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<mods:title id="C0FA939FB6F4443121F1EE2A39CE045C">An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C7416214444629BDDF3231FBD3F855" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273690" ID-GBIF-Taxon="212450164" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8273690" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7416214444629BDDF3231FBD3F855" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214444629BDDF3231FBD3F855" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBDDF3231FE1EFBFC" blockId="28.[151,467,1101,1165]" box="[151,467,1101,1128]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBDDF3231FE1EFBFC" authority="(Hope)" baseAuthorityName="Hope" box="[151,467,1101,1128]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBDDF3231FE1EFBFC" bold="true" box="[151,467,1101,1128]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBDDF3231FEB8FBF3" bold="true" box="[151,373,1101,1128]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Adalia tetraspilota</emphasis>
(Hope)
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1444462BBDDF320EFEEAFB16" box="[151,295,1138,1165]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBDDF320EFEEAFB16" blockId="28.[151,467,1101,1165]" box="[151,295,1138,1165]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
(
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11444462BBDD7320EFED3FB16" box="[159,286,1138,1165]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 17" captionStartId-0="29.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="30.[151,250,1326,1350]" captionStartId-2="31.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox-0="[218,1370,184,1917]" captionTargetBox-1="[166,1428,199,1291]" captionTargetBox-2="[254,1311,187,1913]" captionTargetId-0="figure-15@29.[216,1372,181,1920]" captionTargetId-1="figure-20@30.[151,1435,181,1302]" captionTargetId-2="figure-15@31.[250,1337,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId-0="29" captionTargetPageId-1="30" captionTargetPageId-2="31" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope): a–i. elytral pattern variations; j. antenna; k. maxilla; l. epipleuron; m–o. male genitalia: m. tegmen, ventral view; n. tegmen, lateral view; o. penis; p. female, spermatheca." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope): a. adult, dorsal view; b–e. male genitalia: b. tegmen, lateral view; c. tegmen, ventral view; d. penis; e. penis apex." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope), life stages: a. eggs; b. single egg; c, d. early stage larva; e. full grown larva; f. pupa; g. adult, nominate form." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261554" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261558" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261560" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8261554/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8261558/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8261560/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs 15–17</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1444462BBDDF32CAFADDFAB1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBDDF32CAFBEBFB55" blockId="28.[151,1296,1206,1322]" box="[151,1062,1206,1231]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A1444462BBDDF32CAFBEBFB55" box="[151,1062,1206,1231]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651444462BBDDF32CAFDEEFB55" author="Hope, F. W." box="[151,547,1206,1230]" page="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1831">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBDDF32CAFDEEFB55" authority="Hope, 1831: 31" authorityName="Hope" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1831" box="[151,547,1206,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Coccinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBDDF32CAFE4DFB55" box="[151,384,1206,1230]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Coccinella tetraspilota</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B06FA291444462BBCCE32CBFDEEFB55" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4399052365" box="[390,547,1206,1230]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Nepal" location="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851444462BBCCE32CBFDEEFB55" author="Hope, F. W." box="[390,547,1206,1230]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="21 - 32" refId="ref113751" refString="Hope, F. W. (1831) s. n. In: Gray, J. E., Synopsis of the new species of Nepaul insects in the collection of Major General Hardwicke. The Zoological Miscellany, London, pp. 21 - 32." type="book chapter" year="1831">Hope, 1831: 31</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
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(
<typeStatus id="54D54ED61444462BBF7832CAFD5AFB55" box="[560,663,1206,1230]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
female, BMNH; Type locality:
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41444462BBE9232CAFBD6FB55" box="[986,1051,1206,1230]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nepal</collectingCountry>
).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBDDF32A9FC24FB76" blockId="28.[151,1296,1206,1322]" box="[151,1001,1237,1261]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A1444462BBDDF32A9FC24FB76" box="[151,1001,1237,1261]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBDDF32A9FDD5FB76" authority=": Crotch 1874: 101" authorityName="Crotch" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,536,1237,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBDDF32A9FE9BFB76" box="[151,342,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Adalia tetraspilota</emphasis>
: Crotch 1874: 101
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651444462BBF6A32A9FCDCFB76" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[546,785,1237,1261]" page="434" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851444462BBF6A32A9FCDCFB76" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[546,785,1237,1261]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref116133" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1932) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. W. Junk, Berlin, 435 pp." type="book" year="1932">Korschefsky 1932: 434</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651444462BBE5432A9FC28FB76" author="Poorani, J." box="[796,997,1237,1261]" page="320" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851444462BBE5432A9FC28FB76" author="Poorani, J." box="[796,997,1237,1261]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="307 - 383" refId="ref118931" refString="Poorani, J. (2002 a) An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian subregion. Oriental Insects, 36, 307 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2002.10417335" type="journal article" year="2002">Poorani 2002a: 320</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBDDF3288FCCEFA90" blockId="28.[151,1296,1206,1322]" box="[151,771,1267,1292]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A1444462BBDDF3288FCCEFA90" box="[151,771,1267,1292]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651444462BBDDF3288FD32FA90" author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." box="[151,767,1267,1292]" page="436" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1982">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBDDF3288FD32FA90" authority=": Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 436" authorityName="Iablokoff-Khnzorian" authorityPageNumber="436" authorityYear="1982" box="[151,767,1267,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota" subGenus="Adalia">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBDDF3288FF16FA97" box="[151,219,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Adalia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBDA23288FEE3FA97" box="[234,302,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Adalia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBC743288FE7CFA97" box="[316,433,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">tetraspilota</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851444462BBCF63288FD32FA90" author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M." box="[446,767,1267,1292]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref114042" refString="Iablokoff-Khnzorian, S. M. (1982) Les Coccinelles Coleopteres-Coccinellidae. Tribu Coccinellini des regions Palearctique et Orientale. Boubee, Paris, 568 pp. [in French]" type="book" year="1982">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 436</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBDDF336EFADDFAB1" blockId="28.[151,1296,1206,1322]" box="[151,1296,1298,1322]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A1444462BBDDF336EFADDFAB1" box="[151,1296,1298,1322]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651444462BBDDF336EFE1AFAB1" author="Mulsant, E." box="[151,471,1298,1322]" page="57" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1850">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBDDF336EFE1AFAB1" authority="Mulsant, 1850: 57" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,471,1298,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hopii">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBDDF336EFED8FAB1" box="[151,277,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Adalia hopii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851444462BBC53336EFE1AFAB1" author="Mulsant, E." box="[283,471,1298,1322]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 1104" refId="ref117842" refString="Mulsant, E. (1850) Species des Coleopteres Trimeres Securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, publiees par la Societe nationale d'Agriculture, etc., de Lyon, Deuxieme Serie, 2, 1 - 1104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8953" type="journal article" year="1850">Mulsant, 1850: 57</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. Incorrect replacement name for
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD6651444462BBE6E336FFAC1FAB1" author="Pope, R. D." box="[806,1292,1298,1322]" page="356" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1989">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBE6E336FFAC1FAB1" authority="Hope (Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 356)" authorityName="Hope (Booth &amp; Pope" authorityYear="1989" box="[806,1292,1298,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBE6E336FFC7AFAB1" box="[806,951,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. tetraspilota</emphasis>
Hope (Booth &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851444462BB929336FFAC9FAB1" author="Pope, R. D." box="[1121,1284,1298,1322]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="633 - 735" refId="ref118886" refString="Pope, R. D. (1989) A revision of the Australian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Part I. Subfamily Coccinellinae. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 3, 633 - 735. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9880633" type="journal article" year="1989">Pope 1989: 356</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1444462BBDDF3324FAD2F9D1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBDDF3324FAD2F9D1" blockId="28.[151,1437,1368,1899]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBDDF3324FEDFFAE9" bold="true" box="[151,274,1368,1394]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Length:
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. Form (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11444462BBE353324FC35FAE8" box="[893,1016,1368,1395]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,184,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@29.[216,1372,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope): a–i. elytral pattern variations; j. antenna; k. maxilla; l. epipleuron; m–o. male genitalia: m. tegmen, ventral view; n. tegmen, lateral view; o. penis; p. female, spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261554/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs 15a–i</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11444462BB94C3324FBE2FAE9" box="[1028,1071,1368,1394]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1326,1350]" captionTargetBox="[166,1428,199,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-20@30.[151,1435,181,1302]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 16. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope): a. adult, dorsal view; b–e. male genitalia: b. tegmen, lateral view; c. tegmen, ventral view; d. penis; e. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261558/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">16a</figureCitation>
,
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</figureCitation>
) elongate oval, moderately convex. Head black with two oblique, creamy yellow spots, adjacent to inner margins of eyes; antennal canthus yellow. Pronotum black, lateral sides creamy yellow and anterior margin transparent. Elytra orange yellow to red, with two pairs of black spots arranged in a shallow arc just before middle, outer pair usually larger than inner pair. Elytral pattern highly variable (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11444462BBCA73394FDAEF998" box="[495,611,1512,1539]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,184,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@29.[216,1372,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope): a–i. elytral pattern variations; j. antenna; k. maxilla; l. epipleuron; m–o. male genitalia: m. tegmen, ventral view; n. tegmen, lateral view; o. penis; p. female, spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261554/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 15a–i</figureCitation>
), spots variously fused or reduced. Ventral side black or dark brown, except lateral margins and apical ventrites of abdomen lighter yellowish brown and elytral epipleura yellow. Abdominal postcoxal line complete. Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11444462BBF17304CFD25F9D0" box="[607,744,1584,1611]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,184,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@29.[216,1372,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope): a–i. elytral pattern variations; j. antenna; k. maxilla; l. epipleuron; m–o. male genitalia: m. tegmen, ventral view; n. tegmen, lateral view; o. penis; p. female, spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261554/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Figs
<quantity id="4C965D911444462BBFD0304CFD07F9D0" box="[664,714,1584,1611]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="15.0">15m</quantity>
–o
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11444462BBFBB304CFCF1F9D1" box="[755,828,1584,1610]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1326,1350]" captionTargetBox="[166,1428,199,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-20@30.[151,1435,181,1302]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 16. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope): a. adult, dorsal view; b–e. male genitalia: b. tegmen, lateral view; c. tegmen, ventral view; d. penis; e. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261558/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">16b–e</figureCitation>
), and spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11444462BB952304CFBB4F9D0" box="[1050,1145,1584,1611]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,184,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@29.[216,1372,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 15. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope): a–i. elytral pattern variations; j. antenna; k. maxilla; l. epipleuron; m–o. male genitalia: m. tegmen, ventral view; n. tegmen, lateral view; o. penis; p. female, spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261554/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 15p</figureCitation>
) as illustrated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1444462BBD8F3029FCD1F9F4" box="[199,796,1620,1647]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBD8F3029FCD1F9F4" blockId="28.[151,1437,1368,1899]" box="[199,796,1620,1647]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBD8F3029FE5BF9F4" bold="true" box="[199,406,1621,1647]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Immature stages.</emphasis>
Life stages as illustrated (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF11444462BBFF33028FCC2F9F4" box="[699,783,1620,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[254,1311,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-15@31.[250,1337,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope), life stages: a. eggs; b. single egg; c, d. early stage larva; e. full grown larva; f. pupa; g. adult, nominate form." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261560/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF1444462BBD8F3004FC4CF92D" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBD8F3004FC4CF92D" blockId="28.[151,1437,1368,1899]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBD8F3004FEACF909" bold="true" box="[199,353,1656,1682]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41444462BBC213004FE6AF909" box="[361,423,1656,1682]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">India</collectingCountry>
: North and northwestern regions (
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961444462BBE663004FCBDF909" box="[814,880,1656,1682]" country="India" name="Delhi" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Delhi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961444462BBE363004FB9DF909" box="[894,1104,1656,1682]" country="India" name="Himachal Pradesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Himachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
, Jammu &amp; Kashmir,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961444462BB80C3004FA55F909" box="[1348,1432,1656,1682]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961444462BBDDF30E0FEE9F92D" box="[151,292,1692,1718]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E961444462BBC7830E1FE03F92D" box="[304,462,1692,1719]" country="India" name="Uttar Pradesh" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Uttar Pradesh</collectingRegion>
);
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41444462BBCA930E0FD89F92D" box="[481,580,1692,1718]" name="Pakistan" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41444462BBF0730E0FD58F92D" box="[591,661,1692,1718]" name="Nepal" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nepal</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41444462BBFD730E0FCE1F92D" box="[671,812,1692,1718]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41444462BBE7E30E0FCB0F92D" box="[822,893,1692,1718]" name="China" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF14444629BD8F30BCFBE9F881" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741444462BBD8F30BCFC8EF8F0" blockId="28.[151,1437,1368,1899]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBD8F30BCFE2BF941" bold="true" box="[199,486,1728,1754]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Prey/associated habitat.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBCA630BCFDABF941" box="[494,614,1728,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Adelgidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBF3B30BCFCCAF940" box="[627,775,1728,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBF3B30BCFD01F941" box="[627,716,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Adelges</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBE5C30BCFC40F941" box="[788,909,1728,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphididae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBED130BCFB68F941" authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" box="[921,1189,1728,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Aphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="craccivora">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBED130BCFB91F941" box="[921,1116,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Aphis craccivora</emphasis>
Koch
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BB9FC30BDFABBF941" authority="Scopoli" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1763" box="[1204,1398,1728,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Aphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fabae">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BB9FC30BDFAD9F941" box="[1204,1300,1728,1755]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. fabae</emphasis>
Scopoli
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BB8CC30BDFEF2F964" authority="De Geer" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1773" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Aphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomi">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BB8CC30BDFF02F965" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. pomi</emphasis>
De Geer
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBC073098FCC6F965" authority="(Kaltenbach)" baseAuthorityName="Kaltenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[335,779,1764,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Brachycaudus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helichrysi">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBC073098FDA4F965" box="[335,617,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Brachycaudus helichrysi</emphasis>
(Kaltenbach)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBE523099FB6CF965" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[794,1185,1764,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Brevicoryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brassicae">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBE523099FBD4F965" box="[794,1049,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Brevicoryne brassicae</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BB9F93099FEE8F8B8" authority="(Hausmann)" baseAuthorityName="Hausmann" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Eriosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanigerum">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BB9F93099FA51F965" box="[1201,1436,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Eriosoma lanigerum</emphasis>
(Hausmann)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBC673174FDB7F8B9" authority="(Geoffroy)" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[303,634,1800,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Hyalopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruni">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBC673174FE31F8B9" box="[303,508,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hyalopterus pruni</emphasis>
(Geoffroy)
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBFEF3175FCFEF8B9" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[679,819,1800,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Hyalopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arundinis">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBFEF3175FCFEF8B9" box="[679,819,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. arundinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
auctt.),
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBEC53174FA86F8B9" authority="(Kaltenbach)" baseAuthorityName="Kaltenbach" box="[909,1355,1800,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Lipaphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudobrassicae">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBEC53174FB7DF8B9" box="[909,1200,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Lipaphis pseudobrassicae</emphasis>
(Kaltenbach)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BB81D3175FE91F8DD" authority="(Sulzer)" baseAuthorityName="Sulzer" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Myzus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persicae">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BB81D3175FF3BF8DD" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Myzus persicae</emphasis>
(Sulzer)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBCD23150FD8FF8DC" box="[410,578,1836,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Pemphigus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBCD23150FDDBF8DD" box="[410,534,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pemphigus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBF183150FD17F8DD" box="[592,730,1836,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaspididae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BBFAF3150FB52F8DD" authority="(Comstock)" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" box="[743,1183,1836,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Comstockaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BBFAF3150FBC3F8DD" box="[743,1038,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Comstockaspis perniciosa</emphasis>
(Comstock)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BB9E43150FAD7F8DD" box="[1196,1306,1836,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71444462BB86E3151FF34F8F1" baseAuthorityName="Denis &amp; Schiffermuller" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Dioryctria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abietella">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661444462BB86E3151FF34F8F1" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Dioryctria abietella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp; Schifferm̧ller) in
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E41444462BBF76312CFD50F8F1" box="[574,669,1872,1898]" name="Pakistan" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D851444462BBFE4312CFCFAF8F0" author="Irshad, M." box="[684,823,1872,1899]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1259 - 1263" refId="ref114402" refString="Irshad, M. (2001) Distribution, hosts, ecology and biotic potentials of coccinellids of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 4 (10), 1259 - 1263." type="journal article" year="2001">Irshad 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF11A0FC1445462ABDDF31EBFC11F848" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8261554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261554/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[218,1370,184,1917]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD1F0741445462ABDDF31EBFC11F848" blockId="29.[151,1437,1943,2004]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661445462ABDDF31EBFED5F834" bold="true" box="[151,280,1943,1967]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 15</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF71445462ABC6C31EBFDFFF82B" authority="(Hope)" baseAuthorityName="Hope" box="[292,562,1943,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota">
<emphasis id="B91A2C661445462ABC6C31EBFE2CF834" box="[292,481,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Adalia tetraspilota</emphasis>
(Hope)
</taxonomicName>
: a–i. elytral pattern variations; j. antenna; k. maxilla; l. epipleuron; m–o. male genitalia: m. tegmen, ventral view; n. tegmen, lateral view; o. penis; p. female, spermatheca.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF11A0FC14464629BDDF3352FE70FAF1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261558" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8261558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261558/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[151,250,1326,1350]" targetBox="[166,1428,199,1291]" targetPageId="30" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414464629BDDF3352FE70FAF1" blockId="30.[151,1436,1326,1386]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BDDF3352FED7FADD" bold="true" box="[151,282,1326,1350]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 16</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BC6F3352FDF4FADD" authority="(Hope)" baseAuthorityName="Hope" box="[295,569,1326,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BC6F3352FE2AFADD" box="[295,487,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Adalia tetraspilota</emphasis>
(Hope)
</taxonomicName>
: a. adult, dorsal view; b–e. male genitalia: b. tegmen, lateral view; c. tegmen, ventral view; d. penis; e. penis apex.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414464629BD8F33C1FEBFF9FC" blockId="30.[151,1437,1468,1999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
A high-altitude species, commonly associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BE4933C0FCB2FA4C" box="[769,895,1468,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BE4933C0FC97FA4D" box="[769,858,1468,1494]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Adelges</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
and other adelgids infesting conifers, and aphids on apple, plum, poplar, rose, cabbage, mustard, cauliflower,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BE7B339CFC5CFA60" box="[819,913,1504,1531]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BE7B339CFCA6FA61" box="[819,875,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Salix</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BE8D339DFB97FA61" box="[965,1114,1504,1530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioica">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BE8D339DFB97FA61" box="[965,1114,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Urtica dioica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Immature stages commonly associated with aphids on
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BC823079FDB1F985" box="[458,636,1541,1566]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cornuta">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BC823079FDB1F985" box="[458,636,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Prunus cornuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BFC53078FCF6F985" box="[653,827,1540,1566]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BFC53078FCF6F985" box="[653,827,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Populus ciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BE033079FC1CF984" box="[843,977,1541,1567]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BE033079FC68F984" box="[843,933,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cirsium</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629B95B3078FE8AF9D8" authority="(Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972)" baseAuthorityName="Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani" baseAuthorityYear="1972" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Viburnaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cotinifolium">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629B95B3078FADFF985" box="[1043,1298,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Viburnum cotinifolium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514464629B86C3078FEF2F9D8" author="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A." pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="58 - 88" refId="ref118026" refString="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (1972) Ecology and biology of predators. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. In: Rao, V. P. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (Eds.), Studies on predators of Adelges spp. in the Himalayas. Miscellaneous Publication No. 3. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Indian Statio, pp. 58 - 88" type="book chapter" year="1972">Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Collected on cotton (label data). Collected on fig, walnut, akk plant, mulberry, wheat and maize (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514464629BDD73031FEABF9FC" author="Hayat, A. &amp; Khan, M. R. &amp; Naz, F." box="[159,358,1612,1639]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="12 - 66" refId="ref113416" refString="Hayat, A., Khan, M. R. &amp; Naz, F. (2017) Subfamilies Coccinellinae and Coccidullinae (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) with New Records from AJK, Pakistan. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 7 (4), 12 - 66." type="journal article" year="2017">
Hayat
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BDA23031FED1F9FD" box="[234,284,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414464629BD8F300CFC7EF96D" blockId="30.[151,1437,1468,1999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BD8F300CFE04F910" bold="true" box="[199,457,1648,1675]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Seasonal occurrence.</emphasis>
Collected during late March–November (particularly active during April–July in northwestern region). Adults hibernate in winter. In Kashmir, adults were observed to emerge in May and started overwintering in October (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514464629BC8B30C4FD63F948" author="Maqbool, A. &amp; Rather, S. U. &amp; Akbar, S. A. &amp; Wachkoo, A. A." box="[451,686,1720,1747]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="160 - 174" refId="ref117403" refString="Maqbool, A., Rather, S. U., Akbar, S. A. &amp; Wachkoo, A. A. (2020) Preliminary survey of ladybird beetle composition (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in unmanaged apple orchard ecosystems of Kashmir Himalayas. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 73, 160 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12595 - 020 - 00322 - w" type="journal article" year="2020">
Maqbool
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BF7930C5FDAEF949" box="[561,611,1720,1746]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
). It has three generations in a year in
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E414464629B91E30C4FB78F949" box="[1110,1205,1720,1746]" name="Pakistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514464629B98C30C4FA5DF948" author="Irshad, M." box="[1220,1424,1720,1747]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1259 - 1263" refId="ref114402" refString="Irshad, M. (2001) Distribution, hosts, ecology and biotic potentials of coccinellids of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 4 (10), 1259 - 1263." type="journal article" year="2001">
Irshad
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629B85C30C5FA88F949" box="[1300,1349,1720,1746]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514464629BDDF30A0FEAFF96C" author="Joshi, P. C. &amp; Khamashon, L. &amp; Kaushal, B. R." box="[151,354,1756,1783]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref114658" refString="Joshi, P. C., Khamashon, L. &amp; Kaushal, B. R. (2012) Predation of Adalia tetraspilota (Hope) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer. Entomology, Ornithology and Herpetology, 1 (1), 1 - 2. https: // doi. org / 10.4172 / 2161 - 0983.1000101" type="journal article" year="2012">
Joshi
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BD9030A1FEC4F96D" box="[216,265,1756,1782]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
studied its predatory potential on green peach aphid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414464629BD8F317DFBE9F881" blockId="30.[151,1437,1468,1999]" box="[199,1060,1792,1819]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BD8F317DFEB2F880" bold="true" box="[199,383,1793,1819]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Natural enemy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BCCE317DFD11F881" authority="(Thomson)" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[390,732,1792,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Oomyzus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scaposus">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BCCE317DFD95F881" box="[390,600,1793,1819]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Oomyzus scaposus</emphasis>
(Thomson)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BFA2317DFC44F880" box="[746,905,1793,1819]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BEDB317CFBD5F881" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[915,1048,1792,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF14464629BD8F3159FBD3F855" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414464629BD8F3159FBD3F855" blockId="30.[151,1437,1468,1999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BD8F3159FEDCF8A4" bold="true" box="[199,273,1829,1855]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Notes.</emphasis>
A commonly collected variant of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BFC03159FCEAF8A5" box="[648,807,1828,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BFC03159FCEAF8A5" box="[648,807,1828,1855]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. tetraspilota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only two elytral spots and is usually misidentified as
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BDDF3135FEF8F8F9" box="[151,309,1864,1891]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BDDF3135FEFCF8F9" authorityName=": Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[151,305,1864,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipunctata">A. bipunctata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514464629BC733134FD97F8F8" author="Rahman, K. A. &amp; Khan, A. W." box="[315,602,1864,1891]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="446 - 450" refId="ref120138" refString="Rahman, K. A. &amp; Khan, A. W. (1941) Observations on Aphelinus mali (Hald.) in the Punjab. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11, 446 - 450." type="journal article" year="1941">Rahman &amp; Khan’s (1941)</bibRefCitation>
report of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BF803134FC5CF8F9" authorityName=": Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[712,913,1864,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipunctata">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BF803134FC5CF8F9" box="[712,913,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Adalia bipunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) from
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E9614464629B94D3134FB9EF8F9" box="[1029,1107,1864,1890]" country="Pakistan" name="Punjab" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Punjab</collectingRegion>
as a predator of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629B8433135FA51F8F9" box="[1291,1436,1864,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Eriosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanigerum">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629B8433135FA51F8F9" box="[1291,1436,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">E. lanigerum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BD8C3111FE82F81D" baseAuthorityName="Kaltenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[196,335,1900,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Brachycaudus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helichrysi">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BD8C3111FE82F81D" box="[196,335,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">B. helichrysi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably involved
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629BF6B3111FD04F81D" box="[547,713,1900,1927]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629BF6B3111FD08F81D" box="[547,709,1900,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota">A. tetraspilota</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Bielawski (1963b) illustrated the male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714464629B9BF3111FA58F81D" box="[1271,1429,1900,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Adalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetraspilota">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614464629B9BF3111FA58F81D" box="[1271,1429,1900,1927]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. tetraspilota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514464629BDDF31ECFE03F830" author="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A." box="[151,462,1936,1963]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="58 - 88" refId="ref118026" refString="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (1972) Ecology and biology of predators. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. In: Rao, V. P. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (Eds.), Studies on predators of Adelges spp. in the Himalayas. Miscellaneous Publication No. 3. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Indian Statio, pp. 58 - 88" type="book chapter" year="1972">Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani (1972)</bibRefCitation>
studied its biology on adelgids and described the immature stages with illustrations.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514464629BDDF31C8FE66F854" author="Sharma, P. K. &amp; Verma, A. K." box="[151,427,1972,1999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="15 - 19" refId="ref122162" refString="Sharma, P. K. &amp; Verma, A. K. (1993) Studies on the coccinellid predators of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae in Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Biological Control, 7 (2), 15 - 19." type="journal article" year="1993">Sharma &amp; Verma (1993)</bibRefCitation>
studied its seasonal occurrence and predatory potential.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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