267 lines
37 KiB
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267 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="05D750AD2417CA7256818F5AFF212EDE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.191357" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9ea163e-b13d-4b99-a232-61dd069d4e6a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="191357" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461127825879" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shear, William A." docDate="2009" docId="03B0878DFFD7FFE7FF11FB116AC149F8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02290p049.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2290" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Buotus carolinus Chamberlin 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FF89FFF5FFD4FFE0FF86FF94692A4C2E" masterDocTitle="Buotidae, a new family for the minute North American milliped Buotus carolinus (Chamberlin) 1940 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1698597072937" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2B6C89D8508829BA1047806FD02A89F9">Buotidae, a new family for the minute North American milliped Buotus carolinus (Chamberlin) 1940 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5E71A30D54CC3C4E3A6567A9986D61B1">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="275F64A599B39FB9681AB7DD1145D544">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BF5E7A5666E51D6B208E8F959C496733">
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<mods:date id="428E9C8A1ECA697A808C4362B12F1D41">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6491FA5D05CDA79728410F85743FEEFD">2290</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="086F72E18E69DD604F2CFC3FA9C93042" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.191357</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B0878DFFD7FFE7FF11FB116AC149F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6220413" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119626436" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6220413" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B0878DFFD7FFE7FF11FB116AC149F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0878DFFD7FFE7FF11FB116AC149F8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="C3036510FFD7FFE3FF11FB11684748EC" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD7FFE3FF11FB116B6C48B1" blockId="3.[151,582,1157,1218]" box="[151,582,1157,1183]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="D0EE81F7FFD7FFE3FF11FB116B6C48B1" bold="true" box="[151,582,1157,1183]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD7FFE3FF11FB116B6C48B1" authority="Chamberlin 1940" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,582,1157,1183]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">
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<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD7FFE3FF11FB116B6C48B1" bold="true" box="[151,582,1157,1183]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD7FFE3FF11FB11684C48B1" bold="true" box="[151,358,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Buotus carolinus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B6AFFD7FFE3FEE8FB116B6C48B1" author="Chamberlin" box="[366,582,1157,1183]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1940) On some chilopods and diplopods from North Carolina. Canadian Entomologist, 72, 56 - 59." type="journal article" year="1940">Chamberlin 1940</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD7FFE3FF11FB3C684748EC" blockId="3.[151,582,1157,1218]" box="[151,365,1192,1218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD7FFE3FF11FB3C683F48EC" box="[151,277,1192,1218]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1, 2" captionStart-1="FIGURES 3 – 6" captionStart-2="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStartId-0="4.[151,272,1916,1940]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,271,1649,1673]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,271,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox-0="[150,1436,581,1890]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1434,503,1624]" captionTargetBox-2="[212,1382,426,1555]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[136,1452,581,1892]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,503,1624]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[212,1383,426,1555]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURES 1, 2. Buotus carolinus. 1. Mature female specimen, lateral view. 2. Head of male specimen, dorsofrontal view." captionText-1="FIGURES 3 – 6. Buotus carolinus. 3. Head and collum of female specimen, lateral view. 4. Segments 10 – 12 of female specimen, dorsal view, anterior above. 5. Epiproct of female specimen, ventral view. 6. Sculpture of metatergite near limbus, dorsal view." captionText-2="FIGURES 7 – 10. Buotus carolinus. 7. Lateral segmental seta from metatergite 12, dorsal view. 8 – 10 Gonopods (blue) and ninth legpair (red), in situ in segment seven. 8. Posterior view. 9. Anterior view. 10. Ventral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/191358/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/191359/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/191360/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Figs. 1–10</figureCitation>
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, Map 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3036510FFD7FFE3FF11FB616DF04A39" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD7FFE3FF11FB616A804922" blockId="3.[151,938,1269,1292]" box="[151,938,1269,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD7FFE3FF11FB616B244922" authority="Chamberlin 1940" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,526,1269,1292]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">
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<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD7FFE3FF11FB6168614922" box="[151,331,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Buotus carolinus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B6AFFD7FFE3FED4FB616B244922" author="Chamberlin" box="[338,526,1269,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1940) On some chilopods and diplopods from North Carolina. Canadian Entomologist, 72, 56 - 59." type="journal article" year="1940">Chamberlin 1940</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 58;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B6AFFD7FFE3FDDAFB616BF74922" author="Shear" box="[604,733,1269,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" refString="Shear, W. A. (1981) The milliped family Tingupidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Brannerioidea). American Museum Novitates, 2715, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1981">Shear, 1981</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 18; 1998, p. 92.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD7FFE3FF11FAA86DF04A39" blockId="3.[151,1437,1340,2023]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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The original description of
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD7FFE3FE5FFAA86B8B497B" box="[473,673,1340,1365]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">
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<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD7FFE3FE5FFAA86B8B497B" box="[473,673,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Buotus carolinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lacked any diagnostic details, and indeed the species was placed far from its proper position in the Chordeumatidae—in the colobognath family
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD7FFE3FBBFFAF66DFF4952" ID-CoL="7NKLJ" box="[1081,1237,1378,1404]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polyzoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polyzoniida" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polyzoniidae</taxonomicName>
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, where it resided for more than 40 years until I restudied it (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B6AFFD7FFE3FD27FA1D6A1B498D" author="Shear" box="[673,817,1417,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" refString="Shear, W. A. (1981) The milliped family Tingupidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Brannerioidea). American Museum Novitates, 2715, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1981">Shear 1981</bibRefCitation>
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). I revisited the species in 1998 based on the same specimens and added more details regarding the gonopods (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B6AFFD7FFE3FCE3FA246DA849E4" author="Shear" box="[869,1154,1456,1482]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" refString="Shear, W. A. & Hubbard, D. A. (1998) Cave millipeds of the United States. IV. A new genus and species from a high altitude cave in Colorado (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Tingupidae). Myriapodologica, 5, 95 - 104." type="journal article" year="1998">Shear & Hubbard 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). However, the animals are so small (smaller mature males may be only
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<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD7FFE3FD4FFA426A2749DE" box="[713,781,1494,1520]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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long or less) and the gonopods correspondingly minute, that an examination using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed many new details.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3036510FFD7FFE7FF40F9B06AC149F8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD7FFE4FF40F9B068254E20" blockId="3.[151,1437,1340,2023]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,526]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B6AFFD7FFE3FF40F9B0688D4A10" author="Chamberlin" box="[198,423,1572,1598]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1940) On some chilopods and diplopods from North Carolina. Canadian Entomologist, 72, 56 - 59." type="journal article" year="1940">Chamberlin (1940)</bibRefCitation>
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described the species as having a single ocellus, which I found to be a rather poorly defined pigment spot, deep-lying in the head (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF884B6AFFD7FFE3FD66F9DE6A5C4A4A" author="Shear" box="[736,886,1610,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" refString="Shear, W. A. (1981) The milliped family Tingupidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Brannerioidea). American Museum Novitates, 2715, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1981">Shear 1981</bibRefCitation>
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). The SEM reveals that there is no external expression of this spot whatsoever and no cuticular lens—the characteristic sculpture of the head is continuous over the position of the pigment spot (
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<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD7FFE3FD63F90C6A134A9C" box="[741,825,1688,1714]" captionStart="FIGURES 1, 2" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,581,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[136,1452,581,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1, 2. Buotus carolinus. 1. Mature female specimen, lateral view. 2. Head of male specimen, dorsofrontal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191358/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD7FFE3FCC0F90C6A7C4A9C" box="[838,854,1688,1714]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 6" captionStartId="5.[151,271,1649,1673]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,503,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,503,1624]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 6. Buotus carolinus. 3. Head and collum of female specimen, lateral view. 4. Segments 10 – 12 of female specimen, dorsal view, anterior above. 5. Epiproct of female specimen, ventral view. 6. Sculpture of metatergite near limbus, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191359/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">3</figureCitation>
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). The mandible has a posterior serrate margin on the cardo, which just can be seen in
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<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD7FFE3FDBCF92A6B554AF6" box="[570,639,1726,1752]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 6" captionStartId="5.[151,271,1649,1673]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,503,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,503,1624]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 6. Buotus carolinus. 3. Head and collum of female specimen, lateral view. 4. Segments 10 – 12 of female specimen, dorsal view, anterior above. 5. Epiproct of female specimen, ventral view. 6. Sculpture of metatergite near limbus, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191359/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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between the first leg and the anterior margin of the collum. The first leg is not reduced in size. The seminal ducts of the male open through pores in the second coxae, as in all chordeumatidans yet studied. The sculpture or ornament of the collum and metaterga differs from the simple acute tubercles of the head (
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<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD7FFE3FE5BF8A66B054B62" box="[477,559,1842,1868]" captionStart="FIGURES 1, 2" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,581,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[136,1452,581,1892]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1, 2. Buotus carolinus. 1. Mature female specimen, lateral view. 2. Head of male specimen, dorsofrontal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191358/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD7FFE3FDBDF8A66B604B62" box="[571,586,1842,1868]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 6" captionStartId="5.[151,271,1649,1673]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,503,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,503,1624]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 6. Buotus carolinus. 3. Head and collum of female specimen, lateral view. 4. Segments 10 – 12 of female specimen, dorsal view, anterior above. 5. Epiproct of female specimen, ventral view. 6. Sculpture of metatergite near limbus, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191359/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">3</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD7FFE3FDD7F8A76B444B62" box="[593,622,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">cf.</emphasis>
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4, 6) and consists of a series of irregularly arranged, minute ridges on raised mounds. On the sides of the mounds and scattered among them are morate (mulberry-shaped, from
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<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD7FFE3FF11F81469DF4BB7" box="[151,245,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">morum,</emphasis>
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L., a mulberry) tubercles. At the posterior margin of the metazonite, the ridges and tubercles are abruptly replaced with a few rows of sharp-pointed, recurved teeth above the shallowly serrate limbus. The teeth of the limbus serrations are created by small ridges. On more posterior segments, the ridges become more closely spaced and crowd out most of the interspersed morate tubercles. The segmental setae are very small, only about 20µm long, and hardly detectable using optical microscopy or even at low magnifications under the SEM (try to find them on
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<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD0FFE4FDF4FF716BEE4CD1" box="[626,708,229,255]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 6" captionStartId="5.[151,271,1649,1673]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,503,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,503,1624]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 6. Buotus carolinus. 3. Head and collum of female specimen, lateral view. 4. Segments 10 – 12 of female specimen, dorsal view, anterior above. 5. Epiproct of female specimen, ventral view. 6. Sculpture of metatergite near limbus, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191359/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). It may have been the apparent absence of these setae, characteristic of
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD0FFE4FEE5FE986B0B4D08" box="[355,545,268,294]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Chordeumatida</taxonomicName>
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, that caused Chamberlin not to consider that order as a place for
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<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD0FFE4FAC6FE986CB64D0B" box="[1344,1436,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD0FFE4FAC6FE986CB24D0B" box="[1344,1432,268,293]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Buotus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Nevertheless, they are present (
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<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD0FFE4FD80FEA66B644D62" box="[518,590,306,332]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStartId="6.[151,271,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[212,1382,426,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[212,1383,426,1555]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 10. Buotus carolinus. 7. Lateral segmental seta from metatergite 12, dorsal view. 8 – 10 Gonopods (blue) and ninth legpair (red), in situ in segment seven. 8. Posterior view. 9. Anterior view. 10. Ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191360/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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); each seta arises from an elongate, tubular socket and presents a single, spiral twist. The tip of the seta is divided into five or six short processes, which give the whole a remarkable resemblance to a human arm and hand! The sculpture of the epiproct (
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<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD0FFE4FC5FFE146D0A4DB4" box="[985,1056,384,410]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 6" captionStartId="5.[151,271,1649,1673]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,503,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,503,1624]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 6. Buotus carolinus. 3. Head and collum of female specimen, lateral view. 4. Segments 10 – 12 of female specimen, dorsal view, anterior above. 5. Epiproct of female specimen, ventral view. 6. Sculpture of metatergite near limbus, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191359/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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) more closely resembles that of the head. The spinnerets arise, as in striariids (Shear 2008) from beneath the posterior margin of the epiproct; above each spinneret is an emargination in the epiproct which gives it a three-lobed appearance (also as in striariids).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF666613FFD0FFE4FF11F8E869FB4B98" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191358/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[150,1436,581,1890]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD0FFE4FF11F8E869FB4B98" blockId="4.[151,1437,1916,1974]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD0FFE4FF11F8E868624BBA" bold="true" box="[151,328,1916,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">FIGURES 1, 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD0FFE4FED6F8E86B394BBD" box="[336,531,1916,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD0FFE4FED6F8E86B254BBD" box="[336,527,1916,1939]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">Buotus carolinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
1. Mature female specimen, lateral view. 2. Head of male specimen, dorsofrontal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD1FFE5FF40FF0C68E84DEE" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,448]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The gonopods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD1FFE5FE06FF0C68D54C9C" box="[384,511,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStartId="6.[151,271,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[212,1382,426,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[212,1383,426,1555]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 10. Buotus carolinus. 7. Lateral segmental seta from metatergite 12, dorsal view. 8 – 10 Gonopods (blue) and ninth legpair (red), in situ in segment seven. 8. Posterior view. 9. Anterior view. 10. Ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191360/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Figs. 8–10</figureCitation>
|
||
) are small even for the size of the animal and the tips of the flattened, bladelike angiocoxites extend posteriorly between the ninth leg coxites, so that their tips rest in the coxal glands of the tenth legpair. Further details of the gonopods can be seen in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B6AFFD1FFE5FC0FFF716D084CD1" author="Shear" box="[905,1058,229,255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="49" refString="Shear, W. A. (1981) The milliped family Tingupidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Brannerioidea). American Museum Novitates, 2715, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1981">Shear (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF884B6AFFD1FFE5FBDDFF716CB24CD1" author="Shear" box="[1115,1432,229,255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="49" refString="Shear, W. A. & Hubbard, D. A. (1998) Cave millipeds of the United States. IV. A new genus and species from a high altitude cave in Colorado (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Tingupidae). Myriapodologica, 5, 95 - 104." type="journal article" year="1998">Shear and Hubbard (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The ninth legs of males are typical of striarioids, with a well-sclerotized coxosternum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD1FFE5FB14FE986DF34D08" box="[1170,1241,268,294]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStartId="6.[151,271,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[212,1382,426,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[212,1383,426,1555]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 10. Buotus carolinus. 7. Lateral segmental seta from metatergite 12, dorsal view. 8 – 10 Gonopods (blue) and ninth legpair (red), in situ in segment seven. 8. Posterior view. 9. Anterior view. 10. Ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191360/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
); from the coxal portion arise long, sinuate coxites with broad tips, that arch over the recumbent gonopods and probably serve to protect them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13222A1EFFD1FFE5FEE6FECD68FD4D5D" box="[352,471,345,371]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStartId="6.[151,271,1579,1603]" captionTargetBox="[212,1382,426,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[212,1383,426,1555]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 10. Buotus carolinus. 7. Lateral segmental seta from metatergite 12, dorsal view. 8 – 10 Gonopods (blue) and ninth legpair (red), in situ in segment seven. 8. Posterior view. 9. Anterior view. 10. Ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191360/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Figs. 8, 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The telopodites are heavily sclerotized and set with acute tubercles and setae. Except for gland openings, the tenth coxae are not modified or enlarged, but the eleventh coxae have large, blunt posterior processes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF666613FFD1FFE5FF11F9E568444AE3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191359/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[151,1434,503,1624]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD1FFE5FF11F9E568444AE3" blockId="5.[151,1436,1649,1741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD1FFE5FF11F9E5686F4AA7" bold="true" box="[151,325,1649,1673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">FIGURES 3–6.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD1FFE5FECAF9E56B214AA6" box="[332,523,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD1FFE5FECAF9E56B224AA6" box="[332,520,1649,1672]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">Buotus carolinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
3. Head and collum of female specimen, lateral view. 4. Segments 10–12 of female specimen, dorsal view, anterior above. 5. Epiproct of female specimen, ventral view. 6. Sculpture of metatergite near limbus, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD1FFE6FF43F96A68B24D5D" blockId="5.[151,1436,1790,2010]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,371]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD1FFE5FF43F96A6A344B36" bold="true" box="[197,798,1790,1816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Natural history and distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD1FFE5FD05F96A6A324B36" box="[643,792,1790,1816]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD1FFE5FD05F96A6A324B36" bold="true" box="[643,792,1790,1816]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">B. carolinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD1FFE5FC53F96B6D4E4B36" box="[981,1124,1791,1816]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD1FFE5FC53F96B6D4E4B36" box="[981,1124,1791,1816]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">B. carolinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have rarely been made by hand-searching, though R. L. Hoffman, W. A. Shear and R. M. Shelley found three specimens sorting leaf litter on Brush Mountain, Montgomery Co., Virginia, in March, 1976. All of the new records below are from Berlese samples of deciduous leaf litter, several from rhododendron, but also from litter under oak, cherry or beech. At least two localities are beside streams. Even using the Berlese technique, most samples consist of a single individual, rarely up to 3–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1FFD12FFD1FFE5FD91F8546B0F4BF4" box="[535,549,1984,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="generic">5</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD1FFE5FD30F8546A224BF7" box="[694,776,1984,2009]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD1FFE5FD30F8546A224BF7" box="[694,776,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Buotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens are easily overlooked; the species is a strong contender for the title of the world’s smallest milliped, with males usually less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD2FFE6FBF4FF0C6D924C9C" box="[1138,1208,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and some scarcely
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD2FFE6FF11FF2A69F44CF6" box="[151,222,190,216]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Females rarely exceed
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD2FFE6FDCDFF2A6BB84CF6" box="[587,658,190,216]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
even if well-extended. In addition, my recent collections from Quaker Field Branch, Campbell Co., Virginia, came from the deepest layers of duff, where litter and debris had accumulated to a depth of nearly
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD2FFE6FDEBFE986B944D08" box="[621,702,268,294]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Most of the specimens have been taken at elevations at or exceeding
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD2FFE6FE91FEA668AD4D62" box="[279,391,306,332]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.144" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="3000.0">3000 feet</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD2FFE6FE1EFEA668D24D62" box="[408,504,306,332]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.022" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1022.0">1022 m</quantity>
|
||
), though the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A28839FFD2FFE6FD12FEA66BED4D62" box="[660,711,306,332]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in is the North Carolina piedmont at an elevation of about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD2FFE6FF59FECD68024D5D" box="[223,296,345,371]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0668" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="ft" value="350.0">350 ft</quantity>
|
||
. (
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD2FFE6FEBDFECD68A14D5D" box="[315,395,345,371]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="106.0">106 m</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF666613FFD2FFE6FF11F9BF6DF84A4B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[212,1382,426,1555]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD2FFE6FF11F9BF6DF84A4B" blockId="6.[151,1436,1579,1637]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD2FFE6FF11F9BF68794A6D" bold="true" box="[151,339,1579,1603]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">FIGURES 7–10.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD2FFE6FEDCF9BF6B334A6C" box="[346,537,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD2FFE6FEDCF9BF6B3C4A6C" box="[346,534,1579,1602]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">Buotus carolinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
7. Lateral segmental seta from metatergite 12, dorsal view. 8–10 Gonopods (blue) and ninth legpair (red),
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD2FFE6FE15F9DA68FF4A4B" box="[403,469,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
in segment seven. 8. Posterior view. 9. Anterior view. 10. Ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD2FFE6FF40F9026BE54B90" blockId="6.[151,1436,1686,1982]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
It is curious that all records aside from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A28839FFD2FFE6FD4EF9026BD14A9E" box="[712,763,1686,1712]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality are from the Appalachians of Virginia and West Virginia. Despite extensive collecting by R. M. Shelley and others in the North Carolina piedmont, the species has not been found there since Causey’s collection of a single female in 1939. In his 1940 paper, most of the specimens Chamberlin reports on are indeed from the Duke Forest, but a few came from other localities in the North Carolina Appalachians. It is possible the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD2FFE6FD51F8A56A004B64" box="[727,810,1841,1866]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD2FFE6FD51F8A56A004B64" box="[727,810,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Buotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens were only assumed to be from the Duke Forest, but in fact came from one of the Appalachian localities. This hypothesis is weakened by the failure of anyone to find the species in the North Carolina mountains, where extensive collecting has been done by many people over the seven decades since 1939.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD3FFE7FF40FF036B484E1A" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD3FFE7FF40FF0368444C9F" bold="true" box="[198,366,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">New records:</emphasis>
|
||
See Map 1, which also includes the records I published in 1982. All collections by R. L. Hoffman unless otherwise noted; all specimens from Virginia Museum of Natural History. VIRGINIA:
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD3FFE7FF11FF71681B4CD0" box="[151,305,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Bedford Co.:</emphasis>
|
||
Apple Orchard Mountain, rhododendron litter Berlese, 4000’ asl,
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FBC1FF716DC34CD1" box="[1095,1257,229,255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="1997-06-15">15 June 1997</date>
|
||
, female.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD3FFE7FAD3FF7169E04D0B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Bland Co.:</emphasis>
|
||
west side of Big Walker Mountain,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD3FFE7FDF3FE986B9B4D08" box="[629,689,268,294]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
E of Sharon Springs, 3000’ asl,
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FBB6FE986DEB4D08" box="[1072,1217,268,294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="1981-05-09">9 May 1981</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1FFD12FFD3FFE7FB48FE986C064D08" box="[1230,1324,268,294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD3FFE7FAB1FE9869E14D65" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Grayson Co.:</emphasis>
|
||
south slope of Whitetop Mountain, Forest Road 600, streamside litter Berlese, 5000’ asl,
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FB7AFEA669FE4D5D" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="1984-12-23">23 December 1984</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1FFD12FFD3FFE7FF66FECD687E4D5D" box="[224,340,345,371]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
; Whitetop Mountain, in beech woods, 5000’ asl,
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FC14FECD6D5E4D5D" box="[914,1140,345,371]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="1993-11-18">18 November 1993</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FB05FECD6C1D4D5D" box="[1155,1335,345,371]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="1994-03-16">16 March 1994</date>
|
||
, VMNH Survey, female.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD3FFE7FEDCFE1468C44DB7" box="[346,494,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Patrick Co.:</emphasis>
|
||
1.4 mi W of Claudville on Rt. 773, rhododendron litter Berlese,
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FB7AFE1469FF4DEE" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="2006-12-18">18 December 2006</date>
|
||
, male; Quaker Field Branch bridge on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30E760BFFD3FFE7FD1FFE326B954DEE" box="[665,703,422,448]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
58 near Vesta, oak, rhododendron litter Berlese,
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FB7FFE326CB24DEE" box="[1273,1432,422,448]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="2007-05-23">23 May 2007</date>
|
||
, W. A. Shear,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1FFD12FFD3FFE7FEB4FE5968A54DC9" box="[306,399,461,487]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1FFD12FFD3FFE7FE1DFE596B3A4DC9" box="[411,528,461,487]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FD9DFE596BF24DC9" box="[539,728,461,487]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="2009-08-23">23 August 2009</date>
|
||
, W. A. Shear, female.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD3FFE7FC58FE596D554DC8" box="[990,1151,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Roanoke Co.:</emphasis>
|
||
crest of Poor Mountain, leaf litter Berlese, 3750’ asl,
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FE6EFE606B844E20" box="[488,686,500,526]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="1999-10-30">30 October 1999</date>
|
||
, female.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD3FFE7FC9EFE606A9A4E23" box="[792,944,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Tazewell Co:</emphasis>
|
||
east slope of Beartown Mountain, Burkes Garden, 4000’ asl,
|
||
<date id="FFA7105BFFD3FFE7FEF0FD8E6B3F4E1A" box="[374,533,538,564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" value="1981-05-17">17 May 1981</date>
|
||
, male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA6369BFFD3FFE7FF11FA086AC149F8" blockId="7.[151,1436,1436,1494]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD3FFE7FF11FA0869C7499A" bold="true" box="[151,237,1436,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">MAP 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96DEA89FFD3FFE7FE11FA096B78499A" box="[407,594,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C194D18FFD3FFE7FE11FA096B64499A" box="[407,590,1437,1460]" class="Diplopoda" family="Tingupidae" genus="Buotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolinus">Buotus carolinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A28839FFD3FFE7FD01FA086B9F499D" box="[647,693,1436,1459]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in Durham Co., North Carolina, is not shown but is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD3FFE7FAF3FA0869FB49F8" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7702784" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mi" value="110.0">110 miles</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CE19B7EFFD3FFE7FF59FA2B681949F8" box="[223,307,1471,1494]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="km" value="177.0">177 km</quantity>
|
||
) southeast of the nearest other localities, in Patrick Co., Virginia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |