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<document id="F8C913D06DF8D6DD62EDDCF751E92AE1" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.191607" ID-GBIF-Dataset="80f99135-d8a1-4ac5-8c0c-7a32f6c093a9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="191607" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461130117097" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Iwaniuk, Andrew N., Olson, Storrs L. &amp; James, Helen F." docDate="2009" docId="03872117FC54FFA54AB7FC7DA911F1C7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02296p067.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2296" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Talpanas lippa Iwaniuk, Olson &amp; James, 2009, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="FFBE596FFC58FFB74A20FFDDAD13F336" masterDocTitle="Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="59" updateTime="1698597541377" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="66FD469A91320E43FC4B0AC30B77DFA5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="5462A09133030A206DF0821D21BDE536">Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="4FF15C26A3E9F7062616AF43C2FE3ED2">Iwaniuk, Andrew N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="88B2EAB8C916520C79943BA4FF538328">Olson, Storrs L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="69C12BFE10C952E8AE1B8C4AB5AFE193">James, Helen F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F9038283CC3B7A134A17236A0F9DD15E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="85BAA361CE588BDF4EEAD1300A81A77D">
<mods:date id="BC1F58D10076B8DD5B8DFBE123D1C2BE">2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="582F849D10CE4504B165470EFD546869" type="volume">
<mods:number id="2C52D27EC1D4EF8452746B6ABD1C6995">2296</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="1BA599C1646A225A356F2AE3257709D7">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="1239379EF4E7C23E98514B2BF988CC01" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.191607</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AEB2D0562E76D66F12C6701346EA14DA" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="903EA08E2F772990E25921A20D1FD427" type="Zenodo-Dep">191607</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03872117FC54FFA54AB7FC7DA911F1C7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6213659" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119627010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6213659" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03872117FC54FFA54AB7FC7DA911F1C7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03872117FC54FFA54AB7FC7DA911F1C7" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<subSubSection id="C334C38AFC54FFBB4AB7FC7DAF9DF08C" box="[151,654,928,954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC54FFBB4AB7FC7DAF9DF08C" blockId="12.[151,654,928,954]" box="[151,654,928,954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<heading id="D0D9276DFC54FFBB4AB7FC7DAF9DF08C" bold="true" box="[151,654,928,954]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AB7FC7DAF9DF08C" bold="true" box="[151,654,928,954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC54FFBB4AB7FC7DAC5BF08C" box="[151,328,928,954]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lippa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AB7FC7DAC5BF08C" bold="true" box="[151,328,928,954]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Talpanas lippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269F168FC54FFBB4B77FC7DACA7F08C" box="[343,436,928,954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Olson &amp; James)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334C38AFC54FFBB4AB7FC34AEC7F741" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC54FFBB4AB7FC34AEBDF71C" blockId="12.[151,1437,1001,1917]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AB7FC34AC00F735" bold="true" box="[151,275,1001,1027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<typeStatus id="54952EA3FC54FFBB4AB7FC34AC1CF735" box="[151,271,1001,1027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED3F08C4FC54FFBB4B3CFC37AC61F732" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[284,370,1002,1028]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">USNM</collectionCode>
535683; complete neurocranium lacking quadratojugals and any elements of the palate (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC54FFBB4ABFFBCDADF0F71C" box="[159,227,1040,1066]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1788,1812]" captionTargetBox="[413,1182,194,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[413,1184,194,1754]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Talpanas lippa, new species (USNM 535683), shown in the following views in order from top to bottom: dorsal, ventral, lateral and posterior. Abbreviations refer to the following structures: bpt, basipterygoid facet on parasphenoid rostrum; cffz, craniofacial flexion zone; fm, foramen magnum; frd, frontal depression; ios, ossified interorbital septum; lac, lacrimal bone; lons, lateral orbitonasal sulcus; me, mesethmoid; ulcus; ngfo, fossa for nasal gland; oc, occipital condyle; of, orbital foramen (for sphenoid artery); or, olfactory region of nasal cavity; pop, paroccipital process; pp, postorbital process; qco, cotylae for squamosal and otic capitula of quadrate; II, optic nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; V, trigeminal foramen. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191608/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) and with the surface of the basitemporal plate eroded away.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B919001FC54FFBB4AE5FBEBAEC7F741" blockId="12.[151,1437,1001,1917]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AE5FBEBAC22F766" bold="true" box="[197,305,1078,1104]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Locality.</emphasis>
Hawaiian Islands, Kauai, south coast. Maha'ulepu/Pa'a district, Makauwahi Cave (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFEDF0FC54FFBB4F21FBEAADC5F741" author="Burney" pageId="12" pageNumber="66" refString="Burney, D. A., James, H. F., Burney, L. P., Olson, S. L., Kikuchi, W., Wagner, W. L., Burney, M., McClosky, D., Kikuchi, D., Grady, F. V., Gage II, R. &amp; Nishek, R. (2001) Fossil evidence for a diverse biota from Kaua'i and its transformation since human arrival. Ecological Monographs, 71, 615 - 641." type="journal article" year="2001">
Burney
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4F41FBEAA88FF766" box="[1377,1436,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
),
<quantity id="4CD63DE4FC54FFBB4ACAFB80AC35F741" box="[234,294,1117,1143]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
ESE of the town of Koloa, 21˚53'17.5'' N 159˚25' 08.5''W.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334C38AFC54FFBB4AE5FB59AE2BF624" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC54FFBB4AE5FB59AE2BF624" blockId="12.[151,1437,1001,1917]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AE5FB59AF5DF7A8" bold="true" box="[197,590,1156,1182]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Chronology and stratigraphy.</emphasis>
Mid to late Holocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFEDF0FC54FFBB4951FB59A971F7A8" author="Burney" box="[881,1122,1156,1182]" pageId="12" pageNumber="66" refString="Burney, D. A., James, H. F., Burney, L. P., Olson, S. L., Kikuchi, W., Wagner, W. L., Burney, M., McClosky, D., Kikuchi, D., Grady, F. V., Gage II, R. &amp; Nishek, R. (2001) Fossil evidence for a diverse biota from Kaua'i and its transformation since human arrival. Ecological Monographs, 71, 615 - 641." type="journal article" year="2001">
Burney
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB49F7FB59A905F7AB" box="[983,1046,1156,1181]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
). All specimens are from Excavation EP (5) at depths of
<quantity id="4CD63DE4FC54FFBB482BFB76AF88F7F3" box="[523,667,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="3.05" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.6">2.6 to 3.5 m</quantity>
below datum (=
<quantity id="4CD63DE4FC54FFBB4948FB76AEEBF7F3" box="[872,1016,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5499999999999998" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="1.5499999999999998" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.4">1.4 to 1.7 m</quantity>
below sea level). A fruit of
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC54FFBB4F6AFB76A88FF7F2" box="[1354,1436,1195,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Aphrophoridae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4F6AFB76A88FF7F2" box="[1354,1436,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Cordia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the same square and level as the
<typeStatus id="54952EA3FC54FFBB4871FB0FAFA4F7DA" box="[593,695,1234,1260]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
had a calibrated radiocarbon age range of 5490-5305 YBP. The
<typeStatus id="54952EA3FC54FFBB4AB7FB25AC14F624" box="[151,263,1272,1298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
were all from somewhat deeper in the deposits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334C38AFC54FFBB4AE5FAC3AF77F60F" box="[197,612,1310,1337]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC54FFBB4AE5FAC3AF77F60F" blockId="12.[151,1437,1001,1917]" box="[197,612,1310,1337]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AE5FAC3AC41F60E" bold="true" box="[197,338,1310,1336]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Etymology.</emphasis>
L.
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4B59FAC2ACD2F60E" box="[377,449,1311,1336]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">lippus</emphasis>
, nearly blind.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334C38AFC54FFBB4AE5FA98A9E3F669" box="[197,1264,1349,1375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC54FFBB4AE5FA98A9E3F669" blockId="12.[151,1437,1001,1917]" box="[197,1264,1349,1375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AE5FA98AC76F669" bold="true" box="[197,357,1349,1375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known only from the type-locality on the island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334C38AFC54FFBB4AE5FAB1AFE8F6CC" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC54FFBB4AE5FAB1AFE8F6CC" blockId="12.[151,1437,1001,1917]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AE5FAB1AC54F6B0" bold="true" box="[197,327,1388,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F339D091FC54FFBB4B70FAB1AC62F6B0" box="[336,369,1388,1414]" name="American Samoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">As</collectingCountry>
for the genus. Body mass estimates compared with the mass of living species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFEDF0FC54FFBB4F12FAB1ADC0F69B" author="Dunning" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" refString="Dunning, Jr, J. B. (2008) CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. 2 nd ed. Taylor &amp; Francis, Boca Raton, FL." type="book" year="2008">Dunning 2008</bibRefCitation>
) as well as standard markers, such as diameter of the acetabulum (see Materials and Methods), indicate a medium-large duck (
<quantity id="4CD63DE4FC54FFBB4BADFA67AF0EF6E2" box="[397,541,1466,1492]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.82" metricValueMax="10.72" metricValueMin="6.92" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" unit="g" value="882.0" valueMax="1072.0" valueMin="692.0">692–1072 g</quantity>
) about the size of a Northern Pintail (
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC54FFBB49C2FA67A974F6E5" box="[994,1127,1466,1491]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Anas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuta">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB49C2FA67A974F6E5" box="[994,1127,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Anas acuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or female Mallard (
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC54FFBB4F41FA67AC2FF6CC" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Anas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platyrhynchos">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4F41FA67AC2FF6CC" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Anas platyrhynchos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but with a much shorter, stouter leg.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334C38AFC54FFA54AE5F9DBA911F1C7" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC54FFBB4AE5F9DBA815F558" blockId="12.[151,1437,1001,1917]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AE5F9DBAF73F516" bold="true" box="[197,608,1542,1568]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
Measurements (mm) of
<typeStatus id="54952EA3FC54FFBB4BCDF9DBAF48F516" box="[493,603,1542,1568]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Overall length 36.5; width of brain case 26.7; depth of brain case 19.9; minimum distance between the two orbits (taken dorsally) 10.5; width of nasofrontal hinge 12.5; width across lacrimals 15.4; width across supraorbital processes 12.7; width across postorbital processes 29.7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B919001FC54FFBB4AE5F9A7AC78F44B" blockId="12.[151,1437,1001,1917]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4AE5F9A7AC5DF5A2" bold="true" box="[197,334,1658,1684]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
<typeStatus id="54952EA3FC54FFBB4AE5F9A7AC5AF5A2" box="[197,329,1658,1684]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC54FFBB4B77F9A6ACADF5A3" box="[343,446,1659,1685]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Figure 2</figureCitation>
shows the six
<typeStatus id="54952EA3FC54FFBB4855F9A6AFF9F5A3" box="[629,746,1659,1685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in comparison with elements of the Laysan Duck (
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC54FFBB4F40F9A6AC3BF58D" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Anas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laysanensis">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC54FFBB4F40F9A6AC3BF58D" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Anas laysanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The
<typeStatus id="54952EA3FC54FFBB4B5CF97FACE7F58A" box="[380,500,1698,1724]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are as follows: fused vomer and right and left palatine bones (broken and repaired) USNM 535684 (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC54FFBB4BF2F915AF34F5D4" box="[466,551,1736,1762]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B,C); right postdentary portion of mandible USNM 535685 (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC54FFBB4EDFF915A840F5D4" box="[1279,1363,1736,1762]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
E, G); fragment of left innominate with antitrochanter and portion of acetabulum USNM 535688; proximal end of right tibiotarsus USNM 535689 (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC54FFBB483CF8C8AF70F419" box="[540,611,1813,1839]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
L); right tarsometatarsus USNM 535690 (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC54FFBB4E6EF8C8A986F419" box="[1102,1173,1813,1839]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">
Fig.
<date id="FF90B6C1FC54FFBB4EA5F8C8A986F419" box="[1157,1173,1813,1839]" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">2</date>
</figureCitation>
I); left tarsometatarsus USNM 535691 (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC54FFBB4B41F8E1ACB6F460" box="[353,421,1852,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig 2</figureCitation>
J); and right innominate lacking most of pubis and anterior margin of ilium USNM 535686 (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC54FFBB4ADFF8BEAC56F44B" box="[255,325,1891,1917]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="59">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
N).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF51C089FC55FFBA4AB7F921AEF6F4D5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191608/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[413,1182,194,1753]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC55FFBA4AB7F921AEF6F4D5" blockId="13.[151,1436,1788,2020]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4AB7F921AC0AF422" bold="true" box="[151,281,1788,1812]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC55FFBA4B88F920AF54F422" box="[424,583,1789,1812]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lippa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4B88F920AF54F422" box="[424,583,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">Talpanas lippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269F168FC55FFBA4875F921AFC6F425" box="[597,725,1788,1811]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(USNM 535683), shown in the following views in order from top to bottom: dorsal, ventral, lateral and posterior. Abbreviations refer to the following structures:
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4EBBF8C2A9D1F401" bold="true" box="[1179,1218,1823,1847]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">bpt</emphasis>
, basipterygoid facet on parasphenoid rostrum;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4B97F89FACF1F46C" bold="true" box="[439,482,1858,1882]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">cffz</emphasis>
, craniofacial flexion zone;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4931F89FAE22F46C" bold="true" box="[785,817,1858,1882]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">fm</emphasis>
, foramen magnum;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4E30F89FA927F46C" bold="true" box="[1040,1076,1858,1882]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">frd</emphasis>
, frontal depression;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4F38F89FA82BF46C" bold="true" box="[1304,1336,1858,1882]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">ios</emphasis>
, ossified interorbital septum;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4B56F8B9AC8BF44A" bold="true" box="[374,408,1892,1916]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">lac</emphasis>
, lacrimal bone;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA486CF8B9AF68F44A" bold="true" box="[588,635,1892,1916]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">lons</emphasis>
, lateral orbitonasal sulcus;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA498BF8B9AEDEF44A" bold="true" box="[939,973,1892,1916]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">me</emphasis>
, mesethmoid; ulcus;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4E9AF8B9A9FDF44A" bold="true" box="[1210,1262,1892,1916]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">ngfo</emphasis>
, fossa for nasal gland;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4AC6F85AAC12F4A9" bold="true" box="[230,257,1927,1951]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">oc</emphasis>
, occipital condyle;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4BC6F85AACEDF4A9" bold="true" box="[486,510,1927,1951]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">of</emphasis>
, orbital foramen (for sphenoid artery);
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA49E5F85AAECCF4A9" bold="true" box="[965,991,1927,1951]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">or</emphasis>
, olfactory region of nasal cavity;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4F48F85AA886F4A9" bold="true" box="[1384,1429,1927,1951]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">pop</emphasis>
, paroccipital process;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4B5FF877AC8EF4F4" bold="true" box="[383,413,1962,1986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">pp</emphasis>
, postorbital process;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA48A8F877AFA2F4F4" bold="true" box="[648,689,1962,1986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">qco</emphasis>
, cotylae for squamosal and otic capitula of quadrate;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4EDEF877A800F4F4" bold="true" box="[1278,1299,1962,1986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">II</emphasis>
, optic nerve foramen;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4ADEF811AC0BF4D2" bold="true" box="[254,280,1996,2020]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">IV</emphasis>
, trochlear nerve foramen;
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC55FFBA4813F811AF50F4D2" bold="true" box="[563,579,1996,2020]" pageId="13" pageNumber="60">V</emphasis>
, trigeminal foramen. Scale bar = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF51C089FC56FFB94AB9F983AFA8F415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC56FFB94AB9F983AFA8F415" blockId="14.[151,1437,1630,1827]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC56FFB94AB9F983AC31F540" bold="true" box="[153,290,1630,1654]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Paratypes of
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC56FFB94B9FF982AF7BF540" box="[447,616,1631,1654]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lippa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC56FFB94B9FF982AF7BF540" box="[447,616,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Talpanas lippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269F168FC56FFB94857F982AE13F540" box="[631,768,1631,1654]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC56FFB94F44F982AC01F5AF" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Anas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laysanensis">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC56FFB94F44F982AC01F5AF" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Anas laysanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H–J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 –
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC56FFB94B79F937AF01F437" box="[345,530,1770,1793]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Anas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laysanensis">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC56FFB94B79F937AF01F437" box="[345,530,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Anas laysanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 –
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC56FFB94B75F8D1ACE0F415" box="[341,499,1804,1827]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lippa">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC56FFB94B75F8D1ACE0F415" box="[341,499,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">Talpanas lippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bar = 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B919001FC56FFB84AE5F888AEABF245" blockId="14.[151,1436,1877,2020]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,152,796]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC56FFB94AE5F888AF6DF459" bold="true" box="[197,638,1877,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61">
Measurements (mm) of
<typeStatus id="54952EA3FC56FFB94BD8F888AF6AF459" box="[504,633,1877,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="61" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Palatines: length 18.6; anterior width 2.9, posterior width (lateral edge of palatines) 19.3, posterior width (medial edge of palatines) 12.0. Mandible: least depth of ramus 4.2; width of articulation including medial process 8.4; length of retroarticular process 5.3; depth of retroarticular process at base 3.2. Pelvis: length from posterior margin of acetabulum to posteriormost edge of ischium 30.4; depth of ilium just anterior to acetabulum 12.4; width of ilium just posterior to antitrochanter 7.5; depth of antitrochanter 3.9; greatest diameter of acetabulum 6.0; length and depth of ilioischiadic foramen 16.1 x 7.4. Tibiotarsus: greatest width and depth of articular surface not including cnemial crests 8.7 x 10.0; width and depth of shaft proximal to fibular crest 5.7 x 3.8. Tarsometatarsi (
<quantity id="4CD63DE4FC57FFB849BDFED1A906F210" box="[925,1045,268,294]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.36065514" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" unit="in" value="535691.0">535691 in</quantity>
parentheses): length 32.9 (28.7); proximal width 8.9 (8.0); proximal depth through hypotarsus 8.9 (---); least width and depth of shaft 5.7 x 3.4 (5.0 x 2.9); distal width 9.8 (8.5); width of middle trochlea 3.5 (3.3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B919001FC57FFB84AE5FEA2ADE0F02A" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB84AE5FEA2AC4DF2AF" bold="true" box="[197,350,383,409]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Description.</emphasis>
The length of the tarsometatarsus, relative to its midpoint circumference, was significantly smaller in
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC57FFB84B35FE7AAC92F2F6" box="[277,385,423,448]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB84B35FE7AAC92F2F6" box="[277,385,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in other anseriforms (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC57FFB848E6FE7BAE1FF2F6" box="[710,780,422,448]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,257,1408,1432]" captionTargetBox="[273,1325,855,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[247,1339,801,1406]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphometrics of the tarsometatarsus (A) and palatines (B) of Talpanas lippa illustrated with box and whisker plots. In both plots, the ‘ T’ indicates Talpanas, the box indicates the interquartile range of all waterfowl with the central line running through it representing the mean and the vertical lines indicate the maximum and minimum values for all waterfowl apart from Talpanas. (A) is a vertical box and whisker plot of the ratio of tarsometatarsal length (‘ l’) to tarsometatarsal circumference (‘ c’). Note that Talpanas has a significantly lower ratio than all other waterfowl, indicating a short and thick tarsometatarsus. (B) a vertical box and whisker plot of palatine divergence (‘ Palatine angle’) measured in degrees (degs) (for measurement details see Materials and Methods). Again, note that Talpanas (‘ T’) has a significantly higher value than all other waterfowl, indicating highly divergent palatines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191610/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A), thus indicating a relatively short and stout leg. The disparity in size of the two known tarsometatarsi of
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC57FFB8492DFE10AE75F2D0" box="[781,870,461,486]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lippa">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB8492DFE10AE75F2D0" box="[781,870,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">T. lippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC57FFB8495AFE10AED0F2D1" box="[890,963,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
Fig.
<date id="FF90B6C1FC57FFB84993FE10AED0F2D1" box="[947,963,461,487]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">2</date>
</figureCitation>
I, J) suggests that the species may have been sexually dimorphic, as in many waterfowl in which the males are larger (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFEDF0FC57FFB84EB4FE29A846F138" author="Dunning" box="[1172,1365,500,526]" pageId="15" pageNumber="67" refString="Dunning, Jr, J. B. (2008) CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. 2 nd ed. Taylor &amp; Francis, Boca Raton, FL." type="book" year="2008">Dunning 2008</bibRefCitation>
). The morphology of the pelvic appendage argues against underwater foraging behavior in
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC57FFB84EB6FDC7A811F105" box="[1174,1282,538,563]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB84EB6FDC7A811F105" box="[1174,1282,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lack of medio-lateral compression or medial flattening of the tarsometatarsus, the lack of elevation and retraction of the inner trochlea, the shallow cnemial crests, and the broad posterior half of the pelvis are opposite to the modifications observed in typical foot-propelled diving ducks. The trochleae of the tarsometatarsus are rather widely splayed and, although that for digit II is somewhat elevated it is not retracted with a bladelike posterior edge, as in diving ducks. The overall similarity of the pelvic appendage lies with graviportal terrestrial species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF51C089FC57FFB84AB7FA5DA95BF5BD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191610/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[273,1325,855,1361]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC57FFB84AB7FA5DA95BF5BD" blockId="15.[151,1437,1408,1675]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB84AB7FA5DAC0DF6AE" bold="true" box="[151,286,1408,1432]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Morphometrics of the tarsometatarsus (A) and palatines (B) of
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC57FFB849C7FA5CA99FF6AE" box="[999,1164,1409,1432]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lippa">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB849C7FA5CA99FF6AE" box="[999,1164,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Talpanas lippa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
illustrated with box and whisker plots. In both plots, the ‘T’ indicates
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC57FFB8485FFA7EAFF3F68C" box="[639,736,1443,1466]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB8485FFA7EAFF3F68C" box="[639,736,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the box indicates the interquartile range of all waterfowl with the central line running through it representing the mean and the vertical lines indicate the maximum and minimum values for all waterfowl apart from
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC57FFB84BE8FA34AF3AF536" box="[456,553,1513,1536]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB84BE8FA34AF3AF536" box="[456,553,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) is a vertical box and whisker plot of the ratio of tarsometatarsal length (‘l’) to tarsometatarsal circumference (‘c’). Note that
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC57FFB8488EF9D6AE06F514" box="[686,789,1547,1570]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB8488EF9D6AE06F514" box="[686,789,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a significantly lower ratio than all other waterfowl, indicating a short and thick tarsometatarsus. (B) a vertical box and whisker plot of palatine divergence (‘Palatine angle’) measured in degrees (degs) (for measurement details see Materials and Methods). Again, note that
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC57FFB84EE2F98CA830F55E" box="[1218,1315,1617,1640]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC57FFB84EE2F98CA830F55E" box="[1218,1315,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(‘T’) has a significantly higher value than all other waterfowl, indicating highly divergent palatines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B919001FC57FFB84AE5F964AFFDF4D4" blockId="15.[151,1436,1721,2018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">
The retroarticular process of the mandible is much shorter and less curved than in typical waterfowl (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC57FFB84F4DF964ADBBF5CC" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), probably reflecting a decrease in use of M. depressor mandibulae for the rapid bill movements that occur during feeding in waterfowl (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFEDF0FC57FFB84BD2F8DBAE32F416" author="Goodman" box="[498,801,1798,1824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="67" refString="Goodman, D. C. &amp; Fisher, H. I. (1962) Functional Anatomy of the Feeding Apparatus in Waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae). Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL." type="book" year="1962">Goodman &amp; Fisher 1962</bibRefCitation>
). The vomeropalatines are also highly distinctive; the palatines are narrowly tapered posteriorly and are fused, unlike those of typical waterfowl, and the palatines diverge at a very wide angle anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC57FFB84851F88EAFD7F45B" box="[625,708,1875,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[153,261,1630,1654]" captionTargetBox="[520,1082,202,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[491,1096,194,1606]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Talpanas lippa, new species (B, C, E, G, I, J, L, N), compared with Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis (A, D, F, H, K, M) as follows: palatal bones in ventral (A, B) and dorsal (C) views, left postdentary portion of mandible in medial (D, E) and dorsal (F, G) views, tarsometatarsi in anterior view (H – J), proximal ends of right tibiotarsi in anterior view (K, L), and right innominate bones in lateral view (M, N). Specimen numbers are as follows: USNM 561472 – Anas laysanensis; USNM 535684, USNM 535685, USNM 535690, USNM 535691, USNM 535689, USNM 535686 – Talpanas lippa. Scale bar = 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191609/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B, C), which is significantly greater than in other anseriforms (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC57FFB84A80F8A7ADF5F4A2" box="[160,230,1914,1940]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,257,1408,1432]" captionTargetBox="[273,1325,855,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[247,1339,801,1406]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphometrics of the tarsometatarsus (A) and palatines (B) of Talpanas lippa illustrated with box and whisker plots. In both plots, the ‘ T’ indicates Talpanas, the box indicates the interquartile range of all waterfowl with the central line running through it representing the mean and the vertical lines indicate the maximum and minimum values for all waterfowl apart from Talpanas. (A) is a vertical box and whisker plot of the ratio of tarsometatarsal length (‘ l’) to tarsometatarsal circumference (‘ c’). Note that Talpanas has a significantly lower ratio than all other waterfowl, indicating a short and thick tarsometatarsus. (B) a vertical box and whisker plot of palatine divergence (‘ Palatine angle’) measured in degrees (degs) (for measurement details see Materials and Methods). Again, note that Talpanas (‘ T’) has a significantly higher value than all other waterfowl, indicating highly divergent palatines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191610/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B,
<tableCitation id="C6ACA5BAFC57FFB84B29F8A7AC77F4A2" box="[265,356,1914,1940]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,243,190,214]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,310,1982]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 2. Samples sizes (n), mean cross-sectional areas of the trigeminal foramen (nV), optic foramen (nII) and foramen magnum and angle of the palatines for all 150 species measured. Extinct species are underlined and Talpanas lippa is shown in bold." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF51C089FC5EFFB14AB7FF63AC98F22D" pageId="15" pageNumber="62" tableUuid="DF51C089FC5EFFB14AB7FF63AC98F22D">Table 2</tableCitation>
). This may indicate a broadening of the base of the bill, but may also be a reflection of the great foreshortening of the anterior portion of the cranium so that a greater angle would be required to reach the same point of attachment to the base of the bill.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF51C089FC48FFA74AB7F86BA86EF4C6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191611/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[441,1080,188,1973]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8B919001FC48FFA74AB7F86BA86EF4C6" blockId="16.[151,1436,1974,2033]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC48FFA74AB7F86BAC0AF4F8" bold="true" box="[151,281,1974,1998]" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Scatterplots of the first three principal components (PC1-3) resulting from a principal components analysis of eight skull measures (see Table 4) places
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC48FFA7484DF807AFDDF4C7" box="[621,718,2010,2033]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC48FFA7484DF807AFDDF4C7" box="[621,718,2010,2033]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="63">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(‘T’) in a unique position in multivariate space in both B and C.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B919001FC49FFA64AB7F856A9C2F4DC" blockId="17.[151,1436,1931,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC49FFA64AB7F856AC08F495" bold="true" box="[151,283,1931,1955]" pageId="17" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Scatterplots of the (A) maxillo-mandibular (nV) foramen and (B) optic foramen (nII) cross-sectional areas (mm2) against foramen magnum cross-sectional area (mm2). The maxillo-mandibular foramen is significantly larger (A) and the optic foramen is significantly smaller (B) in
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC49FFA648E6F80EAE34F4DC" box="[710,807,2003,2026]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC49FFA648E6F80EAE34F4DC" box="[710,807,2003,2026]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="64">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(‘T’) relative to foramen magnum area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B919001FC4AFFA54AE5FF45ADEEF2D2" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,753]" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">
The braincase of
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC4AFFA54BAFFF45ACE9F387" box="[399,506,152,177]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC4AFFA54BAFFF45ACE9F387" box="[399,506,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique in several respects. Plots of the first three principal components from an analysis of eight measurements show that
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC4AFFA548E0FF63AE3DF3E1" box="[704,814,190,215]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC4AFFA548E0FF63AE3DF3E1" box="[704,814,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is significantly different from other anseriforms in multivariate space (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC4AFFA54B5EFF39ACD4F3C8" box="[382,455,228,254]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,255,1974,1998]" captionTargetBox="[441,1080,188,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[426,1160,134,1988]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Scatterplots of the first three principal components (PC 1 - 3) resulting from a principal components analysis of eight skull measures (see Table 4) places Talpanas (‘ T’) in a unique position in multivariate space in both B and C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191611/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Specifically,
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC4AFFA54856FF38AFF2F3C8" box="[630,737,229,254]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC4AFFA54856FF38AFF2F3C8" box="[630,737,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a wide nasofrontal hinge, interorbital region, braincase and postorbital processes combined with a short skull, narrow supraorbital process and lacrimal width, and a shallow braincase. Based on the position and size of the fossa for the nasal gland, which demarcates the lateral border of the orbit (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBFEDF0FC4AFFA54BA2FE8AAF37F247" author="Witmer" box="[386,548,343,369]" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" refString="Witmer, L. M. (1995) Homology of facial structures in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians), with special reference to paranasal pneumaticity and nasal conchae. Journal of Morphology, 225, 269 - 327." type="journal article" year="1995">Witmer 1995</bibRefCitation>
), the eyes were small and laterally displaced (
<figureCitation id="13158C84FC4AFFA54E6CFE8AA982F247" box="[1100,1169,343,369]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1788,1812]" captionTargetBox="[413,1182,194,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[413,1184,194,1754]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Talpanas lippa, new species (USNM 535683), shown in the following views in order from top to bottom: dorsal, ventral, lateral and posterior. Abbreviations refer to the following structures: bpt, basipterygoid facet on parasphenoid rostrum; cffz, craniofacial flexion zone; fm, foramen magnum; frd, frontal depression; ios, ossified interorbital septum; lac, lacrimal bone; lons, lateral orbitonasal sulcus; me, mesethmoid; ulcus; ngfo, fossa for nasal gland; oc, occipital condyle; of, orbital foramen (for sphenoid artery); or, olfactory region of nasal cavity; pop, paroccipital process; pp, postorbital process; qco, cotylae for squamosal and otic capitula of quadrate; II, optic nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; V, trigeminal foramen. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191608/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) compared with other anatids.
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC4AFFA54B25FEA3AC6BF2A1" box="[261,376,382,407]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Talpan as</emphasis>
lacks the fenestra on either side of the foramen magnum (fonticulus occipitalis) characteristic of many anatids, but these are absent in a number of species and may even be individually variable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B919001FC4AFFA54AE5FE2CA911F1C7" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,753]" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">
The most unusual aspects of
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC4AFFA5483DFE2CAF9BF13C" box="[541,648,497,522]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC4AFFA5483DFE2CAF9BF13C" box="[541,648,497,522]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
concern the relative size of the foramina associated with the optic (nII) and trigeminal (nV) nerves as shown by the cross-sectional area of the maxillo-mandibular (M-M) foramen and the optic foramen. The cross-sectional area of the M-M foramen, the primary exit point of the trigeminal nerve, is significantly larger in
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC4AFFA548A7FDB9AFE1F14B" box="[647,754,612,637]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC4AFFA548A7FDB9AFE1F14B" box="[647,754,612,637]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relative to skull length and foramen magnum area than in any other anseriform (Fig. 5A). In contrast, the relative cross-sectional area of the optic foramen is significantly smaller in
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC4AFFA54B95FD6CAF32F1FC" box="[437,545,689,714]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC4AFFA54B95FD6CAF32F1FC" box="[437,545,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in other anseriforms (Fig. 5B). Thus,
<taxonomicName id="4C2EEB82FC4AFFA54E0BFD6CA984F1FC" box="[1067,1175,689,714]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Talpanas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95A4C13FC4AFFA54E0BFD6CA984F1FC" box="[1067,1175,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="65">Talpanas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has both the smallest optic foramen and largest trigeminal foramen of any anseriform examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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