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<document id="14A6EC9E8298D2D8ACCB2388D6E55198" ID-CLB-Dataset="31495" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4083.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="05d55bff-4ac2-43f1-9818-9665b0bf1198" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1050889" ID-ZooBank="FC132216-6CFB-4E3F-B166-6F9BE3C50588" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1510811907889" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shih, Hsi-Te, Lee, Jung-Hsiang, Ho, Ping-Ho, Liu, Hung-Chang, Wang, Chia-Hsiang, Suzuki, Hiroshi &amp; Teng, Shao-Jyun" docDate="2016" docId="038B87E02E635D61FF6A388E847E6473" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4083.1.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4083 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Uca (Xeruca) formosensis Rathbun 1921" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="76" masterDocId="FFB2FF982E705D72FFFD38538651671E" masterDocTitle="Species diversity of fiddler crabs, genus Uca Leach, 1814 (Crustacea: Ocypodidae), from Taiwan and adjacent islands, with notes on the Japanese species" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="76" updateTime="1698496654174" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C029E9599CB9A74F4B466BF68FAE0263">Species diversity of fiddler crabs, genus Uca Leach, 1814 (Crustacea: Ocypodidae), from Taiwan and adjacent islands, with notes on the Japanese species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="90EC8E10A1988F5F4EEEF3D0C4ECD501">Shih, Hsi-Te</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8EB6651123B23E3AC97A91AD54A39EAA">Lee, Jung-Hsiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5E4D6A7A23BBD6C2D97444C4C4CAE4DA">Ho, Ping-Ho</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="517848A523EEC1897CC5C0957E717D0E">Liu, Hung-Chang</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038B87E02E635D61FF6A388E847E6473" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3511589" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137307511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3511589" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B87E02E635D61FF6A388E847E6473" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B87E02E635D61FF6A388E847E6473" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
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<paragraph id="8B9D36F62E635D61FF6A388E84C367E9" blockId="19.[151,658,221,280]" box="[151,658,221,247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<heading id="D0D5819A2E635D61FF6A388E84C367E9" bold="true" box="[151,658,221,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D752E635D61FF6A388E84C367E9" ID-CoL="7DDST" authority="Rathbun, 1921" authorityName="Rathbun" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,658,221,247]" class="Malacostraca" family="Ocypodidae" genus="Uca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosensis" subGenus="Xeruca">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF6A388E84C367E9" bold="true" box="[151,658,221,247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF6A388E869967E9" bold="true" box="[151,200,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Uca</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF24388E876067E9" bold="true" box="[217,305,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Xeruca</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FEBF388E878267E9" bold="true" box="[322,467,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">formosensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FE27388E84C367E9" author="Rathbun" box="[474,658,221,247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Rathbun, M. J. (1921) New species of crabs from Formosa. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 34, 155 - 156." type="journal article" year="1921">Rathbun, 1921</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36F62E635D61FF6A38AC874C6606" blockId="19.[151,658,221,280]" box="[151,285,255,280]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
(
<figureCitation id="13192A732E635D61FF6238AC87446606" box="[159,277,255,280]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[210,1376,231,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,195,1826]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Species of the subgenera Uca (Tubuca) (A E) and Xeruca (F H) from Taiwan. A C, Uca dussumieri (H. Milne Edwards, 1852), male from Siyu, Penghu (A), male and female from the Baoli River estuary, Pingtung (B, C); D, E, U. paradussumieri Bott, 1973, male from the Houlong River estuary, Miaoli; F H, U. formosensis Rathbun, 1921, males from Haishangu, Hsinchu (F, G), male from Cingluo, Penghu (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051470/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Fig. 7FH</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338657D2E635D61FF6A391A851B6685" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9D36F62E635D61FF6A391A84ED6662" blockId="19.[151,1351,328,411]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3211D82E635D61FF6A391A84ED6662" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D752E635D61FF6A391A845E6640" ID-CoL="7DDST" authority="Rathbun, 1921: 155" authorityName="Rathbun" authorityPageNumber="155" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,527,328,350]" class="Malacostraca" family="Ocypodidae" genus="Uca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosensis">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF6A391A87116640" box="[151,320,328,350]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Uca formosensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8310E72E635D61FEBB391B845E6640" author="Rathbun" box="[326,527,328,350]" page="155" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FEBB391B878E6640" author="Rathbun" box="[326,479,328,350]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Rathbun, M. J. (1921) New species of crabs from Formosa. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 34, 155 - 156." type="journal article" year="1921">Rathbun, 1921</bibRefCitation>
: 155
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</taxonomicName>
[type locality: Lugang, Changhua, Taiwan] (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FC03391B82376640" author="Shih" box="[1022,1126,328,350]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T. (2015) Uca (Xeruca), a new subgenus for the Taiwanese fiddler crab Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae), based on morphological and molecular evidence. Zootaxa, 3974 (2), 151 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3974.2.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Shih 2015</bibRefCitation>
for list of synonyms).
<taxonomicName id="4C224D752E635D61FF6A393B87F36662" ID-CoL="7DDST" authorityName="Rathbun" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,418,358,381]" class="Malacostraca" family="Ocypodidae" genus="Uca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosensis" subGenus="Tubuca">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF6A393B86906663" box="[151,193,360,381]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Uca</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF2D393587486662" box="[208,281,358,380]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Tubuca</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FED4393587F36662" box="[297,418,358,380]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">formosensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Ng
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FE1D393B84456662" box="[480,532,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
2008: 242 [list].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36F62E635D61FF6A39D5851B6685" blockId="19.[151,1351,328,411]" box="[151,842,389,411]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3211D82E635D61FF6A39D5851B6685" box="[151,842,389,411]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D752E635D61FF6A39D587F16685" ID-CoL="7DDST" authorityName="Rathbun" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,416,389,411]" class="Malacostraca" family="Ocypodidae" genus="Uca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosensis" subGenus="Xeruca">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF6A39D586906685" box="[151,193,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Uca</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF2D39D587486685" box="[208,281,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Xeruca</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FEDA39D687F16685" box="[295,416,389,411]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">formosensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8310E72E635D61FE4739D684076685" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6119401" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6119401" author="Shih" box="[442,598,389,411]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03801E7C503AFF81FF5FD0D6F2AEDAB1" page="162" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FE4739D684746685" author="Shih" box="[442,549,389,411]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T. (2015) Uca (Xeruca), a new subgenus for the Taiwanese fiddler crab Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae), based on morphological and molecular evidence. Zootaxa, 3974 (2), 151 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3974.2.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Shih 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 162
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 2, 3, 4A, 5A, 6, 7.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338657D2E635D61FF6A3994821366FE" box="[151,1090,455,480]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9D36F62E635D61FF6A3994821366FE" blockId="19.[151,1437,455,877]" box="[151,1090,455,480]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<materialsCitation id="3B4A3CAB2E635D61FF6A3994821366FE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1700783452" box="[151,1090,455,480]" country="Taiwan" location="Penghu" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Penghu">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF6A399487D166FE" bold="true" box="[151,384,455,480]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Material examined.</emphasis>
See
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FE4B3994846D66FE" author="Shih" box="[438,572,455,480]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T. (2015) Uca (Xeruca), a new subgenus for the Taiwanese fiddler crab Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae), based on morphological and molecular evidence. Zootaxa, 3974 (2), 151 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3974.2.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Shih (2015)</bibRefCitation>
for material from
<collectingCountry id="F33576662E635D61FCF73994850D66FE" box="[778,860,455,480]" name="Taiwan" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(including
<collectingRegion id="49E6F8142E635D61FC233994826666FE" box="[990,1079,455,480]" country="Taiwan" name="Penghu" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Penghu</collectingRegion>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338657D2E635D61FF3A39BF874E6536" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B9D36F62E635D61FF3A39BF874E6536" blockId="19.[151,1437,455,877]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF3A39BF877A651B" bold="true" box="[199,299,492,517]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Ecology.</emphasis>
A chimney is built by the male after attracting a female into his burrow during the neap tide (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FA9439BF87426536" author="Shih" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T., Mok, H. - K. &amp; Chang, H. - W. (2005) Chimney building by male Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Ocypodidae) after pairing: a new hypothesis for chimney function. Zoological Studies, 44, 242 - 251." type="journal article" year="2005">
Shih
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF6A3A42869E6536" box="[151,207,528,552]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338657D2E635D61FF3A3A6785776553" box="[199,806,564,589]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9D36F62E635D61FF3A3A6785776553" blockId="19.[151,1437,455,877]" box="[199,806,564,589]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF3A3A6787316553" bold="true" box="[199,352,564,589]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Distribution.</emphasis>
Endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F33576662E635D61FE133A6784116553" box="[494,576,564,589]" name="Taiwan" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(including
<collectingRegion id="49E6F8142E635D61FD3C3A67854B6553" box="[705,794,564,589]" country="Taiwan" name="Penghu" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Penghu</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338657D2E635D61FF3A3A04847E6473" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9D36F62E635D61FF3A3A04847E6473" blockId="19.[151,1437,455,877]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FF3A3A04876A656E" bold="true" box="[199,315,599,624]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Remarks.</emphasis>
Based on morphological and molecular evidence,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FC813A048253656E" author="Shih" box="[892,1026,599,624]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T. (2015) Uca (Xeruca), a new subgenus for the Taiwanese fiddler crab Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae), based on morphological and molecular evidence. Zootaxa, 3974 (2), 151 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3974.2.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Shih (2015)</bibRefCitation>
established a new subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C224D752E635D61FAB63A0A83CD656E" authorityName="Shih" authorityYear="2015" box="[1355,1436,601,624]" class="Malacostraca" family="Ocypodidae" genus="Xeruca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FAB63A0A83CD656E" box="[1355,1436,601,624]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Xeruca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for this endemic species to solve its uncertain position.
<taxonomicName id="4C224D752E635D61FCE73A2E853A658A" authorityName="Shih" authorityYear="2015" box="[794,875,637,660]" class="Malacostraca" family="Ocypodidae" genus="Xeruca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FCE73A2E853A658A" box="[794,875,637,660]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Xeruca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also a subgenus with the smallest distribution among the subgenera of
<taxonomicName id="4C224D752E635D61FE513AF2878A65A6" box="[428,475,673,696]" class="Malacostraca" family="Ocypodidae" genus="Uca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FE513AF2878A65A6" box="[428,475,673,696]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Uca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Detailed information on the history, morphology, coloration, and distribution can be found in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FF033A97879765C2" box="[254,454,708,733]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T., Mok, H. - K., Chang, H. - W. &amp; Lee, S. - C. (1999) Morphology of Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae), an endemic fiddler crab from Taiwan, with notes on its ecology. Zoological Studies, 38, 164 - 177." type="journal article">
Shih
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FEC73A96872265C2" box="[314,371,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FE033A9784D965C3" author="Shih" box="[510,648,708,733]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T. (2015) Uca (Xeruca), a new subgenus for the Taiwanese fiddler crab Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae), based on morphological and molecular evidence. Zootaxa, 3974 (2), 151 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3974.2.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Shih (2015)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FD693A97850A65C3" box="[660,859,708,733]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T., Mok, H. - K. &amp; Chang, H. - W. (2005) Chimney building by male Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Ocypodidae) after pairing: a new hypothesis for chimney function. Zoological Studies, 44, 242 - 251." type="journal article">
Shih
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FD323A96855865C2" box="[719,777,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
also investigated the possible function of chimney building and its ecology. The conservation of this endemic species has become important and critical due to the diminishing populations (e.g. in
<collectingRegion id="49E6F8142E635D61FDEA3B5F843F643B" box="[535,622,780,805]" country="Taiwan" name="Penghu" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Penghu</collectingRegion>
,
<figureCitation id="13192A732E635D61FD833B5F848B643A" box="[638,730,780,805]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[210,1376,231,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,195,1826]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Species of the subgenera Uca (Tubuca) (A E) and Xeruca (F H) from Taiwan. A C, Uca dussumieri (H. Milne Edwards, 1852), male from Siyu, Penghu (A), male and female from the Baoli River estuary, Pingtung (B, C); D, E, U. paradussumieri Bott, 1973, male from the Houlong River estuary, Miaoli; F H, U. formosensis Rathbun, 1921, males from Haishangu, Hsinchu (F, G), male from Cingluo, Penghu (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051470/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">Fig. 7H</figureCitation>
) because the sediment has been changed by the introduced mangroves, and by being less competitive than
<taxonomicName id="4C224D752E635D61FD413B6285656456" box="[700,820,817,840]" class="Malacostraca" family="Ocypodidae" genus="Uca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcuate">
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FD413B6285656456" box="[700,820,817,840]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">U. arcuate</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is dominant in mangrove habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FADE3B7C86826472" author="Shih" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T., Mok, H. - K., Chang, H. - W. &amp; Lee, S. - C. (1999) Morphology of Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae), an endemic fiddler crab from Taiwan, with notes on its ecology. Zoological Studies, 38, 164 - 177." type="journal article" year="1999">
Shih
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FA9C3B6283CD6456" box="[1377,1436,816,840]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FF203B0787F16472" author="Hsieh" box="[221,416,852,877]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Hsieh, H. - L., Lin, P. - F. &amp; Chen, C. - P. (2004) Coastal wetlands conservation strategies based on mangroves and the fiddler crab habitat requirements in Taiwan. In: Islands of the World VIII International Conference: Changing Islands-Changing Worlds, Kinmen Islands (Quemoy), Taiwan, pp. 295 - 309." type="book chapter" year="2004">
Hsieh
<emphasis id="B956EAE42E635D61FEDB3B06870F6472" box="[294,350,852,876]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B072E635D61FE513B0784726473" author="Shih" box="[428,547,852,877]" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" refString="Shih, H. - T. (2015) Uca (Xeruca), a new subgenus for the Taiwanese fiddler crab Uca formosensis Rathbun, 1921 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae), based on morphological and molecular evidence. Zootaxa, 3974 (2), 151 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3974.2.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Shih 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>