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<document id="0C780F390C31644148C8116FC6537BC2" ID-CLB-Dataset="5916" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3762.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4577eacc-752d-4eb7-bf1b-6585f03d7d6a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4909357" ID-ZooBank="68E063AB-2C09-4FCA-8761-FBC73D562990" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623110906749" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Badano, Davide &amp; Pantaleoni, Roberto Antonio" docDate="2014" docId="314A4C269C6F2A2BEFC1584BFC6B597E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03762p071.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3762 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Distoleon tetragrammicus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="26" masterDocId="CD73345E9C782A32EF565E3FFF865D20" masterDocTitle="The larvae of European Myrmeleontidae (Neuroptera)" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1699002821961" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="36D5FA156884ECD276BCCC66D323D9A8">The larvae of European Myrmeleontidae (Neuroptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7249769C7A342EAA82784A26BE33219F">Badano, Davide</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="17490637BDFEC5D68D4F230D7D9A9E73" type="email">davide.badano@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="1CFBEBD886923B0F3B4860693BB18B7C">Pantaleoni, Roberto Antonio</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B0C81CEADBBC2E98FFC0A403E6FA13AD" type="email">r.pantaleoni@ise.cnr.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="806417EFE158A5A61DFBBA566D1AF88F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="15FF9132C623B08C2FF3B4E25489CF38">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="314A4C269C6F2A2BEFC1584BFC6B597E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909423" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183227289" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4909423" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:314A4C269C6F2A2BEFC1584BFC6B597E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/314A4C269C6F2A2BEFC1584BFC6B597E" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<subSubSection id="F1F9AEBB9C6F2A25EFC1584BFD2D5BAE" box="[151,683,1652,1678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B95CFD309C6F2A25EFC1584BFD2D5BAE" blockId="23.[151,683,1652,1711]" box="[151,683,1652,1678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="E2144A5C9C6F2A25EFC1584BFD2D5BAE" bold="true" box="[151,683,1652,1678]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="7EE386B39C6F2A25EFC1584BFD2D5BAE" ID-CoL="36Y83" authority="(Fabricius, 1798)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[151,683,1652,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Distoleon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetragrammicus">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C6F2A25EFC1584BFD2D5BAE" bold="true" box="[151,683,1652,1678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C6F2A25EFC1584BFE565BAE" bold="true" box="[151,464,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distoleon tetragrammicus</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1798)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F1F9AEBB9C6F2A25EFC158A9FAFC5A1F" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph id="B95CFD309C6F2A25EFC158A9FED15B8F" blockId="23.[151,683,1652,1711]" box="[151,343,1686,1711]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
(
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C6F2A25EFC958A9FF705B8F" box="[159,246,1686,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1564,1586]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,197,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-239@10.[188,1398,193,1584]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. IX and VIII abdominal sternite of 3rd instar larva of Dendroleontini and Nemoleontini. A, Dendroleon pantherinus; B, Nemoleon notatus; C, Distoleon tetragrammicus; D, Creoleon lugdunensis; E, Neuroleon assimilis; F, Macronemurus appendiculatus; G, Megistopus lucasi; H, Gymnocnemia variegata. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909369/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C6F2A25EE5458A9FEA35B8F" box="[258,293,1686,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[241,1323,508,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-216@11.[233,1335,499,1910]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pronotum of 3rd instar larvae of Dendroleontini and Nemoleontini; A, Dendroleon pantherinus; B, Nemoleon notatus; C, Distoleon tetragrammicus; D, Creoleon lugdunensis; E, Neuroleon nemausiensis; F, Macronemurus appendiculatus; G, Megistopus lucasi; H, Gymnocnemia variegata. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909373/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">4C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C6F2A25EE6758A9FEC85B8F" box="[305,334,1686,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,249,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[239,1331,206,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-43@24.[224,1338,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distoleon tetragrammicus (Fabricius, 1798), 3rd instar larva (France: Gard, Générac). Dorsal (above), ventral (middle) and lateral (below) view; a–e: diagnostic characters, see species description." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909405/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">12</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B95CFD309C6F2A25EFC158E1FAFC5A1F" blockId="23.[151,1436,1758,2035]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The first report about a not pit-building antlion larva regards almost surely this species (
<bibRefCitation id="DD7280C19C6F2A25EBC658E1FABB5BD7" author="Reaumur, R. A. F. de" box="[1168,1341,1758,1783]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref41772" refString="Reaumur, R. A. F. de (1742) Histoire des Formica-leo. Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des insectes. Vol. 6. Paris, pp. 333 - 386." type="book" year="1742">Réaumur 1742</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DD7280C19C6F2A25EA1D58E0FF565A3B" author="Bonnet, C." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="277 - 289" refId="ref38888" refString="Bonnet, C. (1780) Oeuvres d'histoire naturelle et de philosophie. Vol. 2. cfr. Marc-Michel Rey, Amsterdam, pp. 277 - 289." type="book chapter" year="1780">Bonnet 1780</bibRefCitation>
) but the first accurate scientific description was realized much later by
<bibRefCitation id="DD7280C19C6F2A25EB5A593CFB285A3B" author="Brauer, F." box="[1036,1198,1794,1819]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="463 - 472" refId="ref38958" refString="Brauer, F. (1854) Beitrage zur Kenntniss des inneren Baues und der Verwandlung der Neuropteren. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 4, 463 - 472." type="journal article" year="1854">Brauer (1854)</bibRefCitation>
, subsequently it was redescribed many times (
<bibRefCitation id="DD7280C19C6F2A25EEF95919FDBA5A1F" author="Hagen, H. A." box="[431,572,1830,1855]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="377 - 398" refId="ref39945" refString="Hagen, H. A. (1873) Die Larven von Myrmeleon. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 34, 249 - 295, 377 - 398." type="journal article" year="1873">Hagen 1873</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DD7280C19C6F2A25ED1E5919FCA35A1F" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[584,805,1830,1855]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="335 - 368" refId="ref41745" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1884) Ubersicht der Myrmeleoniden-Larven. Denkschriften, Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 48, 335 - 368." type="journal article" year="1884">Redtenbacher 1884</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DD7280C19C6F2A25EC665919FC475A1F" author="Steffan, J. R." box="[816,961,1830,1855]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="383 - 410" refId="ref42526" refString="Steffan, J. R. (1975) Les larves de Fourmilions [Planipennes: Myrmeleontidae] de la faune de France. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.), 11, 383 - 410." type="journal article" year="1975">Steffan 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DD7280C19C6F2A25EC9B5919FB0E5A1F" author="Satar, A. &amp; Suludere, Z. &amp; Canbulat, S. &amp; Ozbay, C." box="[973,1160,1830,1855]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="57 - 64" refId="ref41963" refString="Satar, A., Suludere, Z., Canbulat, S. &amp; Ozbay, C. (2006) Rearing the larval stages of Distoleon tetragrammicus (Fabricius, 1798) (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from egg to adult, with notes on their behaviour. Zootaxa, 1371, 57 - 64." type="journal article" year="2006">
Satar
<emphasis id="8B9721229C6F2A25EB585917FBC05A1F" box="[1038,1094,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="DD7280C19C6F2A25EBC55919FAEB5A1F" author="Krivokhatsky, V. A." box="[1171,1389,1830,1855]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref40265" refString="Krivokhatsky, V. A. (2011) Antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) of Russia. KMK, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 334 pp." type="book" year="2011">Krivokhatsky 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F1F9AEBB9C6F2A2BEF915975FE475C3D" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B95CFD309C6F2A2BEF915975FE475C3D" blockId="23.[151,1436,1758,2035]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,151,1118]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C6F2A25EF915975FE4A5A43" bold="true" box="[199,460,1866,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Examined specimens.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="098BF76D9C6F2A25EE805975FD785AA7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3312215343" collectingDate="2011-08" collectorName="D. Badano" country="France" location="Generac" municipality="Gard" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C6F2A25EE805975FDB75A43" bold="true" box="[470,561,1866,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<collectingCountry id="C1F4BDA09C6F2A25EE805975FDAA5A43" box="[470,556,1866,1891]" name="France" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">France</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality id="5938674A9C6F2A25ED6A5975FDF15A43" box="[572,631,1866,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Gard</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="BC3CABEB9C6F2A25EDD05975FD605A43" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:314A4C269C6F2A2BEFC1584BFC6B597E:BC3CABEB9C6F2A25EDD05975FD605A43" box="[646,742,1866,1891]" country="France" municipality="Gard" name="Generac" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Générac</location>
, arenaceous escarpment,
<date id="CD5DDBF09C6F2A25EB585975FBFA5A43" box="[1038,1148,1866,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2011-08">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C6F2A25EB585975FBFA5A43" box="[1038,1148,1866,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2011-08">VIII.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="141698E69C6F2A25EBC65975FA965A43" box="[1168,1296,1866,1891]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D. Badano</collectorName>
), 15 L1: 10 laboratory-reared to L3, 5 laboratory-reared to adults
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="098BF76D9C6F2A2BEC5A5951FCF75DD8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3312215316" collectingDate="2010-05" collectingDateMax="2012-01" collectingDateMin="2010-05" collectorName="D. Badano " country="Italy" county="Aymavilles" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" location="Pont d'Ael" municipality="Aosta" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Valle d'Aosta">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C6F2A25EC5A5951FCCC5AA7" bold="true" box="[780,842,1902,1927]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<collectingCountry id="C1F4BDA09C6F2A25EC5A5951FCC35AA7" box="[780,837,1902,1927]" name="Italy" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Italy</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="7B2733D29C6F2A25EC025951FC595AA7" box="[852,991,1902,1927]" country="Italy" name="Valle d'Aosta" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Val d’Aosta</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="503D85BC9C6F2A25ECB85951FBEA5AA7" box="[1006,1132,1902,1927]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Aymavilles</collectingCounty>
(
<collectingMunicipality id="5938674A9C6F2A25EB285951FB435AA7" box="[1150,1221,1902,1927]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Aosta</collectingMunicipality>
),
<location id="BC3CABEB9C6F2A25EB8A5950FADD5AA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:314A4C269C6F2A2BEFC1584BFC6B597E:BC3CABEB9C6F2A25EB8A5950FADD5AA7" box="[1244,1371,1902,1927]" country="Italy" county="Aymavilles" municipality="Aosta" name="Pont d'Ael" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Valle d'Aosta">Pont d’Ael</location>
, rock overhang in arid meadow,
<date id="CD5DDBF09C6F2A25EE9959ADFDBB5A8B" box="[463,573,1938,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2011-08">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C6F2A25EE9959ADFDBB5A8B" box="[463,573,1938,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2011-08">VIII.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="141698E69C6F2A25ED0759ADFD575A8B" box="[593,721,1938,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D. Badano</collectorName>
), 1 L3.
<collectingRegion id="7B2733D29C6F2A25EC6759ACFC045A8A" box="[817,898,1939,1962]" country="Italy" name="Veneto" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Veneto</collectingRegion>
, Bovolone (Verona),
<date id="CD5DDBF09C6F2A25EB2D59ADFB4D5A8B" box="[1147,1227,1938,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2010-05">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C6F2A25EB2D59ADFB4D5A8B" box="[1147,1227,1938,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2010-05">V.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="141698E69C6F2A25EB8859ADFAC15A8B" box="[1246,1351,1938,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">F. Sanna</collectorName>
), 1 L3.
<collectingRegion id="7B2733D29C6F2A25EFC15989FF6A5AEF" box="[151,236,1974,1999]" country="Italy" name="Liguria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Liguria</collectingRegion>
, Perinaldo (Imperia), stone wall,
<date id="CD5DDBF09C6F2A25ED335989FD4C5AEF" box="[613,714,1974,1999]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2011-07">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C6F2A25ED335989FD4C5AEF" box="[613,714,1974,1999]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2011-07">VII.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="141698E69C6F2A25ED8D5989FCDE5AEF" box="[731,856,1974,1999]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D. Badano</collectorName>
), 3 L3 and 1 L3 laboratory-reared to adult.
<collectingRegion id="7B2733D29C6F2A25EA145989FA115AEF" box="[1346,1431,1974,1999]" country="Italy" name="Liguria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Liguria</collectingRegion>
, Pompeiana (Imperia), rock escarpment,
<date id="CD5DDBF09C6F2A25ED0E59E5FD385AD3" box="[600,702,2010,2035]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2010-07">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C6F2A25ED0E59E5FD385AD3" box="[600,702,2010,2035]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2010-07">VII.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="141698E69C6F2A25ED9859E5FCCD5AD3" box="[718,843,2010,2035]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D. Badano</collectorName>
), 1 L3.
<collectingRegion id="7B2733D29C6F2A25ECC959E5FC725AD3" box="[927,1012,2010,2035]" country="Italy" name="Liguria" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Liguria</collectingRegion>
, Cipressa (Imperia), Mediterranean scrubland, under pine trees,
<date id="CD5DDBF09C612A2BEEA65EA8FDBE5D90" box="[496,568,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2012-01">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C612A2BEEA65EA8FDBE5D90" box="[496,568,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2012-01">I.2012</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="141698E69C612A2BED195EA8FD555D90" box="[591,723,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. Badano</collectorName>
), 4 L3.
