245 lines
18 KiB
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245 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho–)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. & De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="BF8C9250B320FBBFFDE588A0481B32F9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus Soest, Beglinger & Voogd, 2010, ssp.n." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1668164561298" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>68</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360705" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152BD64-067E-4F21-AF03-6B84E671E2A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF8C9250B320FBBFFDE588A0481B32F9" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152BD64-067E-4F21-AF03-6B84E671E2A6" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="lusitanicus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
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Dercitus bucklandi lusitanicus
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ssp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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5f-jTable 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ferrer-Hernandez, F" journalOrPublisher="Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Serie Zoologia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 39" title="Esponjas del litoral de Asturias." volume="36" year="1918">Ferrer-Hernandez 1918</bibRefCitation>
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: 17;
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<bibRefCitation author="Rodriguez Babio, C" journalOrPublisher="Monografias Universidade de Santiago de Compostela" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 68" title="Fauna Marina de Galicia. Contribucion al conocimiento de los poriferos del liotoral gallego." volume="42" year="1978">Rodriguez Babio and Gondar 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 34;
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<bibRefCitation author="Acuna, R" journalOrPublisher="Actas do IV Simp. Iber. de Est. do Benthos Marinho" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="271 - 285" title="Campanas de estudio del macrobentos infralitoral rocoso en el parque natural de las islas Cies (NW de Espana). I. Material, metodo y sistematica" volume="1" year="1984">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Acuña">Acuna</normalizedToken>
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et al. 1984
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</bibRefCitation>
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(in
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<bibRefCitation author="Solorzano, MR" journalOrPublisher="Universidade de Santiago de Compostela" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Inventario dos Poriferos do litoral Galego (Porifera)" volumeTitle="Cadernos da Area de Ciencias Bioloxicas Inventarios 7, Publicacions do Seminario de Estudos Galegos" year="1991">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
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1991
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 21);
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<bibRefCitation author="Templado, J" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="93 - 104" title="Estudio preliminar de la fauna asociada a los fondos coraliferos del mar de Alboran (SE de Espana)." volume="3" year="1986">Templado et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
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: 96 (table);
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<bibRefCitation author="Xavier, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1643 - 1653" title="Demosponge fauna of Ormonde and Gettysburg Seamounts (Gorringe Bank, north-east Atlantic): diversity and zoogeographical affinities." volume="87" year="2007">Xavier and Van Soest 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 1646.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Holotype ZMA Por. 21810, Portugal, Gorringe Bank, Gettysburg Peak, 31-38 m, coll. J. Xavier, 2006 (cf.
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<bibRefCitation author="Xavier, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1643 - 1653" title="Demosponge fauna of Ormonde and Gettysburg Seamounts (Gorringe Bank, north-east Atlantic): diversity and zoogeographical affinities." volume="87" year="2007">Xavier and Van Soest 2007</bibRefCitation>
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, Figs 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Additional specimens. Xavier collection, field nr. B05.09.36, Portugal, Berlengas Archipelago, Lagosteira, 7 m, 16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–IX–">-IX-</normalizedToken>
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2005, coll. J.R.B.T. Xavier.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Xavier collection, field nr. B05.09.59, Portugal, Berlengas Archipelago, Lagosteira, 6-7 m, 16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–IX–">-IX-</normalizedToken>
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2005, coll. J. Cristobo.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Xavier collection, Portugal, field nr. B05.09.98, Berlengas Archipelago, Lagosteira, 6 m, 18
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–IX–">-IX-</normalizedToken>
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2005, coll. J.R.B.T. Xavier.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Xavier collection, field nr. B05.09.267, Portugal, Berlengas Archipelago, Gruta do Carreiro Maldito, 6-8 m,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="IX–">IX-</normalizedToken>
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2005, coll. A. Cunha.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Xavier collection, Portugal, field nr. A03/73, Arabida, Ponta da Passagem, 7 m, 16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–VII–">-VII-</normalizedToken>
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2003, coll. J.R.B.T. Xavier.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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(Fig. 4A). Alive blackish outside and greyish inside (in alcohol chocolate brown throughout). Shape massively encrusting, flat with smooth surface, no apparent oscules; inhalant openings in sieve plates. Consistency cheesy, slightly compressible. A representative size of preserved specimens is 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×4×">x4x</normalizedToken>
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0.7 cm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Skeleton: a layer of microscleres overlying a loose mass of calthrops megascleres. Spicular density appears lower than in the specimens from the British Isles.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spicules: calthrops, toxas, sanidasters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Calthrops (Fig. 4B), relatively uniform in size, cladi of irregular outline with endings irregularly stair-stepped and/or malformed, occasionally one or more cladi lacking; 58
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–108.3–">-108.3-</normalizedToken>
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165
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–14.6–">-14.6-</normalizedToken>
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27
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, cladome 110
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–159.3–">-159.3-</normalizedToken>
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240
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Toxa-like microscleres (Figs 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
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), symmetrical, smooth, but slightly undulate / polytylote, with a shallow curve and evenly pointed; 37
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–51.3–69×">-51.3-69x</normalizedToken>
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0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–0.7–">-0.7-</normalizedToken>
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1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Sanidasters (Fig. 4E), rather uniform in size and shape, spines relatively long and thin, occasionally with a somewhat irregular shape; 16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–19.3–">-19.3-</normalizedToken>
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24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.4–">-2.4-</normalizedToken>
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6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(including spines).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="lusitanicus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi lusitanicus</taxonomicName>
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ssp. n., holotype ZMA Por. 21810 from Gorringe Bank, A habit B various shapes and sizes of calthrops C toxa D detail of toxa E various shapes of sanidasters.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Figure 5.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus)</taxonomicName>
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toxa microscleres,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="a–e">a-e</normalizedToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="bucklandi">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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from Celtic Seas,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="f–j">f-j</normalizedToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="lusitanicus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi lusitanicus</taxonomicName>
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ssp. n. from Lusitanian waters.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Encrusting, typically bridging crevices and gaps in the substrate, sublittoral down to 6-38 m.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Portuguese main coast, Berlengas Islands, Gorringe Seamount. Furthermore, there are reports from the north coast of Spain (Ferrer-Hernandez, 1918; Babio & Gondar, 1978 (not seen);
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<bibRefCitation author="Acuna, R" journalOrPublisher="Actas do IV Simp. Iber. de Est. do Benthos Marinho" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="271 - 285" title="Campanas de estudio del macrobentos infralitoral rocoso en el parque natural de las islas Cies (NW de Espana). I. Material, metodo y sistematica" volume="1" year="1984">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Acuña">Acuna</normalizedToken>
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et al. 1984
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</bibRefCitation>
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(not seen). There is also a record from the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean) by
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<bibRefCitation author="Templado, J" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="93 - 104" title="Estudio preliminar de la fauna asociada a los fondos coraliferos del mar de Alboran (SE de Espana)." volume="3" year="1986">Templado et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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The spicule measurements of the present specimens are generally significantly smaller than those provided by most previous authors (Table 1), which
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<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">is</pageBreakToken>
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especially clear in the sizes of the toxiform microscleres: 51-111
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5-3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in the subspecies bucklandi, 42-69
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.5-1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in the samples of the new subspecies, compared in Fig. 5: with bucklandi bucklandi toxas in Figs 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="a–e">a-e</normalizedToken>
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and bucklandi lusitanicus ssp.n. toxas in Figs 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="f–j">f-j</normalizedToken>
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. Possibly, the southern samples may be distinguished at the species level from the northern samples, but in view of the fact that there is an overall strong similarity with
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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, we prefer to recognize only subspecies.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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The
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<normalizedToken originalValue="toxa–like">toxa-like</normalizedToken>
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microscleres of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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s.l. are unique in the
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<taxonomicName genus="Astrophorida" lsidName="Astrophorida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">Astrophorida</taxonomicName>
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. They have been called
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘toxa’">'toxa'</normalizedToken>
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because of the similarity in shape to similar microscleres in microcionid and mycalid Poecilosclerida. However, the resemblance is probably superficial and it is unlikely that these are homologous spicule types. There are subtle differences mostly only clearly visible in SEM images, such as the tendency to become apically swollen, and an overall faint
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘polytyly’">'polytyly'</normalizedToken>
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(Fig. 4D), and
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<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">-</pageBreakToken>
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at least in the Bowerbank type material of the nominal subspecies - the not infrequent presence of peculiar side branches or single long spines near the curved part in the middle. Possibly, this indicates that the microsclere derives from an end to end fusion of two incipient smooth microxeas - a more likely assumption than
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsent’s">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
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(1895) suggestion that the toxas are modified asters -, but firm proof for this hypothesis is wanting. Smooth microxeas are relatively common in several ancorinid genera.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |