119 lines
15 KiB
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119 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document id="0CF6A56ADF3D996B580157E6352E1AF4" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2007)509[1:HTFFFD]2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5387987" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630306685974" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="BLAGODEROV, VLADIMIR, GRIMALDI, DAVID A. & FRASER, NICHOLAS C." docDate="2007" docId="03BE8786A54C7C3EF9C4D344FB72FA75" docLanguage="en" docName="N3572.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3572" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%29509%5B1%3AHTFFFD%5D2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Culicomorpha Hennig 1948" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FF87FFFEA5477C35F92DD272FFD6FFED" masterDocTitle="How Time Flies for Flies: Diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and Early Radiation of the Order" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1699221828370" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="C9C2C3BC9E250E65EA097B617BB08E86">How Time Flies for Flies: Diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and Early Radiation of the Order</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3470C3106C88FCE21520DB4C7F04E0DA">BLAGODEROV, VLADIMIR</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E7F0350287C33F35BBACE6ACF72DBF6">GRIMALDI, DAVID A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="206B6FC8FD8696658D04BDA976E2E04B">FRASER, NICHOLAS C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="27BBDA480F4D1EB5119F08C8830D3963">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F4D196C48E77DFC435584B9DB0ECA721">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0D7A491115A44B4B4FBC016B1821CC3F">2007-05-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7D06267DD6513112522FD38CABA8A92C">3572</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C30D651BA54C7C3EF9C4D344FE3CFE82" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA83690A54C7C3EF9C4D344FE02FEA3" blockId="11.[233,468,310,335]" box="[233,468,310,335]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<heading id="D0E081FCA54C7C3EF9C4D344FE02FEA3" box="[233,468,310,335]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="9">
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EF9C4D344FE5BFEA3" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1948" box="[233,397,310,334]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Culicomorpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="infraOrder">Culicomorpha</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B963EA82A54C7C3EF8BBD345FE1AFEA2" box="[406,460,311,335]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">indet</emphasis>
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.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA83690A54C7C3EF9F9D325FE3CFE82" blockId="11.[212,490,343,367]" box="[212,490,343,367]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">figures 4c–f, 5a, b, 9b, c</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30D651BA54C7C3EF95FD3E2FB72FA75" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA83690A54C7C3EF95FD3E2FE60FBBD" blockId="11.[88,614,400,1754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Several specimens from the Solite quarries have their venation obscured, so they can not be described and named formally. Some of these specimens, however, are otherwise exquisitely preserved, retaining some distinctive features that allow placing them within the infraorder
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EF9FBD033FEA8FDB4" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1948" box="[214,382,577,601]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Culicomorpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="infraOrder">Culicomorpha</taxonomicName>
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. Despite differences in sizes and leg lengths, specimens VMNH 808, 873, 932, 951, 2956, and 3056 possess: (1) slender moniliform antennae with long setae on each flagellomere; (2) a round antennal pedicel that is larger than the scape; (3) round (vs. reniform or emarginate) eyes with large facets; (4) a broad katepisternum that is rounded ventrally; (5) a short, arched mesonotum that nearly overhangs the pronotum; (6) small, unprotruding scutellum; (7) wide insertion of the abdomen; and (8) male genitalia curved dorsally. Features 2, 5, and 8 are particularly distinctive to
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EF897D1B3FDB7FC34" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1948" box="[442,609,961,985]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Culicomorpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="infraOrder">Culicomorpha</taxonomicName>
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, but venation is needed to confirm this. Most significantly, VMNH 951 bears a long, slender proboscis that is nearly twice as long as the head height (figs. 4d, e; 9b, c).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA83690A54C7C3EF95FD624FD0DFDFF" blockId="11.[88,614,400,1754]" lastBlockId="11.[662,1188,211,530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Body and leg proportions of VMNH 951 are very similar to that of other culicomorphans (VMNH 808, 873, 932, 2956, 3056), but it is doubtful that the specimens are conspecific, since there are no known instances in any living species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EF834D69BFEA7FAEC" box="[281,369,1257,1281]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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where a proboscis is so dramatically dimorphic. In various Recent species of biting midges the styletlike mandibles of females are well developed and used to puncture the skin of their host in order to feed on blood; males feed on nectar and have vestigial mandibles, but the proboscis size barely differs with that of females. Since angiosperms did not appear until nearly 100 Ma later, it is possible that the proboscis was used to probe Bennettitalean or Gnetalean reproductive structures, and bennettitaleans occurred in the Triassic of
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<collectingRegion id="49D3F872A54C7C3EF975D41BFF6EF96C" box="[88,184,1641,1665]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Virginia</collectingRegion>
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. Recent Gnetales produce pollination droplets, on which insects feed, but these are external, making a long proboscis unnecessary. VMNH 951 is the earliest fossil evidence of a structure in
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFA7BD2A1FC78FF06" box="[854,942,211,235]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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specialized for blood feeding, in a group in which the ground-plan adult diet is hematophagy (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B61A54C7C3EFAD1D37CFCFFFEAE" author="Grimaldi, D. & M. S. Engel" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref20448" refString="Grimaldi, D., and M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the insects. New York: Cambridge University Press, xv + 755 pp." type="book" year="2005">Grimaldi and Engel, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B61A54C7C3EFA6FD359FD06FE8C" author="Lukashevich, E. D. & M. B. Mostovski" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="48 - 56" refId="ref21297" refString="Lukashevich, E. D., and M. B. Mostovski. 2003. Hematophagous insects in the fossil record. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2003: 48 - 56." type="journal article" year="2003">Lukashevich and Mostovski, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). If this is the case, VMNH 951 is the earliest known blood-feeding insect. It is not until the Jurassic that definitive insect ectoparasites appeared, and not until the Cretaceous that definitive hematophagous insect groups appeared (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B61A54C7C3EFA87D3AFFD06FDFF" author="Grimaldi, D. & M. S. Engel" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref20448" refString="Grimaldi, D., and M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the insects. New York: Cambridge University Press, xv + 755 pp." type="book" year="2005">Grimaldi and Engel, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA83690A54C7C3EFBDBD04EFB8FFDA2" blockId="11.[758,1113,572,591]" box="[758,1113,572,591]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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INFRAORDER
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFABBD04EFB8FFDA2" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1954" box="[918,1113,572,591]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Bibionomorpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="infraOrder">BIBIONOMORPHA</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA83690A54C7C3EFB9DD01EFC84FBCF" blockId="11.[662,1188,620,1058]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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The composition of the infraorder is in flux, partly because it is paraphyletic with respect to the higher flies, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFABCD0D5FBC3FD52" box="[913,1045,679,703]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Brachycera">Brachycera</taxonomicName>
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. It includes diverse Mesozoic taxa, such as Eliidae and various families of sciaroids, in addition to the families discussed below. The infraorder also includes very diverse Recent families, such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFBBBD149FC91FCBE" box="[662,839,827,851]" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mycetophilidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFAA3D149FBECFCBE" box="[910,1082,827,851]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
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, totaling 8,000 species in some 25 families. In contrast to the other major infraorders of nematocerous flies, larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFA58D1E1FBFFFC46" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1954" box="[885,1065,915,939]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Bibionomorpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="infraOrder">Bibionomorpha</taxonomicName>
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and those of their stem group (the
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFAC8D1C3FBB0FC24" box="[997,1126,945,969]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Brachycera">Brachycera</taxonomicName>
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) are almost exclusively terrestrial, being saprophagous, fungivorous, phytophagous, and sometimes predatory.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA83690A54C7C3EFBC9D639FC39FB9A" blockId="11.[740,1130,1099,1143]" box="[740,1130,1099,1143]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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FAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFA68D639FC39FB9A" authority="KOVALEV, 1985" authorityName="KOVALEV" authorityYear="1985" box="[837,1130,1099,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Procramptonomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">PROCRAMPTONOMYIIDAE KOVALEV, 1985</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA83690A54C7C3EFB9DD6E6FB72FA75" blockId="11.[662,1188,1172,1432]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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A small family of basal bibionomorphs known from Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous of North America,
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<collectingCountry id="F3007600A54C7C3EFD1ED6BDFB76FB0A" box="[1075,1184,1231,1255]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, Asia, and Europe. Kovalev (in Kalugina and Kovalev, 1995) referred the family to
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFBBBD755FC95FAD2" authorityName="KNAB" authorityYear="1912" box="[662,835,1319,1343]" pageId="11" pageNumber="18" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Anisopodoidea">Anisopodoidea</taxonomicName>
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based on the presence of a discal cell. However, a more accurate placement would be at the base of all
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<taxonomicName id="4C174D13A54C7C3EFBBBD7F2FC9CFA75" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1954" box="[662,842,1408,1432]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Bibionomorpha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="infraOrder">Bibionomorpha</taxonomicName>
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s.l. (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF864B61A54C7C3EFA53D7F2FB4EFA75" author="Shcherbakov, D. & E. Lukashevich & V. Blagoderov" box="[894,1176,1408,1432]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="75 - 115" refId="ref21803" refString="Shcherbakov, D., E. Lukashevich, and V. Blagoderov. 1995. Triassic fossils and initial radiation of Diptera. Dipterological Research 6: 75 - 115." type="journal article" year="1995">Shcherbakov et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |