi" authorityYear="2012" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kumi">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFBFDDFD714F4FB23" box="[1036,1227,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus kumi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFB27DFD710ECFAFE" author="Fujita" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Fujita, Y. &amp; Obuchi, M. (2012) Comanthus kumi, a new shallow-water comatulid (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulida: Comasteridae) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Zootaxa, 3367, 261 - 268." type="journal article" year="2012">Fujita &amp; Obuchi, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFF2EDE3A1365FAFE" authority="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986" authorityName="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail" authorityYear="1986" box="[223,858,1290,1315]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="suavia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF2EDE3A118FFAFF" box="[223,432,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus suavia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFE49DE3A1365FAFE" author="Rowe" box="[440,858,1290,1315]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., Hoggett, A. K., Birtles, R. A. &amp; Vail, L. L. (1986) Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 197 - 277." type="journal article" year="1986">Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFC96DE3A146AFAFE" box="[871,1109,1291,1315]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="imbricatus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFC96DE3A146AFAFE" box="[871,1109,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comaster imbricatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFB7CDE3B151CFAFE" author="Clark" box="[1165,1315,1290,1315]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Clark, A. H. (1908 e) On a collection of feather stars, or comatulids, from Japan. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 305 - 319." type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="e">Clark, 1908e</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFADEDE3A10D4FA9B" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="taviana">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFADEDE3A10D4FA9B" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comaster taviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFED0DE1F118BFA9A" author="Clark" box="[289,436,1326,1351]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Clark, A. H. (1911 e) A new unstalked crinoid from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 41, 171 - 173." type="journal article" year="1911" yearSuffix="e">Clark, 1911e</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFE4EDE1F1297FA9B" box="[447,680,1326,1350]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="delicata">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFE4EDE1F1297FA9B" box="[447,680,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Phanogenia delicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFD2FDE1F1350FA9A" author="Clark" box="[734,879,1326,1351]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Clark, A. H. (1909 f) On a collection of recent crinoids from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 36, 391 - 410." type="journal article" year="1909" yearSuffix="f">Clark, 1909f</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA0A17EFF36DE631274F9C3" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA0A17EFF36DE631274F9C3" blockId="30.[151,1437,1182,1963]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF36DE63117EFAB6" bold="true" box="[199,321,1362,1387]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Mouth excentric in fully developed individuals; up to 75 arms; centrodorsal circular to pentagonal; cirri present in one row or absent (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA0A17EFDC7DE4712B4FA52" box="[566,651,1398,1423]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1435,193,1685]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Comanthus. (A – C) Comanthus parvicirrus— (A) live, with centrodorsal concealed within reef infrastructure; (B) aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) curled comb pinnule with transverse proximal comb tooth and triangular teeth confluent with exterior of pinnule. (D) Comanthus wahlbergii, aboral view showing centrodorsal with complete row of cirri. (E) Comanthus gisleni, aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (F) Comanthus suavia, aboral view showing centrodorsal without cirri. (G – H) Comanthus sp. 4 — (G) live, exposed on reef following extraction from coral rubble; (H) aboral view showing bright yellow centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (I) Comanthus sp. 2, aboral view. (J – K) Comanthus sp. 4, small specimen, oral (J) and aboral view (K). (L) Comanthus sp. 2, aboral view. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN- IE- 2013 - 8117; G – H. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8044; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8034; J – K. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8043; L. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8037. Lizard Island, Australia: B – C. AM J 17388, neotype. Low Island, Queensland, Australia: E. AM J 13304, holotype. Between Palfrey and Lizard Island, Australia: F. AM J 17275, holotype. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: D. SIO-BIC E 6251." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580188/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
B, D–F, H–I, K–L); IBr2 united by synarthry; IIBr and subsequent brachitaxes 2 or 4(3+4); first syzygy at 3+4 on all undivided arms; distal intersyzygial interval 4; distalmost pinnule comb at intervals sometimes reaching near arm tip; comb terminating in large discrete tooth; proximal tooth transverse, saucer-like (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA0A17EFE15DED31209FA26" box="[484,566,1506,1531]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1435,193,1685]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Comanthus. (A – C) Comanthus parvicirrus— (A) live, with centrodorsal concealed within reef infrastructure; (B) aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) curled comb pinnule with transverse proximal comb tooth and triangular teeth confluent with exterior of pinnule. (D) Comanthus wahlbergii, aboral view showing centrodorsal with complete row of cirri. (E) Comanthus gisleni, aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (F) Comanthus suavia, aboral view showing centrodorsal without cirri. (G – H) Comanthus sp. 4 — (G) live, exposed on reef following extraction from coral rubble; (H) aboral view showing bright yellow centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (I) Comanthus sp. 2, aboral view. (J – K) Comanthus sp. 4, small specimen, oral (J) and aboral view (K). (L) Comanthus sp. 2, aboral view. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN- IE- 2013 - 8117; G – H. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8044; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8034; J – K. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8043; L. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8037. Lizard Island, Australia: B – C. AM J 17388, neotype. Low Island, Queensland, Australia: E. AM J 13304, holotype. Between Palfrey and Lizard Island, Australia: F. AM J 17275, holotype. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: D. SIO-BIC E 6251." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580188/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
C); primary comb teeth confluent with exterior edge of pinnulars (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA0A17EFAD6DED31546FA26" box="[1319,1401,1506,1531]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1707,1729]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1435,193,1685]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Comanthus. (A – C) Comanthus parvicirrus— (A) live, with centrodorsal concealed within reef infrastructure; (B) aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) curled comb pinnule with transverse proximal comb tooth and triangular teeth confluent with exterior of pinnule. (D) Comanthus wahlbergii, aboral view showing centrodorsal with complete row of cirri. (E) Comanthus gisleni, aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (F) Comanthus suavia, aboral view showing centrodorsal without cirri. (G – H) Comanthus sp. 4 — (G) live, exposed on reef following extraction from coral rubble; (H) aboral view showing bright yellow centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (I) Comanthus sp. 2, aboral view. (J – K) Comanthus sp. 4, small specimen, oral (J) and aboral view (K). (L) Comanthus sp. 2, aboral view. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN- IE- 2013 - 8117; G – H. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8044; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8034; J – K. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8043; L. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8037. Lizard Island, Australia: B – C. AM J 17388, neotype. Low Island, Queensland, Australia: E. AM J 13304, holotype. Between Palfrey and Lizard Island, Australia: F. AM J 17275, holotype. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: D. SIO-BIC E 6251." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580188/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
C); smaller secondary tooth present or not.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA0A140FF36DD1B113CF83B" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA0A17EFF36DD1B133AF972" blockId="30.[151,1437,1182,1963]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF36DD1B115FF99E" bold="true" box="[199,352,1578,1603]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Distribution.</emphasis>
Indo-western Pacific from northern
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA0A17EFCF6DD1B1351F99E" box="[775,878,1578,1603]" name="Australia" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Australia</collectingCountry>
(Perth, WA, to Julian Rocks, NSW) west to the Red Sea and eastern Africa as far south as Cape of Good Hope, east to
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFA0A17EFC4CDD7F144EF9BA" box="[957,1137,1614,1639]" country="Marshall Islands" name="Kwajalein" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Kwajalein Atoll</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA0A17EFB58DD7E1537F9BB" box="[1193,1288,1615,1638]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
, and north to
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFA0A17EFF66DD4310E5F956" box="[151,218,1650,1675]" country="Japan" name="Chiba" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Chiba</collectingRegion>
Peninsula,
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA0A17EFE97DD421196F957" box="[358,425,1651,1674]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and possibly the Korean Straits (AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFC84DD4313C5F956" author="Clark" box="[885,1018,1650,1675]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFBFADD4214AFF956" author="Kogo" box="[1035,1168,1651,1675]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Kogo, I. (1998) Crinoids from Japan and its adjacent waters. Special Publication of the Osaka Museum of National History, 30, 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1998">Kogo 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFB50DD4215A8F956" author="Rowe" box="[1185,1431,1650,1675]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. &amp; Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, 510 pp." type="book" year="1995">Rowe &amp; Gates 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA0A17EFF66DDA71107F972" author="Zmarzly" box="[151,312,1686,1711]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refString="Zmarzly, D. L. (1984) Distribution and ecology of shallow-water crinoids at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, with an annotated checklist of their symbionts. Pacific Science, 38, 105 - 122." type="journal article" year="1984">Zmarzly 1984</bibRefCitation>
). Depth range:
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFA0A17EFE14DDA61278F973" box="[485,583,1687,1711]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" unit="m" value="60.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="0.0">0–120 m</quantity>
(chiefly &lt;
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFA0A17EFD4DDDA712C6F972" box="[700,761,1686,1711]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA0A140FF36DD8B113CF83B" blockId="30.[151,1437,1182,1963]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1436,1924,2022]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF36DD8B11A1F90E" bold="true" box="[199,414,1722,1747]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Molecular results.</emphasis>
The sequenced specimens identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFCACDD8A13E3F90E" box="[861,988,1723,1747]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFCACDD8A13E3F90E" box="[861,988,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recovered in multiple clades, with varying support (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA0A17EFEA8DDEF1192F92A" box="[345,429,1758,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,208,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[150,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Maximum likelihood tree of Comanthus inferred from COI. Symbols, labels, and location abbreviations as in Table 2. New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010245 - KR 010270." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580189/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). All clades named in
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA0A17EFD5FDDEF12C1F92A" box="[686,766,1758,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,208,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[150,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Maximum likelihood tree of Comanthus inferred from COI. Symbols, labels, and location abbreviations as in Table 2. New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010245 - KR 010270." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580189/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
were assignable based on morphology and were recovered with interspecific uncorrected COI distances of at least 5%, with the following exceptions: 1)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFB40DC32150EF8C6" box="[1201,1329,1795,1819]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFB40DC32150EF8C6" box="[1201,1329,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 5 and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFF66DC171157F8E3" box="[151,360,1830,1854]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gisleni">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF66DC171157F8E3" box="[151,360,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus gisleni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3.4–4.3%); 2)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFDE9DC171334F8E3" box="[536,779,1830,1855]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="suavia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFDE9DC1712A8F8E3" box="[536,663,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFD33DC161334F8E3" box="[706,779,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">suavia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFCB0DC17147AF8E3" box="[833,1093,1830,1854]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvicirrus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFCB0DC17147AF8E3" box="[833,1093,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus parvicirrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3.8–5.3%); 3)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFB04DC17154AF8E3" box="[1269,1397,1830,1854]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFB04DC17154AF8E3" box="[1269,1397,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2 and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFF13DC7A115DF8BE" box="[226,354,1867,1891]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF13DC7A115DF8BE" box="[226,354,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 3 (4.7%); 4)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFDDFDC7A1292F8BE" box="[558,685,1867,1891]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFDDFDC7A1292F8BE" box="[558,685,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 5 and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFCDCDC7A1392F8BE" box="[813,941,1867,1891]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFCDCDC7A1392F8BE" box="[813,941,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2 (~4%); and 5)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFB56DC7A1519F8BE" box="[1191,1318,1867,1891]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFB56DC7A1519F8BE" box="[1191,1318,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 4 and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFF66DC5F1142F85B" box="[151,381,1902,1926]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="briareus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF66DC5F1142F85B" box="[151,381,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus briareus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(4.1%).
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFE13DC5E1225F85B" box="[482,538,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Intra</emphasis>
specific distances (where available) were less than 1.3%, with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFF66DCA211A4F877" box="[151,411,1939,1963]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvicirrus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFF66DCA211A4F877" box="[151,411,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus parvicirrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;2.7%) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA0A17EFDBADCA21376F876" box="[587,841,1939,1963]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wahlbergii">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA0A17EFDBADCA21376F876" box="[587,841,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Comanthus wahlbergii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;3.4%). Five clades interspersed among those that could be named (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FF9EA140FEAADCB51191F840" box="[347,430,1924,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1827,1849]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,208,1797]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[150,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 16. Maximum likelihood tree of Comanthus inferred from COI. Symbols, labels, and location abbreviations as in Table 2. New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010245 - KR 010270." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580189/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
) are arguably species-level taxa but were left unnamed owing to the dozens of available names that are currently treated as synonyms for
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9EA140FD34DC981360F81C" box="[709,863,1961,1985]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wahlbergii">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9EA140FD34DC981360F81C" box="[709,863,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">C. wahlbergii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9EA140FC69DC981408F81D" box="[920,1079,1961,1984]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvicirrus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9EA140FC69DC981408F81D" box="[920,1079,1961,1984]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">C. parvicirrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FF9EA140FB41DC99150EF81C" author="Clark" box="[1200,1329,1960,1985]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
; Rowe
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9EA140FA79DC98108BF838" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">et al.</emphasis>
1986).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF483EEEFFA1A17FFF66DD9A14EEF808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580188/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1685]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA1A17FFF66DD9A14EEF808" blockId="31.[151,1437,1707,2005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFF66DD9A1120F91D" bold="true" box="[151,287,1707,1729]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA1A17FFED7DD9A11A6F91C" box="[294,409,1707,1729]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFED7DD9A11A6F91C" box="[294,409,1707,1729]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A–C)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFE1CDD9A12D0F91C" box="[493,751,1707,1729]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA1A17FFE1CDD9A125FF91C" box="[493,608,1707,1729]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Comanthus</taxonomicName>
parvicirrus—
</emphasis>
(A) live, with centrodorsal concealed within reef infrastructure; (B) aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) curled comb pinnule with transverse proximal comb tooth and triangular teeth confluent with exterior of pinnule. (D)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFD4EDDD91394F923" box="[703,939,1768,1790]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA1A17FFD4EDDD91398F923" box="[703,935,1768,1790]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wahlbergii">Comanthus wahlbergii</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
aboral view showing centrodorsal with complete row of cirri. (E)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA1A17FFECADC3611C7F8C0" box="[315,504,1799,1821]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gisleni">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFECADC3611C7F8C0" box="[315,504,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Comanthus gisleni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, aboral view showing centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (F)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA1A17FFBAFDC361526F8C0" box="[1118,1305,1799,1821]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="suavia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFBAFDC361526F8C0" box="[1118,1305,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Comanthus suavia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, aboral view showing centrodorsal without cirri. (G–H)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA1A17FFDBBDC141281F8E6" box="[586,702,1829,1851]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFDBBDC141281F8E6" box="[586,702,1829,1851]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 4
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFD05DC161335F8E1" box="[756,778,1831,1852]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">—</emphasis>
(G) live, exposed on reef following extraction from coral rubble; (H) aboral view showing bright yellow centrodorsal with one row of cirri. (I)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA1A17FFC5FDC75141EF887" box="[942,1057,1860,1882]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFC5FDC75141EF887" box="[942,1057,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2, aboral view. (J–K)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA1A17FFAD8DC7515A3F887" box="[1321,1436,1860,1882]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFAD8DC7515A3F887" box="[1321,1436,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 4, small specimen, oral (J) and aboral view (K). (L)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA1A17FFD35DC521308F8A4" box="[708,823,1891,1913]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA1A17FFD35DC521308F8A4" box="[708,823,1891,1913]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2, aboral view. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN- IE-2013-8117; G–H. MNHN-IE-2013-8044; I. MNHN-IE-2013-8034; J–K. MNHN-IE-2013-8043; L. MNHN-IE-2013-8037. Lizard Island, Australia: B–C. AM
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFA1A17FFDF9DC91126CF86B" box="[520,595,1952,1974]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J17388" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="EnaNcbi">J17388</accessionNumber>
, neotype. Low Island, Queensland, Australia: E. AM
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFA1A17FFB75DC9114EFF86B" box="[1156,1232,1952,1974]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J13304" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="EnaNcbi">J13304</accessionNumber>
, holotype. Between Palfrey and Lizard Island, Australia: F. AM
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFA1A17FFDA7DC8E129EF808" box="[598,673,1983,2005]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J17275" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="EnaNcbi">J17275</accessionNumber>
, holotype. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: D. SIO-BIC E6251.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF483EEEFF9EA140FF66DC121307F885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580189/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" targetBox="[161,1425,208,1797]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FF9EA140FF66DC121307F885" blockId="32.[151,1436,1827,1880]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9EA140FF66DC12111DF8E5" bold="true" box="[151,290,1827,1849]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood tree of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9EA140FDA9DC1212F3F8E4" box="[600,716,1827,1849]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9EA140FDA9DC1212F3F8E4" box="[600,716,1827,1849]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inferred from COI. Symbols, labels, and location abbreviations as in Table 2. New COI sequences are Genbank
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FF9EA140FDBBDC731284F885" box="[586,699,1858,1880]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KR010245" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">KR010245</accessionNumber>
-
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FF9EA140FD33DC73130CF885" box="[706,819,1858,1880]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KR010270" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">KR010270</accessionNumber>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFF9FA141FF36DBA612BDFE55" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FF9FA141FF36DBA613C8FEC0" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FF36DBA61104FF6D" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Remarks.</emphasis>
It is not surprising that additional taxa likely exist within
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FC15DBA9145BFF6D" box="[996,1124,152,176]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FC15DBA9145BFF6D" box="[996,1124,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the majority of current nominal species are widely distributed, include numerous synonyms, and some include different, probably habitatrelated, forms (e.g.,
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FE86DBD113B9FF25" box="[375,902,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FE86DBD11241FF2A" box="[375,638,224,248]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvicirrus">Comanthus parvicirrus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FD79DBD113B9FF25" box="[648,902,224,248]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wahlbergii">Comanthus wahlbergii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). Distinguishing species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FF9FA141FB4CDBD11503FF25" box="[1213,1340,224,248]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FB4CDBD11503FF25" box="[1213,1340,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains difficult, as clear molecular boundaries for ‘species’ assignments are unclear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FF9FA141FF66DA4112BDFE55" blockId="33.[151,642,368,394]" box="[151,642,368,394]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FF66DA4112BDFE55" bold="true" box="[151,642,368,394]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
SUBFAMILIAL ASSIGNMENT
<emphasis id="B943B274FF9FA141FE01DA4112BDFE55" bold="true" box="[496,642,368,394]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">UNCERTAIN</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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