258 lines
50 KiB
XML
258 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="5E6AA43D3AC0D3CC5D311F702446DC42" ID-CLB-Dataset="7857" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4565396" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b0a74cf-d16d-49be-bec7-64f24d699240" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565396" ID-ZooBank="7D969F82-40F2-4825-A6D8-0131E48BB1EC" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614355907752" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Riley, Edward G." docDate="2020" docId="03D5A115D81FFF8EA7E8225F98958E72" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2020.0808.1-9.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2020 (808)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.3:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Parorectis Spaeth 1901" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="FFECD96DD81CFF8AA72823039A5D8D0B" masterDocTitle="A new species of Parorectis Spaeth from the north-central United States, with notes on prothoracic and head morphology of the genus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini)" masterLastPageNumber="9" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698931245730" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="5690770F961251834F8E4E1026322039">A new species of Parorectis Spaeth from the north-central United States, with notes on prothoracic and head morphology of the genus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="35B3E954193BE75DDB8825159C484E11">Riley, Edward G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="67B4DF5D46658551788B897FF4EE1072">Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843 - 2475 USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="CC91940FDC4E0F4D2CA9A05971B1A607">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2982BEF3D55C615FDA8F2AD6CDA079FE">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C613892E57D0DC18BA9863A666411A14">2020-10-30</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03D5A115D81FFF8EA7E8225F98958E72" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4588700" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180300537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4588700" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D5A115D81FFF8EA7E8225F98958E72" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5A115D81FFF8EA7E8225F98958E72" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="C3664388D81FFF89A7E8225F9BB58C72" box="[192,488,348,377]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF89A7E8225F9BB58C72" blockId="3.[192,488,348,377]" box="[192,488,348,377]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="D08BA76FD81FFF89A7E8225F9BB58C72" box="[192,488,348,377]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A7E8225F9BB58C72" ID-CoL="6J59" authority="Spaeth, 1901" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[192,488,348,377]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A7E8225F9BB58C72" bold="true" box="[192,488,348,377]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A7E8225F9B628C73" bold="true" box="[192,319,348,376]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Parorectis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A66E225F9BB58C72" author="Spaeth F." box="[326,488,348,377]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="333 - 350" refId="ref6591" refString="Spaeth F. 1901. Beschreibung neuer Cassididen nebst synonymischen Bemerkungen. IV. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 51: 333 - 350." type="journal article" year="1901">Spaeth, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6C372DD81FFF89A7C822849BCE8CB6" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="C3664388D81FFF89A7C822849BB78C95" box="[224,490,390,415]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF89A7C822849BB78C95" blockId="3.[224,1441,390,476]" box="[224,490,390,415]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADD3612D81FFF89A7C822849BBB8C95" author="Spaeth F." box="[224,486,390,415]" page="346" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" year="1901">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A7C822849BBB8C95" authority="Spaeth 1901: 346" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityPageNumber="346" authorityYear="1901" box="[224,486,390,415]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A7C822849B7B8C95" box="[224,294,391,414]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Orectis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A61822849BBB8C95" author="Spaeth F." box="[304,486,390,415]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="333 - 350" refId="ref6591" refString="Spaeth F. 1901. Beschreibung neuer Cassididen nebst synonymischen Bemerkungen. IV. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 51: 333 - 350." type="journal article" year="1901">Spaeth 1901: 346</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3664388D81FFF89A6DC22849BCE8CB6" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF89A6DC22849BCE8CB6" blockId="3.[224,1441,390,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<typeStatus id="54C7AEA1D81FFF89A6DC2284987B8C94" box="[500,550,391,415]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A5AF228499928C95" authority="Boheman, 1854" authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1854" box="[647,975,390,415]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosa">
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<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A5AF2284997D8C95" box="[647,800,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Cassida rugosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A402228499928C95" author="Boheman CH" box="[810,975,390,415]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" refId="ref5851" refString="Boheman CH. 1854. Monographia cassididarum, vol. 2. Stockholm. 506 p. + 2 pl." type="book" year="1854">Boheman, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, original designation, [not Lederer (
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A27822849FC08C94" ID-CoL="H6" box="[1360,1437,391,415]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Insecta</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A62822A69BDF8CB6" ID-CoL="LP" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[256,386,421,445]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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)].