<collectingRegion id="7B2733D29C612A2BEC685EA7FC1B5D90" box="[830,925,152,176]" country="Italy" name="Toscana" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tuscany</collectingRegion>
, Elba, Portoferraio (Livorno),
<date id="CD5DDBF09C612A2BEA465EA8FAEB5D90" box="[1296,1389,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2010-09">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C612A2BEA465EA8FAEB5D90" box="[1296,1389,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2010-09">IX.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="141698E69C612A2BEAD55EA8FE965DF5" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L. Forbicioni</collectorName>
), 1 L3.
<collectingRegion id="7B2733D29C612A2BEE3C5E83FE2B5DF5" box="[362,429,188,213]" country="Italy" name="Lazio" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lazio</collectingRegion>
, Rocca Priora (Roma),
<date id="CD5DDBF09C612A2BEDEC5E83FC8A5DF5" box="[698,780,188,213]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2011-10">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C612A2BEDEC5E83FC8A5DF5" box="[698,780,188,213]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2011-10">X.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="141698E69C612A2BEC4B5E83FC025DF5" box="[797,900,188,213]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">M. Gigli</collectorName>
), 1 L3.
<collectingRegion id="7B2733D29C612A2BEC895E83FBB95DF5" box="[991,1087,188,213]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
, Berchidda (Sassari), cork oak wood,
<collectingMethod id="60A285279C612A2BEFBE5EE0FEE35DD8" box="[232,357,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">pitfall trap</collectingMethod>
,
<date id="CD5DDBF09C612A2BEE3F5EE0FE545DD8" box="[361,466,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2010-07">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C612A2BEE3F5EE0FE545DD8" box="[361,466,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2010-07">VII.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, (
<collectorName id="141698E69C612A2BEEBC5EE0FD025DD8" box="[490,644,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">M. Verdinelli</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="141698E69C612A2BEDE45EE0FC9A5DD8" box="[690,796,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">S. Cossu</collectorName>
), 1 L3
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="098BF76D9C612A2BECD65EE0FE3B5C3D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3312215346" collectingDate="2012-05" collectorName="D. Badano" country="Greece" location="Kato Pauliana" municipality="Corfu" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BECD65EE0FC555DD8" bold="true" box="[896,979,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<collectingCountry id="C1F4BDA09C612A2BECD65EE0FC555DD8" box="[896,979,223,248]" name="Greece" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Greece</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<collectingMunicipality id="5938674A9C612A2BECB05EE0FBAD5DD8" box="[998,1067,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Corfu</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="BC3CABEB9C612A2BEB6C5EDFFB665DD8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:314A4C269C6F2A2BEFC1584BFC6B597E:BC3CABEB9C612A2BEB6C5EDFFB665DD8" box="[1082,1248,223,248]" country="Greece" municipality="Corfu" name="Kato Pauliana" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Kato Pauliana</location>
, rock overhang,
<date id="CD5DDBF09C612A2BEFC15F3BFF615C3D" box="[151,231,260,285]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2012-05">
<collectingDate id="DD1922189C612A2BEFC15F3BFF615C3D" box="[151,231,260,285]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2012-05">V.2012</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="141698E69C612A2BEFA05F3BFEF55C3D" box="[246,371,260,285]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. Badano</collectorName>
), 1 L3
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="ED9CADB89C602A2AEFC1598EFC7E5AC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909405" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4909405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909405/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[151,249,1969,1991]" targetBox="[239,1331,206,1934]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="B95CFD309C602A2AEFC1598EFC7E5AC5" blockId="24.[151,1435,1965,2021]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C602A2AEFC1598EFEA45AE6" bold="true" box="[151,290,1969,1991]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7EE386B39C602A2AEE7D598EFD755AE7" authority="(Fabricius, 1798)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[299,755,1969,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Distoleon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetragrammicus">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C602A2AEE7D598EFDB15AE7" box="[299,567,1969,1991]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distoleon tetragrammicus</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1798)
</taxonomicName>
, 3
<superScript id="4E9650789C602A2AEC585992FC9F5A9A" attach="left" box="[782,793,1965,1978]" fontSize="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">rd</superScript>
instar larva (France: Gard, Générac). Dorsal (above), ventral (middle) and lateral (below) view; a–e: diagnostic characters, see species description.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F1F9AEBB9C612A2BEF915F15FAE45E7F" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="B95CFD309C612A2BEF915F15FBEB5F43" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1118]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEF915F15FDB65C63" bold="true" box="[199,560,295,323]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Description of 3
<superScript id="4E9650789C612A2BEED05F18FE135C15" attach="left" box="[390,405,295,309]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rd</superScript>
instar larva.
</emphasis>
Size
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BED265F15FDFF5C63" bold="true" box="[624,633,298,323]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">(</emphasis>
based on
<specimenCount id="AFE536B99C612A2BEDB25F15FC055C63" box="[740,899,298,323]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="generic">24 specimens</specimenCount>
): BL
<quantity id="7E1B50D59C612A2BEC975F15FBB15C62" box="[961,1079,298,323]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="10.6">10.60 mm</quantity>
; HL 3.00 mm (2.41–3.33), HW
<quantity id="7E1B50D59C612A2BEFC15F71FF7A5C46" box="[151,252,334,359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="2.45">2.45 mm</quantity>
(2.22–2.72), ML
<quantity id="7E1B50D59C612A2BEE9E5F71FDA85C46" box="[456,558,334,359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="2.54">2.54 mm</quantity>
(2.24–2.76), HW/HL 0.82, ML/HL 0.85. General colouring dark brown with darker markings, abdomen with a dorsal median stripe with a characteristic pattern (
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C612A2BEB085F4DFB465CAB" box="[1118,1216,370,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,249,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[239,1331,206,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-43@24.[224,1338,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distoleon tetragrammicus (Fabricius, 1798), 3rd instar larva (France: Gard, Générac). Dorsal (above), ventral (middle) and lateral (below) view; a–e: diagnostic characters, see species description." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909405/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 12c</figureCitation>
), ventral side paler with dark brown markings; head capsule dark brown, lateral and ventral sides with extensive dark markings (
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C612A2BEA385FA9FF425CF3" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,249,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[239,1331,206,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-43@24.[224,1338,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distoleon tetragrammicus (Fabricius, 1798), 3rd instar larva (France: Gard, Générac). Dorsal (above), ventral (middle) and lateral (below) view; a–e: diagnostic characters, see species description." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909405/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 12d</figureCitation>
); mandibles dark brown; legs yellowish or whitish; setae of the body black. Head longer than wide; mandibles comparatively strong, shorter than the head capsule (
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C612A2BEC425FE1FCFD5CD7" box="[788,891,478,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,249,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[239,1331,206,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-43@24.[224,1338,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distoleon tetragrammicus (Fabricius, 1798), 3rd instar larva (France: Gard, Générac). Dorsal (above), ventral (middle) and lateral (below) view; a–e: diagnostic characters, see species description." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909405/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 12a</figureCitation>
); interdental mandibular setae: (3–4)(1)(1)(0). Pronotum covered by large setae interspersed with short bristles (
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C612A2BECC35C3DFC7D5F3B" box="[917,1019,514,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[241,1323,508,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-216@11.[233,1335,499,1910]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pronotum of 3rd instar larvae of Dendroleontini and Nemoleontini; A, Dendroleon pantherinus; B, Nemoleon notatus; C, Distoleon tetragrammicus; D, Creoleon lugdunensis; E, Neuroleon nemausiensis; F, Macronemurus appendiculatus; G, Megistopus lucasi; H, Gymnocnemia variegata. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909373/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 4C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C612A2BEB5C5C3DFBBE5F3B" box="[1034,1080,514,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,249,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[239,1331,206,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-43@24.[224,1338,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distoleon tetragrammicus (Fabricius, 1798), 3rd instar larva (France: Gard, Générac). Dorsal (above), ventral (middle) and lateral (below) view; a–e: diagnostic characters, see species description." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909405/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">12b</figureCitation>
). Mesothoracic and abdominal spiracles brown. VIII abdominal sternite with odontoid processes; IX sternite with a ventral pair of spiniform setae and with two small rastra each equipped with 4 sub-equal digging setae (
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C612A2BEC905C75FBAE5F43" box="[966,1064,586,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1564,1586]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,197,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-239@10.[188,1398,193,1584]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. IX and VIII abdominal sternite of 3rd instar larva of Dendroleontini and Nemoleontini. A, Dendroleon pantherinus; B, Nemoleon notatus; C, Distoleon tetragrammicus; D, Creoleon lugdunensis; E, Neuroleon assimilis; F, Macronemurus appendiculatus; G, Megistopus lucasi; H, Gymnocnemia variegata. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909369/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 3C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="21D8E1B59C612A2BEB625C75FBE65F43" box="[1076,1120,586,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,249,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[239,1331,206,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-43@24.[224,1338,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distoleon tetragrammicus (Fabricius, 1798), 3rd instar larva (France: Gard, Générac). Dorsal (above), ventral (middle) and lateral (below) view; a–e: diagnostic characters, see species description." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4909405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4909405/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">12e</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B95CFD309C612A2BEF915C51FAE45E7F" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1118]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEF915C51FED15FA7" bold="true" box="[199,343,622,647]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bio-ecology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7EE386B39C612A2BEE085C4FFDB45FA7" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[350,562,624,647]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Distoleon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetragrammicus">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEE085C4FFDB45FA7" box="[350,562,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. tetragrammicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an euryoecious species and its larvae are able to colonize any microhabitat with presence of dry and fine substratum, thus it is very abundant and widespread. In southern Europe it is found from coastal dunes to montane forests, in a large array of habitats, always in dry conditions even if punctiform. The larvae appear avoid exposed sites, preferring protected niches such as at the base of trees or shrubs, under rocks or in their proximity. Therefore they are absent from open coastal sand dunes while they are common on back dunes with conspicuous vegetation growing.
<taxonomicName id="7EE386B39C612A2BED355D1CFCBB5E1A" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[611,829,803,826]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Distoleon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetragrammicus">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BED355D1CFCBB5E1A" box="[611,829,803,826]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. tetragrammicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae are frequent in rocky microhabitat such as escarpments or under overhangs and they are able to colonize similar artificial structures, such as stone walls.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F1F9AEBB9C612A2BEF915D55FA925EA3" box="[199,1300,874,899]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B95CFD309C612A2BEF915D55FA925EA3" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1118]" box="[199,1300,874,899]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEF915D55FEE65EA3" bold="true" box="[199,352,874,899]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Distribution.</emphasis>
Widespread in the western Palaearctic, only avoiding cold climates and true deserts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F1F9AEBB9C612A2BEF915DB1FC6B597E" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B95CFD309C612A2BEF915DB1FC6B597E" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1118]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEF915DB1FEBD5E87" bold="true" box="[199,315,910,935]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Remarks.</emphasis>
The larva of
<taxonomicName id="7EE386B39C612A2BEE865DAFFD225E87" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[464,676,912,935]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Distoleon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetragrammicus">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEE865DAFFD225E87" box="[464,676,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. tetragrammicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="7EE386B39C612A2BEC605DAFFC405E87" authorityName="Acevedo et al." authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[822,966,910,935]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Distoleon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEC605DAFFC405E87" box="[822,966,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only other European congener, for its overall dark brown colouring and pattern while
<taxonomicName id="7EE386B39C612A2BEDEA5D8CFCC85EEB" authorityName="Acevedo et al." authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[700,846,946,971]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Distoleon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEDEA5D8CFCC85EEB" box="[700,846,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much paler, sand-like in colour, with contrasting dark markings (
<bibRefCitation id="DD7280C19C612A2BEE1E5DE9FDB45ECF" author="Acevedo, F. &amp; Monserrat, V. J. &amp; Badano, D." box="[328,562,982,1007]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="488 - 494" refId="ref38342" refString="Acevedo, F., Monserrat, V. J. &amp; Badano, D. (2013) The larvae of the two European species of genus Distoleon: D. annulatus (Klug, 1834) and D. tetragrammicus (Fabricius, 1798). A comparative description (Insecta, Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Zootaxa, 3721, 488 - 494." type="journal article" year="2013">
Acevedo
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEEE35DE7FE685ECF" box="[437,494,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). The pigmentation pattern of the dorsal side of the abdomen, composed by a median series of contiguous circular markings is a constant character in this species allowing the identification of all larval stages of
<taxonomicName id="7EE386B39C612A2BEE3D5A1FFDB85917" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[363,574,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmeleontidae" genus="Distoleon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetragrammicus">
<emphasis id="8B9721229C612A2BEE3D5A1FFDB85917" box="[363,574,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. tetragrammicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, the relatively conspicuous size of this antlion permits an immediate distinction of the 3
<superScript id="4E9650789C612A2BEE3C5A7DFEF15970" attach="left" box="[362,375,1090,1104]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">rd</superScript>
instar larvae from the other known member of the tribe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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