593 lines
76 KiB
XML
593 lines
76 KiB
XML
<document id="50AEFB8A05114E3EDC6046B94A6267FB" ID-CLB-Dataset="27956" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a3a0ed95-6968-4792-b451-81d8acba882e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2609903" ID-ZooBank="F5736D61-B519-4F13-93FC-FCCAEC9505B4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553623970649" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Currie, Douglas C., Craig, Douglas A. & Moulton, John K." docDate="2018" docId="60352B2AFFADFFD4FF5CB0ECFAFA116A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4521.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4521 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Protaustrosimulium Currie & Craig & Moulton 2018, n. gen." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="304" masterDocId="9C0C5352FFACFFD7FFCBB46AFF891565" masterDocTitle="A new genus, Protaustrosimulium, for four species of Australian black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)" masterLastPageNumber="334" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="302" updateTime="1698713755208" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="A39DD1DE4C75A2F456FA2D3D38886068" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A77B910DF8F9AE914E2282D82B4CF36B">
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<mods:title id="308C1A3BEB229C953151048AFF546D8B">A new genus, Protaustrosimulium, for four species of Australian black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="393CB0457AC6F525A20D5E824ED76BC4" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="BF1493EA8F38407E9B0142AABF1475DC">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A83E6D30C3C469E988C134ED726B126F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E77AB2AAD96728A0BEA66619B5AC5046">Currie, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="27C0F18A1C0D5166B9A28C48787DE0BE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="31E38263E79E719C548B3C3E9B795314">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="950AD18E814C462AFA3863211E6F8CFF">Craig, Douglas A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="DC8F6BA86D8BC9625DC0749667FB8ACF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="724C128A063C234D4904F4FEFB5EFFF4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BDF555B5829C2050715FBC638D9CCA5F">Moulton, John K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3410AFC49DC66D19C8F206F343A23BA8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DC1D8EC01CA9076AD46D5839D93764D1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="21230EF85EA02B1D2CB3A9226E8A24DF">
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<mods:date id="641E84C5640AE253947533E015B343C7">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3AB7B70D1F8542C02B733890E4266959">2018-11-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="05842449C080E0E1404D278CC40BF8D0">4521</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="C2113F908A955DE6A6F89185C6BC2529" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="2F7206910239A339380F99EF9E0B6165">3</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="30A5DEBD9E0457118434BB78F8196F9B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6E6C6F660D225306422E5E368A56D835" type="CLB-Dataset">27956</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EA73515F982B5F8B7DB87124D915E8ED" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="48778F630E907E889DF4CFE74EF43DB0" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="60352B2AFFADFFD4FF5CB0ECFAFA116A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5959749" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498812" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5959749" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:60352B2AFFADFFD4FF5CB0ECFAFA116A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/60352B2AFFADFFD4FF5CB0ECFAFA116A" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="304" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFADFFD6FF5CB0ECFCA111C5" box="[151,808,1158,1184]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFADFFD6FF5CB0ECFCA111C5" blockId="1.[151,808,1158,1184]" box="[151,808,1158,1184]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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<heading id="B36B2D50FFADFFD6FF5CB0ECFCA111C5" bold="true" box="[151,808,1158,1184]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FF5CB0ECFCA111C5" bold="true" box="[151,808,1158,1184]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFADFFD6FF5CB0ECFE0311C5" ID-CoL="89R8Q" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,394,1158,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FF5CB0ECFE0311C5" bold="true" box="[151,394,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFADFFD6FE5BB0ECFE6B11C5" box="[400,482,1158,1184]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Currie, Craig & Moulton
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFADFFD6FF5CB0A7FB4110F6" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFADFFD6FF5CB0A7FC881187" blockId="1.[151,769,1228,1250]" box="[151,769,1228,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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<typeStatus id="3727249EFFADFFD6FF5CB0A7FF401187" box="[151,201,1229,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFADFFD6FEEDB0A6FD741187" authority="Davies & Gyorkos 1988: 107" authorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" authorityPageNumber="107" authorityYear="1988" box="[294,765,1228,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FEEDB0A6FE431187" box="[294,458,1228,1250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Cnephia pilfreyi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFADFFD6FE1BB0A6FD431187" author="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H." box="[464,714,1228,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies & Györkös 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: 107
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFADFFD6FF5CB164FB4110F6" blockId="1.[151,1437,1294,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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Members of the
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFADFFD6FE84B164FD171042" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[335,670,1294,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FE84B164FD171042" box="[335,670,1294,1319]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Protaustrosimulium terebrans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-group, as defined below (
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FC0FB165FC561043" box="[964,991,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">i.e</emphasis>
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.,
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFADFFD6FC3FB165FB141042" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[1012,1181,1294,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FC3FB165FB141042" box="[1012,1181,1294,1319]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Prot. terebrans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFADFFD6FB18B165FA091043" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1235,1408,1295,1318]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" rank="species" species="opscurum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FB18B165FA091043" box="[1235,1408,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Prot. opscurum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFADFFD6FA4CB165FF3E102E" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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) are known only as adult females. Accordingly, the following diagnosis is confirmed just for that particular life stage. Character states of males, pupae and larvae apply definitely only to members of the
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFADFFD6FB73B13DFAC3100A" authorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" box="[1208,1354,1366,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FB73B13DFAC3100A" box="[1208,1354,1366,1391]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-group; however, a subset of these states may eventually prove to be diagnostic of the genus as a whole.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFADFFD5FF0CB1F4FC081490" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFADFFD5FF0CB1F4FC081490" blockId="1.[151,1437,1294,2009]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2021]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FF0CB1F4FEB310D2" bold="true" box="[199,314,1438,1463]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FE86B1F4FE2810D2" box="[333,417,1438,1463]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Female</emphasis>
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: small, darkly coloured flies.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FCC7B1F4FCC110D2" box="[780,840,1438,1463]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Head</emphasis>
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: antenna with nine flagellomeres. Lateral cervical sclerites well expressed.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FE67B1A8FE7410BE" box="[428,509,1474,1499]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Thorax</emphasis>
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: not markedly domed; katepisternal sulcus well defined and more or less complete anteriorly; katepisternum and anepisternal membrane bare.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FC8BB18DFCF1109B" box="[832,888,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Wing</emphasis>
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: rather fumose, especially apically, with darkly pigmented veins; basal medial (bm) cell present, but minute (absent in male of
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFADFFD6FBBBB266FA8F1346" authorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" box="[1136,1286,1546,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FBBBB266FA8F1346" box="[1136,1286,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); membrane surrounding r-m junction not markedly pigmented; a:b ratio
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FC93B245FCFA1323" box="[856,883,1583,1606]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">ca</emphasis>
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. 1.0:2.8;
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<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFADFFD6FC2EB245FBAC1322" box="[997,1061,1583,1607]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Costa</collectingRegion>
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with short spinules interspersed among typical setae on apical half; vein Rs unbranched; R
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<subScript id="74189879FFADFFD6FCE1B20BFCBB130A" attach="left" box="[810,818,1633,1647]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">1</subScript>
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and R
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<subScript id="74189879FFADFFD6FCB6B20BFC0A130A" attach="left" box="[893,899,1633,1647]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">s</subScript>
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closely approximated distally, confluent before junction with C; basal section of R haired; M
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<subScript id="74189879FFADFFD6FD62B2E2FD3813F3" attach="left" box="[681,689,1672,1686]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">1</subScript>
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appears doubled distally; CuA slightly sinuous.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FB2CB210FA9513F4" box="[1255,1308,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Legs</emphasis>
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: basitarsus without row of stout spines ventrally; calcipala well developed, with base one-third to one-half width of hind basitarsus apex; pedisulcus present but variously expressed; tarsal claws smoothly and shallowly curved, with small basal tooth arising from medial side of claw, heel small to well expressed.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FB9DB282FB491264" box="[1110,1216,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Genitalia</emphasis>
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: spermatheca with pigmentation extended markedly onto apex of spermathecal duct (condition unknown in
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFADFFD6FB59B367FAC81241" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1170,1345,1805,1828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" rank="species" species="opscurum">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FB59B367FAC81241" box="[1170,1345,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Prot. opscurum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FA90B366FA1C1240" box="[1371,1429,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Male</emphasis>
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: details of head, thorax and wing as described for females.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FCFBB35AFC2A122C" box="[816,931,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Genitalia:</emphasis>
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gonostylus slightly shorter than gonocoxite, with three to five short apical spines; ventral plate trapezoidal shaped, with distinct median keel; paramere platelike, subtriangular, with four long apical spines; aedeagal membrane with microtrichia; median sclerite deeply forked.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFADFFD6FF38B3F7FEA712D1" box="[243,302,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Pupa</emphasis>
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: gill thin-walled and transparent, consisting of 6–10 short finger-like filaments; thoracic notum smooth, with typical array of setae; abdominal cuticle thin and lightly pigmented; pleurites absent; abdominal armature sparse, with hooks present only on tergites V and VI; spine combs minute, present on tergites VI–IX; anchor-shaped hooks present on pleura of terminal abdominal segments; terminal spines minute.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB3CB4D7FAC715B1" box="[1271,1358,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Cocoon</emphasis>
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: shoeshaped or slipper-shaped, without anterior rim, constructed of fine loosely woven silk covering most of pupa.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF5CB56FFF531479" box="[151,218,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Larva</emphasis>
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: antenna extended well beyond apex of labral fan base; article length ratio (basal:medial:distal)
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FAFBB56FFAC21479" box="[1328,1355,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">ca</emphasis>
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. 3:1:7; basal and medial articles relatively thick and brown, distal article relatively thin (
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB9DB543FBF91425" box="[1110,1136,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">ca</emphasis>
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. one-third width of other articles) and hyaline; cervical sclerites not fused to postocciput; hypostoma with apical teeth not arranged on prominent lobes; teeth partially covered by ventral wall of hypostoma; tooth 0 and 4 most prominent; lateral serrations absent; postgenal cleft virtually absent, represented at most by narrow inverted-V shaped notch; abdomen with ventral tubercles well expressed; anal sclerite X-shaped, interarm struts absent; accessory and semicircular sclerites present; rectal papillae of three simple lobes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFAEFFD5FF0CB595FC351759" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAEFFD5FF0CB595FC351759" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF0CB595FED0177D" bold="true" box="[199,345,511,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Distribution</emphasis>
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.
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<collectingCountry id="908BDAACFFAEFFD5FEA6B595FE5E177D" box="[365,471,511,536]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Australia</collectingCountry>
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; with species distributed vicariously in
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<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFAEFFD5FC7FB66AFB02177D" box="[948,1163,511,536]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
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, the Australian Capital Region and
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<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFAEFFD5FED5B64EFEF11758" box="[286,376,548,573]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Victoria</collectingRegion>
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in the southeast, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFAEFFD5FDA0B64FFCBD1758" box="[619,820,548,573]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the west.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFAEFFD5FF0CB62DFC8017A8" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAEFFD5FF0CB62DFBED17E1" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF0CB62DFECF1705" bold="true" box="[199,326,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. In reference to the apparent close relationship between the species under consideration to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FF5CB606FECE17E0" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,327,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF5CB606FECE17E0" box="[151,327,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FE9EB606FDA517E0" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[341,556,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE9EB606FDA517E0" box="[341,556,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FDA8B607FBD617E1" authority="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron 1973" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[611,1119,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FDA8B607FD7917E1" box="[611,752,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAEFFD5FD3DB606FBD617E1" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." box="[758,1119,620,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="129 - 200" refId="ref14436" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1973) A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 151, 129 - 200. Available from: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 598 (accessed 22 September 2018)" type="journal article" year="1973">Wygodzinsky & Coscarón 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAEFFD5FF0CB6E5FC8017A8" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF0CB6E5FED717CD" bold="true" box="[199,350,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Constituents</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FEB8B6E5FC3817CD" authority="(Davies & Gyorkos)" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[371,945,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FEB8B6E5FD2617CD" box="[371,687,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
(Davies & Györkös)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAEFFD5FC74B6E5FBA517C2" box="[959,1068,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FC74B6E5FBAC17CD" bold="true" box="[959,1061,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">n. comb</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FBF0B6FBFB7317CD" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1083,1274,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="species" species="amphorum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FBF0B6FBFB7317CD" box="[1083,1274,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Prot. amphorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FAC3B6E5FAC717CD" bold="true" box="[1288,1358,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAEFFD5FAC3B6E5FAC717CD" box="[1288,1358,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FAAFB6FBFEFB17A8" authority="(Tonnoir)" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FAAFB6FBFE8817A8" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Prot. terebrans</emphasis>
|
||
(Tonnoir)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FEB1B6DEFE6917A8" bold="true" box="[378,480,692,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAEFFD5FEB1B6DEFE5317A8" box="[378,474,692,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="species">n. comb</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FDDDB6DFFD4A17A9" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[534,707,693,716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="species" species="opscurum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FDDDB6DFFD4A17A9" box="[534,707,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Prot. opscurum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD01B6DEFC8017A8" bold="true" box="[714,777,692,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAEFFD5FD01B6DEFC8017A8" box="[714,777,692,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFAEFFD4FF0CB6BDFB7B16AD" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="304" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAEFFD5FF0CB6BDFDC21254" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF0CB6BDFECC1795" bold="true" box="[199,325,727,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FE98B6BDFDB81795" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[339,561,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE98B6BDFDB81795" box="[339,561,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAEFFD5FDF2B6B2FD0C1795" box="[569,645,728,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is here established for four species of Australian black flies that share a close relationship with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FE64B696FDD61670" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1925" box="[431,607,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE64B696FDD61670" box="[431,607,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FDA6B696FCC51670" box="[621,844,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FDA6B696FCCE1670" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[621,839,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraustrosimulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FC49B697FB871671" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[898,1038,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FC49B697FB871671" box="[898,1038,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They share with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FB13B696FA011670" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1925" box="[1240,1416,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB13B696FA011670" box="[1240,1416,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a markedly similar wing venation, wherein R
|
||
<subScript id="74189879FFAEFFD5FD4FB744FD051659" attach="left" box="[644,652,814,828]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">1</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="74189879FFAEFFD5FD13B744FD571659" attach="left" box="[728,734,814,828]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">s</subScript>
|
||
are closely approximated distally, becoming confluent before joining the costa. (
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FEA0B722FE05163A" box="[363,396,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAEFFD5FE68B72CFD88163A" box="[419,513,838,863]" captionStart="FIGURES 28, 29" captionStartId="13.[151,264,743,766]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,723]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,723]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 28, 29. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (28) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (29) Wing veins. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609917/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Figs. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAEFFD5FDC5B72DFDA7163A" box="[526,558,839,863]" captionStart="FIGURES 30" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1588,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,846,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,846,1567]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609919/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">30</figureCitation>
|
||
). This state is clearly synapomorphic for members of these two genera, as R
|
||
<subScript id="74189879FFAEFFD5FA5FB73FFA151606" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,853,867]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">1</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="74189879FFAEFFD5FF10B716FF6816EF" attach="left" box="[219,225,892,906]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">s</subScript>
|
||
join the costa separately in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FDD4B707FD7F16E3" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[543,758,877,902]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FDD4B707FD7F16E3" box="[543,758,877,902]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FCCDB704FC1B16E0" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[774,914,878,901]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FCCDB704FC1B16E0" box="[774,914,878,901]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all other simuliids. The wings of all four genera have a similar a:b ratio (
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE37B7FFFD9E16C9" box="[508,535,917,940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
., they all have a relatively short basal radial (br) cell that extends
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB34B7FFFA9316C9" box="[1279,1306,917,940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. one fourth length of wing as measured from cell base) and possess a small but distinct basal medial (bm) cell. Although the immature stages are unknown for members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FD18B7B6FCB41690" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[723,829,988,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD18B7B6FCB41690" box="[723,829,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">terebrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group, larvae and pupae of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FB61B7B6FB731690" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1194,1274,988,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB61B7B6FB731690" box="[1194,1274,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group share a number of synapomorphic character-states with
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD0BB06AFBD1117C" box="[704,1112,1024,1049]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FD0BB06AFCFA117C" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1925" box="[704,883,1024,1049]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austrosimulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FC4AB06AFBD1117C" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[897,1112,1024,1049]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraustrosimulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FB5FB06BFAA9117D" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[1172,1312,1025,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB5FB06BFAA9117D" box="[1172,1312,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One such state is the elongate distal antennal article of larvae, which is two times or more the length of the basal and medial article combined. The hypostoma of the four genera are also similar in that their apical teeth are not grouped on prominent lobes and further are partially covered by the ventral wall of the hypostoma (
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB51B007FB3211E1" box="[1178,1211,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAEFFD5FB18B006FAA011E0" box="[1235,1321,1132,1157]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[176,1410,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 14–19. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies & Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Another character-state shared between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FDDAB0FAFD6611CC" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[529,751,1168,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FDDAB0FAFD6611CC" box="[529,751,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FCF3B0FAFC6111CC" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[824,1000,1168,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FCF3B0FAFC6111CC" box="[824,1000,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAEFFD5FC33B0FBFBB411CD" box="[1016,1085,1169,1192]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FC33B0FBFBBE11CD" box="[1016,1079,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">s. str</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(but not by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FB27B0FAFE0C11A8" authority="" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Novaustrosimulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB27B0FAFA1511CC" box="[1260,1436,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF6BB0DEFEF311A8" box="[160,378,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FE58B0DEFDE311A8" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[403,618,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE58B0DEFDE311A8" box="[403,618,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FD68B0DFFCA611A9" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[675,815,1205,1228]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD68B0DFFCA611A9" box="[675,815,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is presence of accessory and semicircular sclerites on the posterior proleg of larvae. Although similar structures occur elsewhere in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FB46B0B2FA801194" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[1165,1289,1240,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as in
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF5CB096FE2D1070" box="[151,420,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Parasimulium crosskeyi</emphasis>
|
||
Peterson,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FDD7B096FC911070" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1925" box="[540,792,1276,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gigantodax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FDD7B096FD291070" box="[540,672,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Gigantodax</emphasis>
|
||
Enderlein
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FCE8B096FEAD105C" authority="Stone (Takaoka & Craig, 1999)" authorityName="Stone (Takaoka & Craig" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palauense" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FCE8B096FC041070" box="[803,909,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FC55B096FBCD1070" box="[926,1092,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Gomphostilbia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB9DB096FB4E1070" box="[1110,1223,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">palauense</emphasis>
|
||
Stone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAEFFD5FAD5B096FE94105C" author="Takaoka, H. & Craig, D. A." pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="195 - 201" refId="ref14280" refString="Takaoka, H. & Craig, D. A. (1999) Taxonomic and ecological notes on Simulium (Gomphostilbia) palauense (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Palau, Micronesia, with redescriptions of adults and descriptions of the pupa and mature larva. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 27, 195 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.2149 / tmh 1973.27.195" type="journal article" year="1999">Takaoka & Craig, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE90B14BFE33105D" box="[347,442,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Crozetia</emphasis>
|
||
Davies (Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FDAFB14BFD1C105C" box="[612,661,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2003) they are likely to be independently evolved based on marked differences in their expression. As shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAEFFD5FD44B12EFCD11038" author="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K." box="[655,856,1348,1373]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 336" refId="ref12880" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae. Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 22 September 2018)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD1FB12FFC8D1038" box="[724,772,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 285), a clear ring of cuticle surrounds and supports the circlet of hooks, and while parts of the ring may be darkly pigmented, as is the case in most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FB27B102FA1510E4" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1260,1436,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB27B102FA1510E4" box="[1260,1436,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and members of the
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE1AB1E7FDE010C0" box="[465,617,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Prot. pilfreyi-</emphasis>
|
||
group (
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAEFFD5FD72B1E6FC9F10C0" box="[697,790,1420,1445]" captionStart="FIGURES 20, 21" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1313,1336]" captionTargetBox="[186,1436,733,1293]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,733,1293]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 20, 21. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva. (20) Anal sclerite & accessory sclerites (ac sl) (modified from Davies & Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (21) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (ac sl) & circlet of hooks (Grampians). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609913/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Figs. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAEFFD5FCE9B1E6FCC810C0" box="[802,833,1420,1445]" captionStart="FIGURES 61–66" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1393,194,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[197,1393,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 61–66. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (61) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (62) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (63) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (64) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (65) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (66) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (a s), semicircular sclerite (s s) & circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609937/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">66</figureCitation>
|
||
), the structure is actually present in all simuliid larvae examined. The semicircular sclerite then, when expressed, is merely pigmentation of the ring. Accordingly, while this underlying cuticle is homologous across the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FD04B1BEFCC21088" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[719,843,1492,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its expression, when sclerotized and pigmented, is subject to homoplasy. Nonetheless, the form of the accessory and semicircular sclerites is markedly similar in members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FEAFB276FE3D1350" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[356,436,1564,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FEAFB276FE3D1350" box="[356,436,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FD8EB276FD7C1350" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[581,757,1564,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD8EB276FD7C1350" box="[581,757,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAEFFD5FCCFB277FCC11351" box="[772,840,1565,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FCCFB277FCC81351" box="[772,833,1565,1588]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">s. str</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, perhaps suggesting a common origin. Pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FF5CB22AFEFC133C" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,373,1600,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF5CB22AFEFC133C" box="[151,373,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FE42B22AFDB0133C" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[393,569,1600,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE42B22AFDB0133C" box="[393,569,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FD86B22BFD50133D" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[589,729,1601,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD86B22BFD50133D" box="[589,729,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FCD7B22AFC7A133C" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[796,1011,1600,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FCD7B22AFC7A133C" box="[796,1011,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar in that their abdominal armature is weakly expressed, the terminal spines are minute (
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAEFFD5FC9AB20EFC2D1318" box="[849,932,1636,1661]" captionStart="FIGURES 54, 55" captionStartId="19.[151,264,844,867]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,823]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,823]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 54, 55. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (54) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (55) Abdominal segment IX. Arrows indicate terminal spines. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609933/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the pleura of the terminal segments are endowed with anchor- or grapnel-shaped hooks. Finally, the hind basitarsus of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FBB5B2E2FAD513C4" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1150,1372,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FBB5B2E2FAD513C4" box="[1150,1372,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plus those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FF3CB2C7FE1E13A0" box="[247,407,1708,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australense">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF3CB2C7FE1E13A0" box="[247,407,1708,1733]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. australense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FD48B2C7FC9313A0" box="[643,794,1708,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ungulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD48B2C7FC9313A0" box="[643,794,1708,1733]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. ungulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group, lack a row of stout setae that runs parallel to the comb in other simuliids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAEFFD5FDC9B2BAFD5B138C" author="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K." box="[514,722,1744,1769]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 336" refId="ref12880" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae. Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 22 September 2018)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD80B2BBFDF7138C" box="[587,638,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 54). This character state either provides further evidence of a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FE03B29EFD2F1268" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[456,678,1780,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE03B29EFD2F1268" box="[456,678,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FD16B29EFC041268" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[733,909,1780,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD16B29EFC041268" box="[733,909,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or perhaps represents a synapomorphy (albeit a homoplasious one) of the new genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAEFFD4FF0CB356FDDA14B5" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2021]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,861]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="304" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FE89B356FDA91230" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[322,544,1852,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FE89B356FDA91230" box="[322,544,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares many of the above-mentioned features with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FB79B356FAEB1230" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1202,1378,1852,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB79B356FAEB1230" box="[1202,1378,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FF5CB30AFEE7121C" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,366,1888,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF5CB30AFEE7121C" box="[151,366,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it lacks synapomorphies that link those latter two genera together. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FF5CB3EEFEFC12F8" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,373,1924,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FF5CB3EEFEFC12F8" box="[151,373,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has nine (as opposed to eight) antennal flagellomeres, and lacks (as does
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FACDB3EFFA1B12F9" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[1286,1426,1925,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FACDB3EFFA1B12F9" box="[1286,1426,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) interarm struts on the anal sclerite.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FD8FB3C2FCAB12A4" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[580,802,1960,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FD8FB3C2FCAB12A4" box="[580,802,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be further distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FB02B3C2FAF012A4" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1225,1401,1960,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FB02B3C2FAF012A4" box="[1225,1401,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking the following autapomorphies of that genus; namely,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAEFFD5FC85B3A6FBA51280" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[846,1068,1996,2021]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAEFFD5FC85B3A6FBA51280" box="[846,1068,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females have serrations on both sides of the mandible (as opposed to just on the inner side), and their pupae have spine combs on abdominal tergites VI–VIII (as opposed to lacking spine combs altogether). In summary, the character state distribution in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB4B5FEFC159D" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,373,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB4B5FEFC159D" box="[151,373,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is muddled, with different sets of relationships suggested depending on how characters are interpreted. Arbitrary assignment of the species in question to either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FC6BB56EFBD91478" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[928,1104,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FC6BB56EFBD91478" box="[928,1104,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FBBCB56EFAC71478" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[1143,1358,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FBBCB56EFAC71478" box="[1143,1358,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would render diagnosis of those genera difficult. We therefore prefer to recognize a new genus in order to maintain current generic concepts as far as possible. An alternative approach would be to recognize just a single Austral genus—
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB505FE0714ED" box="[151,398,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB505FECE14ED" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,327,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Austrosimulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAFFFD4FE84B51BFE0714ED" box="[335,398,367,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" sensu="lato">s. lat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—with five subgenera,
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FD52B51BFD3114ED" box="[665,696,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">viz</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FD04B505FCF614ED" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[719,895,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FD04B505FCF614ED" box="[719,895,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAFFFD4FC4CB51BFC4D14E2" box="[903,964,368,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FC4CB51BFC3714ED" box="[903,958,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">s. str</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FC1FB505FB2714ED" box="[980,1198,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FB75B505FA1C14ED" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[1214,1429,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FB75B505FA1C14ED" box="[1214,1429,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB5FFFEAD14C9" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,292,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB5FFFEAD14C9" box="[151,292,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FE97B5FEFDB314C8" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[348,570,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FE97B5FEFDB314C8" box="[348,570,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, as noted above, marked structural disparity among included taxa would make generic diagnosis difficult.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAFFFD4FF0CB5B6FDC217A8" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
While it is clear that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FE13B5B6FD3F1490" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[472,694,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FE13B5B6FD3F1490" box="[472,694,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares an immediate common ancestry with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FB2FB5B6FA1D1490" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[1252,1428,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FB2FB5B6FA1D1490" box="[1252,1428,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB595FEFC177D" box="[151,373,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB595FEF8177D" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,369,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraustrosimulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FE66B66AFDB01772" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[429,569,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FE66B66AFDB01772" box="[429,569,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, monophyly of the new genus is less certain—mainly because adult females are the only life stage known for all four species. One possible synapomorphy is a spermatheca with pigmentation extended markedly into the apex of the spermathecal duct. Unfortunately, however, the spermatheca of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FAAFB623FE8C17E1" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" rank="species" species="opscurum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FAAFB623FE8C17E1" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Prot. opscurum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unknown, and this particular state is variously expressed in other simuliids, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FB2AB607FAE417E1" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[1249,1389,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FB2AB607FAE417E1" box="[1249,1389,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB6E5FEE717CD" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,366,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB6E5FEE717CD" box="[151,366,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Males and immature stages of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FD37B6E5FCEF17CD" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[764,870,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FD37B6E5FCEF17CD" box="[764,870,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">terebrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group are needed to more fully assess monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF7EB6DEFE1A17A8" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[181,403,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF7EB6DEFE1A17A8" box="[181,403,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as here defined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAFFFD4FF0CB6BDFB841638" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FE69B6BDFD091795" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[418,640,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FE69B6BDFD091795" box="[418,640,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAFFFD4FD5BB6BDFD6D1795" box="[656,740,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 99" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1229,1251]" captionTargetBox="[193,1405,676,1173]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,625,1206]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 99. Distribution of Protaustrosimulium. (99) Map of southern portion of Australia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609961/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
|
||
), with sister species split between southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFAFFFD4FB18B6B2FA151795" box="[1235,1436,727,752]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and the southeastern States, follows closely that of the other Gondwanan simuliid taxa. This, as discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FA95B696FE90165D" author="Craig, D. A. & Moulton, J. K. & Currie, D. C." pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="451 - 492" refId="ref13016" refString="Craig, D. A., Moulton, J. K. & Currie, D. C. (2017) Taxonomic revision of Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky & Coscaron: reassignment of Austrosimulium colboi and description of P. obcidens n. sp. from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 4337 (4), 451 - 492 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4337.4.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB74BFF41165D" box="[151,200,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FEEEB74AFEE5165D" author="Craig, D. A. & Currie, D. C. & Moulton, J. K." box="[293,364,800,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="341 - 357" refId="ref13087" refString="Craig, D. A., Currie, D. C. & Moulton, J. K. (2018 a) Reassignment of Western Australia Paracnephia gladiator Moulton & Adler to a new genus, Bunyipellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zootaxa, 4375 (3), 341 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4375.3.3" type="journal article" year="2018">2018a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FEBCB775FE36165D" author="Craig, D. A. & Currie, D. C. & Moulton, J. K." box="[375,447,799,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="351 - 380" refId="ref13155" refString="Craig, D. A., Currie, D. C. & Moulton, J. K. (2018 b) Nothogreniera new genus, for two species of Australian " Paracnephia " (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zootaxa, 4444 (4), 351 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4444.4.1" type="journal article" year="2018">2018b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FE36B775FD66165D" author="Moulton, J. K. & Currie, D. C. & Craig, D. A." box="[509,751,799,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref13927" refString="Moulton, J. K., Currie, D. C. & Craig, D. A. (2018) A new genus, Ectemnoides, for seven species of Australian Gondwanan Simuliidae (Diptera) with description of a novel form of larval attachment. Insect Systematics and Diversity, 2 (4), 1 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / isd / ixy 009" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Moulton
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FDAEB74BFD1F165D" box="[613,662,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
likely involved inundation of the Nullarbor Plain area by the Eromanga Sea during the Eocene and Miocene, and subsequent desertification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAFFFD4FF5CB7C5FB7B16AD" blockId="3.[151,1266,943,968]" box="[151,1266,943,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB7C5FEC816AD" bold="true" box="[151,321,943,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB7C5FF6016AD" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[151,233,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB7C5FF6016AD" bold="true" box="[151,233,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Genital fork with rod-like anterior arm and membranous lateral region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAFFFD4FBA0B7C5FB3316AD" box="[1131,1210,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[152,1425,390,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,390,1897]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Female adult. (Modified from Davies & Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala & tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw & basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus & anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAFFFD4FB0DB7C5FB6F16AD" box="[1222,1254,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[229,1374,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1374,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (33) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (34) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (35) Genital fork. (lateral apodeme – l a). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (36) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (37) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (38) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609923/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">35</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFAFFFD4FF5CB79DFAFA116A" box="[151,1395,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAFFFD4FF5CB79DFAFA116A" blockId="3.[151,1395,1015,1040]" box="[151,1395,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB79DFEBC1175" bold="true" box="[151,309,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Constituents.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FEF7B79DFC121175" authority="(Davies & Gyorkos 1988)" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[316,923,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FEF7B79DFDF91175" box="[316,624,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FDB4B79DFC1A1175" author="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H." box="[639,915,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies & Györkös 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FC1AB79DFAA61175" authority="Currie & Craig & Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie & Craig & Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[977,1327,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FC1AB79DFAA61175" box="[977,1327,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFAFFFD4FAFCB792FAFA116A" box="[1335,1395,1016,1039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |