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<document id="48C2516F5F9D1228A516D6239BFA33E0" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3737824" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ad8e06ab-c522-47c1-8a69-ea4bb1b6d453" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3737824" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1585819167035" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Currie, Philip J." docDate="1998" docId="CD7187A5197F8768FF730009FC054746" docLanguage="en" docName="Currie1998Gregarious.PDF" docOrigin="Gaia 15" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Albertosaurus sarcophagus" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="276" masterDocId="3148FFDD197F876DFF920529FFEB461F" masterDocTitle="Possible evidence of gregarious behavior in Tyrannosaurids" masterLastPageNumber="277" masterPageNumber="271" pageNumber="271" updateTime="1698734766914" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0EB393F5481E944125F472292C0CC3BF">
<mods:title id="5BCFE1238E4F2AEE266EDA30989D4355">Possible evidence of gregarious behavior in Tyrannosaurids</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="2A0C5702B5723F241F7538254202F148">Currie, Philip J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="89CAC7ABDF6DA26A88145923323A7E45">Gaia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A7D869B65DFBD6472F2A31E599707CF6">1998</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="7CF441E7A0B77D578E2A1474BF1DAE02" type="volume">
<mods:number id="70D93CAC650815221C0D770D684D03CB">15</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="3740CD15AEF062A5A64C6EA739CD9879">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A25F33655905D7E56787B79CF7DAB17F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3737824</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="CD7187A5197F8768FF730009FC054746" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3811425" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163421204" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3811425" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CD7187A5197F8768FF730009FC054746" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD7187A5197F8768FF730009FC054746" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">
<subSubSection id="0DC26538197F876DFF730009FBA943B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="271" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="456736B3197F876DFF730009FBA943B8" blockId="0.[185,824,1310,2120]" lastBlockId="0.[858,1499,1263,2120]" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">
On August 10, 1910, Barnum Brown and Peter Kaisen discovered what they at first determined to be an articulated skeleton of the tyrannosaurid
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197F876DFC820077FDE94388" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197F876DFC820077FE154388" authority="Osborn, 1905 " class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarcophagus">AIbertosaurus sarcophagus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
They had been floating by boat down the Red Deer River of the province of Alberta in Canada, and had been prospecting in the badlands near what is now Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park, across the
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197F876DFD8700D2FDA7400B" box="[533,588,1531,1556]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">river</emphasis>
from the mouth of Big Valley Creek. Both men were seasoned collectors from the American Museum of Natural History (
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197F876DFF560370FF16406D" box="[196,253,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">New</emphasis>
York), and were aware of the
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197F876DFD160370FCDE406D" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[644,821,1625,1650]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
fossils that had been collected in the same region more than twenty years earlier (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197F876DFDA503B1FD1940AE" author="OSBORN, H. F." box="[567,754,1688,1713]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist." pageId="0" pageNumber="271" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref4644" refString="OSBORN, H. F. (1905) - Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist., 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">OSBORN, 1905</bibRefCitation>
). The bones were found in a very hard sandstone about twelve meters above river level. The hard rock separated cleanly from the bones, which are well preserved. After working on the site for less than a day, they realized that the articulated limb bones they were collecting represented several individuals. The three square meter excavation continued until September 1, during which time they excavated some skull bones, two dentaries with teeth, vertebrae, and many front and hind limb bones (unpublished information in Barnum Brown's &quot;Annual Report for the Year 1910: Expedition to the Laramie Cretaceous of Montana and Alberta&quot;, which is on file
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197F876DFCC901D8FC854315" box="[859,878,1265,1290]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">in</emphasis>
the Department of Vertebrate Paleontolog y, American Museum of Natural History). The excavation took two weeks to complete (a maximum of 29 man-days were invested by Brown, Kaisen and Davenport), and eight boxes of fossils were shipped back to
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197F876DFC5000A7FC1143B8" box="[962,1018,1422,1447]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">New</emphasis>
York.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0DC26538197F876EFC160095FE0F40F2" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="274" pageId="0" pageNumber="271" type="description">
<paragraph id="456736B3197F876CFC160095FDDE4E25" blockId="0.[858,1499,1263,2120]" lastBlockId="1.[185,822,1610,2108]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="272" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">
Brown recognized that they had collected five partial or complete legs of
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197F876DFB3500F2FAB343EB" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[1191,1368,1499,1524]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
, plus limb bones that he identified as ornithomimid, and two hadrosaur phalanges. Preparation of the bones initially classified as ornithomimids revealed that they were actually from juvenile
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197F876DFB270370FA83406D" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[1205,1384,1625,1650]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="271" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
. Each of the articulated specimens
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197F876DFB390351FB35408E" box="[1195,1246,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">was</emphasis>
given its own catalogue number (
<tableCitation id="085A0308197F876DFB8E03BEFB6B40AF" box="[1052,1152,1687,1712]" captionStart="TABLE I" captionStartId="1.[221,290,256,280]" captionText="TABLE I The minimum number of individuals from the AMNH Albertosaurus quarry was established by comparative measurements ofidentified elements. AMNH 5228,5234 and 5235 are all close in size,but each has aright metatarsal IV to show that they came from different individuals. More than fifty Albertosaurus bones (mostly pedal phalanges) catalogued as AMNH 5218 were eXamined and assigned by size to the individuals represented by the articulated feet. Two bones (both 111-3) found under that catalogue number representtwo additional individuals (numbers 1 and 9), one very small and one very large. One articulated metatarsus from the quarry (AMNH 5230) could not be found for examination and measurement. Femur and total body length estimates were made from regression analysis of skeletons of Alberlosaurus, Dasplefosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus skeletons." pageId="0" pageNumber="271">TABLE I</tableCitation>
). Most of the unassociated tyrannosaur bones were catalogued as AMNH 5218, and this collection consisted of two nearly complete dentaries, 14 vertebrae, two chevrons,
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197F876DFCCC023CFC1D4131" box="[862,1014,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">one scapula</emphasis>
, one coracoid, two humeri, a pair of pubes, two femora, three tibiae, half a fibula, two astragali, one calcaneum,
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197F876DFB39027DFB514172" bold="true" box="[1195,1210,1876,1901]" pageId="0" pageNumber="271">a</emphasis>
pair of associated metatarsals (II-III), six isolated metatarsals, 42 phalanges, and seven unguals. The two hadrosaur phalanges were also given this number. Although no quarry map was made, no detailed notes were written, and only one photograph of the quarry was taken from a distance, it is clear that both articulated and disarticulated specimens were being recovered. Articulated metatarsals with associated limb bones were the most common elements excavated. It is not known whether Brown and Kaisen were collecting everything they found, orwere collecting only those elements that could be used to determine how many individuals were represented in the quarry. If the former, then there must have been some
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFD700221FCFF413F" box="[738,788,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">kind</emphasis>
of taphonomic filter that favoured the preservation of hind limb bones over all else.
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFD8C026EFDC74140" box="[542,556,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">It</emphasis>
is impossible to know what such a filter may have been. Alternatively, it is possible that the party was collecting only the most useful bones.
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFEE6028CFE5241A2" box="[372,441,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">Peter</emphasis>
Kaisen estimated in his field notes of August 13, 1910, two weeks before they finished the excavation, that it would take three weeks to finish the work. This suggests all of the bones in the quarry were not collected.
</paragraph>
<caption id="11A7663B197E876CFF4F0429FAA347E5" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<paragraph id="456736B3197E876CFF4F0429FED84707" blockId="1.[181,1492,256,508]" box="[221,307,256,280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">TABLE I</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197E876CFF4F0434FAA347E5" blockId="1.[181,1492,256,508]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
The minimum number of individuals from the
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFD6D0434FCA3472A" box="[767,840,285,309]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">AMNH</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197E876CFCC40437FC1C472A" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[854,1015,286,309]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
quarry was established by comparative measurements of identified elements. AMNH 5228, 5234 and 5235 are all close in size, but each has a right metatarsal IV to show that they came from different individuals. More than fifty
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197E876CFC26047FFBBF4772" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[948,1108,342,365]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
bones (mostly pedal phalanges) catalogued as AMNH 5218 were
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFDB7045BFD794795" box="[549,658,370,394]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">eXamined</emphasis>
and assigned by size to the individuals represented by the articulated feet. Two bones (both 111-
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFE0804A7FE4847B9" bold="true" box="[410,419,398,422]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">3</emphasis>
) found under that catalogue number representtwo additional individuals (numbers 1 and 9), one very small and one very large. One articulated metatarsus from the quarry (AMNH 5230) could not be found for
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFF2504E1FED547C1" box="[183,318,456,478]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">examination</emphasis>
and measurement. Femur and tota
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFD7404E1FD0647C1" bold="true" box="[742,749,456,478]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">l</emphasis>
body length estimates were
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFBDB04E1FB6347C1" box="[1097,1160,456,478]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">made</emphasis>
from regression analysis of skeletons of
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197E876CFEDA04CCFE0D47E5" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[328,486,485,506]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alberlosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197E876CFE6504CCFD4C47E5" authority="Russell, 1970" box="[503,679,485,506]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197E876CFD2A04CCFCA147E5" box="[696,842,485,506]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197E876CFCCF04CCFC0C47E5" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[861,999,485,506]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197E876CFBB404CCFB2747E5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1062,1228,485,506]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFBB404CCFB2747E5" box="[1062,1228,485,506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
skeletons.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="456736B3197E876CFF5D077EFA6C43E6" blockId="1.[179,1494,542,872]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<table id="37D8C413197E7892FF5D0711FA5543E6" box="[207,1470,568,1529]" gridcols="6" gridrows="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D0711FA55448B" box="[207,1470,568,660]" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D0711FEA7448B" box="[207,332,568,660]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">INDIVIDUAL</th>
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB0711FE12448B" box="[377,505,568,660]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFEEB076EFE044440" box="[377,495,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">SPECIMEN</emphasis>
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFE110740FE0D449E" box="[387,486,617,641]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">NUMBER</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FD840711FCA3448B" box="[534,840,568,660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFDFD0771FD01446F" box="[623,746,600,624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">ELEMENTS</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF90711FC13448B" box="[875,1016,568,660]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">SIZE (AND ELEMENT) (mm)</th>
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA30711FB0C448B" box="[1073,1255,568,660]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
ESTIMATE
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFB2E0710FB32444E" bold="true" box="[1212,1241,569,593]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">OF</emphasis>
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFBA30770FB69446E" bold="true" box="[1073,1154,601,625]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">FEMUR</emphasis>
LENGTH
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFBF90755FB4D448B" bold="true" box="[1131,1190,636,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">(mm</emphasis>
)
</th>
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB70711FA55448B" box="[1317,1470,568,660]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFAB70711FA55444F" box="[1317,1470,568,592]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
ESTIMATE
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFA330711FA55444F" bold="true" box="[1441,1470,568,592]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">OF</emphasis>
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFAC20773FA79446D" box="[1360,1426,602,626]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">BODY</emphasis>
LENGTH (m)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D079DFA5544D2" box="[207,1470,692,717]" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D079DFEA744D2" box="[207,332,692,717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">1</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB079DFE1244D2" box="[377,505,692,717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5218</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD84079DFCA344D2" box="[534,840,692,717]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">111-3</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF9079DFC1344D2" box="[875,1016,692,717]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">42 (111-3)</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA3079DFB0C44D2" box="[1073,1255,692,717]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">500</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB7079DFA5544D2" box="[1317,1470,692,717]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FE9407F7FA6C44E7" box="[262,1415,734,760]" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D07F7FEA74506" box="[207,332,734,793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">2</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB07F7FE124506" box="[377,505,734,793]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">5229 5218</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD8407F7FCA34506" box="[534,840,734,793]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">mt IV 111-2,-3</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF907F7FC134506" box="[875,1016,734,793]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">394 (mt IV)</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA307F7FB0C4506" box="[1073,1255,734,793]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">601</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB707F7FA554506" box="[1317,1470,734,793]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">5.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D0606FA554557" box="[207,1470,815,840]" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D0606FEA74557" box="[207,332,815,840]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">3</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB0606FE124557" box="[377,505,815,840]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFE050606FE3F4558" bold="true" box="[407,468,815,839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5233</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD840606FCA34557" box="[534,840,815,840]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">mt II, III, IV, 11-1, 111-1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF90606FC134557" box="[875,1016,815,840]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">426 (mt IV)</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA30606FB0C4557" box="[1073,1255,815,840]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">703</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB70606FA554557" box="[1317,1470,815,840]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">6.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D0679FA554577" box="[207,1470,848,872]" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB0679FE124577" box="[377,505,848,872]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5218</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD840679FCA34577" box="[534,840,848,872]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
1-1, 111-
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFDFD0679FD924577" bold="true" box="[623,633,848,872]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">3</emphasis>
, IV-1, IV-3, IV-4
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D0657FA5545A7" box="[207,1470,894,952]" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D0657FEA745A7" box="[207,332,894,952]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">4</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB0657FE1245A7" box="[377,505,894,952]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5234</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD840657FCA345A7" box="[534,840,894,952]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
astralagus, mt II,
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFD650657FCE04589" bold="true" box="[759,779,894,918]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">III</emphasis>
, IV, 111-1, IV-1
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF90657FC1345A7" box="[875,1016,894,952]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">452 (mt IV)</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA30657FB0C45A7" box="[1073,1255,894,952]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">791</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB70657FA5545A7" box="[1317,1470,894,952]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">6.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D06E8FA5545E5" box="[207,1470,961,1018]" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB06E8FE1245E5" box="[377,505,961,1018]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5218</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD8406E8FCA345E5" box="[534,840,961,1018]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">humerus, 11-1, 111-2, 111-3, IV-3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D0121FA55423E" box="[207,1470,1032,1057]" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D0121FEA7423E" box="[207,332,1032,1057]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFE9A0121FEFC423F" bold="true" box="[264,279,1032,1056]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB0121FE12423E" box="[377,505,1032,1057]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5228</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD840121FCA3423E" box="[534,840,1032,1057]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
mt
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFD300121FD50423F" bold="true" box="[674,699,1032,1056]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">III</emphasis>
, IV
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF90121FC13423E" box="[875,1016,1032,1057]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">465</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA30121FB0C423E" box="[1073,1255,1032,1057]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">800</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB70121FA55423E" box="[1317,1470,1032,1057]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">6.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D0100FA55425E" box="[207,1470,1065,1089]" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB0100FE12425E" box="[377,505,1065,1089]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5218</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD840100FCA3425E" box="[534,840,1065,1089]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFDEB0100FD49425E" bold="true" box="[633,674,1065,1089]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">11-2</emphasis>
, IV-
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFD480100FD0D425E" bold="true" box="[730,742,1065,1089]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">3</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF90100FC13425E" box="[875,1016,1065,1089]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">(mt IV)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D017FFA554290" box="[207,1470,1110,1167]" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D017FFEA74290" box="[207,332,1110,1167]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">6</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB017FFE124290" box="[377,505,1110,1167]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5235</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD84017FFCA34290" box="[534,840,1110,1167]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">femur, ungual, mt II, III, IV</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF9017FFC134290" box="[875,1016,1110,1167]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">486 (mt IV)</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA3017FFB0C4290" box="[1073,1255,1110,1167]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">850</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB7017FFA554290" box="[1317,1470,1110,1167]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">7.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D01B1FA5542AF" box="[207,1470,1176,1200]" gridrow="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB01B1FE1242AF" box="[377,505,1176,1200]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5218</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD8401B1FCA342AF" box="[534,840,1176,1200]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
humerus, 1-
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFD2401B1FD2A42AF" bold="true" box="[694,705,1176,1200]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">1</emphasis>
, 11-1, 111-
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFCA201B1FCD142AF" bold="true" box="[816,826,1176,1200]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">2</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D01E5FA554319" box="[207,1470,1228,1286]" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D01E5FEA74319" box="[207,332,1228,1286]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">7</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB01E5FE124319" box="[377,505,1228,1286]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5231</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD8401E5FCA34319" box="[534,840,1228,1286]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
astralagus, 2
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFD5001E4FCFF42FA" bold="true" box="[706,788,1229,1253]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">tarsals</emphasis>
, mt II, IV, 11-1, 11-2, IV-2
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF901E5FC134319" box="[875,1016,1228,1286]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">510 (mt IV)</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA301E5FB0C4319" box="[1073,1255,1228,1286]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">877</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB701E5FA554319" box="[1317,1470,1228,1286]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">7.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D0026FA554357" box="[207,1470,1295,1352]" gridrow="13" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB0026FE124357" box="[377,505,1295,1352]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5218</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD840026FCA34357" box="[534,840,1295,1352]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">femur, tibia, 11-1, 11-2, 111- 1, IV-1, IV-2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D007FFA554370" box="[207,1470,1366,1391]" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D007FFEA74370" box="[207,332,1366,1391]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">8</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB007FFE124370" box="[377,505,1366,1391]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5232</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD84007FFCA34370" box="[534,840,1366,1391]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">2 tarsals, mt II, III, IV, V</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF9007FFC134370" box="[875,1016,1366,1391]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">521</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA3007FFB0C4370" box="[1073,1255,1366,1391]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">935</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB7007FFA554370" box="[1317,1470,1366,1391]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">8.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D0051FA55438F" box="[207,1470,1400,1424]" gridrow="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB0051FE12438F" box="[377,505,1400,1424]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5226</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD840051FCA3438F" box="[534,840,1400,1424]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">25 caudals</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF90051FC13438F" box="[875,1016,1400,1424]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">(mt IV)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D00B0FA5543AE" box="[207,1470,1433,1457]" gridrow="16" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB00B0FE1243AE" box="[377,505,1433,1457]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5227</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD8400B0FCA343AE" box="[534,840,1433,1457]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">tibia, fibula, astralagus</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D0093FA5543CC" box="[207,1470,1466,1491]" gridrow="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB0093FE1243CC" box="[377,505,1466,1491]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5218</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD840093FCA343CC" box="[534,840,1466,1491]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">1-1, 111-1, IV-1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197E7892FF5D00C9FA5543E6" box="[207,1470,1504,1529]" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<th id="B8395D8D197E7892FF5D00C9FEA743E6" box="[207,332,1504,1529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">9</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FEEB00C9FE1243E6" box="[377,505,1504,1529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">5218</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FD8400C9FCA343E6" box="[534,840,1504,1529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">111-3</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FCF900C9FC1343E6" box="[875,1016,1504,1529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFCED00C8FC7643E6" bold="true" box="[895,925,1505,1529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">99</emphasis>
(111-
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFC4400C8FC0343E6" bold="true" box="[982,1000,1505,1529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">3)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FBA300C9FB0C43E6" box="[1073,1255,1504,1529]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">1000</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197E7892FAB700C9FA5543E6" box="[1317,1470,1504,1529]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">8.7</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197E876CFC110365FB4C41C3" blockId="1.[859,1497,1610,2092]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
Brown occasionally referred to this bonebed (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197E876CFCF00342FBFA409C" author="BROWN, B." box="[866,1041,1643,1667]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Geol. Soc. Am." pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="355 - 380" part="25" refId="ref4063" refString="BROWN, B. (1914) - Cretaceous Eocene Correlation in New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, Alberta. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 25: 355 - 380." title="Cretaceous Eocene Correlation in New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, Alberta" type="journal article" year="1914">BROWN, 1914</bibRefCitation>
), but he never published anything on it.
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197E876CFCE803A2FB0B40BC" author="RUSSELL, D. A. &amp; CHAMNEY, T. P." box="[890,1248,1675,1699]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Museum Can., Nat. Hist. Papers" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="1 - 22" part="35" refId="ref4858" refString="RUSSELL, D. A. &amp; CHAMNEY, T. P. (1967) - Notes on the biostratigraphy of dinosaurian and microfossil faunas in the Edmonton Formation (Cretaceous), Alberta. Nat. Museum Can., Nat. Hist. Papers, 35: 1 - 22." title="Notes on the biostratigraphy of dinosaurian and microfossil faunas in the Edmonton Formation (Cretaceous), Alberta." type="journal article" year="1967">RUSSELL &amp; CHAMNEY (1967)</bibRefCitation>
commented on the association, but were unable to relocate the quarry (Russell, pers. comm., 1997). Because of the height of the bonebed above the river, they knew itwas from Member B of what was then known as the Edmonton
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFCCE020EFC354120" box="[860,990,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">Formation</emphasis>
. This formation has now been elevated to group status, and the relevent rocks are from the upper part of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (GIB­ SON, 1977). The site was also briefly mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197E876CFCCF028CFBF541A2" author="FARLOW, J. O." box="[861,1054,1957,1981]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Midland Naturalist" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="186 - 191" part="95" refId="ref4221" refString="FARLOW, J. O. (1976) - Speculations about the diet and foraging behavior of large carnivorous dinosaurs. Am. Midland Naturalist, 95: 186 - 19 1." title="Speculations about the diet and foraging behavior of large carnivorous dinosaurs." type="journal article" year="1976">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFCCF028CFC2841A2" box="[861,963,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">FARLOW</emphasis>
(1976)
</bibRefCitation>
, along with other evidence for packing behavior
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197E876CFB9102EDFBFC41C3" box="[1027,1047,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">in</emphasis>
theropods.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197E876FFC1402DAFEBD442D" blockId="1.[859,1497,1610,2092]" lastBlockId="2.[180,814,283,562]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">In 1996, I decided to investigate further by examining specimens, field notes, field photographs, and letters that Brown wrote while hewas in the field. The site was relocated in 1997 by ajoint expedition of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology and the Dinamation International Society. Examination of the spoil piles around the original quarry confirmed that Brown was being selective in his choice of specimens collected. The bonebed, which extends deep into the hill, is now being quarried by staff of the Tyrrell Museum.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197D876FFF270771FEDE446E" blockId="2.[181,309,598,623]" box="[181,309,600,625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
RESU
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFE900771FEDE446E" bold="true" box="[258,309,600,625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">LTS</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197D876FFF4E07AFFC094749" blockId="2.[180,818,645,1112]" lastBlockId="2.[853,1489,283,342]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
The specimens (
<figureCitation id="DDE32A36197D876FFE3B07AFFE054480" box="[425,494,646,671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[228,264,2042,2064]" captionTargetBox="[188,1484,1144,2002]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 - Albertosaurus sarcophagus OSBORN 1905 metatarsals (right) collected by Barnum Brown in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation ofAlberta, Canada. From left to right, AMNH 5229 (individual 2 oITABLE I), AMNH 5233 (individual 3), AMNH 5234 (individual 4), and AMNH 5232 (individual 8). See TABLE I for measurements." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3737826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3737826/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) collected from the
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197D876FFD7007ACFEC944A1" authority="Osborn, 1905 " class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
quarry include at least seven articulated sets of metatarsals, several of which
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFDEA07ECFD4B44C1" bold="true" box="[632,672,709,734]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">are</emphasis>
associated with phalanges and other limb bones (TABLE I). Additional metatarsals catalogued as AMNH 5218 and AMNH 5230 had not been located by the time this paper was written, and could therefore not be considered in this census.
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFE75064BFDDE4564" box="[487,565,866,891]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">These</emphasis>
may represent the same individuals, or might have come from one or two additional animals. Of the seven groups of articulated metatarsals, three represent animals of about the same size. Because each of these three includes
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFEB906D6FED14207" bold="true" box="[299,314,1023,1048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">a</emphasis>
right metatarsal IV, they clearly came from three different animals. The remaining sets of metatarsals
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFEDC0114FE9D4249" bold="true" box="[334,374,1085,1110]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">are</emphasis>
different enough in
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFDFB0114FD714249" bold="true" box="[617,666,1085,1110]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">size</emphasis>
and propor- tions to demonstrate the presence of four more individuals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197D876FFCEF0442FAE645A6" blockId="2.[852,1512,362,1095]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
All other elements collected from the quarry were sorted by size and were assigned whenever possible to'the seven individuals (TABLE I) using data from articulated tyrannosaur skeletons. One pedal phalanx (111-3) was found to indicate the presence of an
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197D876FFCC7072EFBED443F" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[853,1030,519,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
smaller than the first seven, whereas another pedal 111-3 was clearly from a larger, more massive individual. Therefore, the quarry has yielded the remains of at least nine tyrannosaur specimens. Comparison of the bones with articulated skeletons of
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197D876FFBC8078DFA3844A2" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[1114,1491,676,701]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarcophagus">Albertosaurus sarcophagus</taxonomicName>
(ROM 807, TMP 81.10.1, TMP 85.64.1, TMP 85.98.1 and TMP 86.205.1) suggests that all individuals, with one possible exception, should be assigned to this species. The exception is the large pedal phalanx 111-
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFBA1066BFBD64544" bold="true" box="[1075,1085,834,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">3</emphasis>
, which is massive enough to possibly be
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197D876FFC570649FB604566" authority="Russell, 1970" box="[965,1163,864,889]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oaspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197D876FFB050648FAB34565" author="RUSSELL, D. A." bookContentInfo="32 pp." box="[1175,1368,865,890]" journalOrPublisher="Natl. Museum Nat. Sci., Publ. Palaentol." pageId="2" pageNumber="273" part="1" refId="ref4912" refString="RUSSELL, D. A. (1970) - Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western canada. Nat!. Museum Nat. Sci., Pubf. Palaentol., 1: 32 pp." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western canada." type="book" year="1970">RUSSELL, 1970</bibRefCitation>
, the only other large tyrannosaurid presently recognised in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197D876EFCED06E6FE0F40F2" blockId="2.[852,1512,362,1095]" lastBlockId="3.[188,820,1528,1774]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="274" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
The smaller sets of
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFB1A06E6FAF045F7" bold="true" box="[1160,1307,975,1000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">metatarsals</emphasis>
(individuals 1 and 2) are slender and more elongate than the larger ones (
<figureCitation id="DDE32A36197D876FFC360127FC034238" box="[932,1000,1038,1063]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[228,264,2042,2064]" captionTargetBox="[188,1484,1144,2002]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 - Albertosaurus sarcophagus OSBORN 1905 metatarsals (right) collected by Barnum Brown in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation ofAlberta, Canada. From left to right, AMNH 5229 (individual 2 oITABLE I), AMNH 5233 (individual 3), AMNH 5234 (individual 4), and AMNH 5232 (individual 8). See TABLE I for measurements." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3737826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3737826/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Because oftheir
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFB5D0127FAEA4238" bold="true" box="[1231,1281,1038,1063]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">size</emphasis>
and proportions, Brown originally believed that they were from ornithomimids. However, anatomical details led him to re-identify them as tyrannosaur once
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFD110330FD52402D" box="[643,697,1561,1586]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">they</emphasis>
were prepared. Regression analysis of hind limb elements clearly supports this result. In tyrannosaurids, the tibia shows negative allometry (compared with the femur) during growth (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFE7A03BCFD5E40B1" author="RUSSELL, D. A." bookContentInfo="32 pp." box="[488,693,1685,1710]" journalOrPublisher="Natl. Museum Nat. Sci., Publ. Palaentol." pageId="3" pageNumber="274" part="1" refId="ref4912" refString="RUSSELL, D. A. (1970) - Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western canada. Nat!. Museum Nat. Sci., Pubf. Palaentol., 1: 32 pp." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western canada." type="book" year="1970">RUSSELL, 1970</bibRefCitation>
; GATES Y, 1991;
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFE99039CFE4240D1" author="HOLTZ, T. R., JR." box="[267,425,1717,1742]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="480 - 519" part="14" refId="ref4336" refString="HOLTZ, T. R., JR. (1994) - The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 14: 480 - 519." title="The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia)" type="journal article" year="1994">HOLTZ, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). but not to the same degree as the metatarsus (
<figureCitation id="DDE32A36197C876EFE1E03FDFE3C40F2" box="[396,471,1748,1773]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[227,259,1309,1331]" captionTargetBox="[187,816,246,1250]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2 - Bivariate comparisons of tibial versus femoral lengths (upper graph), and metatarsal III versus femoral lengths (lower chart) in tyrannosaurids. A; Alberlosaurus, D; Daspletosaurus, G; Gorgosaurus, t; Tarbosaurus, T = Tyrannosaurus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3737828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3737828/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="11A7663B197D876FFF7602D3FB4D4E57" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3737826" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3737826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3737826/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" startId="2.[228,264,2042,2064]" targetBox="[188,1484,1144,2002]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="456736B3197D876FFF7602D3FB4D4E57" blockId="2.[187,1495,2040,2122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">
Fig. 1 -
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197D876FFEA402D3FD824E0F" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[310,617,2042,2064]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarcophagus">Albertosaurus sarcophagus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197D876FFDFD02D3FCE74E0F" author="OSBORN, H. F." box="[623,780,2042,2064]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist." pageId="2" pageNumber="273" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref4644" refString="OSBORN, H. F. (1905) - Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist., 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">OSBORN 1905</bibRefCitation>
metatarsals (right) collected by Barnum Brown
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFA8E02D3FAC74E0F" box="[1308,1324,2042,2064]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">in</emphasis>
the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada. From left to right, AMNH 5229 (individual 2
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197D876FFBAB0D3FFB734E33" box="[1081,1176,2070,2092]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="273">oITABLE</emphasis>
I), AMNH 5233 (individual 3), AMNH 5234 (individual 4), and AMNH 5232 (individual 8). See TABLE I for measurements.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="11A7663B197C876EFF710034FE7F43BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3737828" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3737828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3737828/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" startId="3.[227,259,1309,1331]" targetBox="[187,816,246,1250]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="456736B3197C876EFF710034FE7F43BD" blockId="3.[187,816,1307,1445]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
Fig. 2
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFEBB0034FEDA432C" bold="true" box="[297,305,1309,1331]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">-</emphasis>
Bivariate comparisons of
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFDC00034FD68432C" box="[594,643,1309,1331]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">tibial</emphasis>
versus femoral lengths (upper graph), and metatarsal III versus femoral lengths (lower cha rt) in tyrannosaurids.
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFDF5007DFD6E4374" box="[615,645,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">A</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFD1D007CFCC74374" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[655,812,1365,1387]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alberlosaurus</taxonomicName>
, D;
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFF790058FE724398" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[235,409,1393,1415]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFE340059FE524398" box="[422,441,1392,1415]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">G</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFE470058FD8D4398" box="[469,614,1393,1415]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
, t;
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFD0F0058FCC34398" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[669,808,1393,1415]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFF2F00A4FF2643BB" box="[189,205,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">T</emphasis>
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFF4600A7FF0A43BC" bold="true" box="[212,225,1422,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFF7800A7FE6443BD" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[234,399,1422,1442]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="0DC26538197C8768FF2D023BFC054746" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="456736B3197C876EFF2D023BFD6E4134" blockId="3.[191,645,1808,1835]" box="[191,645,1810,1835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFF2D023BFE834134" bold="true" box="[191,360,1810,1835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">DISCUSSION</emphasis>
AND CONCLUSIONS
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197C876EFF740268FB6945DD" blockId="3.[172,827,1855,2101]" lastBlockId="3.[854,1494,280,2085]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
The discovery of nine or more
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFDC40268FCFB4145" box="[598,784,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">tyrannosaurids</emphasis>
, at least eight of which are the same species, in a single. quarry can be interpreted in many
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFDFE0256FD464187" box="[620,685,1919,1944]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">ways</emphasis>
. Given the fact that twenty species ofdinosaurs are known from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (APPENDIX I), and that the number of individuals of
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFDC202F5FED04E0A" authority="Osborn, 1905 " class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarcophagus">
Albertosaurus
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFC9402F5FED04E0A" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">sarcophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
made up less than ten percent of the dinosaur fauna, it is highlY,unlikely that the nine individuals ended up in the same place as a result of chance. The bonebed was apparently not very thick, and the similarity in degree of disarticulation of most of the skeletons indicates that all of the animals died around the same time and shared the same taphonomic history of burial. The almost complete lack of bones of herbivorous dinosaurs, and the absence of tooth marks or other
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFBC204DDFB2B4412" box="[1104,1216,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">evidence</emphasis>
of predation suggests that the site was probably not a predator trap. The most parsimonious interpretation is that the tyrannosaurids were part of a group that died together. Because it is difficult to imagine why
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFA900758FAD34495" box="[1282,1336,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">they</emphasis>
would have collected into a group immediately before death, they were probably living together for a period 6f time before they died. There is not enough information available about the excavation to speculate what caused their death, but disease, drought, drowning and suffocation are some of the ca uses proposed for similar catastrophic death
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFAE00662FC41459B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">assemblages</emphasis>
of herbivorous dinosaurs (CURRIE &amp; DODSON, 1984; VARRICCHIO &amp; HORNER, 1992;
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFAE906A3FC7C45DD" author="CORIA, R. A." journalOrPublisher="Gaia" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="209 - 213" part="10" refId="ref4126" refString="CORIA, R. A. (1994) - On a monospecific assemblage of sauropod dinosaurs from Patagonia: implications for gregarious behavior. Gaia, 10: 209 - 213." title="On a monospecific assemblage of sauropod dinosaurs from Patagonia: implications for gregarious behavior" type="journal article" year="1994">CORIA, 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFC3B0680FB9E45DD" author="SAMPSON, S. D." box="[937,1141,937,962]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="743 - 760" part="15" refId="ref4985" refString="SAMPSON, S. D. (1995) - Two new horned dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana: w ith a phylogenetic analysis of the Centrosaurinae (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae). J. Vertebr. Pafeontol., 15: 743 - 760." title="Two new horned dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana: with a phylogenetic analysis of the Centrosaurinae (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae)" type="journal article" year="1995">SAMPSON, 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197C876EFC1206FEFAAF41A7" blockId="3.[854,1494,280,2085]" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
Brown's
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFC7E06FEFB7045EF" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[1004,1179,983,1008]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
bonebed is not the only report of theropod bonebed concentrations. During Late
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFC07013FFC1D4230" box="[917,1014,1046,1071]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Triassic</emphasis>
and Early Jurassic times,
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFAA5013FFA244230" authority="Cope, 1889" box="[1335,1487,1046,1071]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coelophysis</taxonomicName>
COPE. 1889 (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFC67011CFB5E4251" author="COLBERT, E. H." box="[1013,1205,1077,1102]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Museum Northern Arizona" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1-160" part="57" refId="ref4099" refString="COLBERT, E. H. (1989) - The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Bull. Museum Northern Arizona, 57: 1 - 160." title="The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis" type="book" year="1989">COLBERT, 1989</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFB67011CFA994251" box="[1269,1394,1077,1102]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Syntarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Syntarsus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFAE5011CFA224251" box="[1399,1481,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">RAATH</emphasis>
, 1969 (RAATH. 1990) are two examples of theropods that died en masse, whereas trackway sites (OS­ TROM, 1972) suggest that these an imals may have actually been moving in
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFB09019BFB0D42D4" box="[1179,1254,1202,1227]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">packs</emphasis>
. The
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFAA5019BFA3B42D4" authority="Cope, 1889" box="[1335,1488,1202,1227]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFAA5019BFA3B42D4" box="[1335,1488,1202,1227]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Coelophysis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bone bed has most recently been interpreted as species-selectivity in drought conditions (SCHWARTZ &amp; GILLETTE, 1994). The
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFA850039FA8F4336" box="[1303,1380,1296,1321]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Upper</emphasis>
Jurassic Cleveland-Lloyd quarry, which has produced evidence of more than seventy specimens of
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFAF90067FC374399" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Allosaurus fragilis</taxonomicName>
, has been interpreted as a predator trap (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFCF300A4FBCE43B9" author="MADSEN, J. H." box="[865,1061,1421,1446]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Utah Geol. Mineral Surv." pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref4470" refString="MADSEN, J. H. (1976) - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Bull. Utah Geol. Mineral SUfV., 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">MADSEN, 1976</bibRefCitation>
; MILLER, HORROCKS &amp; MADSEN. 1996) for both individuals and packs of this spe cies (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFCF000E2FB3943FB" author="RICHMOND, D. R. &amp; MORRIS, T. H." box="[866,1234,1483,1508]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Museum Northern Arizona" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="533 - 545" part="60" refId="ref4815" refString="RICHMOND, D. R. &amp; MORRIS, T. H. (1996) - The dinosaur death-trap of the Cleveland-Lloyd Q uarry, Emery Couty, Utah. Bull. Museum Northern Arizona, 60: 533 - 545." title="The dinosaur death-trap of the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry, Emery Couty, Utah" type="journal article" year="1996">RICHMOND &amp; MORRIS, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Skeletal evidence points towards pack hunting behavior in the small dromaeosaurid theropod
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFB3B0320FABA403D" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[1193,1361,1545,1570]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Deinonychus</taxonomicName>
OSTROM, 1969 (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFC3A0301FB88405E" author="OSTROM, J. H." box="[936,1123,1576,1601]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Peabody Museum Nat. Hist." pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="1 - 165" part="30" refId="ref4677" refString="OSTROM, J. H. (1969) - Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unu sual theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bull. Peabody Museum Nat. Hist., 30: 1 - 165." title="Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1969">OSTROM, 1969</bibRefCitation>
; MAXWE LL &amp; OSTROM, 1995). There are many examples of Jurassic and Cretaceous trackway sites that show theropods moving in groups (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFC5403ACFB644081" author="LOCKLEY, M. G." bookContentInfo="238 pp." box="[966,1167,1669,1694]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" refId="ref4438" refString="LOCKLEY, M. G. (1991) - Tracking Dinosaurs, a New Look at an Ancient World. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam bridge, 238 pp." title="Tracking Dinosaurs, a New Look at an Ancient World" type="book" year="1991">LOCKLEY, 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFB3003ACFC7540A1" author="MOSSMAN, D. J. &amp; SARJEANT, W. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Sci. Am." pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="74 - 85" part="48" refId="ref4606" refString="MOSSMAN, D. J. &amp; SARJEANT, W. A. S. (1983) - The footprints of extinct-Animals; Sci. Am., 48 (1): 74 - 85." title="The footprints of extinct-Animals" type="journal article" year="1983">MOSSMAN &amp; SARJEANT, 1983</bibRefCitation>
). The Late Cretaceous theropod
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFAF8038CFA3840A1" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1386,1491,1701,1726]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Troodon</taxonomicName>
LEIDY, 1856 may have been a pack animal (VARRIC­ CHIO &amp; CURRIE, 1991). For tyrannosaurids, however. only one record of multiple individuals has been reported to date. When the large
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFAF50208FC0B4145" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197C876EFC7B0268FB4B4145" author="OSBORN, H. F." box="[1001,1184,1857,1882]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist." pageId="3" pageNumber="274" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref4644" refString="OSBORN, H. F. (1905) - Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist., 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">OSBORN, 1905</bibRefCitation>
known as &quot;Sue&quot; was excavated, parts of three other tyrannosaur skeletons (an adult, a juvenile, and a &quot;baby&quot;) were collected from the same quarry (LARSON. 1995).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197C8768FC1702E4FCF34235" blockId="3.[854,1494,280,2085]" lastBlockId="5.[176,814,286,1066]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="276" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">
Another fact revealed by the metatarsals from Brown's
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197C876EFC5A02C5FB934E1A" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[968,1144,2028,2053]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="274" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
quarry (
<figureCitation id="DDE32A36197C876EFB4D02C5FAC84E1A" box="[1247,1315,2028,2053]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[228,264,2042,2064]" captionTargetBox="[188,1484,1144,2002]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 - Albertosaurus sarcophagus OSBORN 1905 metatarsals (right) collected by Barnum Brown in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation ofAlberta, Canada. From left to right, AMNH 5229 (individual 2 oITABLE I), AMNH 5233 (individual 3), AMNH 5234 (individual 4), and AMNH 5232 (individual 8). See TABLE I for measurements." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3737826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3737826/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), and by
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197C876EFA0A02C5FC294E3B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="274">comparative</emphasis>
analysis of tyrannosaur measurements, is that juvenile tyrannosaurids have hind limb proportions (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197A8768FE9F0416FE254747" author="HOLTZ, T. R., JR." box="[269,462,319,344]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="5" pageNumber="276" pagination="480 - 519" part="14" refId="ref4336" refString="HOLTZ, T. R., JR. (1994) - The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 14: 480 - 519." title="The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia)" type="journal article" year="1994">HOLTZ, 1994</bibRefCitation>
) similar to those of ornithomimids (TABLE
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197A8768FE3C0476FE2A4767" bold="true" box="[430,449,351,376]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">II</emphasis>
). For individuals with a femur length between 500 and 700 mm, the average ratio of tibia tofemuris 1.05 in tyrannosaurids, and 1.06 in ornithomimids. The same comparison for metatarsal III is 0.70 in
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197A8768FE0604F5FDBF47EA" box="[404,596,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">tyrannosaurids</emphasis>
and 0.77 in ornithomimids. The tibia/femur and metatarsus/femur ratios for carnosaurs and ceratosaurs in this size range are 0.95 and 0.50 respectively, and these were clearly much slower animals. It is widely accepted that limb proportions indicate ornithomimids were capable of running rapidly (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197A8768FDAD07B1FCEB44AE" author="RUSSELL, D. A." box="[575,768,664,689]" journalOrPublisher="Can. J. Earth Sci." pageId="5" pageNumber="276" pagination="375 - 402" part="9" refId="ref4950" refString="RUSSELL, D. A. (1972) - Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceou s of western Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., 9: 375 - 402." title="Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1972">RUSSELL, 1972</bibRefCitation>
). In fact, they are often compared with ostriches, which can attain speeds of up to 70
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197A8768FDB607FEFDBE44EF" box="[548,597,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">km</emphasis>
.h·'. Although proportions are similar in the hind legs of an ornithomimid and an ostrich, the femur is held in a more horizontal
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197A8768FEE9061CFE304551" box="[379,475,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">position</emphasis>
in the extant animal, and it lacks the long tail. The biomechanical effects of these differences on speed have not been analyzed. Nevertheless, the relative proportions of limb elements and their slender proportions suggest thatjuvenile tyrannosaurids were almost as fast as equivalent sized ornithomimids, which in turn were probably faster than any other known dinosaurs.
</paragraph>
<caption id="11A7663B197B8769FF5D05D6FABF472E" ID-Table-UUID="11A7663B197B8769FF5D05D6FABF472E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/11A7663B197B8769FF5D05D6FABF472E" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" startId="4.[207,274,255,277]" targetBox="[186,1401,364,2044]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="456736B3197B8769FF5D05D6FECD470A" blockId="4.[207,1364,255,305]" box="[207,294,255,277]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">TABLE II</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197B8769FF5D0435FABF472E" blockId="4.[207,1364,255,305]" box="[207,1364,284,305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
Limb proportions
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FE040435FE4C472E" box="[406,423,284,305]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">in</emphasis>
tyrannosaurids and ornithomimids, arranged
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FC200435FC28472E" box="[946,963,284,305]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">in</emphasis>
order of femu
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FBFB0435FB55472E" box="[1129,1214,284,305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="length">r length</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FB5A0435FB24472E" bold="true" box="[1224,1231,284,305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">(</emphasis>
millimeters)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="456736B3197B8769FAC60435FAB3472E" blockId="4.[1364,1368,284,305]" box="[1364,1368,284,305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FAC60435FAB3472E" bold="true" box="[1364,1368,284,305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197B8769FE8D0446FA9241E3" blockId="4.[173,1468,335,413]" lastBlockId="4.[182,1474,434,2054]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<table id="37D8C413197B7892FF280445FA9241E3" box="[186,1401,364,2044]" gridcols="5" gridrows="58" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280445FA92479D" box="[186,1401,364,386]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280445FE91479D" box="[186,378,364,386]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">SPECIES</th>
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0445FCE1479D" box="[540,778,364,386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">SPECIMEN</th>
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0445FC39479D" box="[910,978,364,386]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">F</th>
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10445FB41479D" box="[1139,1194,364,386]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Mt</th>
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00445FA92479D" box="[1346,1401,364,386]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FAD70445FA81479D" bold="true" box="[1349,1386,364,386]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
T
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FAC00445FAB7479D" bold="true" box="[1362,1372,364,386]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">/</emphasis>
F
</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28049DFA9247D5" box="[186,1401,436,458]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28049DFE9147D5" box="[186,378,436,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gallimimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E049DFCE147D5" box="[540,778,436,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
IGM
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD10049DFD2647D6" box="[642,717,436,457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">100/10</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C049DFC3947D5" box="[910,978,436,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">192</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1049DFB4147D5" box="[1139,1194,436,458]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.82</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0049DFA9247D5" box="[1346,1401,436,458]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2804F8FA9247F8" box="[186,1401,465,487]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2804F8FE9147F8" box="[186,378,465,487]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gallimimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E04F8FCE147F8" box="[540,778,465,487]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FDD504F8FD6D47F8" box="[583,646,465,487]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">ZPAL</emphasis>
0-1 /9
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD5104F8FD3A47F8" bold="true" box="[707,721,465,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">4</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C04F8FC3947F8" box="[910,978,465,487]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">270</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE104F8FB4147F8" box="[1139,1194,465,487]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.81</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2804C4FA92441C" box="[186,1401,493,515]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2804C4FE91441C" box="[186,378,493,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Ornfthomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E04C4FCE1441C" box="[540,778,493,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">NMC 8636</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C04C4FC39441C" box="[910,978,493,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">310</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD004C4FA92441C" box="[1346,1401,493,515]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.47</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280720FA92443F" box="[186,1401,521,544]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280720FE91443F" box="[186,378,521,544]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gallimimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0720FCE1443F" box="[540,778,521,544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FDDC0720FD664400" box="[590,653,521,543]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">ZPAL</emphasis>
0 -1/1
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0720FC39443F" box="[910,978,521,544]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">360</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10720FB41443F" box="[1139,1194,521,544]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.78</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28070FFA924423" box="[186,1401,550,572]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28070FFE914423" box="[186,378,550,572]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Struthiomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E070FFCE14423" box="[540,778,550,572]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH 5385</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C070FFC394423" box="[910,978,550,572]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">370</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0070FFA924423" box="[1346,1401,550,572]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28076BFA924447" box="[186,1401,578,600]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28076BFE914447" box="[186,378,578,600]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Dromiceiomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E076BFCE14447" box="[540,778,578,600]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH 5201</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C076BFC394447" box="[910,978,578,600]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">387</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0076BFA924447" box="[1346,1401,578,600]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280777FA92446B" box="[186,1401,606,628]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280777FE91446B" box="[186,378,606,628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Struthiomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0777FCE1446B" box="[540,778,606,628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">ROM 1790</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0777FC39446B" box="[910,978,606,628]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">390</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10777FB41446B" box="[1139,1194,606,628]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.77</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00777FA92446B" box="[1346,1401,606,628]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.05</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280753FA92448E" box="[186,1401,634,657]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280753FE91448E" box="[186,378,634,657]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Dromiceiomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0753FCE1448E" box="[540,778,634,657]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">ROM 797</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0753FC39448E" box="[910,978,634,657]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">390</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10753FB41448E" box="[1139,1194,634,657]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.76</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00753FA92448E" box="[1346,1401,634,657]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2807BEFA9244B2" box="[186,1401,663,685]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2807BEFE9144B2" box="[186,378,663,685]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gallimimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E07BEFCE144B2" box="[540,778,663,685]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
IGM
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD1107BEFD2644B3" box="[643,717,663,684]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">100/52</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C07BEFC3944B2" box="[910,978,663,685]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">400</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE107BEFB4144B2" box="[1139,1194,663,685]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.71</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD007BEFA9244B2" box="[1346,1401,663,685]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28079DFA9244D5" box="[186,1401,692,714]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28079DFE9144D5" box="[186,378,692,714]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Omithomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E079DFCE144D5" box="[540,778,692,714]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">TMP 95.110.1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C079DFC3944D5" box="[910,978,692,714]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">425</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1079DFB4144D5" box="[1139,1194,692,714]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.78</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0079DFA9244D5" box="[1346,1401,692,714]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.09</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2807F9FA9244F9" box="[186,1401,720,742]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2807F9FE9144F9" box="[186,378,720,742]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Struthiomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E07F9FCE144F9" box="[540,778,720,742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">NMC 930</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C07F9FC3944F9" box="[910,978,720,742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">430</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD007F9FA9244F9" box="[1346,1401,720,742]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2807C5FA92451D" box="[186,1401,748,770]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2807C5FE91451D" box="[186,378,748,770]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gallimimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E07C5FCE1451D" box="[540,778,748,770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
IGM
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD1107C5FD26451E" box="[643,717,748,769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">100/30</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C07C5FC39451D" box="[910,978,748,770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">435</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE107C5FB41451D" box="[1139,1194,748,770]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.69</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD007C5FA92451D" box="[1346,1401,748,770]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.03</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280621FA924500" box="[186,1401,776,799]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280621FE914500" box="[186,378,776,799]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Ornffhomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0621FCE14500" box="[540,778,776,799]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">ROM 851</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0621FC394500" box="[910,978,776,799]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">435</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10621FB414500" box="[1139,1194,776,799]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.71</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00621FA924500" box="[1346,1401,776,799]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.09</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28060CFA924524" box="[186,1401,805,827]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28060CFE914524" box="[186,378,805,827]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Dromiceiomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E060CFCE14524" box="[540,778,805,827]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">ROM 852</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C060CFC394524" box="[910,978,805,827]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">440</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1060CFB414524" box="[1139,1194,805,827]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.84</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0060CFA924524" box="[1346,1401,805,827]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280668FA924548" box="[186,1401,833,855]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280668FE914548" box="[186,378,833,855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Struthiomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0668FCE14548" box="[540,778,833,855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH 5339</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0668FC394548" box="[910,978,833,855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">480</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10668FB414548" box="[1139,1194,833,855]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.77</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00668FA924548" box="[1346,1401,833,855]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280674FA92456C" box="[186,1401,861,883]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280674FE91456C" box="[186,378,861,883]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Struthiomimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0674FCE1456C" box="[540,778,861,883]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH 5257</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0674FC39456C" box="[910,978,861,883]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">512</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10674FB41456C" box="[1139,1194,861,883]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.72</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00674FA92456C" box="[1346,1401,861,883]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.08</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280651FA92458F" box="[186,1401,888,912]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280651FE91458F" box="[186,378,888,912]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF500651FEA14590" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[194,330,888,911]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0651FCE1458F" box="[540,778,888,912]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">PIN 552-2</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0651FC39458F" box="[910,978,888,912]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">560</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10651FB41458F" box="[1139,1194,888,912]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.75</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00651FA92458F" box="[1346,1401,888,912]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.04</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2806BFFA9245B2" box="[186,1401,918,941]" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2806BFFE9145B2" box="[186,378,918,941]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5306BFFEA445B3" box="[193,335,918,940]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E06BFFCE145B2" box="[540,778,918,941]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FDDB06BFFD7B45B3" box="[585,656,918,940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH</emphasis>
5423
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C06BFFC3945B2" box="[910,978,918,941]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">605</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE106BFFB4145B2" box="[1139,1194,918,941]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.70</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD006BFFA9245B2" box="[1346,1401,918,941]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.06</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28069BFA9245D6" box="[186,1401,946,969]" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28069BFE9145D6" box="[186,378,946,969]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF50069BFEA045D6" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[194,331,946,969]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E069BFCE145D6" box="[540,778,946,969]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">940823-Bgt-1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C069BFC3945D6" box="[910,978,946,969]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">630</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1069BFB4145D6" box="[1139,1194,946,969]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.65</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0069BFA9245D6" box="[1346,1401,946,969]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.98</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2806E7FA9245FA" box="[186,1401,974,997]" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2806E7FE9145FA" box="[186,378,974,997]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gallimimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E06E7FCE145FA" box="[540,778,974,997]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">ZPAL 0-1/8</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C06E7FC3945FA" box="[910,978,974,997]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">635</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE106E7FB4145FA" box="[1139,1194,974,997]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.80</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2806C2FA92421E" box="[186,1401,1003,1025]" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2806C2FE91421E" box="[186,378,1003,1025]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5006C2FEA4421E" box="[194,335,1003,1025]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E06C2FCE1421E" box="[540,778,1003,1025]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">TMP 91.36.500</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C06C2FC39421E" box="[910,978,1003,1025]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">645</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE106C2FB41421E" box="[1139,1194,1003,1025]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.7 1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD006C2FA92421E" box="[1346,1401,1003,1025]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28012EFA924201" box="[186,1401,1031,1054]" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28012EFE914201" box="[186,378,1031,1054]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF53012EFE844203" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[193,367,1031,1052]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E012EFCE14201" box="[540,778,1031,1054]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">NMC11315</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C012EFC394201" box="[910,978,1031,1054]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">655</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1012EFB414201" box="[1139,1194,1031,1054]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.68</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28010DFA924225" box="[186,1401,1060,1082]" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28010DFE914225" box="[186,378,1060,1082]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gallimimus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E010DFCE14225" box="[540,778,1060,1082]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
IGM
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD16010DFD204226" box="[644,715,1060,1081]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">100/ 11</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C010DFC394225" box="[910,978,1060,1082]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">665</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1010DFB414225" box="[1139,1194,1060,1082]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.80</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0010DFA924225" box="[1346,1401,1060,1082]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.05</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280169FA924249" box="[186,1401,1088,1110]" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280169FE914249" box="[186,378,1088,1110]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Alectrosaurus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0169FCE14249" box="[540,778,1088,1110]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH 6554</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0169FC394249" box="[910,978,1088,1110]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">685e</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10169FB414249" box="[1139,1194,1088,1110]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.70</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00169FA924249" box="[1346,1401,1088,1110]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.07</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280175FA92426D" box="[186,1401,1116,1138]" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280175FE91426D" box="[186,378,1116,1138]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF500175FEBB426D" box="[194,336,1116,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0175FCE1426D" box="[540,778,1116,1138]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMN H 5664</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0175FC39426D" box="[910,978,1116,1138]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">700</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10175FB41426D" box="[1139,1194,1116,1138]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.69</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280151FA924291" box="[186,1401,1144,1166]" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280151FE914291" box="[186,378,1144,1166]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF530151FEB04292" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[193,347,1144,1165]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0151FCE14291" box="[540,778,1144,1166]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FDD80151FD7A4291" box="[586,657,1144,1166]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH</emphasis>
5233
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0151FC394291" box="[910,978,1144,1166]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">703e</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10151FB414291" box="[1139,1194,1144,1166]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.65</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2801BCFA9242B4" box="[186,1401,1173,1195]" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2801BCFE9142B4" box="[186,378,1173,1195]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5101BFFEA642B4" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[195,333,1174,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E01BCFCE142B4" box="[540,778,1173,1195]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
IGM
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD1701BCFD2042B5" box="[645,715,1173,1194]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">100/61</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C01BCFC3942B4" box="[910,978,1173,1195]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">780</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE101BCFB4142B4" box="[1139,1194,1173,1195]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.63</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD001BCFA9242B4" box="[1346,1401,1173,1195]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.91</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280198FA9242D7" box="[186,1401,1201,1224]" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280198FE9142D7" box="[186,378,1201,1224]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF53019BFEB742D8" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[193,348,1202,1223]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0198FCE142D7" box="[540,778,1201,1224]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">TMP 86.64.1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0198FC3942D7" box="[910,978,1201,1224]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">782e</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10198FB4142D7" box="[1139,1194,1201,1224]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.61</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00198FA9242D7" box="[1346,1401,1201,1224]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.96</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2801E4FA9242FB" box="[186,1401,1229,1252]" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2801E4FE9142FB" box="[186,378,1229,1252]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5301E7FEB742FC" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[193,348,1230,1251]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E01E4FCE142FB" box="[540,778,1229,1252]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH 5234</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C01E4FC3942FB" box="[910,978,1229,1252]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">79 1e</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE101E4FB4142FB" box="[1139,1194,1229,1252]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.59</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2801C3FA92431F" box="[186,1401,1258,1280]" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2801C3FE91431F" box="[186,378,1258,1280]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Dryptosaurus</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E01C3FCE1431F" box="[540,778,1258,1280]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">ANSP 9995</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C01C3FC39431F" box="[910,978,1258,1280]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">813</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD001C3FA92431F" box="[1346,1401,1258,1280]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.96</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28002FFA924303" box="[186,1401,1286,1308]" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28002FFE914303" box="[186,378,1286,1308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF53002FFEB74304" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[193,348,1286,1307]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E002FFCE14303" box="[540,778,1286,1308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMN H 5235</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C002FFC394303" box="[910,978,1286,1308]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">850e</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1002FFB414303" box="[1139,1194,1286,1308]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.61</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28000BFA924326" box="[186,1401,1314,1337]" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28000BFE914326" box="[186,378,1314,1337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF51000BFEBA4327" box="[195,337,1314,1336]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E000BFCE14326" box="[540,778,1314,1337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">USNM 12814</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C000BFC394326" box="[910,978,1314,1337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">860</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1000BFB414326" box="[1139,1194,1314,1337]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.62</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0000BFA924326" box="[1346,1401,1314,1337]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.91</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280016FA92434A" box="[186,1401,1343,1365]" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280016FE91434A" box="[186,378,1343,1365]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF510016FE9B434B" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[195,368,1343,1364]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FF510016FE9B434B" box="[195,368,1343,1364]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0016FCE1434A" box="[540,778,1343,1365]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">MOR590</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0016FC39434A" box="[910,978,1343,1365]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">865</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10016FB41434A" box="[1139,1194,1343,1365]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.58</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00016FA92434A" box="[1346,1401,1343,1365]" gridcol="4" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.94</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280072FA92436E" box="[186,1401,1371,1393]" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280072FE91436E" box="[186,378,1371,1393]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF500072FEB7436E" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[194,348,1371,1393]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0072FCE1436E" box="[540,778,1371,1393]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH 5227</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0072FC39436E" box="[910,978,1371,1393]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">898e</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00072FA92436E" box="[1346,1401,1371,1393]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.94</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280051FA924391" box="[186,1401,1400,1422]" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280051FE914391" box="[186,378,1400,1422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF510051FEBA4391" box="[195,337,1400,1422]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FF510051FEBA4391" box="[195,337,1400,1422]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0051FCE14391" box="[540,778,1400,1422]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">TMP 94.12.602</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0051FC394391" box="[910,978,1400,1422]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">920</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10051FB414391" box="[1139,1194,1400,1422]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.59</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00051FA924391" box="[1346,1401,1400,1422]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.95</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2800BDFA9243B5" box="[186,1401,1428,1450]" gridrow="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2800BDFE9143B5" box="[186,378,1428,1450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5100BDFEB943B5" box="[195,338,1428,1450]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FF5100BDFEB943B5" box="[195,338,1428,1450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E00BDFCE143B5" box="[540,778,1428,1450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">NMC 350</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C00BDFC3943B5" box="[910,978,1428,1450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">930</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD000BDFA9243B5" box="[1346,1401,1428,1450]" gridcol="4" gridrow="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.91</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280099FA9243D8" box="[186,1401,1456,1479]" gridrow="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280099FE9143D8" box="[186,378,1456,1479]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF500099FEB643DA" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[194,349,1456,1477]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0099FCE143D8" box="[540,778,1456,1479]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FDDE0099FD7843D9" box="[588,659,1456,1478]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH</emphasis>
5232
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0099FC3943D8" box="[910,978,1456,1479]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">935e</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10099FB4143D8" box="[1139,1194,1456,1479]" gridcol="3" gridrow="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.58</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2800E5FA9243FC" box="[186,1401,1484,1507]" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2800E5FE9143FC" box="[186,378,1484,1507]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5000E4FEB543FD" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[194,350,1485,1506]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E00E5FCE143FC" box="[540,778,1484,1507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">TMP 81.10.1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C00E5FC3943FC" box="[910,978,1484,1507]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">940</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE100E5FB4143FC" box="[1139,1194,1484,1507]" gridcol="3" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.62</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD000E5FA9243FC" box="[1346,1401,1484,1507]" gridcol="4" gridrow="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.96</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2800C0FA9243E0" box="[186,1401,1513,1535]" gridrow="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2800C0FE9143E0" box="[186,378,1513,1535]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5600C0FEB943E0" box="[196,338,1513,1535]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FF5600C0FEB943E0" box="[196,338,1513,1535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E00C0FCE143E0" box="[540,778,1513,1535]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">NMC 11593</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C00C0FC3943E0" box="[910,978,1513,1535]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">940</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE100C0FB4143E0" box="[1139,1194,1513,1535]" gridcol="3" gridrow="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.62</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28032CFA924004" box="[186,1401,1541,1563]" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28032CFE914004" box="[186,378,1541,1563]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF57032CFEA64004" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[197,333,1541,1563]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E032CFCE14004" box="[540,778,1541,1563]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
IGM
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD15032CFD394005" box="[647,722,1541,1562]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">100/63</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C032CFC394004" box="[910,978,1541,1563]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">960</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1032CFB414004" box="[1139,1194,1541,1563]" gridcol="3" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.57</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0032CFA924004" box="[1346,1401,1541,1563]" gridcol="4" gridrow="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280309FA924028" box="[186,1401,1568,1591]" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280309FE914028" box="[186,378,1568,1591]" gridcol="0" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF570309FEA54028" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[197,334,1568,1591]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0309FCE14028" box="[540,778,1568,1591]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">PIN 551-2</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0309FC394028" box="[910,978,1568,1591]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">965</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10309FB414028" box="[1139,1194,1568,1591]" gridcol="3" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.55</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00309FA924028" box="[1346,1401,1568,1591]" gridcol="4" gridrow="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.88</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280314FA92404C" box="[186,1401,1597,1619]" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280314FE91404C" box="[186,378,1597,1619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF560314FEB8404C" box="[196,339,1597,1619]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0314FCE1404C" box="[540,778,1597,1619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH 5432</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0314FC39404C" box="[910,978,1597,1619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">967e</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10314FB41404C" box="[1139,1194,1597,1619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.59</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00314FA92404C" box="[1346,1401,1597,1619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.94</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280371FA92406E" box="[186,1401,1624,1649]" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280371FE91406E" box="[186,378,1624,1649]" gridcol="0" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF570371FEA5406E" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[197,334,1624,1649]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0371FCE1406E" box="[540,778,1624,1649]" gridcol="1" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
IGM
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD1C0373FD214070" box="[654,714,1626,1647]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
107/
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD2D0373FD214070" bold="true" box="[703,714,1626,1647]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">3</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0371FC39406E" box="[910,978,1624,1649]" gridcol="2" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">990</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10371FB41406E" box="[1139,1194,1624,1649]" gridcol="3" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.54</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00371FA92406E" box="[1346,1401,1624,1649]" gridcol="4" gridrow="43" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.88</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28035CFA924092" box="[186,1401,1653,1677]" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28035CFE914092" box="[186,378,1653,1677]" gridcol="0" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF54035CFEA54093" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[198,334,1653,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E035CFCE14092" box="[540,778,1653,1677]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">PIN 552-1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C035CFC394092" box="[910,978,1653,1677]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">995</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1035CFB414092" box="[1139,1194,1653,1677]" gridcol="3" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.55</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0035CFA924092" box="[1346,1401,1653,1677]" gridcol="4" gridrow="44" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.87</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2803BBFA9240B6" box="[186,1401,1682,1705]" gridrow="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2803BBFE9140B6" box="[186,378,1682,1705]" gridcol="0" gridrow="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5703BAFE9940B7" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[197,370,1683,1704]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E03BBFCE140B6" box="[540,778,1682,1705]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH 5438</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C03BBFC3940B6" box="[910,978,1682,1705]" gridcol="2" gridrow="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1005</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD003BBFA9240B6" box="[1346,1401,1682,1705]" gridcol="4" gridrow="45" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.93</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280387FA9240DA" box="[186,1401,1710,1733]" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280387FE9140DA" box="[186,378,1710,1733]" gridcol="0" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF570386FE9A40DA" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[197,369,1711,1733]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0387FCE140DA" box="[540,778,1710,1733]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">TMP 85.62.1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0387FC3940DA" box="[910,978,1710,1733]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1020</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10387FB4140DA" box="[1139,1194,1710,1733]" gridcol="3" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.55</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00387FA9240DA" box="[1346,1401,1710,1733]" gridcol="4" gridrow="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.84</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2803E2FA9240FE" box="[186,1401,1739,1761]" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2803E2FE9140FE" box="[186,378,1739,1761]" gridcol="0" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5603E2FEB440FF" authority="Osborn, 1905 " box="[196,351,1739,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E03E2FCE140FE" box="[540,778,1739,1761]" gridcol="1" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">ROM 807</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C03E2FC3940FE" box="[910,978,1739,1761]" gridcol="2" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1020</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE103E2FB4140FE" box="[1139,1194,1739,1761]" gridcol="3" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.58</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD003E2FA9240FE" box="[1346,1401,1739,1761]" gridcol="4" gridrow="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.96</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2803CEFA9240E1" box="[186,1401,1767,1790]" gridrow="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2803CEFE9140E1" box="[186,378,1767,1790]" gridcol="0" gridrow="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5503CEFE8040E1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[199,363,1767,1790]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FF5503CEFE8040E1" box="[199,363,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E03CEFCE140E1" box="[540,778,1767,1790]" gridcol="1" gridrow="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">USNM 6183</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C03CEFC3940E1" box="[910,978,1767,1790]" gridcol="2" gridrow="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1040</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD003CEFA9240E1" box="[1346,1401,1767,1790]" gridcol="4" gridrow="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.88</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28022DFA924105" box="[186,1401,1796,1818]" gridrow="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28022DFE914105" box="[186,378,1796,1818]" gridcol="0" gridrow="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF55022DFE854105" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[199,366,1796,1818]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E022DFCE14105" box="[540,778,1796,1818]" gridcol="1" gridrow="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">MOR 009</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C022DFC394105" box="[910,978,1796,1818]" gridcol="2" gridrow="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1100</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0022DFA924105" box="[1346,1401,1796,1818]" gridcol="4" gridrow="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280236FA924129" box="[186,1401,1823,1846]" gridrow="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280236FE914129" box="[186,378,1823,1846]" gridcol="0" gridrow="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF550236FEBB4129" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[199,336,1823,1846]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FF550236FEBB4129" box="[199,336,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0236FCE14129" box="[540,778,1823,1846]" gridcol="1" gridrow="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
IGM
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FD1D0209FD27412A" box="[655,716,1824,1845]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">107/2</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0236FC394129" box="[910,978,1823,1846]" gridcol="2" gridrow="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1120</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE10236FB414129" box="[1139,1194,1823,1846]" gridcol="3" gridrow="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.47</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00236FA924129" box="[1346,1401,1823,1846]" gridcol="4" gridrow="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.79</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280214FA92414B" box="[186,1401,1853,1876]" gridrow="51" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280214FE91414B" box="[186,378,1853,1876]" gridcol="0" gridrow="51" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF550214FE82414B" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[199,361,1853,1876]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0214FCE1414B" box="[540,778,1853,1876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="51" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">TMP 81.6.1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0214FC39414B" box="[910,978,1853,1876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="51" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1200</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00214FA92414B" box="[1346,1401,1853,1876]" gridcol="4" gridrow="51" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28027EFA92416E" box="[186,1401,1879,1905]" gridrow="52" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28027EFE91416E" box="[186,378,1879,1905]" gridcol="0" gridrow="52" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF55027EFE80416E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[199,363,1879,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E027EFCE1416E" box="[540,778,1879,1905]" gridcol="1" gridrow="52" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">TMP 81.12.1</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C027EFC39416E" box="[910,978,1879,1905]" gridcol="2" gridrow="52" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1200</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1027EFB41416E" box="[1139,1194,1879,1905]" gridcol="3" gridrow="52" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.55</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0027EFA92416E" box="[1346,1401,1879,1905]" gridcol="4" gridrow="52" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.91</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF28025CFA924193" box="[186,1401,1909,1932]" gridrow="53" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF28025CFE914193" box="[186,378,1909,1932]" gridcol="0" gridrow="53" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
.
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5A025CFE854194" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[200,366,1909,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E025CFCE14193" box="[540,778,1909,1932]" gridcol="1" gridrow="53" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">MOR 555</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C025CFC394193" box="[910,978,1909,1932]" gridcol="2" gridrow="53" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1280</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE1025CFB414193" box="[1139,1194,1909,1932]" gridcol="3" gridrow="53" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.52</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD0025CFA924193" box="[1346,1401,1909,1932]" gridcol="4" gridrow="53" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.90</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2802B8FA9241B7" box="[186,1401,1937,1960]" gridrow="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2802B8FE9141B7" box="[186,378,1937,1960]" gridcol="0" gridrow="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5A02BBFE8041B7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[200,363,1938,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E02B8FCE141B7" box="[540,778,1937,1960]" gridcol="1" gridrow="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">CM 9380 (AMNH973)</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C02B8FC3941B7" box="[910,978,1937,1960]" gridcol="2" gridrow="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1300e</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FBE102B8FB4141B7" box="[1139,1194,1937,1960]" gridcol="3" gridrow="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.52</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD002B8FA9241B7" box="[1346,1401,1937,1960]" gridcol="4" gridrow="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.90</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF280284FA9241DB" box="[186,1401,1965,1988]" gridrow="55" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF280284FE9141DB" box="[186,378,1965,1988]" gridcol="0" gridrow="55" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5A0287FE8141DB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[200,362,1966,1988]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E0284FCE141DB" box="[540,778,1965,1988]" gridcol="1" gridrow="55" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FDDD0287FD7D41DB" box="[591,662,1966,1988]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">AMNH</emphasis>
5027
</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C0284FC3941DB" box="[910,978,1965,1988]" gridcol="2" gridrow="55" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1310</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD00284FA9241DB" box="[1346,1401,1965,1988]" gridcol="4" gridrow="55" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2802E0FA9241FF" box="[186,1401,1993,2016]" gridrow="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2802E0FE9141FF" box="[186,378,1993,2016]" gridcol="0" gridrow="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5B02E3FE8641FF" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[201,365,1994,2016]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FF5B02E3FE8641FF" box="[201,365,1994,2016]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E02E0FCE141FF" box="[540,778,1993,2016]" gridcol="1" gridrow="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">BHI 2033 (Sue)</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C02E0FC3941FF" box="[910,978,1993,2016]" gridcol="2" gridrow="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1330</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD002E0FA9241FF" box="[1346,1401,1993,2016]" gridcol="4" gridrow="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.86</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FBE834F1197B7892FF2802CFFA9241E3" box="[186,1401,2022,2044]" gridrow="57" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="B8395D8D197B7892FF2802CFFE9141E3" box="[186,378,2022,2044]" gridcol="0" gridrow="57" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<taxonomicName id="82D84D30197B8769FF5B02CFFE8741E3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[201,364,2022,2044]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FD8E02CFFCE141E3" box="[540,778,2022,2044]" gridcol="1" gridrow="57" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">BHI 3033 (Stan)</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FC1C02CFFC3941E3" box="[910,978,2022,2044]" gridcol="2" gridrow="57" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">1350</td>
<td id="B8395D8D197B7892FAD002CFFA9241E3" box="[1346,1401,2022,2044]" gridcol="4" gridrow="57" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">0.79</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197B8769FF240D35FE2C4E55" blockId="4.[177,1479,2075,2123]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<tableNote id="B83E373D197B8769FF240D35FE2C4E55" pageId="4" pageNumber="275" targetBox="[186,1401,364,2044]" targetPageId="4">
c
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FF550D35FF244E2D" bold="true" box="[199,207,2076,2098]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">-</emphasis>
calculated on the basis of regression analysis of tyrannosaurid limb elements;
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FC450D37FBDB4E2E" box="[983,1072,2078,2097]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FC450D37FC1B4E2E" bold="true" box="[983,1008,2078,2097]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">F -</emphasis>
femur
</emphasis>
;
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FBAF0D37FB844E2E" bold="true" box="[1085,1135,2078,2097]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">Mt - (</emphasis>
metatarsal lll
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FB600D37FAEE4E2E" bold="true" box="[1266,1285,2078,2097]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">)/(</emphasis>
femur length
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FA150D37FA7A4E2E" bold="true" box="[1415,1425,2078,2097]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">);</emphasis>
T
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197B8769FA370D37FA2D4E2E" bold="true" box="[1445,1478,2078,2097]" pageId="4" pageNumber="275">/F -</emphasis>
(tibia length)/(femur leng th).
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197A8768FF480169FEF34092" blockId="5.[178,816,1086,1677]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
The implications of this are extremely interesting. First, it is apparent that juvenile tyrannosaurids were probably faster runners than both their own parents and most other theropods of the same general size. In part this probably increased their chances of survival. Furthermore, juvenile
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197A8768FD9C01F5FD2142EA" box="[526,714,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">tyrannosaurids</emphasis>
, like ornithomimids and troodontids, were unquestionably faster than any of the herbivores that lived during Late Cretaceous times, regardless of what their absolute speeds were. Limb proportions also suggest that even the largest
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197A8768FE2E0050FD83438D" box="[444,616,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">tyrannosaurid</emphasis>
was capable of moving faster than any equivalent-sized, contemporary herbivore. If tyrannosaurids were packing animals,
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197A8768FF6F00FEFEE143EF" box="[253,266,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">it</emphasis>
is also possible that they practiced a division of labor, just as lions, wolves, or many other modern carnivores do. The faster, more agile juveniles may have been responsible for driving potential prey towards the larger, more
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197A8768FE65037DFD8D4072" box="[503,614,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">powerful</emphasis>
adult tyrannosaurids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="456736B3197A8768FF4E038AFC054746" blockId="5.[181,818,1697,2101]" lastBlockId="5.[850,1490,286,345]" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">
The evidence for packs oftyrannosaurids argues against these animals
<emphasis id="77ACEAA1197A8768FE5D03EBFDF940C4" box="[463,530,1730,1755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="276">being</emphasis>
obligatory scavengers (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197A8768FF2F03C8FDEE40E5" author="HORNER, J. R. &amp; LESSEM, D." bookContentInfo="239 pp." box="[189,517,1761,1786]" journalOrPublisher="Simon &amp; Schuster, New York" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" refId="ref4381" refString="HORNER, J. R. &amp; LESSEM, D. (1993) - The Complete T. rex. Simon &amp; Schuster, New York, 239 pp." title="The Complete T. rex" type="book" year="1993">HORNER &amp; LESSEM, 1993</bibRefCitation>
). They were clearly opportunists that took advantage of eating the carcasses of other animals when they were available (
<bibRefCitation id="21494B42197A8768FF2F0269FDEB4146" author="CURRIE, P. J. &amp; DODSON, P." box="[189,512,1856,1881]" editor="W. E. REIF &amp; F. WESTPHAL" journalOrPublisher="Attempto Verlag, Tubingen" pageId="5" pageNumber="276" pagination="61 - 66" refId="ref4159" refString="CURRIE, P. J. &amp; DODSON, P. (1984) - Mass death of a herd of ceratopsian dinosaurs, in W. E. RE 1 F &amp; F. WESTPHAL (Eds.), Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestriaf Ecosystems, Short papers, Attempto Verlag, Tubingen, pp. 61 - 66." title="Mass death of a herd of ceratopsian dinosaurs" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestriaf Ecosystems" year="1984">CURRIE &amp; DODSON, 1984</bibRefCitation>
). However, it is doubtful that a single tyrannosaur could have found enough meatto scavenge to keep it alive. For a pack oftyrannosaurids to find enough dead animals is even less likely. Any mature tyrannosaur would have been large enough, fast enough, and strong enough to bring down any contemporary herbivore. Packing behavior would have improved this advantage, re- ducing the chance of injury to any individual tyrannosaur.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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