treatments-xml/data/60/35/2B/60352B2AFFA5FFC4FF5CB4FDFB401029.xml

<document id="3F036FC690943BB6E7E7AB3109A6B45F" ID-CLB-Dataset="27956" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4521.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a3a0ed95-6968-4792-b451-81d8acba882e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2609903" ID-ZooBank="F5736D61-B519-4F13-93FC-FCCAEC9505B4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553623970649" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Currie, Douglas C., Craig, Douglas A. &amp; Moulton, John K." docDate="2018" docId="60352B2AFFA5FFC4FF5CB4FDFB401029" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4521.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4521 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Protaustrosimulium amphorum Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton 2018, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="320" masterDocId="9C0C5352FFACFFD7FFCBB46AFF891565" masterDocTitle="A new genus, Protaustrosimulium, for four species of Australian black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)" masterLastPageNumber="334" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="310" updateTime="1698713755208" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="51B0F8B4B8C4AD60C0DEED5C9A558D97">A new genus, Protaustrosimulium, for four species of Australian black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA5FFDEFF5CB4FDFCEB15D7" ID-CoL="8DHGF" authority="Currie, Craig &amp; Moulton." authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,866,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFF5CB4FDFD9F15D4" bold="true" box="[151,534,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</emphasis>
Currie, Craig &amp; Moulton.
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<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA5FFDEFF5CB4D0FEA715B6" blockId="9.[151,940,151,211]" box="[151,302,186,211]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFF54B4D0FEAF15B6" box="[159,294,186,211]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 22–27" captionStart-1="FIGURES 28, 29" captionStart-10="FIGURES 56–60" captionStart-11="FIGURES 61–66" captionStart-2="FIGURES 30" captionStart-3="FIGURES 31, 32" captionStart-4="FIGURES 33–38" captionStart-5="FIGURES 39–44" captionStart-6="FIGURES 45–48" captionStart-7="FIGURES 49–52" captionStart-8="FIGURES 53" captionStart-9="FIGURES 54, 55" captionStartId-0="12.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,264,743,766]" captionStartId-10="21.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionStartId-11="22.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,264,1588,1611]" captionStartId-3="14.[151,264,1984,2007]" captionStartId-4="15.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionStartId-5="16.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionStartId-6="17.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionStartId-7="18.[151,264,1312,1335]" captionStartId-8="18.[151,264,2015,2038]" captionStartId-9="19.[151,264,844,867]" captionTargetBox-0="[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,723]" captionTargetBox-10="[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetBox-11="[197,1393,194,1886]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,846,1567]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,1332,1962]" captionTargetBox-4="[229,1374,193,1855]" captionTargetBox-5="[205,1378,207,1924]" captionTargetBox-6="[168,1427,690,1925]" captionTargetBox-7="[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetBox-8="[217,1375,1410,1997]" captionTargetBox-9="[151,1436,193,823]" captionTargetId-0="figure@12.[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[151,1436,193,723]" captionTargetId-10="figure@21.[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetId-11="figure@22.[197,1393,193,1896]" captionTargetId-2="figure@13.[151,1436,846,1567]" captionTargetId-3="figure@14.[151,1436,1332,1962]" captionTargetId-4="figure@15.[214,1374,193,1898]" captionTargetId-5="figure@16.[205,1383,193,1924]" captionTargetId-6="figure@17.[162,1427,687,1925]" captionTargetId-7="figure@18.[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetId-8="figure@18.[217,1375,1410,1997]" captionTargetId-9="figure@19.[151,1436,193,823]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-10="21" captionTargetPageId-11="22" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionTargetPageId-7="18" captionTargetPageId-8="18" captionTargetPageId-9="19" captionText-0="FIGURES 22–27. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (22) Holotype, habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (23) Holotype labels. (24) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (25) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (26) Maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (s v), mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (27) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 28, 29. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (28) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (29) Wing veins. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-10="FIGURES 56–60. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (56) Habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (57) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (58) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (59) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (60) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." captionText-11="FIGURES 61–66. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (61) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (62) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (63) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (64) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (65) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (66) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (a s), semicircular sclerite (s s) &amp; circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-2="FIGURES 30. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-3="FIGURES 31, 32. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (31) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Claw showing heel (h) and basal tooth (t). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." captionText-4="FIGURES 33–38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (33) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (34) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (35) Genital fork. (lateral apodeme – l a). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (36) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (37) Cercus &amp; anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (38) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." captionText-5="FIGURES 39–44. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (39) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (41) Maxillary palp, mandible &amp; lacinia. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (42) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (43) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (44) Claw &amp; grappling hooks (g h). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." captionText-6="FIGURES 45–48. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (45) Abdominal tergites (t) and sternites (st). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Ventral view genitalia (cleared). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (47) Gonocoxa (gc) &amp; gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (48) Basal arms (ba), ventral plate (vp), parameres (p) &amp; spines (sp). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-7="FIGURES 49–52. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (49) Cocoon &amp; pupa. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (50) Gill. Scale bar =0. 5 mm. (51) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-8="FIGURES 53. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. Abdomen. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-9="FIGURES 54, 55. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (54) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (55) Abdominal segment IX. Arrows indicate terminal spines. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2609915/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2609917/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/2609935/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/2609937/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2609919/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/2609921/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/2609923/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/2609925/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/2609927/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/2609929/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/2609931/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/2609933/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Figs. 22–66</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA5FFDEFF5CB497FCB810C2" blockId="9.[151,1437,253,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFF5CB497FEA81473" bold="true" box="[151,289,253,278]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Description</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFEE5B497FE0A1473" box="[302,387,253,278]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Female</emphasis>
(based on four reared specimens). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFCCCB497FCC81473" box="[775,833,253,278]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFC84B497FC2A1473" box="[847,931,253,278]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–27" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 22–27. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (22) Holotype, habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (23) Holotype labels. (24) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (25) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (26) Maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (s v), mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (27) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609915/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
): overall blackish brown; total length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFA83B497FF4F1453" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="2.4" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.3">2.3–2.5 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFF1AB574FE871452" box="[209,270,286,311]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFED5B574FEFA1452" box="[286,371,286,311]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–27" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 22–27. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (22) Holotype, habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (23) Holotype labels. (24) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (25) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (26) Maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (s v), mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (27) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609915/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
): overall markedly dark in colour; width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFC8FB575FC621453" box="[836,1003,287,311]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.8" valueMax="0.81" valueMin="0.79">0.79–0.81 mm</quantity>
; depth 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFBF6B574FB6A1453" box="[1085,1251,286,311]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.52" valueMax="0.54" valueMin="0.5">0.50–0.54 mm</quantity>
; postocciput not markedly hirsute with long pale hairs, frons divergent, not markedly narrow, dark brown–black; frons:head ratio 1.0:7.0. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFF3DB508FEA9141C" box="[246,288,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Eye</emphasis>
: interocular distance 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFDD7B508FDBF141C" box="[540,566,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFD83B50BFD2D141C" box="[584,676,353,377]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
; eye evenly dark red, ommatidia diameter 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFB51B50BFA8D141C" box="[1178,1284,353,377]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
; 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFAD8B508FABC141C" box="[1299,1333,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">ca.</emphasis>
26 rows across and 36 down at mid–eye. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFDDEB5E8FDE614FE" box="[533,623,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Clypeus</emphasis>
: width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFD00B5E9FCBD14FF" box="[715,820,387,411]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.19">0.19 mm</quantity>
; shiny black, vestiture of sparse small hairs. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFAF5B5E9FA1214FF" box="[1342,1435,387,410]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFF54B5CEFF7F14D8" box="[159,246,420,445]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–27" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 22–27. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (22) Holotype, habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (23) Holotype labels. (24) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (25) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (26) Maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (s v), mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (27) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609915/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
): extended well beyond head margins; total length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFC81B5CEFC3D14D9" box="[842,948,420,445]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.56">0.56 mm</quantity>
; evenly blackish brown; pedicel narrowed basally slightly broader apically than flagellomere I, others angulate, proximal flagellomeres wider than long, little tapered to apex. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFE9FB58CFE5E149A" box="[340,471,486,511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFE2DB58DFD81149B" box="[486,520,487,510]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">ca.</emphasis>
0.4× length of head depth; maxillary palp (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFC32B58CFBC4149A" box="[1017,1101,486,511]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–27" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 22–27. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (22) Holotype, habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (23) Holotype labels. (24) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (25) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (26) Maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (s v), mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (27) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609915/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
), total length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFB20B58CFACD149B" box="[1259,1348,486,511]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
, evenly dark brown, palpomere II narrowed and slightly elongated, palpomere III with denser vestiture, palpomere IV smaller, V (apical) palpomere subequal to III; proportional lengths III–V palpomeres 1.0:0.7:1.1; sensory organ 0.33× length of palpomere III, opening moderate, 0.3× vesicle width; mandible (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFB81B620FB161706" box="[1098,1183,586,611]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–27" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 22–27. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (22) Holotype, habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (23) Holotype labels. (24) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (25) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (26) Maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (s v), mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (27) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609915/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
) narrowed and finely pointed with 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFEE2B607FEC217E1" box="[297,331,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">ca.</emphasis>
50 poorly developed inner teeth, 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFD0BB607FD5317E1" box="[704,730,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">ca</emphasis>
. 15 slightly larger outer teeth; lacinia with 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFB72B607FB5D17E1" box="[1209,1236,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">ca</emphasis>
. 20 teeth on inner and outer edges; cibarium (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFE07B6E7FD9717C3" box="[460,542,653,678]" captionStart="FIGURES 28, 29" captionStartId="13.[151,264,743,766]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,723]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,723]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 28, 29. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (28) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (29) Wing veins. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609917/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
) with broad sclerotized cornuae, slightly sculpted apically, median gap lacking armature, shallowly V-shaped. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFE3CB6C4FDC117A2" box="[503,584,686,711]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Thorax</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFD6DB6C5FC8817A3" box="[678,769,687,711]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFC9DB6C5FC3917A3" box="[854,944,687,711]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
; evenly blackish brown; pronotal lobe well developed with fine hair longer than those on scutum (even fine small hairs); scutellar depression with long black hairs; scutellum concolourous to scutum, vestiture of long black hairs; postnotum black; antepronotal lobe with dense patch of black hairs; proepisternum and forecoxa, essentially bare; pleuron and anepisternal (pleural) membrane dark yellowish brown, without hairs; katepisternal sulcus distinct and deep. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFBB7B75FFB3D1629" box="[1148,1204,821,844]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFB0CB75EFAAE1629" box="[1223,1319,820,845]" captionStart="FIGURES 28, 29" captionStartId="13.[151,264,743,766]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,723]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,723]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 28, 29. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (28) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (29) Wing veins. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609917/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Figs. 29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFAFFB75EFADD1629" box="[1332,1364,820,844]" captionStart="FIGURES 30" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1588,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,846,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,846,1567]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 30. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609919/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">30</figureCitation>
): very slightly dusky on apex and anal lobe, length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFD5DB73FFCA81608" box="[662,801,853,878]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="2.7" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="2.6">2.6–2.8 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFCBDB73CFB8B1608" box="[886,1026,854,878]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.4 mm</quantity>
; anterior veins dark; basal (bm) cell minute; a:b ratio 1.0:2.8; distal 2/3 of costa with mixture of spines and hairs, R 
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not divided; M 
<subScript id="74189879FFA5FFDEFB08B7EFFB4216F6" attach="left" box="[1219,1227,901,915]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">1</subScript>
appearing double; CuA slightly sinuous; CuP markedly sinuous apically, not reaching wing margin. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFB8FB7F0FB1116D6" box="[1092,1176,922,947]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Haltere</emphasis>
: stem grey, knob dark brown. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFF24B7D7FEAD16B1" box="[239,292,957,980]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Legs</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFEFDB7D6FE0416B1" box="[310,397,956,981]" captionStart="FIGURES 31, 32" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1984,2007]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1332,1962]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,1332,1962]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 31, 32. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (31) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Claw showing heel (h) and basal tooth (t). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609921/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
): all evenly blackish brown; hind basitarsus lacking ventral row of stout spines; calcipala moderately well expressed, slightly tapered, pedisulcus present as single wrinkle; tarsomere II short, 2.0× longer than distal width; claws (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFE7FB794FD801172" box="[436,521,1022,1047]" captionStart="FIGURES 31, 32" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1984,2007]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1332,1962]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,1332,1962]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 31, 32. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (31) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Claw showing heel (h) and basal tooth (t). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609921/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
), smoothly tapered, heel massively expressed, basal tooth moderately expressed, 0.25× length of claw, arising laterally on heel. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFD60B04AFC9C115C" box="[683,789,1056,1081]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFCEEB04AFCF2115D" box="[805,891,1056,1081]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[229,1374,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1374,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (33) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (34) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (35) Genital fork. (lateral apodeme – l a). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (36) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (37) Cercus &amp; anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (38) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609923/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
): abdomen dark brown/black, anterior segments slightly lighter; vestiture not markedly expressed, more so posteriorly; tergites markedly sclerotized, well discernable from remainder of dorsum, tergite II protruded centrally, wing-like laterally, III U-shaped, IV rectangular, V slightly larger and rounded VII, others broader. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFC9BB0EEFC3311F8" box="[848,954,1156,1181]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Genitalia</emphasis>
: blackish brown; sternite VIII with distinct pigmented median region, dense vestiture of microtrichia, sparse hairs posterolaterally; spermatheca ovoid (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFAA5B0CFFF3F11BA" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[229,1374,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1374,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (33) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (34) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (35) Genital fork. (lateral apodeme – l a). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (36) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (37) Cercus &amp; anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (38) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609923/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
), smooth, darkly pigmented, internal fine spines (acanthae) sparse, clear area at spermathecal duct junction absent, pigment extended substantially down duct; genital fork (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFCA2B082FC321064" box="[873,955,1256,1281]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[229,1374,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1374,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (33) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (34) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (35) Genital fork. (lateral apodeme – l a). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (36) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (37) Cercus &amp; anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (38) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609923/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
) unusual, anterior arm substantial, slightly expanded apically, membranous lateral areas, lateral arms markedly short and broad, lateral apodeme extended anteriorly as edge of membranous region, lateral arm apodeme expressed as ridge, posterolateral expansions markedly developed, all well pigmented; hypogynial valves (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFC8CB126FC131000" box="[839,922,1356,1381]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[229,1374,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1374,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (33) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (34) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (35) Genital fork. (lateral apodeme – l a). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (36) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (37) Cercus &amp; anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (38) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609923/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
), median edges of valves slightly convex, not touching, markedly sclerotized, broadly rounded apically; cercus in lateral view distinct, rounded cone-shaped, anal lobes rounded, small, both darkly pigmented (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFD1BB1E4FCAA10C2" box="[720,803,1422,1447]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[229,1374,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1374,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (33) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (34) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (35) Genital fork. (lateral apodeme – l a). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (36) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (37) Cercus &amp; anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (38) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609923/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA5FFDCFF0CB1DAFEA117CD" blockId="9.[151,1437,253,2014]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,680]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="312" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFF0CB1DAFE8810AC" box="[199,257,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Male</emphasis>
(based on four reared and two pharate specimens). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFC84B1DAFC0010AC" box="[847,905,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Body</emphasis>
: overall colour blackish brown including head and thorax (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFEE1B1BBFE0A108F" box="[298,387,1489,1514]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–38" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1912,1935]" captionTargetBox="[229,1374,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1374,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 33–38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (33) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (34) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (35) Genital fork. (lateral apodeme – l a). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (36) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (37) Cercus &amp; anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. Fig. 38. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (38) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609923/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
); total length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFDFBB1BBFD3D108F" box="[560,692,1489,1514]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.4">2.4–2.6mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFD0FB1BBFC88108F" box="[708,769,1489,1514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFCDDB1BBFCF8108F" box="[790,881,1489,1514]" captionStart="FIGURES 39–44" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[205,1378,207,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[205,1383,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 39–44. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (39) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (41) Maxillary palp, mandible &amp; lacinia. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (42) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (43) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (44) Claw &amp; grappling hooks (g h). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
): width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFC13B1B8FBCC108C" box="[984,1093,1490,1514]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.82">0.82 mm</quantity>
; depth 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFB69B1BBFA88108C" box="[1186,1281,1489,1514]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFAD9B1B8FACE108C" box="[1298,1351,1490,1513]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Eyes</emphasis>
: upper ommatidia blackish orange, not markedly enlarged, diameter 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFCB2B199FC6E136F" box="[889,999,1523,1547]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFC32B19EFB92136E" box="[1017,1051,1524,1547]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">ca.</emphasis>
15 across and 18 down; lower ommatidia black to blackish orange, diameter 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFD6AB27EFC9C1349" box="[673,789,1556,1580]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.014">0.014 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFCE9B27FFCCA1349" box="[802,835,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">ca.</emphasis>
28 across, 33 down. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFBF8B27EFB041348" box="[1075,1165,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Clypeus</emphasis>
: black; width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFAFBB27EFA111349" box="[1328,1432,1556,1581]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.16">0.16 mm</quantity>
; vestiture of sparse fine black hairs. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFDFBB25CFD041328" box="[560,653,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFD54B25FFD7F132B" box="[671,758,1589,1614]" captionStart="FIGURES 39–44" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[205,1378,207,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[205,1383,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 39–44. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (39) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (41) Maxillary palp, mandible &amp; lacinia. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (42) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (43) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (44) Claw &amp; grappling hooks (g h). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
): total length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFC5EB25FFBB41328" box="[917,1085,1589,1614]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" metricValueMax="5.699999999999999" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.56" valueMax="0.57" valueMin="0.55">0.55–0.57 mm</quantity>
; evenly blackish brown; scape short, pedicel spherical, flagellomere I longer than wide, remaining flagellomeres angulate and barely tapered apically, distal few flagellomeres occasionally aberrant. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFCF6B212FC4913F4" box="[829,960,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: insubstantial; length 0.3× head depth; maxillary palpus (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA5FFDEFEA9B2F3FE3A13D7" box="[354,435,1689,1714]" captionStart="FIGURES 39–44" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[205,1378,207,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[205,1383,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 39–44. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (39) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (41) Maxillary palp, mandible &amp; lacinia. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (42) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (43) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (44) Claw &amp; grappling hooks (g h). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
) 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFE08B2F3FDAE13D4" box="[451,551,1689,1714]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.65">0.65 mm</quantity>
long, palpomere II slightly elongated, palpomeres III &amp; IV subequal in length, III slightly swollen basally, palpomere V fine and elongated, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.9:1.5, sensory vesicle small, spherical, occupying 0.3× length of palpomere III, opening 0.33× vesicle width; lacinia finely expressed, with apical hairs; mandible with serrated apex. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFC4DB297FC5E1273" box="[902,983,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Thorax</emphasis>
: length 1.0 mm; width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFB27B294FAC11270" box="[1260,1352,1790,1814]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
; lateral cervical sclerites well expressed; scutum not markedly domed, head angled anteriorly; postpronotal lobe concolourous with scutum, antepronotal lobe with patch of sparse fine dark hairs, proepisternum bare; scutum essentially black, vestiture of evenly sparse fine hairs, longer in scutellar depression; scutellum concolourous with scutum with long black hairs laterally, postpronotal lobe concolourous with scutum; pleurae dark orange, anepisternal membrane without hairs, katepisternum browner, sulcus distinct and deep. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFBBDB3CFFB2712D9" box="[1142,1198,1957,1980]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Wing</emphasis>
: length 2.0– 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA5FFDEFAF4B3CEFA1112D9" box="[1343,1432,1956,1980]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
, width 0.9–2.0 mm; as for female. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFDC4B3AFFDEA12BB" box="[527,611,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Haltere</emphasis>
: stem dark, knob dark orange. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA5FFDEFC04B3ACFB8D12B8" box="[975,1028,1990,2013]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Legs</emphasis>
: overall blackish yellow, hind leg with tibia and hind basitarsus expanded medially (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFD02B4FDFC9415D5" box="[713,797,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 39–44" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[205,1378,207,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[205,1383,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 39–44. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (39) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (41) Maxillary palp, mandible &amp; lacinia. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (42) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (43) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (44) Claw &amp; grappling hooks (g h). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609925/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
), ventral row of stout spines absent, calcipala small, 0.5× width of basitarsus apex, pedisulcus absent (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFD53B4D6FD6715B1" box="[664,750,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 39–44" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[205,1378,207,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[205,1383,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 39–44. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (39) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (41) Maxillary palp, mandible &amp; lacinia. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (42) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (43) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (44) Claw &amp; grappling hooks (g h). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609925/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
); tarsomere II 2.0× length of apical width; tarsal claw with truncated basal tooth and grappling pad of 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFD43B48BFD2B159D" box="[648,674,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">ca</emphasis>
. 20 teeth (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFCEAB4B5FCFE159D" box="[801,887,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 39–44" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[205,1378,207,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[205,1383,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 39–44. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (39) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (41) Maxillary palp, mandible &amp; lacinia. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (42) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (43) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (44) Claw &amp; grappling hooks (g h). Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609925/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFC46B4B5FC7E159D" box="[909,1015,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFBC2B4B5FBE9159D" box="[1033,1120,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 45–48" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[168,1427,690,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[162,1427,687,1925]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 45–48. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (45) Abdominal tergites (t) and sternites (st). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Ventral view genitalia (cleared). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (47) Gonocoxa (gc) &amp; gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (48) Basal arms (ba), ventral plate (vp), parameres (p) &amp; spines (sp). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609927/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
): overall black, vestiture of markedly long hairs, more so anteriorly; basal scale (tergite I) black, hairs markedly black and long, extended to posterior of segment III; tergite II 2.2× wider than long, rectangular, remainder increasingly broad further posteriorly, more rounded; sternite I present, II absent, III and those more posterior rounded and hirsute; small pleurae present, concertinaed. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFE20B505FDDC14ED" box="[491,597,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Genitalia</emphasis>
: smaller and heavily pigmented (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFC02B505FB9414ED" box="[969,1053,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 45–48" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[168,1427,690,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[162,1427,687,1925]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 45–48. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (45) Abdominal tergites (t) and sternites (st). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Ventral view genitalia (cleared). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (47) Gonocoxa (gc) &amp; gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (48) Basal arms (ba), ventral plate (vp), parameres (p) &amp; spines (sp). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609927/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
); gonocoxa 1.6× longer than basal width, vestiture of sparse long black hairs; gonostylus in lateral view not tapered, approximately 2.0× longer than basal thickness, strengthened along inner edge, three substantial short, blunt, apical spines (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFB6EB5DDFB7314B5" box="[1189,1274,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 45–48" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[168,1427,690,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[162,1427,687,1925]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 45–48. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (45) Abdominal tergites (t) and sternites (st). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Ventral view genitalia (cleared). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (47) Gonocoxa (gc) &amp; gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (48) Basal arms (ba), ventral plate (vp), parameres (p) &amp; spines (sp). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609927/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
); ventral plate markedly sclerotized and strengthened around edges, 1.6× wider than long, keeled, posteromedial apex slightly convex, shallowly concave anteromedially, vestiture of evenly distributed hairs, longer on keel (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFAF8B595FA06177D" box="[1331,1423,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 45–48" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[168,1427,690,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[162,1427,687,1925]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 45–48. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Male adult. (45) Abdominal tergites (t) and sternites (st). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Ventral view genitalia (cleared). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (47) Gonocoxa (gc) &amp; gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (48) Basal arms (ba), ventral plate (vp), parameres (p) &amp; spines (sp). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609927/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
), anterobasal arms markedly expressed and narrowed; parameral connections absent, parameres as triangular plates, strengthened anteromedially, tapered posteriorly and crenulated, four long parameral spines per side, one shorter, arrayed together medially; median sclerite well expressed and bifurcate apically; aedeagal membrane with dense microtrichia.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFA6FFDDFF5CB319FDAA1283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" startId="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" targetBox="[176,1410,193,1883]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA6FFDDFF5CB319FDAA1283" blockId="10.[151,1436,1907,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA6FFDDFF5CB319FEDD12EC" bold="true" box="[151,340,1907,1930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">FIGURES 14–19.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA6FFDDFE91B31EFDF012EF" box="[346,633,1908,1930]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA6FFDDFE91B31EFDFC12EF" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[346,629,1908,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFA7FFDCFF5CB14BFE791010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609913/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" startId="11.[151,264,1313,1336]" targetBox="[186,1436,733,1293]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA7FFDCFF5CB14BFE791010" blockId="11.[151,1436,1313,1397]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFF5CB14BFEDA1052" bold="true" box="[151,339,1313,1336]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">FIGURES 20, 21.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFE92B148FDFE105D" box="[345,631,1314,1336]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA7FFDCFE92B148FDFA105D" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[345,627,1314,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Last instar larva. (20) Anal sclerite &amp; accessory sclerites (ac sl) (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (21) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (ac sl) &amp; circlet of hooks (Grampians). Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA7FFDCFF0CB1C9FD6612EA" blockId="11.[151,1436,1442,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFF0CB1C9FEC310DE" box="[199,330,1442,1467]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Pupa. Body</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA7FFDCFE6DB1C8FDB910DF" box="[422,560,1442,1467]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" unit="mm" value="2.85" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.2 mm</quantity>
, (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFD8FB1C8FD1110DE" box="[580,664,1442,1467]" captionStart="FIGURES 49–52" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1312,1335]" captionTargetBox="[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 49–52. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (49) Cocoon &amp; pupa. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (50) Gill. Scale bar =0. 5 mm. (51) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609929/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
), markedly pale yellow to colourless, cuticle smooth. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFB33B1C8FABC10DE" box="[1272,1333,1442,1467]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Head</emphasis>
: frons of female angulate, ratio of basal width to vertex width 1.0:1.5 and basal width to length 1.0:1.6 (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFB28B1ACFAB010BA" box="[1251,1337,1478,1503]" captionStart="FIGURES 49–52" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1312,1335]" captionTargetBox="[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 49–52. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (49) Cocoon &amp; pupa. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (50) Gill. Scale bar =0. 5 mm. (51) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609929/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
); that of male, ovoid and elongate, ratios 1.0:1.5 and 1.0:1.7 respectively (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFC5BB180FC611366" box="[912,1000,1514,1539]" captionStart="FIGURES 49–52" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1312,1335]" captionTargetBox="[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 49–52. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (49) Cocoon &amp; pupa. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (50) Gill. Scale bar =0. 5 mm. (51) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609929/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
); cuticle faintly patterned; only facial setae present, frontal setae absent, epicranial setae present, closely applied beside antennal sheath. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFAC7B264FAD41342" box="[1292,1373,1550,1575]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Thorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFAA5B264FF3E132E" captionStart="FIGURES 54, 55" captionStartId="19.[151,264,844,867]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,823]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,823]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 54, 55. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (54) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (55) Abdominal segment IX. Arrows indicate terminal spines. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609933/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
): notum not markedly domed, with minute flattened tubercules, dorsal setae trichoid, short and curved. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFABBB258FA15132E" box="[1392,1436,1586,1611]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Gill</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFF54B23CFF77130A" box="[159,254,1622,1647]" captionStart="FIGURES 49–52" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1312,1335]" captionTargetBox="[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 49–52. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (49) Cocoon &amp; pupa. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (50) Gill. Scale bar =0. 5 mm. (51) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609929/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Figs. 50</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFEC0B23CFEA2130A" box="[267,299,1622,1647]" captionStart="FIGURES 61–66" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1393,194,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[197,1393,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 61–66. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (61) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (62) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (63) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (64) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (65) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (66) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (a s), semicircular sclerite (s s) &amp; circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609937/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">65</figureCitation>
): three short trunks arising directly from base, one flexed dorsally, the others ventrally and laterally, tubular, filaments finger-like, thin-walled, colourless, branching irregularly for total of 10; maximum length 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFA9AB211FAE513F7" box="[1361,1388,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA7FFDCFAB2B210FF4F13D3" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="312" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
; form various, tubular along full length, or narrowed abruptly apically, or with apex ballooned (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFAFDB2F4FA0613D2" box="[1334,1423,1694,1719]" captionStart="FIGURES 49–52" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1312,1335]" captionTargetBox="[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 49–52. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (49) Cocoon &amp; pupa. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (50) Gill. Scale bar =0. 5 mm. (51) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609929/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
); surface featureless apart from normal trabeculae. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFD00B2A8FCBC13BE" box="[715,821,1730,1755]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFC8DB2A8FC1513BE" box="[838,924,1730,1755]" captionStart="FIGURES 53" captionStartId="18.[151,264,2015,2038]" captionTargetBox="[217,1375,1410,1997]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[217,1375,1410,1997]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 53. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. Abdomen. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609931/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
): overall cuticle markedly thin, unpigmented and with poorly expressed armature; minute low clear tubercules; tergites II–IV extended ventrally to incorporate pleural region, tergite III only tenuously so, tergites I &amp; II with fine hairs, tergites III &amp; IV with small posterior hooks, tergites V &amp; VI essentially bare, tergites VI–IX with fine minute spine combs; pleurites absent, pleural regions V–VII each with small hook; sternite VI &amp; VII with hooks; segment IX with minute terminal spines, other setae exacerbated but not grapnel hook-like (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFD45B31CFD6B12EA" box="[654,738,1910,1935]" captionStart="FIGURES 54, 55" captionStartId="19.[151,264,844,867]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,823]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,823]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 54, 55. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (54) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (55) Abdominal segment IX. Arrows indicate terminal spines. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609933/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA7FFDCFF0CB3F1FC7D12B3" blockId="11.[151,1436,1442,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA7FFDCFF0CB3F1FE9712D7" box="[199,286,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Cocoon</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA7FFDCFEE6B3F0FE0812D6" box="[301,385,1946,1971]" captionStart="FIGURES 49–52" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1312,1335]" captionTargetBox="[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 49–52. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (49) Cocoon &amp; pupa. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (50) Gill. Scale bar =0. 5 mm. (51) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609929/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="312">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
). Slipper-shaped, constructed of fine loosely- or irregularly-woven silk covering abdomen and most of thorax; extraneous material from substrate incorporated into cocoon.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFA0FFDBFF5CB3F8FB531283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609915/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" startId="12.[151,264,1938,1961]" targetBox="[204,1382,193,1924]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA0FFDBFF5CB3F8FB531283" blockId="12.[151,1436,1938,2022]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA0FFDBFF5CB3F8FEC712CD" bold="true" box="[151,334,1938,1961]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">FIGURES 22–27</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA0FFDBFE97B3F9FD2B12CC" box="[348,674,1939,1961]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA0FFDBFE97B3F9FD1712CC" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[348,670,1939,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Female adult. (22) Holotype, habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (23) Holotype labels. (24) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (25) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (26) Maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (s v), mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (27) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFA1FFDAFF5CB68DFEAE1679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609917/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" startId="13.[151,264,743,766]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,723]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA1FFDAFF5CB68DFEAE1679" blockId="13.[151,1436,743,796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA1FFDAFF5CB68DFEC61798" bold="true" box="[151,335,743,766]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">FIGURES 28, 29</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA1FFDAFE96B682FD2B179B" box="[349,674,744,766]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA1FFDAFE96B682FD17179B" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[349,670,744,766]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Female adult. (28) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (29) Wing veins. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFA1FFDAFF5CB25EFB97132E" box="[151,1054,1588,1611]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609919/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" startId="13.[151,264,1588,1611]" targetBox="[151,1436,846,1567]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA1FFDAFF5CB25EFB97132E" blockId="13.[151,1054,1588,1611]" box="[151,1054,1588,1611]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA1FFDAFF5CB25EFEAE132F" bold="true" box="[151,295,1588,1611]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">FIGURES 30</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA1FFDAFEFFB25FFDF1132E" box="[308,632,1589,1611]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA1FFDAFEFFB25FFDFD132E" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[308,628,1589,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Female adult. Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA1FFD9FF0CB213FED816AD" blockId="13.[151,1436,1656,2005]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,1293]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="315" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA1FFDAFF0CB213FED813F4" box="[199,337,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Larva. Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA1FFDAFEABB212FE3D13F4" box="[352,436,1656,1681]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–60" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 56–60. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (56) Habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (57) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (58) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (59) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (60) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609935/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Fig. 56</figureCitation>
): length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA1FFDAFDDEB212FD1413F5" box="[533,669,1656,1681]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="6.05" valueMax="6.2" valueMin="5.9">5.9–6.2 mm</quantity>
, Colour mottled orange; expanded markedly at segment V, smoothly tapered to posterior, amphora-shaped in dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA1FFDAFD21B2F6FCAF13D0" box="[746,806,1692,1717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA1FFDAFCFDB2F6FC0213D0" box="[822,907,1692,1717]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–60" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 56–60. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (56) Habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (57) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (58) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (59) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (60) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609935/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
): length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA1FFDAFC27B2F6FB1813D1" box="[1004,1169,1692,1717]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="7.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.76" valueMin="0.74">0.74–0.76 mm</quantity>
, maximum width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA1FFDAFA96B2F6FF7713BD" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="0.54" valueMax="0.56" valueMin="0.52">0.52– 0.56 mm</quantity>
; distance between antennal bases 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA1FFDAFDB2B2AAFC9613BD" box="[633,799,1728,1753]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="3.5999999999999996" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.36" valueMin="0.34">0.34–0.36 mm</quantity>
; overall medium brown, pigment surround antennal base extended posteriorly and medially to ecdysial line and along that; head spot pattern markedly developed and positive; anteromedial and posteromedial head spots forming distinct line, flanked by first and second anterolateral spots, posterolateral spots not as markedly expressed; head widest just posterior to the stemmata, narrowed smoothly anteriorly, convex posteriorly; ecdysial line slightly sinuous anterior of stemmata; cervical sclerites finely fused to posterior of apotome and laterally to postocciput. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA1FFDAFCEBB31FFCF712E9" box="[800,894,1909,1932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA1FFDAFC46B31EFC6912E8" box="[909,992,1908,1933]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–60" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 56–60. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (56) Habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (57) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (58) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (59) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (60) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609935/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
): extended well beyond labral fan stem; total length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA1FFDAFED6B3F2FE4B12D5" box="[285,450,1944,1969]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="0.57" valueMax="0.58" valueMin="0.56">0.56–0.58 mm</quantity>
, proximal article clear basally otherwise dark brown, medial article brown, distal article colourless, medial article markedly shorter than proximal article, distal article elongated and thin, proportional lengths of basal, medial and distal articles 1.0:0.3:2.2; sensory organs on medial article small, apical one elongated. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FF5CB4D6FE8615B1" box="[151,271,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Labral fan</emphasis>
: stem subequal in length and breadth, lightly pigmented, 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FC52B4D7FC3215B1" box="[921,955,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ca.</emphasis>
57 markedly fine rays, length 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FADEB4D7FAB915B1" box="[1301,1328,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA2FFD9FAF4B4D6FA1E15B1" box="[1343,1431,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
, mid-ray width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA2FFD9FEF5B4B5FE3D1592" box="[318,436,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="0.006">0.006 mm</quantity>
; microtrichial pattern with sparse long ones (
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA2FFD9FC7BB48AFBA1159D" box="[944,1064,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="0.007">0.007 mm</quantity>
), smaller microtrichia apparently absent. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FF24B56EFED21478" box="[239,347,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA2FFD9FEA7B56EFE731478" box="[364,506,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–60" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1864,1887]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,213,1836]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 56–60. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (56) Habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (57) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (58) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (59) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (60) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609935/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figs. 59, 60</figureCitation>
): not markedly pigmented; brushes not markedly developed; outer and subapical teeth small and grouped closely with well-developed apical tooth; 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FC48B543FC2C1425" box="[899,933,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ca.</emphasis>
11 fine spinous teeth; serrations and sensilla markedly defined, serrations as two cones (variable between sides), sensillum as single spike; blade region straight and smooth. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FEE2B505FE0914ED" box="[297,384,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Maxilla</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA2FFD9FE5AB505FE6F14ED" box="[401,486,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 61–66" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1393,194,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[197,1393,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 61–66. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (61) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (62) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (63) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (64) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (65) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (66) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (a s), semicircular sclerite (s s) &amp; circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609937/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
): not markedly pigmented; palpus broad, 2.0× as long as basal width; not markedly separated from lobe, brush at base poorly expressed. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FCC2B5FEFC3D14C8" box="[777,948,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Postgenal cleft</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA2FFD9FC0CB5FEFB9614C8" box="[967,1055,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 61–66" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1393,194,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[197,1393,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 61–66. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (61) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (62) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (63) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (64) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (65) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (66) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (a s), semicircular sclerite (s s) &amp; circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609937/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
): present merely as small notch; region well sclerotised; posterior tentorial pits distinct, small and oval; postgenal bridge evenly light mottled brown; posteroventral muscles spots large, oval, not obvious; ratio of hypostoma: genal bridge: postgenal cleft 1.0:2.0:0.2. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FEECB66BFE2E177D" box="[295,423,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Hypostoma</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA2FFD9FE74B595FD94177D" box="[447,541,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 61–66" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1393,194,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[197,1393,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 61–66. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (61) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (62) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (63) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (64) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (65) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (66) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (a s), semicircular sclerite (s s) &amp; circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609937/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
): protruded anteriorly, teeth darkly pigmented; tooth 0 (median) slightly prominent, flanked by smaller tooth 1 (sublateral), the next (2) markedly smaller, the next (3) slightly larger, tooth 4 (lateral) subequal in length to tooth 0; teeth 5, 6, markedly small (paralaterals), others apparently absent; anterior ventral edge of hypostoma obscuring teeth 1 to 3; lateral serrations essentially absent; hypostoma sloped smoothly laterally; 4 or 5 fine hypostomal setae on each side; suboesophageal ganglion not pigmented. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FB1EB6E5FAAF17CD" box="[1237,1318,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Thorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA2FFD9FAF3B6E5FA0617CD" box="[1336,1423,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURES 61–66" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1393,194,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[197,1393,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 61–66. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (61) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (62) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (63) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (64) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (65) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (66) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (a s), semicircular sclerite (s s) &amp; circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609937/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
): dark orange anteriorly; pharate pupal gill with filament bases visible, curled clockwise (with head to the right). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FF5CB6BDFEE71795" box="[151,366,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Prothoracic proleg</emphasis>
: small, lateral sclerites elongated, as in 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA2FFD9FCF7B6B3FC451795" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[828,972,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FCF7B6B3FC451795" box="[828,972,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FC14B6B3FB891795" box="[991,1024,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">e.g</emphasis>
. 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA2FFD9FBDBB6BDFBEC1795" box="[1040,1125,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[176,1410,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 14–19. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FBB0B6BDFB6C1795" box="[1147,1253,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Abdomen</emphasis>
: segments I–IV distinct with pale intersegmental regions, mottled orange; expanded laterally at segment V producing an amphorashaped posterior, evenly mottled. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FDD1B775FD50165D" box="[538,729,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Ventral tubercles</emphasis>
: distinct, but not marked. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FBC7B775FB14165D" box="[1036,1181,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Anal sclerite</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA2FFD9FB65B775FA8C165D" box="[1198,1285,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 61–66" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1393,194,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[197,1393,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 61–66. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Last instar larva. (61) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (62) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (63) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (64) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (65) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (66) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (a s), semicircular sclerite (s s) &amp; circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609937/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Fig. 66</figureCitation>
): distinct, Xshaped, finely expressed, interarm struts absent; dorsolateral accessory sclerites expanded, connected to finely expressed complete semicircular sclerite, variously connected at ventral midline. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FB87B70DFB7216E5" box="[1100,1275,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Rectal papillae</emphasis>
: three simple lobes, well developed. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FE56B7E7FDDF16C0" box="[413,598,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Posterior circlet</emphasis>
: unremarkable, numbers of hooks, 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FC27B7E7FB8716C1" box="[1004,1038,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ca.</emphasis>
100 rows, 11 or 12 hooks per row (total 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FF12B7DBFF7316AD" box="[217,250,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ca.</emphasis>
1,150).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFA2FFD9FF0CB7BEFA07113D" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA2FFD9FF0CB7BEFB111688" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1293]" box="[199,1176,980,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FF0CB7BEFECF1688" bold="true" box="[199,326,980,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Etymology</emphasis>
. In reference to the distinct amphora shape of the larval posterior abdomen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA2FFD9FF0CB79DFA07113D" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FF0CB79DFE851175" bold="true" box="[199,268,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Types</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FEE7B79DFE1A1175" box="[300,403,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFA2FFD9FEE7B79DFE1A1175" box="[300,403,1015,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA2FFD9FE7EB79DFDEB1175" box="[437,610,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–27" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[204,1382,193,1924]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 22–27. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Female adult. (22) Holotype, habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (23) Holotype labels. (24) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (25) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (26) Maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (s v), mandible (mnd) &amp; lacinia (lc). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (27) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609915/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Figs. 22, 23</figureCitation>
): pinned female, dried via Peldri™. Label data:- [Holo/type] [
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA2FFD9FF6BB076FEF71150" authority="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[160,382,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FF6BB076FEF71150" box="[160,382,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Protaustrosimulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA2FFD9FE5FB076FD841150" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[404,525,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FE5FB076FD841150" box="[404,525,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] [
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFA2FFD9FDE1B076FCD71151" box="[554,862,1052,1076]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">WESTERN AUSTRALIA</collectingRegion>
/ Deeside Coast Road/ creek, 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA2FFD9FB07B076FACB1151" box="[1228,1346,1052,1076]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" precision="5" value="-34.438">S34.4380°</geoCoordinate>
female symbol/ 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA2FFD9FF33B055FEF6113D" box="[248,383,1087,1112]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" precision="5" value="116.3863">E116.3863°</geoCoordinate>
, alt. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFA2FFD9FE7FB02AFD88113D" box="[436,513,1088,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA2FFD9FE7FB02AFE74113D" box="[436,509,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="m" value="183.0">183 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
/ 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA2FFD9FDDAB055FD0B113D" box="[529,642,1087,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" value="2014-09-09">9-ix-2014</date>
./ Coll. J.K./ Moulton, D.C.Currie.] [ANIC database No./ 29 026645].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFA2FFD9FF0CB00FFB3D1068" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="description">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA2FFD9FF0CB00FFB3D1068" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<materialsCitation id="58F49061FFA2FFD9FF0CB00FFB391068" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2028521019" collectionCode="ANIC, UASM" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FF0CB00FFEB01119" box="[199,313,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFA2FFD9FF0CB00FFEB01119" box="[199,313,1125,1148]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: Pinned:- one female, two males. Label data as for Holotype, but with [
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFA2FFD9FBA2B00EFB771119" box="[1129,1278,1124,1148]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
]. Female with [
<collectionCode id="8E8D02F9FFA2FFD9FF56B0E2FF6D11C5" box="[157,228,1160,1184]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ANIC</collectionCode>
database No./ 29 026646], males with [
<collectionCode id="8E8D02F9FFA2FFD9FD0BB0E2FC8E11C5" box="[704,775,1160,1184]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ANIC</collectionCode>
database No./ 29 026647] and [
<collectionCode id="8E8D02F9FFA2FFD9FB4EB0E2FB4511C5" box="[1157,1228,1160,1184]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ANIC</collectionCode>
database No./ 29 026648]. Alcohol material. Two reared females and one male with pupal exuviae; two pupae, one with cocoon; four last instar larvae [
<collectionCode id="8E8D02F9FFA2FFD9FE6CB0BAFE67118D" box="[423,494,1232,1256]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">ANIC</collectionCode>
database No./ 29 026649]. Seven last instar larvae, numerous early pupae and cocoons, reared male and female, pharate pupae, numerous pupal exuviae [
<collectionCode id="8E8D02F9FFA2FFD9FC15B09EFBB81069" box="[990,1073,1268,1292]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">UASM</collectionCode>
#/ 370906]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFA2FFD9FF5CB3AAFD6C1290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609921/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" startId="14.[151,264,1984,2007]" targetBox="[151,1436,1332,1962]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA2FFD9FF5CB3AAFD6C1290" blockId="14.[151,1435,1984,2037]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FF5CB3AAFEC512B0" bold="true" box="[151,332,1984,2007]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">FIGURES 31, 32</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA2FFD9FE92B3AAFD1412B3" box="[345,669,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA2FFD9FE92B3AAFD1012B3" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[345,665,1984,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Female adult. (31) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Claw showing heel (h) and basal tooth (t). Scale bar = 0.02 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFA3FFD8FF5CB312FE36128E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609923/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" startId="15.[151,264,1912,1935]" targetBox="[229,1374,193,1855]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA3FFD8FF5CB312FE36128E" blockId="15.[151,1437,1912,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA3FFD8FF5CB312FED512EB" bold="true" box="[151,348,1912,1935]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">FIGURES 33–38.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA3FFD8FEA2B313FD3C12EA" box="[361,693,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA3FFD8FEA2B313FD3812EA" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[361,689,1913,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Female adult. (33) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (34) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (35) Genital fork. (lateral apodeme – l a). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (36) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (37) Cercus &amp; anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA3FFD8FC9FB3DCFC2C12AE" bold="true" box="[852,933,1974,1996]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Fig. 38.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA3FFD8FC67B3DCFB7912A9" box="[940,1264,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA3FFD8FC67B3DCFB6512A9" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[940,1260,1974,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Male adult. (38) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFBCFFC7FF5CB3FCFB31128F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609925/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" startId="16.[151,264,1942,1965]" targetBox="[205,1378,207,1924]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBCFFC7FF5CB3FCFB31128F" blockId="16.[151,1437,1942,2026]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBCFFC7FF5CB3FCFEC712C9" bold="true" box="[151,334,1942,1965]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">FIGURES 39–44</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBCFFC7FE97B3FDFD1312C8" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[348,666,1943,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBCFFC7FE97B3FDFD1312C8" box="[348,666,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Male adult. (39) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (41) Maxillary palp, mandible &amp; lacinia. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (42) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (43) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (44) Claw &amp; grappling hooks (g h). Scale bar = 0.02 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFBDFFC6FF0CB4FDFCF915D5" box="[199,880,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBDFFC6FF0CB4FDFCF915D5" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,647]" box="[199,880,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FF0CB4FDFE3B15D5" bold="true" box="[199,434,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Additional material</emphasis>
. Slide mounts (UASM# 370921-0928).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFBDFFC4FF0CB4D6FD1E1148" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="320" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBDFFC6FF0CB4D6FDDD1478" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,647]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FF0CB4D6FED015B0" bold="true" box="[199,345,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFBDFFC6FEA3B4D6FE3515B1" box="[360,444,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 99" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1229,1251]" captionTargetBox="[193,1405,676,1173]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,625,1206]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 99. Distribution of Protaustrosimulium. (99) Map of southern portion of Australia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609961/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FE04B4D7FD1E15B0" box="[463,663,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFBDFFC6FE04B4D7FD1E15B0" box="[463,663,188,213]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Churchman Brook, Canning Dam Rd., 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFBDFFC6FB90B4D6FB5815B0" box="[1115,1233,188,213]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" precision="5" value="-32.1869">S32.1869°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFBDFFC6FB1CB4D6FAD715B0" box="[1239,1374,188,213]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" precision="5" value="116.1164">E116.1164°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFBDFFC6FF5CB48AFF68159D" box="[151,225,224,248]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFBDFFC6FF5CB48AFF54159D" box="[151,221,224,248]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.82" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" unit="m" value="282.0">282m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFBDFFC6FF26B4B5FED7159D" box="[237,350,223,248]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" value="1996-09-08">8-ix-1996</date>
, Coll. J.K. Moulton. Deeside Coast Road, creek, 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFBDFFC6FC44B48AFB8C159D" box="[911,1029,224,248]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" precision="5" value="-34.438">S34.4380°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFBDFFC6FBC7B4B5FB1D159D" box="[1036,1172,223,248]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" precision="5" value="116.3863">E116.3863°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFBDFFC6FB17B48AFAAC159D" box="[1244,1317,224,248]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFBDFFC6FB17B48AFAA8159D" box="[1244,1313,224,248]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" unit="m" value="183.0">183m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
, 2 &amp; 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFBDFFC6FAADB4B5FF5A1479" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" value="2014-09-09">9-ix- 2014</date>
. Colls. J.K. Moulton, D.C. Currie.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBDFFC6FF0CB54DFEA517E2" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,647]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FF0CB54DFECA1425" bold="true" box="[199,323,295,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Bionomics</emphasis>
. Little is known about the biology of this species. The dates of collection, with larvae taken on the 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFBDFFC6FF5CB525FEB11402" box="[151,312,331,359]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
2 
<superScript id="1FE93774FFBDFFC6FF6EB521FF3C143C" attach="left" box="[165,181,331,345]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">nd</superScript>
September
</date>
and pupae on the 9 
<superScript id="1FE93774FFBDFFC6FDE1B521FDBF143C" attach="none" box="[554,566,331,345]" fontSize="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">th</superScript>
, indicate that this is an Austral-spring species specialized for intermittent streams, similar to other Gondwanan simuliids of 
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFBDFFC6FD14B519FC2714EE" box="[735,942,370,395]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
. The 
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFBDFFC6FC39B519FBAB14EE" box="[1010,1058,371,395]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">type</typeStatus>
locality is a small slow-flowing muddy stream (Fig. 98) typical of the Warren bioregion (aka Kauri Forest bioregion). Apart from the amphorashaped abdomen of the larva there is little unusual about the immature stage. Shape might indicate a preference for thin films of water, as noted for the Tahitian 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBDFFC6FD62B5B4FB131492" authority="Craig" authorityName="Craig" box="[681,1178,478,503]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cataractarum" subGenus="Inseliellum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FD62B5B4FC9A1492" box="[681,787,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FCEDB5B4FC2B1492" box="[806,930,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Inseliellum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FC7DB58AFBC71492" box="[950,1102,480,503]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">cataractarum</emphasis>
Craig
</taxonomicName>
, where similar-shaped larvae inhabit madicolous flow (Craig, 2003). The feebly developed cocoon (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFBDFFC6FC37B668FBC7177E" box="[1020,1102,514,539]" captionStart="FIGURES 49–52" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1312,1335]" captionTargetBox="[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[220,1371,193,1297]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 49–52. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. (49) Cocoon &amp; pupa. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (50) Gill. Scale bar =0. 5 mm. (51) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609929/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
) and markedly reduced pupal armature (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFBDFFC6FEC2B64CFED3175A" box="[265,346,550,575]" captionStart="FIGURES 53" captionStartId="18.[151,264,2015,2038]" captionTargetBox="[217,1375,1410,1997]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[217,1375,1410,1997]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 53. Protaustrosimulium amphorum. Pupa. Abdomen. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609931/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
) also point to slow-flowing streams being the preferred habitat. The number of hooks (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FAEFB642FAB6175A" box="[1316,1343,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">ca</emphasis>
., 1,150) comprising the circlet of the posterior proleg, however, indicates moderate flow, albeit less than 1.0 m/s (
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFBDFFC6FAE5B620FEA917E2" author="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref14053" refString="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A. (2000) An ecological classification of primary labral fans of filter-feeding black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 99 - 205" type="journal article" year="2000">Palmer &amp; Craig, 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFBDFFC6FF5CB3FFFBA4128F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609927/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" startId="17.[151,264,1941,1964]" targetBox="[168,1427,690,1925]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBDFFC6FF5CB3FFFBA4128F" blockId="17.[151,1437,1941,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FF5CB3FFFEDF12CE" bold="true" box="[151,342,1941,1964]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">FIGURES 45–48.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBDFFC6FE96B3FCFD1512C9" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[349,668,1942,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBDFFC6FE96B3FCFD1512C9" box="[349,668,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Male adult. (45) Abdominal tergites (t) and sternites (st). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Ventral view genitalia (cleared). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (47) Gonocoxa (gc) &amp; gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (48) Basal arms (ba), ventral plate (vp), parameres (p) &amp; spines (sp). Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFBEFFC5FF5CB14AFBFD1030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609929/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" startId="18.[151,264,1312,1335]" targetBox="[220,1371,193,1297]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBEFFC5FF5CB14AFBFD1030" blockId="18.[151,1435,1312,1365]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBEFFC5FF5CB14AFEC41050" bold="true" box="[151,333,1312,1335]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">FIGURES 49–52</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBEFFC5FE90B14AFD101053" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[347,665,1312,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBEFFC5FE90B14AFD101053" box="[347,665,1312,1334]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Pupa. (49) Cocoon &amp; pupa. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (50) Gill. Scale bar =0. 5 mm. (51) Female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFBEFFC5FF5CB3B5FC701290" box="[151,1017,2015,2038]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" startId="18.[151,264,2015,2038]" targetBox="[217,1375,1410,1997]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBEFFC5FF5CB3B5FC701290" blockId="18.[151,1017,2015,2038]" box="[151,1017,2015,2038]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBEFFC5FF5CB3B5FEAE1291" bold="true" box="[151,295,2015,2038]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">FIGURES 53</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBEFFC5FEFFB3B5FDF11290" box="[308,632,2015,2037]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBEFFC5FEFFB3B5FDFD1290" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[308,628,2015,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Pupa. Abdomen. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFBFFFC4FF5CB726FD5316E4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609933/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" startId="19.[151,264,844,867]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,823]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBFFFC4FF5CB726FD5316E4" blockId="19.[151,1435,844,897]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB726FEC71607" bold="true" box="[151,334,844,867]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">FIGURES 54, 55</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FE90B726FD111607" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[347,664,844,866]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FE90B726FD111607" box="[347,664,844,866]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Pupa. (54) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (55) Abdominal segment IX. Arrows indicate terminal spines. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBFFFC4FF0CB7C2FD1E1148" blockId="19.[151,1437,936,1177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">The female has moderately small abdominal tergites and that, along with the sharply-pointed mandible, toothed on both sides, plus a moderate-sized sensory vesicle on the maxillary palp suggests that this species is capable of blood feeding. Nothing is known about host preferences, although the small size of the basal tooth perhaps suggests a predilection for mammals.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFBFFFC4FF0CB052FA1F1060" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBFFFC4FF0CB052FEC111FC" blockId="19.[151,1437,936,1177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF0CB052FEBD1134" bold="true" box="[199,308,1080,1105]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Remarks</emphasis>
. Simuliids associated with 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FDA3B052FC4F1134" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[616,966,1080,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FDA3B052FC4F1134" box="[616,966,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Protaustrosimulium amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Deeside Coastal Road stream were 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB036FE421110" box="[151,459,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Nothogreniera occidentalis</emphasis>
(Mackerras &amp; Mackerras) (
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFBFFFC4FCC0B036FC6C1110" author="Craig, D. A. &amp; Currie, D. C. &amp; Moulton, J. K." box="[779,997,1116,1141]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="351 - 380" refId="ref13155" refString="Craig, D. A., Currie, D. C. &amp; Moulton, J. K. (2018 b) Nothogreniera new genus, for two species of Australian &quot; Paracnephia &quot; (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zootaxa, 4444 (4), 351 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4444.4.1" type="journal article" year="2018">
Craig 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FC9FB037FC071110" box="[852,910,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018b
</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FBECB036FAA51110" box="[1063,1324,1116,1141]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Ectemnoides faecofilus</emphasis>
Moulton, Craig &amp; Currie.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBFFFC4FF5CB081FA1F1060" blockId="19.[151,1430,1259,1285]" box="[151,1430,1259,1285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB081FED21060" bold="true" box="[151,347,1259,1285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FF5CB081FE8D1061" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[151,260,1259,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB081FE8D1061" bold="true" box="[151,260,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">terebrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group.
</emphasis>
Genital fork with laterally flattened anterior arm, lobe-like junction at lateral arms (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFBFFFC4FACAB086FAD71060" box="[1281,1374,1260,1285]" captionStart="FIGURES 78–83" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1920,1943]" captionTargetBox="[215,1375,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[215,1375,193,1898]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 78–83. Protaustrosimulium terebrans. Female adult. (78) Abdominal tergites (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (79) Hypopygial valves (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (80) Hypopygial valves (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (81) Genital fork (Canobolas, 1916), apodeme (ap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Spermatheca (Canobolas, 1916). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (83) Cercus &amp; anal lobe (Middle Creek). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609947/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Figs. 81</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFBFFFC4FAA2B086FA011060" box="[1385,1416,1260,1285]" captionStart="FIGURES 92" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1383,1406]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1363]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1363]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 92–-95. Protaustrosimulium opscurum. Female adult. (92) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (93) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (94) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (95) Genital fork (partially reconstructed). Scale bar = 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609957/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">95</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFBFFFC4FF5CB15EFB401029" box="[151,1225,1332,1357]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="description">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFBFFFC4FF5CB15EFB401029" blockId="19.[151,1225,1332,1357]" box="[151,1225,1332,1357]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FF5CB15EFEBC1028" bold="true" box="[151,309,1332,1357]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Constituents.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FEF7B15EFD751028" authority="(Tonnoir)" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[316,764,1332,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FEF7B15EFD021028" box="[316,651,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Protaustrosimulium terebrans</emphasis>
(Tonnoir)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFBFFFC4FCF8B15EFB0F1029" authority="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton, 2018" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[819,1158,1332,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opscurum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFBFFFC4FCF8B15EFB0F1029" box="[819,1158,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Protaustrosimulium opscurum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1DBFB55FFBFFFC4FB46B15FFB401029" box="[1165,1225,1333,1356]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>