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</paragraph>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6C372DD81FFF89A7C822C79FCE8CD7" box="[224,1427,452,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="C3664388D81FFF89A7C822C798B18CD7" box="[224,748,452,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF89A7C822C798B18CD7" blockId="3.[224,1441,390,476]" box="[224,748,452,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADD3612D81FFF89A7C822C79BAF8CD7" author="Spaeth F." box="[224,498,452,476]" page="346" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" year="1901">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A7C822C79BAF8CD7" ID-CoL="6J59" authority="Spaeth 1901: 346" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityPageNumber="346" authorityYear="1901" box="[224,498,452,476]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A7C822C79B1F8CD0" box="[224,322,452,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Parorectis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A66F22C79BAF8CD7" author="Spaeth F." box="[327,498,452,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="333 - 350" refId="ref6591" refString="Spaeth F. 1901. Beschreibung neuer Cassididen nebst synonymischen Bemerkungen. IV. Verhandlungen der kaiserlichkoniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 51: 333 - 350." type="journal article" year="1901">Spaeth 1901: 346</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as subgenus of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A5B022C798838CD0" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[664,734,452,475]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A5B022C798838CD0" box="[664,734,452,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Orectis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3664388D81FFF89A5DA22C79FCE8CD7" box="[754,1427,452,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="type_taxon">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF89A5DA22C79FCE8CD7" blockId="3.[224,1441,390,476]" box="[754,1427,452,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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||
<typeStatus id="54C7AEA1D81FFF89A5DA22C799798CD7" box="[754,804,452,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A45422C79EE58CD7" authority="Boheman, 1854" authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1854" box="[892,1208,452,476]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cassida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callosa">
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<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A45422C79E4F8CD7" box="[892,1042,452,476]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Cassida callosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A33022C79EE58CD7" author="Boheman CH" box="[1048,1208,452,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" refId="ref5851" refString="Boheman CH. 1854. Monographia cassididarum, vol. 2. Stockholm. 506 p. + 2 pl." type="book" year="1854">Boheman, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, original designation.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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<subSubSection id="C3664388D81FFF89A7E822E89FCC8E54" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF89A7E822E898E98E1F" blockId="3.[191,1443,491,788]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A7E822E89BC18F0E" bold="true" box="[192,412,491,517]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Generic diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The following combination of characters will distinguish the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A39822EF9F418F0E" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[1200,1308,492,517]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A39822EF9F418F0E" box="[1200,1308,492,517]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Parorectis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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among the New World genera of the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A53D210E98DD8F2C" box="[533,640,525,551]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cassidini">Cassidini</taxonomicName>
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: Prothorax with circum-foraminal ridge forming inner margin of antennal groove for reception of antennomeres 2–3 (
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<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A5FB212C991D8F42" box="[723,832,559,585]" captionStart-0="Figures 1–8" captionStart-1="Figures 9–13" captionStartId-0="5.[193,280,1547,1573]" captionStartId-1="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1440,225,1517]" captionTargetBox-1="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId-0="figure-85@5.[192,1440,213,1519]" captionTargetId-1="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figures 1–8. Parorectis arenaria new species 1) Holotype and holotype labels. 2) Male head, face. 3) Male head, dorsum of cranium: BP = cephalic binding patch, PS = pars stridens. 4) Pars stridens. 5) Cephalic binding patch. 6) Base of pronotum and anterior margin of elytron. 7) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 8) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view." captionText-1="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565398" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4565398/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 7–10</figureCitation>
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: CFR); pleuron lateral to circum-foraminal ridge with elevated lateral ridge forming outer margin of antennal groove for reception of antennomers 2–3 (
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<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A20721529FC38F60" box="[1327,1438,593,619]" captionStart-0="Figures 1–8" captionStart-1="Figures 9–13" captionStartId-0="5.[193,280,1547,1573]" captionStartId-1="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1440,225,1517]" captionTargetBox-1="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId-0="figure-85@5.[192,1440,213,1519]" captionTargetId-1="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figures 1–8. Parorectis arenaria new species 1) Holotype and holotype labels. 2) Male head, face. 3) Male head, dorsum of cranium: BP = cephalic binding patch, PS = pars stridens. 4) Pars stridens. 5) Cephalic binding patch. 6) Base of pronotum and anterior margin of elytron. 7) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 8) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view." captionText-1="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565398" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4565398/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 7–10</figureCitation>
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: LR). Elytron with anterior margin distinctly crenulate (
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<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A40B217099398F85" box="[803,868,627,654]" captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="5.[193,280,1547,1573]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,225,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-85@5.[192,1440,213,1519]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1–8. Parorectis arenaria new species 1) Holotype and holotype labels. 2) Male head, face. 3) Male head, dorsum of cranium: BP = cephalic binding patch, PS = pars stridens. 4) Pars stridens. 5) Cephalic binding patch. 6) Base of pronotum and anterior margin of elytron. 7) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 8) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565398/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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), disc tuberculate or strongly punctate. Pro-, meso- and metatarsal claw-pairs symmetrical in both sexes; each claw simple (without basal tooth), with basal angle rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A61821B59B238FDB" box="[304,382,694,720]" captionStart="Figures 14–21" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1666,1692]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[192,1440,213,1636]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 14–21. Parorectis arenaria new species, body parts. 14) Male antennae. 15) Male protarsus, lateral and dorsal. 16) Male genitalia, en-face view. 17) Male genitalia, lateral view. 18) Female genitalia tract and pygidium. 19) Female sternite VIII. 20) Spermatheca and adjacent duct: AP = appendix. 21) Male mesotarsal claws, exterior and interior surfaces of posterior claw on left, interior and exterior surfaces of anterior claw on right: BA = basal angle, PE = pecten." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565404/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
: BA); pectens present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A55321B598948FDB" box="[635,713,694,720]" captionStart="Figures 9–13" captionStartId="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A5FC21B598AC8FDB" box="[724,753,694,720]" captionStart="Figures 14–21" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1666,1692]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[192,1440,213,1636]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 14–21. Parorectis arenaria new species, body parts. 14) Male antennae. 15) Male protarsus, lateral and dorsal. 16) Male genitalia, en-face view. 17) Male genitalia, lateral view. 18) Female genitalia tract and pygidium. 19) Female sternite VIII. 20) Spermatheca and adjacent duct: AP = appendix. 21) Male mesotarsal claws, exterior and interior surfaces of posterior claw on left, interior and exterior surfaces of anterior claw on right: BA = basal angle, PE = pecten." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565404/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">21</figureCitation>
|
||
: PE), inconspicuous (micropectens) and symmetrical (equally developed on respective internal and external surfaces of each claw, as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A4DA21DB9E1C8FF9" box="[1010,1089,728,754]" captionStart="Figures 14–21" captionStartId="7.[192,279,1666,1692]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-10@7.[192,1440,213,1636]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 14–21. Parorectis arenaria new species, body parts. 14) Male antennae. 15) Male protarsus, lateral and dorsal. 16) Male genitalia, en-face view. 17) Male genitalia, lateral view. 18) Female genitalia tract and pygidium. 19) Female sternite VIII. 20) Spermatheca and adjacent duct: AP = appendix. 21) Male mesotarsal claws, exterior and interior surfaces of posterior claw on left, interior and exterior surfaces of anterior claw on right: BA = basal angle, PE = pecten." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565404/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Claw segment (tarsomere IV) with lateral flanks not projected below claws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF89A7E820209FCC8E54" blockId="3.[192,1440,803,864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A7E820209BF78E36" bold="true" box="[192,426,803,829]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Systematic position.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A698202098658E35" author="Riley EG" box="[432,568,803,830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="98 - 114" refId="ref6311" refString="Riley EG. 1986. Review of the tortoise beetle genera of the tribe Cassidini occurring in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 94 (1): 98 - 114." type="journal article" year="1986">Riley (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A580202799498E36" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[680,788,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A580202799498E36" box="[680,788,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Parorectis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the other North American genera that possess crenulate anterior elytral margins, all claw-pairs symmetrical in both sexes, and pectens, when present, symmetrical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3664388D81FFF8EA7E8206C98958E72" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF89A7E8206C9BAF899C" blockId="3.[191,1442,879,1649]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A7E8206C98AA8E82" bold="true" box="[192,759,879,905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Antennal grooves and circum-foraminal ridge.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A42B207399328E82" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[771,879,880,905]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A42B207399328E82" box="[771,879,880,905]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Parorectis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported to possess antennal grooves (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A7EF209298638EA0" author="Borowiec L & Swietojanska J." box="[199,574,913,943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="2002 - 2018" refId="ref5897" refString="Borowiec L, Swietojanska J. 2018. Cassidinae of the World - an Interactive Manual (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Website 2002 - 2018 (last modified 18 - xii- 2018). Available at http: // www. cassidae. uni. wroc. pl / katalog % 20 internetowy / index. htm. (Last accessed March 2020.)" type="book chapter" year="2018">Borowiec and Świętojańska 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[in key];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A58620929ED28EA0" author="Lopez-Perez S & Zaragosa-Caballero S." box="[686,1167,913,939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="672 - 704" refId="ref6169" refString="Lopez-Perez S, Zaragosa-Caballero S. 2018. Cassidini sensu lato (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) de Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 89: 672 - 704." type="journal article" year="2018">López-Pérez and Zaragosa-Caballero 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[in key];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A3D720929F2A8EA0" author="Riley EG" box="[1279,1399,913,939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="98 - 114" refId="ref6311" refString="Riley EG. 1986. Review of the tortoise beetle genera of the tribe Cassidini occurring in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 94 (1): 98 - 114." type="journal article" year="1986">Riley 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[in key];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A62820B09BEC8EC6" author="Riley EG & Clark SM & Flowers RW & Gilbert AJ" box="[256,433,947,973]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="617 - 691" refId="ref6356" refString="Riley EG, Clark SM, Flowers RW, Gilbert AJ. 2002. Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802. p. 617 - 691. In: Arnett RH, Thomas MC, Skelley PE, Frank JH (eds.). American Beetles, Volume 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press; Boca Raton. xiv + 861 p." type="book chapter" year="2002">Riley et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[in key]). This is a reference to what superficially appears to be a discontinuity or break in an anterior extension of the ridge forming the edge of the prosternal collar. The genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A3B120D79F338EE5" authority="Chevrolat" authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" box="[1177,1390,980,1006]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Deloyala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A3B120D79EA78EE5" box="[1177,1274,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Deloyala</emphasis>
|
||
Chevrolat
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A7E920F59BD2891B" authority="Spaeth" authorityName="Spaeth" box="[193,399,1014,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chiridopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A7E920F59B60891B" box="[193,317,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Chiridopsis</emphasis>
|
||
Spaeth
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have similar apparent discontinuities accompanied by a groove-like channel at this position. This channel is wider and more strongly developed in these genera than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A4D5271A9E348939" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[1021,1129,1049,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A4D5271A9E348939" box="[1021,1129,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Parorectis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is likely that living adults of all three genera are capable of flexing their antennae backward, seating the narrowest antennomeres (III and IV) in this channel or break. Among preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A445275F9985897E" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[877,984,1116,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A445275F9985897E" box="[877,984,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Parorectis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only the occasional individual will have an antenna in this position.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF89A62827A39BBA8B7A" blockId="3.[191,1442,879,1649]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A60827A39BD189B2" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[288,396,1184,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A60827A39BD189B2" box="[288,396,1184,1209]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Parorectis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the circum-foraminal ridge is continuous and encircles the entire anterior prothoracic foramen, but almost all of it can only be viewed after removal of the head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A32127C29E2589D0" box="[1033,1144,1217,1243]" captionStart-0="Figures 1–8" captionStart-1="Figures 9–13" captionStartId-0="5.[193,280,1547,1573]" captionStartId-1="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1440,225,1517]" captionTargetBox-1="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId-0="figure-85@5.[192,1440,213,1519]" captionTargetId-1="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figures 1–8. Parorectis arenaria new species 1) Holotype and holotype labels. 2) Male head, face. 3) Male head, dorsum of cranium: BP = cephalic binding patch, PS = pars stridens. 4) Pars stridens. 5) Cephalic binding patch. 6) Base of pronotum and anterior margin of elytron. 7) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 8) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view." captionText-1="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565398" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4565398/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 7–10</figureCitation>
|
||
: CFR). Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the true circum-foraminal ridge is accompanied by a fine line of setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A3CF27E19F0F89F6" box="[1255,1362,1250,1277]" captionStart="Figures 9–13" captionStartId="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 9–11</figureCitation>
|
||
: CFR). The apparent discontinuity is not a break in the circum-foraminal ridge, but the result of a separate structure, a lateral ridge located laterad on the thoracic pleuron (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A42E2625992C884B" box="[774,881,1318,1344]" captionStart-0="Figures 1–8" captionStart-1="Figures 9–13" captionStartId-0="5.[193,280,1547,1573]" captionStartId-1="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1440,225,1517]" captionTargetBox-1="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId-0="figure-85@5.[192,1440,213,1519]" captionTargetId-1="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figures 1–8. Parorectis arenaria new species 1) Holotype and holotype labels. 2) Male head, face. 3) Male head, dorsum of cranium: BP = cephalic binding patch, PS = pars stridens. 4) Pars stridens. 5) Cephalic binding patch. 6) Base of pronotum and anterior margin of elytron. 7) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 8) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view." captionText-1="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565398" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4565398/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 7–10</figureCitation>
|
||
: LR). The lateral ridges begin at the apparent break on each side of the anterior foramen, arch forward and ultimately dissipate anteriorly. They could easily be mistaken for part of the circum-foraminal ridge if the head were not removed. The origin of the lateral ridge, either an entirely novel structure or a detached and off-set anterior extension of the prosternal collar, is undetermined at this time. At the point of the apparent break, the anterior portions of the true circum-foraminal ridge extend upward on each side onto the ceiling of the foramen and arch forward to meet anteriorly. Basally, the circumforaminal ridge is located internal to the edge of the prosternal collar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A4E626F29E408B00" box="[974,1053,1521,1547]" captionStart="Figures 9–13" captionStartId="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
: CFR). At its distal and uppermost point, the ridge is augmented by a smooth crescent-shaped, platform-like structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A35025119EB88B26" box="[1144,1253,1554,1581]" captionStart-0="Figures 1–8" captionStart-1="Figures 9–13" captionStartId-0="5.[193,280,1547,1573]" captionStartId-1="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1440,225,1517]" captionTargetBox-1="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId-0="figure-85@5.[192,1440,213,1519]" captionTargetId-1="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figures 1–8. Parorectis arenaria new species 1) Holotype and holotype labels. 2) Male head, face. 3) Male head, dorsum of cranium: BP = cephalic binding patch, PS = pars stridens. 4) Pars stridens. 5) Cephalic binding patch. 6) Base of pronotum and anterior margin of elytron. 7) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 8) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view." captionText-1="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565398" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4565398/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 7–11</figureCitation>
|
||
: PL). This structure likely serves as the plectrum (scraper) of the stridulatory mechanism and possibly engages with the cephalic binding patch (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC31003D81FFF8EA7E8257C9B438C38" blockId="3.[191,1441,1663,1927]" lastBlockId="4.[192,1441,214,443]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A7E8257C9BBE8B92" bold="true" box="[192,483,1663,1689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Stridulation mechanism.</emphasis>
|
||
A vertico-pronotal
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C7AEA1D81FFF89A5EA258398AF8B91" box="[706,754,1664,1690]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of stridulatory device is said to be widespread among taxa of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A7C125A29B398BB0" box="[233,356,1697,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cassidinae">Cassidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A57025A298E18BB0" authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1813" box="[600,700,1697,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hispinae">Hispinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A5E125A299028BB7" author="Schmitt M." box="[713,863,1697,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="263 - 280" refId="ref6484" refString="Schmitt M. 1991. Stridulatory devices of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and other Coleoptera. p. 263 - 280. In: Zunino M, Belles X, Blas M (eds.). Advances in Coleopterology. Asociacion Europea de Coleopterologia, Barcelona, 323 p." type="book chapter" year="1991">Schmitt 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D81FFF89A44125A199FE8BB7" author="Schmitt M." box="[873,931,1698,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="319 - 325" refId="ref6536" refString="Schmitt M. 1994. Stridulation in leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). p. 319 - 325. In: Jolivet PH, Cox ML, Petitpierre E (eds.). Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. xxiii + 582 p." type="book chapter" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C7AEA1D81FFF89A4C125A19E448BB7" box="[1001,1049,1698,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of stridulatory mechanism consists of a presumed plectrum (scraper) located on the thorax and a pars stridens (file) located on the posterodorsum of the cranium. López-Pérez et al. (2018: table S1) recorded a stridulatory file in the male sex of 33 genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A7EA24049B778A2A" box="[194,298,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cassidini">Cassidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(this tribe including the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A56C240498A58A2A" authorityName="Chapuis" authorityYear="1875" box="[580,760,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aspidimorphini">Aspidimorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A418240499A88A29" authorityName="Chapuis" authorityYear="1875" box="[816,1013,1799,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ischyrosonychini">Ischyrosonychini</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D81FFF89A304240B9ECA8A2A" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[1068,1175,1800,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D81FFF89A304240B9ECA8A2A" box="[1068,1175,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Parorectis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the platform-like crescent-shaped structure likely functions as the plectrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D81FFF89A406242B99C68A48" box="[814,923,1832,1859]" captionStart-0="Figures 1–8" captionStart-1="Figures 9–13" captionStartId-0="5.[193,280,1547,1573]" captionStartId-1="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox-0="[192,1440,225,1517]" captionTargetBox-1="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId-0="figure-85@5.[192,1440,213,1519]" captionTargetId-1="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figures 1–8. Parorectis arenaria new species 1) Holotype and holotype labels. 2) Male head, face. 3) Male head, dorsum of cranium: BP = cephalic binding patch, PS = pars stridens. 4) Pars stridens. 5) Cephalic binding patch. 6) Base of pronotum and anterior margin of elytron. 7) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 8) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view." captionText-1="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565398" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4565398/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 7–11</figureCitation>
|
||
: PL). Other than the circum-foraminal ridge, which is weakly developed at this position, there are no other structures on the ceiling of the anterior foramen that could serve as a plectrum. The pars stridens consists of an elongate patch of very fine transverse ridges that is tapered at both ends (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D818FF8EA6E523D598778DFB" box="[461,554,214,240]" captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="5.[193,280,1547,1573]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,225,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-85@5.[192,1440,213,1519]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1–8. Parorectis arenaria new species 1) Holotype and holotype labels. 2) Male head, face. 3) Male head, dorsum of cranium: BP = cephalic binding patch, PS = pars stridens. 4) Pars stridens. 5) Cephalic binding patch. 6) Base of pronotum and anterior margin of elytron. 7) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 8) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565398/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
: PS). While the plectrum portion of the mechanism is present in both sexes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D818FF8EA7E923FB9B718C1A" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[193,300,248,273]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D818FF8EA7E923FB9B718C1A" box="[193,300,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Parorectis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pars stridens is only present in males; the corresponding location on the cranium is smooth in females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC31003D818FF8EA62822389FC38CB1" blockId="4.[192,1441,214,443]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">The sexual dimorphism of the pars stridens, present in males and absent in females, raises the interesting question: what function does stridulation serve these beetles? It is unlikely that defense is the primary function of stridulation, although it could be a secondary function in males. More likely, the function of stridulation is somehow sexual in nature, probably involving male-to-male competition or male-to-female courtship behavior.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC31003D818FF8EA7E822C998958E72" blockId="4.[191,1441,458,889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D818FF8EA7E822C99B858CEF" bold="true" box="[192,472,458,484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Cephalic binding patch.</emphasis>
|
||
At the center of the cranial dorsal surface of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D818FF8EA4E722C89E668CEF" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[975,1083,459,484]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D818FF8EA4E722C89E668CEF" box="[975,1083,459,484]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Parorectis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is a dense patch of spicules located just anterior to the position occupied by the pars stridens. An inexperienced observer using normal light microscopy could easily mistake the reflectivity of this patch for a pars stridens. The individual spicules of the patch are short, pointed or multi-pointed, inclined forward, and their arrangement is confused (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D818FF8EA20F212C9F378F41" box="[1319,1386,559,586]" captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="5.[193,280,1547,1573]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,225,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-85@5.[192,1440,213,1519]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1–8. Parorectis arenaria new species 1) Holotype and holotype labels. 2) Male head, face. 3) Male head, dorsum of cranium: BP = cephalic binding patch, PS = pars stridens. 4) Pars stridens. 5) Cephalic binding patch. 6) Base of pronotum and anterior margin of elytron. 7) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 8) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565398/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13470C86D818FF8EA25E212C9FC98F42" box="[1398,1428,559,585]" captionStart="Figures 9–13" captionStartId="6.[192,279,1186,1212]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-291@6.[192,1440,213,1156]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 9–13. Parorectis arenaria new species, scanning electron microscopy images. 9) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventral view. 10) Anterior prothoracic foramen with head removed, ventrolateral view: AG = antennal groove, CFR = circum-foraminal ridge, LR = lateral ridge, PC = prosternal collar, PL = plectrum. 11) Plectrum. 12) Spicules of cephalic binding patch. 13) Mesotarsal claws, lateral view: PE = pecten." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565400/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">12</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is probable that head-to-thorax binding is the function of this patch; thus, the term cephalic binding patch is proposed here. This binding mechanism, however, is different from that of the better-known elytron-to-body binding patches where there are interdigitating patches on corresponding body parts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED6DF2D818FF8EA35021979F6E8FA4" author="Samuelson GA" box="[1144,1331,660,687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="267 - 290" refId="ref6422" refString="Samuelson GA. 1996. Binding sites: elytron-to-body meshing structures of possible significance in the higher classification of Chrysomeloidea. p. 267 - 290. In: Jolivet PHA, Cox ML (eds.). Chrysomelidae biology, vol. 1: The classification, phylogeny and genetics. SPB Academic Publishing; Amsterdam. 443 p." type="book chapter" year="1996">Samuelson 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D818FF8EA24B21969B5D8FDB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D818FF8EA24B21969AA18FDB" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parorectis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
there are no corresponding spicules on the ceiling of the anterior prothoracic foramen. The spicules of the cephalic binding patch likely engage with the thoracic surface including the structure here called the plectrum. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C6B80D818FF8EA7C821F99B118E18" authorityName="Spaeth" authorityYear="1901" box="[224,332,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Parorectis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908CC11D818FF8EA7C821F99B118E18" box="[224,332,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Parorectis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both males and females possess equally developed cephalic binding patches, and both sexes have a “plectrum” suggesting that the two structures function in head-to-thorax binding. Head-to-thorax binding, where the head can be withdrawn and locked in a safe position within the prothorax, is likely part of a broad suite of defensive behaviors in adult tortoise beetles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |