185 lines
21 KiB
XML
185 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="17EE5D684F68A88D0EF132F5741397EE">A Review On Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae, Argasidae), Associated Pathogens And Diseases Of Trinidad And Tobago</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="85A6B2A0E21849816BCD5EA38D37FEF3">Basu, M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D730FDE82FE638AC534275764B9C0AC2">Adesiyun, A. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5DADD9B49ED8C24FD9254DD5475B5593">Acarologia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="DD21722828D61A96C84F23044D2E148D">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A4A5115C1CF10EFE9EF983FBF1F9DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4694630" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181010844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4694630" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4A5115C1CF10EFE9EF983FBF1F9DE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4A5115C1CF10EFE9EF983FBF1F9DE" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
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<subSubSection id="C317478C5C1CF10EFE9EF983FDB8F935" box="[317,604,1656,1680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB214075C1CF10EFE9EF983FDB8F935" blockId="5.[317,604,1656,1680]" box="[317,604,1656,1680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="D0FAA36B5C1CF10EFE9EF983FDB8F935" bold="true" box="[317,604,1656,1680]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFE9EF983FDB8F935" ID-CoL="CMBN" box="[317,604,1656,1680]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFE9EF983FDB8F935" bold="true" box="[317,604,1656,1680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Amblyomma cajennense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C317478C5C1CF10EFF3CF948FC74FACF" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB214075C1CF10EFF3CF948FC74FACF" blockId="5.[159,762,1714,1949]" lastBlockId="5.[826,1429,311,1659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFF3CF948FE87F96F" author="Neumann L. G." box="[159,355,1714,1738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="121 - 129" refId="ref8556" refString="Neumann L. G. 1899 - Revision de la famille des Ixodides. MOmoires de la SociOtO Zoologique de France, 12: 107 - 294. cited by Smith, M. W. 1975. Some aspects of the ecology and lifecycle of Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius 1787) in Trinidad and their influence on tick control measures - Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 69 (1): 121 - 129." type="journal article" year="1899">Neumann (1899)</bibRefCitation>
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||
is credited for the identification of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFF3CF92DFED3F948" box="[159,311,1750,1773]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFF3CF92DFED3F948" box="[159,311,1750,1773]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">A. cajennense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1CF10EFE25F92EFE0AF948" box="[390,494,1749,1773]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFDA4F92EFD1EF948" author="Nuttall G. H. F. & Warburton C. & Robinson L. F." box="[519,762,1749,1773]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refId="ref8705" refString="Nuttall G. H. F., Warburton C., Robinson L. F. 1926 - Ticks: A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part IV: The genus Amblyomma. Cambridge University press, London." type="book" year="1926">
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Nuttall
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFDC5F92DFD7AF948" box="[614,670,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
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(1926)
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</bibRefCitation>
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mentioned that
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFEF4F902FE0EF8B5" box="[343,490,1785,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFEF4F902FE0EF8B5" box="[343,490,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">A. cajennense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a common tick species in the West Indies and Central and South America, was often a troublesome pest at certain seasons of the year, when the larvae swarm in thousands in the grass and herbage and attack both man and domestic animals with avidity.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFAA3FECCFC65FED7" author="Aitken T. H. G. & Omardeen T. A. & Giles C. D." pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="153 - 157" refId="ref6075" refString="Aitken T. H. G., Omardeen T. A., Giles C. D. 1958 - The 1958 Cayenne tick outbreak - J. Agric. Soc. Trinidad, 58: 153 - 157." type="journal article" year="1958">
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Aitken
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFAFFFEC3FA71FEEA" box="[1372,1429,311,335]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
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(1958)
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</bibRefCitation>
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recorded ’The 1958 Cayenne tick outbreak’ at the Lagoon Doux Estate, south of
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<collectingRegion id="49C9DAE55C1CF10EFB7CFE86FAD8FE30" box="[1247,1340,381,405]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="Mayaro/Rio Claro" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Mayaro</collectingRegion>
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, where only the labourers showed serious effects of tick exposure, such as bout and skin irritations. These authors found
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFC56FE1DFB74FE5B" box="[1013,1168,486,510]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFC56FE1DFB74FE5B" box="[1013,1168,486,510]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">A. cajennense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on a variety of animals including man. Spraying dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Gamma Benzene Hexachloride (GBH), chlordane and dieldrin helped to control the tick population.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFBCEFD89FAE0FD2E" author="Smith M. W." box="[1133,1284,626,651]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="90311 - 8" refId="ref9273" refString="Smith M. W. 1973 - The ecology of Amblyomma cajennense a parasite of man and animals in Trinidad - Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 67 (1): 36. doi: 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (73) 90311 - 8" type="journal article" year="1973">Smith (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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found very large populations of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFB95FD6DFB29FD08" box="[1078,1229,662,685]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFB95FD6DFB29FD08" box="[1078,1229,662,685]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">A. cajennense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ticks in infested areas with uncontrolled grass growth and suggested that a reduction in grass length and the removal of tree shade could help reduce the tick populations. He also studied the distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFAF0FCD9FC73FCF8" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFAF0FCD9FC73FCF8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">A. cajennense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1CF10EFC1AFCBEFB4AFCF8" box="[953,1198,837,861]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
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; this tick was found only in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1CF10EFC38FC93FBE4FC25" box="[923,1024,872,896]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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on the Cedros peninsula and on east coast at
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<collectingRegion id="49C9DAE55C1CF10EFC77FC70FBD6FC06" box="[980,1074,907,931]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="Mayaro/Rio Claro" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Mayaro</collectingRegion>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFBE7FC70FB3DFC06" author="Smith M. W." box="[1092,1241,907,931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="559 - 567" refId="ref9327" refString="Smith M. W. 1974 - A survey of the distribution of the Ixodid ticks Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) and Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) in Trinidad and Tobago and the possible influence of the survey results on planned livestock development - Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), 51 (4): 559 - 567." type="journal article" year="1974">Smith (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFAF0FC70FC73FC63" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFAF0FC70FC73FC63" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">A. cajennense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in ruminants, equines, dogs and man. The ecology and life cycle of this tick was also investigated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFC0DFC0FFBBCFBA9" author="Dindial P." box="[942,1112,1012,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refId="ref6709" refString="Dindial P. 1977 - Studied on the life cycle and seasonal incidence of Boophilus microplus in Trinidad and Tobago. [MSc Thesis] - The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad." type="book" year="1977">Dindial (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFB3AFC0FFAD6FBA9" author="Smith M. W." box="[1177,1330,1012,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="121 - 129" refId="ref9392" refString="Smith M. W. 1975 - Some aspects of the ecology and lifecycle of Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius 1787) in Trinidad and their influence on tick control measures - Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 69 (1): 121 - 129." type="journal article" year="1975">Smith (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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, respectively.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFC2CFBECFBDCFB8A" author="Dindial P." box="[911,1080,1047,1071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refId="ref6709" refString="Dindial P. 1977 - Studied on the life cycle and seasonal incidence of Boophilus microplus in Trinidad and Tobago. [MSc Thesis] - The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad." type="book" year="1977">Dindial (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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found that
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFB64FBE3FABAFB8A" box="[1223,1374,1048,1071]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFB64FBE3FABAFB8A" box="[1223,1374,1048,1071]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">A. cajennense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was present in the coastal regions of Manzanilla,
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<collectingRegion id="49C9DAE55C1CF10EFAC6FBC0FC95FBD3" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="Mayaro/Rio Claro" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Mayaro</collectingRegion>
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, Guayaguauare and the Cedros Peninsula area of
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1CF10EFCFFFB7BFC25FB3D" box="[860,961,1152,1176]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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and was absent in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1CF10EFB10FB7BFAE8FB3D" box="[1203,1292,1152,1176]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Tobago</collectingCountry>
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. The presence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFC34FB5FFBC9FB1E" box="[919,1069,1188,1211]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFC34FB5FFBC9FB1E" box="[919,1069,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">A. cajennense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on cattle was also established by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFCFCFB3CFBFCFB7B" author="Clarkson M. J." box="[863,1048,1222,1247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refId="ref6482" refString="Clarkson M. J. 1969 - ' Tick-borne diseases of cattle in Trinidad and Tobago' - Report to the Ministry of Overseas Development. London." type="book" year="1969">Clarkson (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFBF7FB3CFAE7FB7A" author="Rawlins S. C." box="[1108,1283,1223,1247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refId="ref9032" refString="Rawlins S. C. 1977 - Toxicological and biological studies on Jamaican and other Caribbean populations of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (canestrini) (Acarina: Ixodidae) [PhD Thesis] - The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica." type="book" year="1977">Rawlins (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1CF10EFA8AFB3CFA75FB7A" box="[1321,1425,1223,1247]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFC99FB11FC25FAA7" author="Lans C." box="[826,961,1258,1282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refId="ref8242" refString="Lans C. 2002 - Natural Pest Control. (http: // www. farm ingsolutions. org / successtories / stories. asp? id = 109)." type="url" year="2002">Lans (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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reported a second outbreak of this tick from
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<quantity id="4CF5B9E25C1CF10EFCD8FAF6FBC9FA80" box="[891,1069,1293,1317]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0673" metricValueMax="5.06984" metricValueMin="5.06476" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" unit="in" value="1995.0" valueMax="1996.0" valueMin="1994.0">1994 to 1996 in</quantity>
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Cedros and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C9DAE55C1CF10EFB64FAF6FAC6FA80" box="[1223,1314,1293,1317]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="Mayaro/Rio Claro" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Mayaro</collectingRegion>
|
||
linked to the presence of free-ranging cattle on the coconut estates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C317478C5C1CF10EFCC3FA78FC9BF9A1" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB214075C1CF10EFCC3FA78FC9BF9A1" blockId="5.[826,1429,311,1659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFCC3FA78FB87FA3E" ID-CoL="CMBN" box="[864,1123,1411,1435]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajennense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFCC3FA78FB87FA3E" box="[864,1123,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Amblyomma cajennense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to transmit Wad Medani in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1CF10EFC60FA5DFBFBFA1B" box="[963,1055,1446,1470]" name="Jamaica" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1CF10EFBC7FA5DFC98F9A1" ID-CoL="4T2DQ" authority="(Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) (Jongejan and Uilenberg 2004)" authorityName="Jongejan and Uilenberg" authorityYear="2004" baseAuthorityName="Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Rickettsiaceae" genus="Rickettsia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="rickettsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1CF10EFBC7FA5DFAD2FA1B" box="[1124,1334,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Rickettsia rickettsii</emphasis>
|
||
(Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFBDAFA32FC90F9A1" author="Jongejan F. & Uilenberg G." pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="14" refId="ref7626" refString="Jongejan F., Uilenberg G. 2004 - The global importance of ticks - Parasitol., 129: S 3 - S 14." type="journal article" year="2004">Jongejan and Uilenberg 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C317478C5C1CF10EFCC3F9E7FBF1F9DE" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB214075C1CF10EFCC3F9E7FBF1F9DE" blockId="5.[826,1429,311,1659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Distribution: ranges from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1CF10EFA96F9E7FA88F991" box="[1333,1388,1564,1588]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
to northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1CF10EFC0DF9C4FBC1F9F2" box="[942,1061,1599,1623]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="43">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Caribbean Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFAF9F9BBFC96F9DE" author="Cruz J. O. de la" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refId="ref6549" refString="Cruz J. O. de la 2001 - Patterns in the Biogeography of West Indian Ticks [Internet] - In: Woods C. A. and Sergile F. E. (Eds). Biogeography of West Indies. CRC Press. Available from (http: // www. crcnetbase. com / doi / abs / 10.1201 / 97814 20039481. ch 7)" type="book" year="2001">Cruz 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1CF10EFCDFF999FBEEF9DE" author="Voltzit O. V." box="[892,1034,1634,1659]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" pagination="3 - 134" refId="ref9625" refString="Voltzit O. V. 2007 - A review of neotropical Amblyomma species (Acari: Ixodidae) - Acarina, 15 (1): 3 - 134." type="journal article" year="2007">Voltzit 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |