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<mods:title id="53C7F131FCDC010F1F1686E267755708">Taxonomic review of the Neotropical genus Gephyrocharax Eigenmann, 1912 (Characiformes, Characidae, Stevardiinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C13CE3C52ADDBDA6F990C810F1BB19E6">Vanegas-Ríos, James A.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FF4EFC4FFDE9FC5B" ID-CoL="4N46" ID-ENA="42593" authority="Eigenmann, 1912" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,564,964,990]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62559150FF4EFC4FFE89FC5B" bold="true" box="[151,340,964,990]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gephyrocharax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FE82FC4FFDE9FC5B" author="Eigenmann" box="[347,564,964,990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1912) Some results from an ichthyological reconnaissance of Colombia, South America. Part I. Indiana University Studies, 16 (Sic 8), 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1912">Eigenmann, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FF4EFB83FDC0FB9B" ID-CoL="4N46" authority="Eigenmann, 1912: 23" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityPageNumber="23" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,541,1032,1054]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62559150FF4EFB83FEE8FB9B" box="[151,309,1032,1054]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gephyrocharax</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FEE7FB83FDC0FB9B" author="Eigenmann" box="[318,541,1032,1054]" page="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FEE7FB83FE2AFB9B" author="Eigenmann" box="[318,503,1032,1054]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1912) Some results from an ichthyological reconnaissance of Colombia, South America. Part I. Indiana University Studies, 16 (Sic 8), 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1912">Eigenmann, 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 23
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[
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species:
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FD67FB83FB49FB9B" ID-CoL="6KCZ9" authority="Eigenmann, 1912" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[702,1172,1032,1054]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chocoensis">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62559150FD67FB83FC09FB9B" box="[702,980,1032,1054]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gephyrocharax chocoensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FC07FB83FB49FB9B" author="Eigenmann" box="[990,1172,1032,1054]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1912) Some results from an ichthyological reconnaissance of Colombia, South America. Part I. Indiana University Studies, 16 (Sic 8), 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1912">Eigenmann, 1912</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by original designation]. Eigenmann, 1914: 41 [listed, key to species, placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FCD8FBADFC62FBB9" box="[769,959,1062,1084]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FC09FBADFAC5FBB9" author="Meek" box="[976,1304,1062,1084]" page="268" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1916">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FC09FBADFB39FBB9" author="Meek" box="[976,1252,1062,1084]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Meek, S. E. &amp; Hildebrand, S. F. (1916) The fishes of the fresh waters of Panama. Publication of Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 10 (15), 219 - 374. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2576" type="journal article" year="1916">Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1916</bibRefCitation>
: 268
</treatmentCitation>
, 277 [key to genera, diagnosis].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FE55FBCEFDADFBDE" author="Eigenmann" box="[396,624,1093,1115]" page="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FE55FBCEFD92FBDE" author="Eigenmann" box="[396,591,1093,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1920 a) The fishes of Lake Valencia, Caracas, and of the Rio Tuy at El Concejo, Venezuela. Indiana University Studies, 7 (44), 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1920" yearSuffix="a">Eigenmann, 1920a</bibRefCitation>
: 11
</treatmentCitation>
[placed in
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].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FC68FBCEFB44FBDE" author="Eigenmann" box="[945,1177,1093,1115]" page="100" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1922">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FC68FBCEFBBAFBDE" author="Eigenmann" box="[945,1127,1093,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. (1922) The fishes of the northwestern South American including Colombia, Panama and Pacific slopes of Ecuador and Peru, together with appendix upon the fishes of the Rio Meta in Colombia. Memoires of the Carnegie Museum, 9 (1), 1 - 346. 38 pls." type="journal article" year="1922">Eigenmann, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 100
</treatmentCitation>
, 155–156 [key to genera, list of species, placed in
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].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FD55FBEFFC08FBFF" author="Eigenmann" box="[652,981,1124,1146]" page="463" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1929">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FD55FBEFFC7EFBFF" author="Eigenmann" box="[652,931,1124,1146]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Eigenmann, C. H. &amp; Myers, G. S. (1929) American Characidae [Part 5]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43 (5), 429 - 558. 11 pls. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49183" type="journal article" year="1929">Eigenmann &amp; Myers, 1929</bibRefCitation>
: 463
</treatmentCitation>
, 464, 467, 477–484 [key to genera, placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FF1EFB08FE5FFB1C" box="[199,386,1155,1177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
, diagnosis, revision of species (genus revised by Myers)].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FBDEFB08FB2AFB1C" author="Hildebrand" box="[1031,1271,1155,1177]" page="252" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FBDEFB08FB1FFB1C" author="Hildebrand" box="[1031,1218,1155,1177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Hildebrand, S. F. (1938) A new catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Panama. Publication of Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 22 (4), 217 - 359. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2969" type="journal article" year="1938">Hildebrand, 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 252
</treatmentCitation>
[diagnosis and revision of Panamanian species].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FDC3FB2AFD1BFB32" author="Fowler" box="[538,710,1185,1207]" page="71" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1940">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FDC3FB2AFD79FB32" author="Fowler" box="[538,676,1185,1207]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Fowler, H. W. (1940) Zoological results of the second bolivian expedition for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1936 - 1937. Part I: The Fishes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 92, 43 - 103. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4064303" type="journal article" year="1940">Fowler, 1940</bibRefCitation>
: 71
</treatmentCitation>
[placed in
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].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FBDDFB2AFB18FB32" author="Schultz" box="[1028,1221,1185,1207]" page="246" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1944">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FBDDFB2AFB4FFB32" author="Schultz" box="[1028,1170,1185,1207]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1944) The fishes of the family Characinidae from Venezuela, with descriptions of seventeen new forms. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 95 (3181), 235 - 367. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.95 - 3181.235" type="journal article" year="1944">Schultz, 1944</bibRefCitation>
: 246
</treatmentCitation>
, 322–326 [diagnosis, key to species, taxonomy of Venezuelan species].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FD18FB4BFCB0FB53" author="Miles" box="[705,877,1216,1238]" page="155" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1947">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FD18FB4BFCE3FB53" author="Miles" box="[705,830,1216,1238]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Miles, C. W. (1947) Los peces del rio Magdalena. Ministerio de La Economia Nacional, Seccion de Piscicultura, Pesca y Caza, Editorial El grafico, Bogota, D. C., 214 pp." type="book" year="1947">Miles, 1947</bibRefCitation>
: 155
</treatmentCitation>
–157 [placed in
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, key to species from Magdalena basin].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FE53FB55FD98FB71" author="Fowler" box="[394,581,1246,1268]" page="341" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FE53FB55FDC9FB71" author="Fowler" box="[394,532,1246,1268]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Fowler, H. W. (1954) Os peixes de agua doce do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 9, 1 - 400." type="journal article" year="1954">Fowler, 1954</bibRefCitation>
: 341
</treatmentCitation>
[placed in Stevardiidae,
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].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FC01FB55FBA2FB71" author="Gery" box="[984,1151,1246,1268]" page="216" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FC01FB55FB91FB71" author="Gery" box="[984,1100,1246,1268]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gery, J. (1966) A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the description of two new genera. Ichthyologica / The Aquarium Journal, 37, 211 - 236." type="journal article" year="1966">Géry, 1966</bibRefCitation>
: 216
</treatmentCitation>
, 218, 227, 233–235 [placed in
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, included in key].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FDBFFB76FCCDFA96" author="Dahl" box="[614,784,1277,1299]" page="133" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FDBFFB76FD03FA96" author="Dahl" box="[614,734,1277,1299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Dahl, G. (1971) Los peces del norte de Colombia. Ministerio de Agricultura, Instituto de desarrollo de los recursos naturales renovables (INDERENA), Bogota, D. C., 391 pp." type="book" year="1971">Dahl, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 133
</treatmentCitation>
–135 [placed in
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, key to species, listed from Cauca-Magdalena system].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FE33FA97FD49FAB7" author="Miles" box="[490,660,1308,1330]" page="52" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FE33FA97FDB6FAB7" author="Miles" box="[490,619,1308,1330]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Miles, C. W. (1973) Estudio economico y ecologico de los peces de agua dulce del valle del Cauca. Cespedesia, 2 (5), 9 - 63." type="journal article" year="1973">Miles, 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 52
</treatmentCitation>
–53 [placed in
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].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FBD2FA97FB67FAB7" author="Gery" box="[1035,1210,1308,1330]" page="351" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FBD2FA97FB59FAB7" author="Gery" box="[1035,1156,1308,1330]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Gery, J. (1977) Characoids of the world. T. F. H. Publication, Inc., Neptune city" type="book" year="1977">Géry, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 351
</treatmentCitation>
, 354, 358 [placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FF1EFAB0FE5FFAD4" box="[199,386,1339,1361]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
, Glandulocaudini, key to genera, erroneously recorded for
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62559150FC38FAB0FB8BFAD4" box="[993,1110,1339,1361]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FBBEFAB0FAA6FAD4" author="Weitzman" box="[1127,1403,1339,1361]" page="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FBBEFAB0FAB9FAD4" author="Weitzman" box="[1127,1380,1339,1361]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, S. V. (1985) Xenurobryconin phylogeny and putative pheromone pumps in Glandulocaudine fishes (Teleostei: Characidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 421, 1 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.421" type="journal article" year="1985">Weitzman &amp; Fink, 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 1
</treatmentCitation>
, 2, 24, 28–29, 51, 54, 96, 103–104, fig. 17 [placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FCF6FAD2FC37FAEA" box="[815,1002,1369,1391]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
, taxonomic comments, compared with Xenurobryconini members, examined material].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FD63FAF3FB54FA0B" author="Weitzman" box="[698,1161,1400,1422]" page="384" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FD63FAF3FB8BFA0B" author="Weitzman" box="[698,1110,1400,1422]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Weitzman, S. H., Menezes, N. A. &amp; Weitzman., M. J. (1988) Phylogenetic biogeography of the Glandulocaudini (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) with comments on the distributions of other freshwater fishes in eastern and southeastern Brazil. In: Vanzolini, P. E. &amp; Heyer, W. R. (Eds.), Proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 370 - 427." type="book chapter" year="1988">Weitzman, Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 384
</treatmentCitation>
, 394 [apparently placed in Corynopomini as “other tribes of glandulocaudines”]. Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990: 381, fig. 1 [included in phylogeny in “other tribes of glandulocaudines”].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FDBEFA3EFC55FA4E" author="Orti" box="[615,904,1461,1483]" page="92" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FDBEFA3EFC8AFA4E" author="Orti" box="[615,855,1461,1483]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Orti, G. &amp; Meyer, A. (1997) The radiation of characiform fishes and the limits of resolution of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Systematic Biology, 46 (1), 75 - 100." type="journal article" year="1997">Ortí &amp; Meyer, 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 92
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 11 [phylogenetic relationships, placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FF1EFA5FFE58FA6F" box="[199,389,1492,1514]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FE43FA5FFCDEFA6F" author="Weitzman" box="[410,771,1492,1514]" page="172" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FE43FA5FFD10FA6F" author="Weitzman" box="[410,717,1492,1514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A. (1998) Relationships of the tribes and genera of Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a description of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. d. &amp; Lucena, C. A. (Eds.), Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical Fishes. EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, pp. 171 - 192." type="book chapter" year="1998">Weitzman &amp; Menezes, 1998</bibRefCitation>
: 172
</treatmentCitation>
–174, 186–188, tables 1–3, fig. 1 [classification, phylogenetic relationships, placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FE65FA78FDAAF98C" box="[444,631,1523,1545]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
, Corynopomini, comments on morphology].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FB93FA78FEFFF9A2" author="Castro" page="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FB93FA78FF20F9A2" author="Castro" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Castro, R. C., Ribeiro, A. C., Benine, R. C. &amp; Melo, A. L. A. (2003) Lophiobrycon weitzmani, a new genus and species of glandulocaudine fish (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Grande drainage, alto rio Parana system, southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 1 (1), 11 - 19. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252003000100002" type="journal article" year="2003">Castro, Ribeiro, Benine &amp; Melo, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 8 [placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FE0AF99AFD53F9A2" box="[467,654,1553,1575]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
, Corynopomini].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FC99F99AFB46F9A2" author="Malabarba" box="[832,1179,1553,1575]" page="84" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FC99F99AFBABF9A2" author="Malabarba" box="[832,1142,1553,1575]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. (2003) Description of new genus with six new species from southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, with a discussion of a putative characid clade (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Serie Zoologia, 16 (1), 67 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 84
</treatmentCitation>
, 86, 87, fig. 11 [placed in “clade A”,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FEE1F9BBFE2EF9C3" box="[312,499,1584,1606]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
, Corynopomini]. Weitzman, 2003: 224–225 [catalogue of species].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FB7BF9BBFE46F9E1" author="Calcagnotto" page="142" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FB7BF9BBFEBFF9E1" author="Calcagnotto" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Calcagnotto, D., Schaefer, S. A. &amp; DeSalle, R. (2005) Relationships among characiform fishes inferred from analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36 (1), 135 - 153. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.01.004" type="journal article" year="2005">Calcagnotto, Schaefer &amp; DeSalle, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 142
</treatmentCitation>
, 145, fig. 6 [phylogenetic relationships, placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FC0DF9C5FB94F9E1" ID-CoL="7ZZ" box="[980,1097,1614,1636]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FB83F9C5FAC5F9E1" box="[1114,1304,1614,1636]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FAE9F9C5FD93F906" author="Weitzman" page="331" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FAE9F9C5FDCAF906" author="Weitzman" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Weitzman, S. H., Menezes, N. A., Evers, H. - G. &amp; Burns, J. R. (2005) Putative relationships among inseminating and externally fertilizing characids, with a description of a new genus and species of Brazilian inseminating fish bearing an anal-fin gland in males (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 3 (3), 329 - 360. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252005000300002" type="journal article" year="2005">Weitzman, Menezes, Evers &amp; Burns, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 331
</treatmentCitation>
, 344–345, fig. 11 [comments on taxonomy, systematic relocation in “clade A”,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FF1EF907FE98F927" box="[199,325,1676,1698]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">Stevardiinae</taxonomicName>
(new definition based on kind of secretory cell in caudal organ), Corynopomini].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FB77F906FEF3F944" author="Menezes" page="298" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FB77F906FF20F944" author="Menezes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Menezes, N. A. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. (2009) Systematics of the neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 7 (3), 295 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252009000300002" type="journal article" year="2009">Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 298
</treatmentCitation>
–299, 302, figs. 1–2 [placed in “clade A”,
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FD3FF920FCBAF944" box="[742,871,1707,1729]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">Stevardiinae</taxonomicName>
, Stevardiini].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FC2EF920FB74F944" author="Mirande" box="[1015,1193,1707,1729]" page="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FC2EF920FB4CF944" author="Mirande" box="[1015,1169,1707,1729]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2009) Weighted parsimony phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Cladistics, 25 (6), 574 - 613. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2009.00262. x" type="journal article" year="2009">Mirande, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
[tentative placement in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FF1EF942FE98F95A" box="[199,325,1737,1759]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">Stevardiinae</taxonomicName>
(new definition similar to “clade A”)].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FD02F942FB24F95A" author="Javonillo" box="[731,1273,1737,1759]" page="500" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FD02F942FB1AF95A" author="Javonillo" box="[731,1223,1737,1759]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Javonillo, R., Malabarba, L. R., Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Burns, J. R. (2010) Relationships among major lineages of characid fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), based on molecular sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54 (2), 498 - 511. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.08.026" type="journal article" year="2010">Javonillo, Malabarba, Weitzman &amp; Burns, 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 500
</treatmentCitation>
, 508–509, table 1, figs. 4–6 [phylogenetic relationships, placed in “clade A” or
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FCBBF963FC3EF97B" box="[866,995,1768,1790]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">Stevardiinae</taxonomicName>
, Corynopomini].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FB45F963FAB5F97B" author="Mirande" box="[1180,1384,1768,1790]" page="533" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FB45F963FAE5F97B" author="Mirande" box="[1180,1336,1768,1790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252010000300001" type="journal article" year="2010">Mirande, 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 533
</treatmentCitation>
–540 [tentative placement in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FE62F88DFDE2F899" box="[443,575,1798,1820]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">Stevardiinae</taxonomicName>
]. Oliveira, Avelino, Abe, Mariguela, Benine, Ortí,
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FB97F88DFA97F899" author="Vari" box="[1102,1354,1798,1820]" page="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FB97F88DFAFEF899" author="Vari" box="[1102,1315,1798,1820]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Oliveira, C., Avelino, G. S., Abe, K. T., Mariguela, T. C., Benine, R. C., Orti, G., Vari, R. P. &amp; Correa e Castro, R. M. (2011) Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 275. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 275" type="journal article" year="2011">Vari &amp; Castro, 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 16
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 12 [phylogenetic relationships, placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FD9EF8AEFD15F8BE" box="[583,712,1829,1851]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">Stevardiinae</taxonomicName>
, positioned in same clade with
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FBDAF8ADFB5AF8BE" ID-CoL="62NWK" box="[1027,1159,1830,1851]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Corynopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62559150FBDAF8ADFB5AF8BE" box="[1027,1159,1830,1851]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynopoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FB45F8AEFE24F8DF" author="Tagliacollo" page="302" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FB45F8AEFE1AF8DF" author="Tagliacollo" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Tagliacollo, V. A., Souza-Lima, R., Benine, R. C. &amp; Oliveira, C. (2012) Molecular phylogeny of Aphyocharacinae (Characiformes, Characidae) with morphological diagnoses for the subfamily and recognized genera. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 64 (2), 297 - 307. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.04.007" type="journal article" year="2012">Tagliacollo, Souza-Lima, Benine &amp; Oliveira, 2012</bibRefCitation>
: 302
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2 [phylogeny, placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FCF8F8CFFC78F8DF" box="[801,933,1860,1882]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">Stevardiinae</taxonomicName>
].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FC6CF8CFFAB9F8DF" author="Bonilla-Rivero" box="[949,1380,1860,1882]" page="487" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FC6CF8CFFAEFF8DF" author="Bonilla-Rivero" box="[949,1330,1860,1882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Bonilla-Rivero, A. &amp; Lopez-Rojas, H. (2013) On the origin and diversification of Venezuelan freshwater fishes: the genus Gephyrocharax (Ostariophysi: Characidae) a case study. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (3), 487 - 496. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000300002" type="journal article" year="2013">Bonilla-Rivero &amp; López-Rojas, 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 487
</treatmentCitation>
–495, figs. 1–3 [phylogeography of Venezuelan species].
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FD09F8E8FB53F8FC" author="Thomaz" box="[720,1166,1891,1913]" page="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FD09F8E8FBABF8FC" author="Thomaz" box="[720,1142,1891,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Thomaz, A. T., Arcila, D., Orti, G. &amp; Malabarba, L. R. (2015) Molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Stevardiinae Gill, 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae): classification and the evolution of reproductive traits. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15, 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 015 - 0403 - 4" type="journal article" year="2015">
Thomaz,
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62559150FCE9F8E8FCAFF8FC" box="[816,882,1891,1913]" name="Morocco" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Arcila</collectingCountry>
, Ortí &amp; Malabarba, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
: 2
</treatmentCitation>
, 4, 5, 10, 18, 20, tables 1– 2, figs. 1–2, 5, Add. File 5 [phylogenetic relationships, list of inseminating species, comments on taxonomy, placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FF1EF82BFE95F833" box="[199,328,1952,1974]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stevardiinae">Stevardiinae</taxonomicName>
, Stevardiini]. Gender: masculine.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62559150FF4EF834FE51F876" blockId="5.[151,1437,1032,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB08544162559150FF4EF834FE51F876" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FF4EF834FE38F851" authority="Fowler, 1943: 6" authorityName="Fowler" authorityPageNumber="6" authorityYear="1943" box="[151,485,1982,2004]" family="Characidae" genus="Corynopomops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62559150FF4EF834FEEFF851" box="[151,306,1983,2004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynopomops</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB9557E62559150FEE5F835FE38F851" author="Fowler" box="[316,485,1982,2004]" page="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" year="1943">
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FEE5F835FE14F851" author="Fowler" box="[316,457,1982,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Fowler, H. W. (1943) A collection of fresh-water fishes from Colombia, obtained chiefly by brother Niceforo Maria. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 95, 223 - 266. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4064347" type="journal article" year="1943">Fowler, 1943</bibRefCitation>
: 6
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 4 [
<typeStatus id="54A3CDCD62559150FDE4F834FDB6F851" box="[573,619,1983,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62559150FD16F834FB4FF851" authority="Fowler, 1943" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1943" box="[719,1170,1982,2004]" family="Characidae" genus="Corynopomops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opisthopterus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62559150FD16F834FC23F851" box="[719,1022,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Corynopomops opisthopterus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF890E9E62559150FBD1F835FB4FF851" author="Fowler" box="[1032,1170,1982,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Fowler, H. W. (1943) A collection of fresh-water fishes from Colombia, obtained chiefly by brother Niceforo Maria. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 95, 223 - 266. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4064347" type="journal article" year="1943">Fowler, 1943</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by original designation]. Gender: masculine.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30220E462569153FF4EFF1CFC4BFDB9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62569153FF4EFF1CFC4BFDB9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FF4EFF1CFECCFF35" bold="true" box="[151,273,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62569153FEC2FF1CFE17FF35" box="[283,458,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FEC2FF1CFE17FF35" box="[283,458,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gephyrocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all characids by having the second and third ventral procurrent rays of caudal fin hypertrophied forming a single spur-shaped structure in adult males (
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FB85FF36FBAEFF51" box="[1116,1139,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">vs</emphasis>
. rays common or, when modified, forming two spur pointed projections between the second and fourth ventral procurrent rays instead of one). Furthermore, the genus is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62569153FD0CFE8EFCBAFE99" box="[725,871,261,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Corynopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FD0CFE8EFCBAFE99" box="[725,871,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Corynopoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the caudal peduncle almost as deep as long, its length 6.2–15.6 % SL (
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FE7CFEA2FE61FEC5" box="[421,444,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">vs</emphasis>
. elongate, almost twice longer than deep, its length 19.1–22.3 % SL), the presence of adipose fin, except in
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FE4CFEC6FE21FEE1" box="[405,508,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">G. t o r re s i</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FDCBFEC6FDF4FEE1" box="[530,553,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">vs</emphasis>
. adipose fin absent), and the absence of a distally-expanded and filamentous structure formed by the posterior border of the opercle, subopercle, and the posteriormost branchiostegal ray in adult males (
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FEE0FE1EFE8DFE29" box="[313,336,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">vs</emphasis>
. presence of this structure).
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62569153FD62FE1FFCB7FE28" box="[699,874,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FD62FE1FFCB7FE28" box="[699,874,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gephyrocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62569153FB8CFE1FFB3DFE28" box="[1109,1248,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Pterobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FB8CFE1FFB3DFE28" box="[1109,1248,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pterobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by not having hypertrophied scales as paddle-shaped structures, greatly enlarged posteriorly on the body flanks and located near the humeral region of adult males (
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FDFCFE56FDE1FE71" box="[549,572,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">vs</emphasis>
. scales never hypertrophied, with similar size as scales on body flanks), and by not having a small black or copper-orange spot on the area located dorsal to (or immediately above) the posteriormost anal-fin rays of adult males (
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FDA3FDAEFD4CFDB9" box="[634,657,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">vs</emphasis>
. presence of this spot).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30220E462569153FF1EFDCCFB46FC91" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA7736F62569153FF1EFDCCFB46FC91" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FF1EFDCCFEBDFDE5" bold="true" box="[199,352,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution.</emphasis>
Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1808EC62569153FE3EFDCCFD4BFDE5" box="[487,662,583,608]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CAF7D62569153FE3EFDCCFD4BFDE5" box="[487,662,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gephyrocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are geographically spread across diverse drainages from
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62569153FAFCFDC3FAA3FDDA" box="[1317,1406,584,607]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Panama</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62569153FF4EFDE7FF37FD00" box="[151,234,620,645]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
and in both Cis- and Trans-Andean drainages. In Central
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62569153FCB6FDE7FC0FFD00" box="[879,978,620,645]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">America</collectingCountry>
, they occur from coastal drainages of the Gulf of Chiriqui across the Caribbean and Pacific versants to the Palenque River of the Pearl islands. In South
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62569153FF4EFD3FFF27FD48" box="[151,250,692,717]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">America</collectingCountry>
, species of the genus are known from the Atrato, San Juan, León, Cauca-Magdalena, Lake Maracaibo, Ranchería, Orinoco rivers basins, across the Moriquite-Moruga system in the island of
<collectingCountry id="F30F33FF62569153FB50FD5CFB35FD75" box="[1161,1256,727,752]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
to the Ucayali, Yuruá, Nanay, Madre de Dios, and Madeira rivers basins in the Amazon system (
<figureCitation id="13236FEA62569153FBFBFD77FB53FC91" box="[1058,1166,764,789]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1434,1456]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,250,969,991]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1436,837,1923]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1435,245,1384]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,947]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[154,1439,837,1923]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[152,1436,245,1385]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[151,1436,193,947]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of Trans-Andean species of Gephyrocharax occurring west from eastern versant of Andean Cordillera in northwestern South America to southern Central America." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of Gephyrocharax major, a Cis-Andean species, from Amazon River basin in Bolivia and Peru." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of Gephyrocharax species occurring from eastern versant of Andean Cordillera across Lake Maracaibo and Orinoco basins to island of Trinidad in northeast South America. Map includes additional records reported by Bonilla-Rivero &amp; López-Rojas (1997) and Bonilla-Rivero &amp; López-Rojas (2001) for G. valencia (MBUCV 297, 3023, 3029, 3051, 35679, and 35682; Cúpira, Las Peñas de Taría, and Urama Rivers basin, not catalogued) and G. venezuelae (MBUCV 35685, 35686, and 35687)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/261566/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/261567/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/261568/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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