373 lines
49 KiB
XML
373 lines
49 KiB
XML
<document id="DB24B07C3979B9D2E6D596BEECB2516A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3955.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab2e49ce-f664-4acf-840e-11b38494dcd7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="245721" ID-ZooBank="828A05F3-D367-498A-ABDB-70E1126EAE47" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461050094748" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Larivière, Marie-Claude & Larochelle, André" docDate="2015" docId="03C02354FF167F25FF42FAD41A7C4DAD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03955p266.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3955 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Zemacrosaldula whakarunga Larivière & Larochelle, 2015, new species" docType="treatment" docUuid="540119DB-AE39-4874-BCD1-395AC182E63E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="260" masterDocId="FFF95B2CFF1B7F2AFFD5FFC31B554968" masterDocTitle="Zemacrosaldula, a new genus of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from New Zealand: taxonomy, geographic distribution, and biology" masterLastPageNumber="266" masterPageNumber="245" pageNumber="258" updateTime="1698578476672" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B0772D274DFE686709643F06A79D179F">
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<mods:title id="3624738F07B81B3D5EC19D6251CFC506">Zemacrosaldula, a new genus of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from New Zealand: taxonomy, geographic distribution, and biology</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="EDD15A8D7C9F85AF65F4A9CD8BCB3352" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="46046F8117C7FECD65B628796A4B36B8">Larivière, Marie-Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C676B4FD029D30136DA02B1F2445D3B9">Larochelle, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0659376C12F951BE031F0E49C7EC126B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2A9610ADC7D18512622A51E45AD0FE59">
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<mods:date id="585F50F3B6FFC90FF4768D20437F560E">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E7400B6E8E2FAB03DB8D4E366BA5B57E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BD3EC8E314C2700FA5A4C8FCAA9FC236">3955</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="C342AAC077C52C18094F881EFFBDDB40">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8CB83DAB55A0861C69728B46398EE58F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3955.2.4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DE0656F7E619CA87A6D23718D22FC241" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5711886DBFE856F2DFC0898A09624AA4" type="Zenodo-Dep">245721</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C02354FF167F25FF42FAD41A7C4DAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3500900" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119611695" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3500900" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:540119DB-AE39-4874-BCD1-395AC182E63E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C02354FF167F25FF42FAD41A7C4DAD" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
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<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF167F27FF42FAD4193E4C87" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD69242FF167F27FF42FAD419C74C5A" blockId="13.[151,658,1303,1330]" box="[151,658,1303,1330]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
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<heading id="D09E252EFF167F27FF42FAD419C74C5A" bold="true" box="[151,658,1303,1330]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FF42FAD419C74C5A" bold="true" box="[151,658,1303,1330]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FF42FAD41AAE4C59" ID-CoL="7GDYL" box="[151,507,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FF42FAD41AAE4C59" bold="true" box="[151,507,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Zemacrosaldula whakarunga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22EF32BFF167F27FDD7FADB19C74C5A" box="[514,658,1304,1330]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD69242FF167F27FF42FA9D193E4C87" blockId="13.[151,1436,1374,1519]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FF42FA9D19EF4C1C" authority="Lariviere & Larochelle" authorityName="Lariviere & Larochelle" box="[151,698,1374,1396]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FF42FA9D1A974C1C" box="[151,450,1374,1396]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Zemacrosaldula whakarunga</emphasis>
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Larivière & Larochelle
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22EF32BFF167F27FD13FA9C18114C1C" box="[710,836,1374,1396]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF167F27FC85FA9D18E74C1C" box="[848,946,1374,1396]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: male (NZAC) labelled “
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<collectingCountry id="F37ED2D2FF167F27FB6DFA9D1E264C1C" box="[1208,1395,1374,1396]" name="New Zealand" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">NEW ZEALAND</collectingCountry>
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SD Carluke, Rai River
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<quantity id="4C913FA7FF167F27FE58FABE1AEF4CFB" box="[397,442,1405,1427]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" unit="m" value="50.0">50m</quantity>
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4112
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<accessionNumber id="943A0FA1FF167F27FE20FABE19124CFB" box="[501,583,1405,1427]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/S17335" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="EnaNcbi">S 17335</accessionNumber>
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E
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<date id="FFD7B482FF167F27FD88FABE19924CFB" box="[605,711,1405,1427]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" value="2012-02-27">27.II.2012</date>
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Larivière, Larochelle / Sandy-silty gravelly riverbank; within
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<quantity id="4C913FA7FF167F27FA96FABE1E364CFB" box="[1347,1379,1405,1427]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
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from water[line] /
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<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF167F27FE8FFA5F1A8A4CDA" box="[346,479,1436,1458]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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[male symbol]
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF167F27FD42FA5F1E424CDA" authority="Lariviere & Larochelle, 2015" authorityName="Lariviere & Larochelle" authorityYear="2015" box="[663,1303,1436,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FD42FA5F189D4CDA" box="[663,968,1436,1458]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Zemacrosaldula whakarunga</emphasis>
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Larivière & Larochelle, 2015
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</taxonomicName>
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(red label).
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<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF167F27FF12FA781A7B4CB8" box="[199,302,1467,1488]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCount id="9D6F59CBFF167F27FEE2FA791AD04CB8" box="[311,389,1466,1488]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="male">6 males</specimenCount>
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(1 LUNZ, 1 CMNZ, 1 MONZ, 3 NZAC) and
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<specimenCount id="9D6F59CBFF167F27FC88FA7918EA4CB8" box="[861,959,1466,1488]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
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(1 LUNZ, 1 MONZ, 3 NZAC) with same data as
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<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF167F27FF37FA1A1A684C87" box="[226,317,1497,1519]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, bearing blue
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<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF167F27FE1EFA1919774C87" box="[459,546,1498,1519]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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labels.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF167F24FF42F9DF1E744C23" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="259" pageId="13" pageNumber="258" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD69242FF167F24FF42F9DF198A4C4F" blockId="13.[151,1437,1564,2017]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="259" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FF42F9DF1A744F5D" bold="true" box="[151,289,1564,1589]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Description</emphasis>
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. Body length 4.31–6.28 (5.57) mm; broad-ovate (
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF167F27FC87F9DF18C34F5C" box="[850,918,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[199,1354,208,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[175,1396,195,1934]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Dorsal views of Zemacrosaldula species (legs and antennae omitted). Scale bar = 1 mm. (1) Z. australis, (2) Z. kapekape, (3) Z. whakarunga, (4) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245722/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Dorsal colour largely black, sometimes with a very faint maroon hue, with uniformly dark lateral margins of pronotum and a few individual (not coalesced) whitish markings on hemelytra; frequently with combination of a pair of semilunate marks in basal third of corium and a small to medium size subquadrate medial mark at about midlength on exocorium. Facial colour (
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF167F27FA98F9441EC14FF7" box="[1357,1428,1671,1696]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 10" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[197,1380,219,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1415,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 10. Facial views of Zemacrosaldula species. (5 – 7) Z. australis, (8) Z. kapekape, (9) Z. whakarunga, (10) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245723/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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) slightly to moderately contrasted. Head, pronotum, and scutellum strongly shiny, usually contrasting strongly against mostly dull hemelytra. Dorsal pubescence short, reclined to semi-erect, whitish, somewhat sparse and unevenly distributed. Dorsal microsculpture slightly rugulose on head, pronotum and scutellum.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FB00F9311E404E63" bold="true" box="[1237,1301,1778,1803]" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Head</emphasis>
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black. Face (
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF167F27FF4AF8D51BB14E47" box="[159,228,1814,1839]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 10" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[197,1380,219,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1415,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 10. Facial views of Zemacrosaldula species. (5 – 7) Z. australis, (8) Z. kapekape, (9) Z. whakarunga, (10) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245723/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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) pubescent. Transverse swelling yellowish brown to almost entirely black; lateral portions contiguous or, sometimes, separated by a narrow to rather wide dark gap near facial midline. Mandibular plates black or, less often, yellowish brown. Maxillary plates whitish yellow to yellowish brown, rarely obscure. Anteclypeus and labrum yellowish brown to dark brown, narrowly to broadly margined with black.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF167F27FB86F8421F964EF1" bold="true" box="[1107,1219,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="258">Antennae</emphasis>
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4.24–4.85x longer than pronotum + collar medially, largely dark; segment I mostly black with partial or complete yellowish stripe on one side, sometimes entirely black; segment II black, often shortly paler subapically, 2.18–2.35x longer than segment I; segments III–IV black.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FD94FF5419CF49D8" bold="true" box="[577,666,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Thorax</emphasis>
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. Lateral margins of pronotum subrectilinear to slightly convex, uniformly black. Underside black, with moderately contrasting broadly or narrowly pale acetabulum I, broadly to very narrowly pale acetabulum II, narrowly pale to completely dark acetabulum III, and partially (posterior quarter to half) to completely dark lateral margins; rarely, if ever, with lateral margins almost completely pale; pubescence moderately dense, silvery, appressed (except for glabrous lateral margins).
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FC33FEE41F494856" bold="true" box="[998,1052,295,318]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Legs</emphasis>
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largely dark; fore, mid, and often hind femora almost entirely black or thickly striped with black on ventral and often also dorsal side over most of length, otherwise whitish yellow to yellowish brown with some brown spots; tibiae with dark brown to black dorsal stripe over most of length (hind tibiae often infuscate only) and black subapical annulus, otherwise whitish yellow to yellowish brown with dark spines; hind tibiae about 2.77–2.86x longer than tarsal segments II+III combined; tarsal segment II darkened apically, otherwise whitish yellow to yellowish brown, segment III completely dark brown to black (often paler in basal half on hind tarsus); pretarsal claws rather short, about a third of the length of tarsal segment III. Scutellum black, 1.78–1.83x longer than pronotum + collar medially.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FBA9FDE31FA04B51" bold="true" box="[1148,1269,544,569]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Hemelytra</emphasis>
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: costal margin (
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF157F24FF4AFD871BB74B35" box="[159,226,580,605]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[199,1354,208,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[175,1396,195,1934]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Dorsal views of Zemacrosaldula species (legs and antennae omitted). Scale bar = 1 mm. (1) Z. australis, (2) Z. kapekape, (3) Z. whakarunga, (4) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245722/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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) more convex and embolium generally more explanate basally than in Z.
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF157F24FBFEFD861FD84B35" box="[1067,1165,581,605]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FBFEFD861FD84B35" box="[1067,1165,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF157F24FB61FD861E684B35" box="[1204,1341,581,605]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapekape">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FB61FD861E684B35" box="[1204,1341,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Z. kapekape</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; corium (
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<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF157F24FF4AFDAB1BA74BE9" box="[159,242,616,641]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 14" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1822,1844]" captionTargetBox="[179,1430,236,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[158,1443,225,1761]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 14. Eunomy (left corium), with more frequently observed pigmentation patterns indicated by an asterisk (*). (13) Zemacrosaldula whakarunga, (14) Z. pangare." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245725/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
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) largely black with few irregular, individual (not coalesced), whitish markings; frequently with a pair of semilunate marks in basal third, one on each side of R vein (as opposed to
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF157F24FC30FD4E1F0A4BCC" box="[997,1119,653,676]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pangare">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FC30FD4E1F0A4BCC" box="[997,1119,653,676]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Z. pangare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); endocorium with a line of four pale spots (often reduced to two or three) along R vein, a few additional speckles (often reduced) subapically along membrane; exocorium without coalesced markings, with few individual markings, a small to moderately large subquadrate medial mark at about midlength, and often a smaller irregular medial mark subapically (often reduced or absent); colour pattern in female consistent with that of male but regularly with larger subquadrate medial mark at about midlength on exocorium; pale markings in darker individuals strongly reduced in size and numbers, with line of two to four spots still visible but reduced to speckles; corium in darkest individuals almost entirely black and barely speckled; corium and clavus largely pruinose; basal and subapical pale spots of clavus present or absent; membrane brown to black basally, rarely with a pale mark near tip of clavus, brown medially within cells and around margin, pale within cells on each side of brown medial mark, and with dark brown to black veins.
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FF37FC321A024D62" bold="true" box="[226,343,1009,1034]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Abdomen</emphasis>
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. Venter black, with (both sexes) or without (male) posterior margin of most segments narrowly pale. Pubescence moderately dense (although sparser than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF157F24FC94FBD518954D45" box="[833,960,1045,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FC94FBD518954D45" box="[833,960,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Z. australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF157F24FC31FBD51F3E4D45" box="[996,1131,1045,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapekape">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FC31FBD51F3E4D45" box="[996,1131,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Z. kapekape</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), silvery, appressed in both sexes.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FF32FBFB1AF44D39" bold="true" box="[231,417,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Male parandria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF157F24FE63FBFA19584D39" box="[438,525,1081,1106]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) broadly subtriangular, obtusely rounded at tip; inner margins angular; basal margin straight.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FE86FB9F19534D1C" bold="true" box="[339,518,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Male paramere</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF157F24FDCDFB9F193E4D1D" box="[536,619,1116,1141]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
) with distinct, well-developed processus sensualis bearing less than 10 setae; processus hamatus narrowly rounded and often slightly upturned at tip. Apical half of
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FB66FB431E0B4DF1" bold="true" box="[1203,1374,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">male aedeagus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF157F24FABBFB431BE34DD5" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 24" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[211,1353,202,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[195,1365,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 24. Schematic views of male genitalia. (15 – 18) Paramere, ventral view. (15) Zemacrosaldula australis, (16) Z. kapekape (ph = processus hamatus), (17) Z. whakarunga (ps = processus sensualis), (18) Z. pangare. (19 – 20) Parandria, posterior view. (19) Z. australis, (20) Z. whakarunga. (21 – 22) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view. (21) Z. australis, (22) Z. whakarunga. (23) Sclerites of aedeagus, Z. australis, ventral view. (24 – 25) Filum gonopori, lateral view. (24) Z. australis, (25) Z. whakarunga." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245726/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
), in lateral view, with 3 main visible sclerites (elongate median sclerite; shorter Y-shaped anterolateral sclerite; smaller subtriangular anterolateral sclerite).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FD5BFB0418D74D88" bold="true" box="[654,898,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Male filum gonopori</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig. 25) coiled 1.25 times. Female subgenital (segment VII, ventrally) plate black with apical quarter to half pale or, sometimes, plate at most narrowly pale apically.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FF29FACC198D4C4F" box="[252,728,1295,1319]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Other characters as in generic description</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF157F24FF12FAF01E744C23" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2035]" box="[199,1313,1331,1356]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FF12FAF01AB24C24" bold="true" box="[199,487,1331,1356]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13528EC7FF157F24FE22FAF0191E4C24" box="[503,587,1331,1356]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1368,386,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[198,1388,376,1874]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 26. Collecting localities of Zemacrosaldula species, New Zealand." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245727/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
). South Island, excluding southernmost areas and the west coast.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF157F24FF12FA951AC94E9A" pageId="14" pageNumber="259" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF157F24FF12FA951AC94E9A" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FF12FA951AFE4C07" bold="true" box="[199,427,1366,1391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
. A total of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6F59CBFF157F24FDE0FA9419884C07" box="[565,733,1366,1391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259" type="generic">228 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
including
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D22CE0FF157F24FC8CFA9B18C24C18" box="[857,919,1368,1392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, from the following localities.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FB2EFA951EC04C07" bold="true" box="[1275,1429,1366,1391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">South Island</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FF42FAB91BEB4CFB" bold="true" box="[151,190,1402,1427]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">BR</emphasis>
|
||
—Boyle River, Dans Creek Bridge, Engineers Camp (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FCE3FAB818D24CFB" box="[822,903,1403,1427]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Fox River (Buller County) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FB30FAB81E634CFB" box="[1253,1334,1403,1427]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Nelson Lakes National Park (Lake Rotoiti, head (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FDAFFA5C199E4CDF" box="[634,715,1439,1463]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Mount Robert (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FC47FA5C18B74CDF" box="[914,994,1439,1463]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
)); Punakaiki, Bullock Creek (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FAECFA5C1EC54CDF" box="[1337,1424,1439,1463]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">CMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FF42FA011B944CB3" bold="true" box="[151,193,1474,1499]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">CO</emphasis>
|
||
—Lowburn Valley mouth (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FE22FA01191F4CB2" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[503,586,1474,1498]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); The Remarkables, Rastus Burn (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FC06FA011F714CB2" box="[979,1060,1474,1498]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Duntroon, Maerewhenua River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FF4AFA251BA74C96" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[159,242,1510,1534]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Junction of Danseys Pass Road & S Branch of Maerewhenua River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FBF0FA251F2D4C96" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1061,1144,1510,1534]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Palmerston, Shag River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FF4AF9C91BA74F4A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[159,242,1546,1570]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FED9F9CA1A634F4A" bold="true" box="[268,310,1545,1570]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">KA</emphasis>
|
||
—Hundalee, Conway River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FD40F9C919BD4F4A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[661,744,1546,1570]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Junction of Kowhai River & Postmans Road (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FAE8F9C91EC54F4A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1341,1424,1546,1570]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Kahutara River mouth (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FE77F9ED1AA04F2E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[418,501,1582,1606]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Oaro Beach (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FD48F9ED19BB4F2E" box="[669,750,1582,1606]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FCD4F9EE18654F2E" bold="true" box="[769,816,1581,1606]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">MC</emphasis>
|
||
—Banks Peninsula (Birdlings Flat (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FB14F9ED1E4D4F2E" box="[1217,1304,1582,1606]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">CMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); near Lake Ellesmere (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FEC0F9921A304F01" box="[277,357,1617,1641]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
));
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ED2D2FF157F24FE57F9921ABC4F01" box="[386,489,1617,1641]" name="Cameroon" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">Cameron</collectingCountry>
|
||
River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FDE9F99219D84F01" box="[572,653,1617,1641]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Craigieburn Forest Park, Dracophyllum Track (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FB64F9921E514F01" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1201,1284,1617,1641]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Craigieburn Ski Field (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FEDFF9B61A0E4FE5" box="[266,347,1653,1677]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Mount Algidus (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FDF3F9B6192C4FE5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[550,633,1653,1677]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Porters Pass, Lake Lyndon (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FC17F9B61F424FE5" box="[962,1047,1653,1677]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">CMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FBF7F9B61F264FE5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1058,1139,1653,1677]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); South Highway 72, W of Staveley (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FEDCF95A1A0E4FD9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[265,347,1689,1713]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Thomas River, N branch (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FD4AF95A19A54FD9" box="[671,752,1689,1713]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FCD0F95B18784FD9" bold="true" box="[773,813,1688,1713]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NC</emphasis>
|
||
—Arthurs Pass National Park, Poulter River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FAE8F95A1EC54FD9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1341,1424,1689,1713]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Lees Valley, Ashley River bridge (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FDE5F97E19D44FBD" box="[560,641,1725,1749]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Napenape Scenic Reserve, Hurunui River mouth (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FB33F97E1E6D4FBD" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1254,1336,1725,1749]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Okuku River,
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF157F24FF31F91C1A434F90" box="[228,278,1759,1784]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="259" unit="km" value="5.0">5km</quantity>
|
||
W of Loburn (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FE12F923194F4F90" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[455,538,1760,1784]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FDFBF91C19034F90" bold="true" box="[558,598,1759,1784]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NN</emphasis>
|
||
–Aniseed Valley (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FCF9F923182B4F90" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[812,894,1760,1784]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Iron Hill, Iron Lake (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FB5CF9231F8F4F90" box="[1161,1242,1760,1784]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Karamea River mouth (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FF25F8C71A144E74" box="[240,321,1796,1820]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Lake Sylvester (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FDC4F8C719374E74" box="[529,610,1796,1820]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Lake Sylvester, Bushline Hut (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FC0DF8C71F7C4E74" box="[984,1065,1796,1820]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Little Sylvester Lake (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FAEAF8C71EC54E74" box="[1343,1424,1796,1820]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Oparara River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FE9CF8EB1AC94E28" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[329,412,1832,1856]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Pariwhakaoho River mouth (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FD2DF8EB181E4E28" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[760,843,1832,1856]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Pearce River Resurgence (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FB58F8EB1F8B4E28" box="[1165,1246,1832,1856]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Pelorus Bridge Scenic Reserve (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FE8FF8881AF84E0B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[346,429,1867,1891]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FE16F8881ABE4E0C" box="[451,491,1867,1892]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FE16F8881ABE4E0C" bold="true" box="[451,491,1867,1892]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">OL</emphasis>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
—Dart Hut (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FD54F88819814E0B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[641,724,1867,1891]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Greenstone River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FC13F8881F4C4E0B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[966,1049,1867,1891]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Headlong Peak (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FB27F8881E114E0B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1266,1348,1867,1891]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
), South Basin Stream (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FE92F8AC1ACF4EEF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[327,410,1903,1927]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Peak
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF157F24FE23F8AD191F4EEF" box="[502,586,1902,1927]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="259" unit="km" value="2.5">2.5 km</quantity>
|
||
W of Mount Tyndall (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FCB6F8AC18E34EEF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[867,950,1903,1927]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
). SC –Temuka, Opihi River near Waiapi (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FF4AF8501BA34EC3" box="[159,246,1939,1963]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">CMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FEDFF8511A7B4EC3" box="[266,302,1938,1963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FEDFF8511A7B4EC3" bold="true" box="[266,302,1938,1963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">SD</emphasis>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
—Carluke, Rai River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FDE5F85019D64EC3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[560,643,1939,1963]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
); Opouri River, junction with Tunakino Valley Road (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FB3CF8501E694EC3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" box="[1257,1340,1939,1963]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34070" name="New Zealand Arthropod Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">NZAC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FA85F8511ED54EC3" box="[1360,1408,1938,1963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF157F24FA85F8511ED54EC3" bold="true" box="[1360,1408,1938,1963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">WD</emphasis>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
— Mount Aspiring National Park (Arawata Bivouac (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FD1BF874184A4EA7" box="[718,799,1975,1999]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Arawata River (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FC30F8741F604EA7" box="[997,1077,1975,1999]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
)); Nelson Creek domain, beside Nelson Creek (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED780A87FF157F24FEEAF8191AC54E9A" box="[319,400,2010,2034]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n5zm-bhpt" name="Lincoln University Entomology Research Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="259">LUNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF147F25FF12FF541A904BA5" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF147F25FF12FF541A904BA5" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FF12FF541A4A49D8" bold="true" box="[199,287,151,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FEE5FF54195449D8" bold="true" box="[304,513,151,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Altitudinal range</emphasis>
|
||
. Montane (mostly) to subalpine, more rarely lowland. Exceptionally coastal, in predominantly freshwater habitats located near the mouth of rivers that also harbour inland populations.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FAECFF7F1EC049BD" bold="true" box="[1337,1429,188,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
. Occurs along stony-gravelly (or shingled) riverbanks riverbeds or, less frequently, lakeshores; mostly saxicolous; found mainly on gravel, stones or boulders near the water’s edge, usually within
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF147F25FBFFFEC71FCB4874" box="[1066,1182,260,285]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" unit="m" value="1.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5 to 3 m</quantity>
|
||
from the waterline, as well as on stones or boulders emerging from the water; mostly in sandy environments, also in moderately silty or clayish situations; primarily near moderate to fast running water, also near calmer water (e.g., side river channels or temporary backwaters); at higher altitudes, on wet screes and snowmelt patches. Often taken near water, on bare ground patches between stones or boulders, on bare ground with few scattered stones (e.g., silty, clayish or rather muddy flats and banks of otherwise stony-gravelly rivers and lakes), or, sparsely vegetated ground (e.g., at the margin of subalpine lakes). Occasionally collected near rocky seepages away from a main river channel. Nymphs live in the same habitat, on the ground surface between and under stones or among gravel, or, hiding at the base of plants.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FF3CFDE71A3B4B55" bold="true" box="[233,366,548,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Seasonality</emphasis>
|
||
. Adults collected from November to March; mating pairs observed in March; newly emerged adults (tenerals) collected in March; nymphs found from January to March.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FB95FD841F294B08" bold="true" box="[1088,1148,583,608]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Food</emphasis>
|
||
. Predator or scavenger.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FF42FDAF1A474BED" bold="true" box="[151,274,620,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Behaviour</emphasis>
|
||
. Jumps from stone to stone, flies short distances (usually less than
|
||
<quantity id="4C913FA7FF147F25FBD8FDAF1F694BEC" box="[1037,1084,620,644]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
), dashes quickly into the space between stones or into water when disturbed. Heliophilous; hides under and between stones or at the base of plants, in cloudy or rainy weather.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C373C1C9FF147F25FF12FD141A7C4DAD" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF147F25FF12FD141EDD4A7D" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FF12FD141A614B98" bold="true" box="[199,308,727,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The species name ‘whakarunga’ is from the Maori and means south or southern. It refers to the geographic range of this species which is restricted to New Zealand’s South Island where it is widely distributed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF147F25FF12FCE31BAF4A84" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF147F25FF12FCE319444A50" box="[199,529,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FF12FCE319444A50" box="[199,529,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Zemacrosaldula whakarunga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF147F25FCB0FCE218B74A50" box="[869,994,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pangare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FCB0FCE218B74A50" box="[869,994,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Z. pangare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to other species in this genus. In addition to structural differences in the male genitalia,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF147F25FCDFFC8618E04A34" box="[778,949,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FCDFFC8618E04A34" box="[778,949,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Z. whakarunga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an overall less shiny, more pubescent, more pruinose and more blackish appearance than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF147F25FD22FCAA18234AE8" box="[759,886,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pangare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FD22FCAA18234AE8" box="[759,886,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Z. pangare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The hemelytral colour pattern, especially the frequent occurrence of a pair of semilunate marks in the basal third of the corium and a subquadrate medial mark at about midlength on the exocorium, is most often diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF147F25FC42FC721F134AA0" box="[919,1094,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FC42FC721F134AA0" box="[919,1094,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Z. whakarunga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See also Remarks under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF147F25FA50FC721BA64A84" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pangare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FA50FC721BA64A84" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Z. pangare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD69242FF147F25FF12FC3B1A7C4DAD" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">
|
||
In eastern areas of the South Island,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF147F25FDA6FC3A18754D78" box="[627,800,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FDA6FC3A18754D78" box="[627,800,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Z. whakarunga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be especially difficult to differentiate from darker, anomalous looking specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF147F25FDC5FBDE19C54D5C" box="[528,656,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FDC5FBDE19C54D5C" box="[528,656,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Z. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Remarks under that species). In such cases as well as for darker forms of both species, with strongly reduced hemelytral markings, examination of the male genitalia is the only reliable identification method. Although found in lowland areas, especially along and near the mouth of large rivers originating from the Southern Alps (e.g., large South Island braided rivers),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C69E9C1FF147F25FB9DFB4A1FAF4DC8" box="[1096,1274,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whakarunga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91D4E50FF147F25FB9DFB4A1FAF4DC8" box="[1096,1274,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="260">Z. whakarunga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is habitually monticolous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |