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<mods:title id="4A86AAAFB016ED08B55B865EE46237A2">Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0576422A779A7D35B331E31095EC76F1">Moore, Matthew R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="92B08BFBC2EA8D38DCD90CCB772EC839">Cave, Ronald D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E4754AE4CA4EB7454A9810CF15E9250F">Branham, Marc A.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="72203BFD5ED206B03D7599B15145D144" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="315F70FCC9BD9BBF31B75817A14C8445" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="D79309B06E9D39FEDEA3E71A259B6587" ID-CoL="7B8D" authority="Arrow, 1908" authorityName="Arrow" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken id="6B03BEA6BE8C5F064AC4C2B95B3A6C6B" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" start="start">Ruteloryctes</pageBreakToken>
Arrow, 1908
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07CFDC941A0F7DEF5D27149E996B80E6" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="types species">
<paragraph id="E25C945E6F02531B7DCE85FA65637255" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Types species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FABE2E7CC995538E2FAC98A115E2912E" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="BBBC7D5D328EFE87BE8F0149440C38F4" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes tristis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristis">Ruteloryctes tristis</taxonomicName>
Arrow, 1908: 336, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A6D24F36C17BD882A5E7ABDD2908B15E" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="valid taxa">
<paragraph id="DB27743E24201181571A09300862701B" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Valid taxa.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8595C8A7B8E52DA84EAFB717DED7D5CE" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Two species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7BE655711E8F4AE24FBD3DDF7BC1A659" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
The two species of
<taxonomicName id="E87C75B62D6EF1C9B8FCFF57B8AAFC42" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ruteloryctes</taxonomicName>
are distributed in the Guinea-Congo lowland rainforests of West and Central Africa.
<taxonomicName id="D009D6F307C80505341A98710E2434BA" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ruteloryctes</taxonomicName>
specimens have been collected in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Chad,
<normalizedToken id="D42D08925AEC458DFE85011FE008A6A6" originalValue="Côte">Cote</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F2536ACD8429BBAF6AE3702DC4D7A7B7" originalValue="dIvoire">d'Ivoire</normalizedToken>
, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and The Gambia (
<bibRefCitation id="59002E4C8A887D3E3A7936AADD3030D9" author="Burgeon, L" journalOrPublisher="Annales du Musee du Congo Belge, Zoologie, Serie III (II), Tome V, Fascicule" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="277 - 340" title="Catalogues raisonnes de la faune entomologique du Congo Belge. Coleopteres. Dynastinae, Valginae, Melolonthinae p. p." volume="4" year="1947">Burgeon 1947</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2BB9B4E99E168D8D52D9C31A63CD1344" author="Paulian, R" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institute Francaise d'Afrique Noire (Serie A, Sciences Naturelles)" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1119 - 1221" title="Coleopteres Dynastides, Chironides et Dynamopides de l'Afrique noire francaise." volume="16" year="1954">Paulian 1954</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="854DB7B9872877EBB4CD0BABDD48BDF2" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
<normalizedToken id="45E7EA7F2F77B466C95A67E2A18C715D" originalValue="Endrődi">Endrodi</normalizedToken>
1960
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D4790DE2C450C78D88A502F3594F7610" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums fuer Tierkunde Dresden" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 460" title="Monographie der Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). I. Teil." volume="33" year="1966">1966</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1DE322F33C083CEA7637046A5BB3B01B" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Junk Publisher, Dordrecht" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" title="The Dynastinae of the World. Dr. W." year="1985 a">1985a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D58C6739E5E7FE3DB8DEFEA99741765E" author="Krell, F-T" journalOrPublisher="Ecotropica" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="103 - 106" title="Rhinoceros beetles pollinate water lilies in Africa (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae; Magnoliidae: Nymphaeceae)." volume="9" year="2003">Krell et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2DA0CE225B703252715EE82960CABE42" author="Hirthe, G" journalOrPublisher="Plant Biology" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="670 - 676" title="Pollination of Nymphaealotus (Nymphaeaceae) by rhinoceros beetles and bees in the northeastern Ivory Coast." url="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-44717" volume="5" year="2003">Hirthe and Porembski 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FBA9E3A181891E8F76AD27892B4BE55A" author="Ervik, F" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00258.x" year="2003">Ervik and Knudsen 2003</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 62).
<taxonomicName id="952C4193BB932146269AD85C9E39CF39" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes morio" order="Coleoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morio">Ruteloryctes morio</taxonomicName>
is a pollinator of nocturnally blooming
<taxonomicName id="08CE87758F99395845F6083BDB3B26BB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nymphaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nymphaea lotus" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lotus">Nymphaea lotus</taxonomicName>
L., and this floral association has been reported from
<normalizedToken id="5F11AB974EFF62CC6442729270F83A71" originalValue="Côte">Cote</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="55B69AB28DFBEEA1537A676DE25F232C" originalValue="dIvoire">d'Ivoire</normalizedToken>
, Senegal, and Nigeria (
<bibRefCitation id="05CF5A04C53DF19B3808A6670C8E9455" author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher="Proft et Storch, Copenhagen" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" title="Supplementum entomologiae systematicae." year="1798">Fabricius 1798</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0FD02AAD17F524D1AA9033B3759F0130" author="Krell, F-T" journalOrPublisher="Ecotropica" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="103 - 106" title="Rhinoceros beetles pollinate water lilies in Africa (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae; Magnoliidae: Nymphaeceae)." volume="9" year="2003">Krell et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F713AD7B5CDD7FA67111D972E191B462" author="Hirthe, G" journalOrPublisher="Plant Biology" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="670 - 676" title="Pollination of Nymphaealotus (Nymphaeaceae) by rhinoceros beetles and bees in the northeastern Ivory Coast." url="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-44717" volume="5" year="2003">Hirthe and Porembski 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1A3AE65C5B040FB472138F2B339CDABD" author="Ervik, F" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00258.x" year="2003">Ervik and Knudsen 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="38539A0DC5365142D7A00D93DC269769" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ruteloryctes</taxonomicName>
are undescribed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="468C02701425DF0FBEE1386629564E26" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
<paragraph id="47F9AE010EB78CB47FEC83CE16ED912B" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
Figure 62. Country-level distribution of
<taxonomicName id="3BB3715BCF7DC2734698C55C1F4890B9" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ruteloryctes</taxonomicName>
species in Africa. Numbers indicate taxa per country.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2A9C9D37E50C8271914A1DAE738893B9" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="01F7A397789F93D1D208B386A3968E58" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken id="275AFDE8CB080F4F35C87ED02259407E" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" start="start">Ruteloryctes</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: 1) dorsal coloration black to dark brown; 2) body convex, not strongly anteroposteriorly compressed or dorsoventrally flattened; 3) clypeal apex truncate or rounded in dorsal view; 4) frontoclypeal suture incomplete medially; 5) males with anterolateral margin of the mandibles lacking weak tooth; 6) mandibular molar area with rows of circular micropunctures; 7) apex of mentum weakly emarginated at middle; 8) galea of maxilla on inner surface with 3 fused basal teeth, a free median tooth, and 2 fused apical teeth (3-1-2 arrangement); 9) pronotum with broadly incomplete beaded basal margin; 10) males and females with 3 protibial teeth on lateral margin, basal tooth not greatly reduced, slightly removed from apical 2 teeth, and oriented laterally; 11) protibial spur straight to weakly deflexed; 12) males with inner protarsal claw enlarged and narrowly cleft at apex; 13) mesocoxae not widely separated, nearly touching; 14) meso- and metatibiae with distal, transverse carinae; 15) metacoxae with lateral edge perpendicular to ventral surface; 16) anterior edge of hindwing distal to apical hinge lacking setae and with produced, membranous border; 17) vein RA with single row of pegs proximal to apical hinge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F395BD164CF55C38DB25A0D5AE923124" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="8E6166A84514DCFB9BDAD3B4EBDB8886" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ruteloryctes</taxonomicName>
compared the genus to New World
<taxonomicName id="F866A7BBE47F84DDFC8E2DA6BFBAAF05" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
species, and it was hypothesized to have &quot;strayed across the Atlantic&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="3A7733BB5E6528A68FEFC201307D363E" author="Arrow, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="321 - 358" title="Contributions to the classification of the coleopterous family Dynastidae." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1908.tb02151.x" volume="1908" year="1908">Arrow 1908</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="D1BB91A23EA4DE7F51AD03E91CC5B378" author="Endrodi, S" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums fuer Tierkunde Dresden" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 460" title="Monographie der Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). I. Teil." volume="33" year="1966">
<normalizedToken id="0FDCD7E10B2588521C674A49CC389626" originalValue="Endrődi">Endrodi</normalizedToken>
(1966)
</bibRefCitation>
thought that
<taxonomicName id="92B8FF2528C97E07AD5D8D7A9B5B0CAB" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ruteloryctes</taxonomicName>
was one of the most
<normalizedToken id="B71680BAA78632E223870B39DB0D3E81" originalValue="“primitive”">&quot;primitive&quot;</normalizedToken>
cyclocephaline genera. The 3-1-2 arrangement of the teeth on the maxillary galea in
<taxonomicName id="56C8DA916D155A002431029528FB7093" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ruteloryctes</taxonomicName>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="7B21CDDF639D4D368D61D9115735049D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Arriguttia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arriguttia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arriguttia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="7379F46B981FD13E16217E608BD5955F" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Augoderia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Augoderia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Augoderia</taxonomicName>
, and many
<taxonomicName id="EC275A3F974986F54383A714305C0FF2" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Cyclocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclocephala" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyclocephala</taxonomicName>
species. The membranous border of the hindwing present in
<taxonomicName id="DC805A43853505CF2F1C8155D6C52984" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ruteloryctes</taxonomicName>
is also shared with
<taxonomicName id="7240FD741CF2BC2DBCA30850E74437E8" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Arriguttia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arriguttia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arriguttia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="55E4DB1198FE60A84898F8AB5707BB2D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Acrobolbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acrobolbia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acrobolbia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C815F9CD04D174694FDEE5F6E7FD1828" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="18003207775756799066F11E7194040D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Aspidolea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspidolea" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aspidolea</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="F2C290F4B678681322CA9FDCB27920FF" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Cyclocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclocephala" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyclocephala</taxonomicName>
. However, the single row of pegs present on the hindwing RA vein in
<taxonomicName id="0BC03CD6C394C1F60CF2552D2B624BA0" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ruteloryctes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruteloryctes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ruteloryctes</taxonomicName>
is present in
<taxonomicName id="9E135A2ED10CFAB7CDB6EABD82C619A5" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancognatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ancognatha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ancognatha</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="46E371EA20BF7E126181EB5DF1A60968" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Surutu" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Surutu" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Surutu</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B8CAD89D4B8CF53F3FEFEE76394EE279" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Harposceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Harposceles" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harposceles</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C83A96AB71D84040D2739477A215C732" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Stenocrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenocrates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenocrates</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="50D95180D50B8036E3F8A44A831E7745" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dyscinetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dyscinetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dyscinetus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="73E7B5BE5A16B2B38982C9C6D3204351" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Erioscelis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Erioscelis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Erioscelis</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="AFA2E27274F25E0903D17520421F3176" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Chalepides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalepides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalepides</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>