235 lines
20 KiB
XML
235 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA41FFADCFDA3F12FC81FDB0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Galictis vittata Schreber 1776" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="637" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="636" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714093" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714093" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA41FFADCFDA3F12FC81FDB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA41FFADCFDA3F12FC81FDB0" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="637" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<heading pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<subSubSection box="[1471,1528,794,836]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1469,2150,794,877]" box="[1471,1528,794,836]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<figureCitation box="[1471,1528,794,836]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="16.[155,185,3407,3428]" captionTargetBox="[12,2806,13,3639]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="On following pages: 21. Lesser Grison (Galictis cuja); 22. Greater Grison (Galictis vittata), 23. Marbled Polecat (Vormela peregusna); 24. Saharan Striped Polecat (/ctonyx libycus); 25. Zorilla (Ictonyx striatus); 26. African Striped Weasel (Poecilogale albinucha)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363024/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">22.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1546,1856,794,836]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1469,2150,794,877]" box="[1546,1856,794,836]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<vernacularName box="[1546,1856,794,836]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Greater Grison</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1875,2149,794,836]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1469,2150,794,877]" box="[1875,2149,794,836]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[1875,2149,794,836]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Galictis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittata">
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<emphasis box="[1875,2149,794,836]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Galictis vittata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1470,2132,853,874]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1469,2150,794,877]" box="[1470,2132,853,874]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<emphasis box="[1470,1547,853,874]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1556,1685,853,874]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Grand Grison</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1707,1798,853,874]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1807,1947,853,874]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Grofser Grison</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1968,2059,853,874]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2069,2132,853,874]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Grison</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[2085,2670,924,1346]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<emphasis box="[2085,2240,924,953]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1776" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[2257,2664,924,953]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Viverra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittata">Viverra vittata Schreber, 1776</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806324" box="[2085,2211,963,992]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<collectingCountry box="[2085,2206,963,992]" name="Suriname" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Surinam</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[2085,2670,924,1346]" box="[2085,2531,998,1031]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Four subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714191" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714191" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714191/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" targetBox="[1471,2057,928,1339]" targetPageId="17">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[2085,2670,924,1346]" box="[2085,2484,1042,1071]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<emphasis box="[2085,2484,1042,1071]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[2085,2670,924,1346]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1776" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[2088,2462,1081,1110]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Galictis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vittata" subSpecies="vittata" variety="vittata">G. v. vittata Schreber, 1776</taxonomicName>
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— the Guianas and
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<collectingCountry box="[2146,2293,1116,1149]" name="Venezuela" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[2085,2670,924,1346]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1903" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[2089,2469,1164,1189]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Galictis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vittata" subSpecies="andina" variety="andina">G. v. andina Thomas, 1903</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[2511,2604,1164,1189]" name="Bolivia" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[2086,2153,1199,1228]" name="Peru" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[2085,2670,924,1346]" box="[2089,2649,1242,1267]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thunberg, 1820" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[2089,2528,1242,1267]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Galictis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vittata" subSpecies="brasiliensis" variety="brasiliensis">G. v. brasiliensis Thunberg, 1820</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[2563,2644,1242,1267]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[2085,2670,924,1346]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<taxonomicName authority="Nelson, 1901" authorityName="Nelson" authorityYear="1901" box="[2089,2441,1282,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Galictis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vittata" subSpecies="canaster">G. v. canaster Nelson, 1901</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[2477,2578,1282,1307]" name="Mexico" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[2254,2372,1313,1346]" name="Ecuador" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1468,2673,1356,3469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<emphasis box="[1469,1718,1356,1385]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[1894,2050,1356,1385]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.125" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.75" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="cm" value="51.25" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="47.5">47.5-55 cm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity box="[2130,2213,1356,1385]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="cm" value="16.0">16 cm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[2335,2480,1356,1385]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.3499999999999996" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="kg" value="2.3499999999999996" valueMax="3.3" valueMin="1.4">1.4-3.3 kg</quantity>
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. The Greater Grison has a long body and short limbs. The pelage is smoky gray on the upper sides; the face, throat, undersides, and all four limbs are black. A white stripe extends across the forehead and down the sides of the neck, separating the black of the face from the gray or brown of the back. The skull is strong and massive. Dental formula: I 3/3, C 1/1, P3/3.M1/2=34
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1468,2673,1356,3469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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||
<emphasis box="[1469,1580,1593,1622]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Habitat.</emphasis>
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||
Greater Grisons are found in virgin and secondary low-elevation rainforests, lower montane forests, upland monte alto forests, tropical dry forests, closed deciduous forests, cerrado, yungas woodlands, shrub woodlands, chaco, palm savannah, secondary growth, open fields, plantations, and partially flooded rice fields adjacent to ranches. They are often found near rivers, streams, and wetlands, from sea level to
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<quantity box="[1472,1572,1793,1818]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
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elevation, but mostly below
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<specimenCount box="[1981,2073,1793,1818]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="generic">
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<quantity box="[1981,2069,1793,1818]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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However, on the east slopes of the Andes Mountains in
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<collectingCountry box="[1665,1758,1824,1857]" name="Bolivia" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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they range up to
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<quantity box="[2005,2109,1824,1857]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
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. A radio-collared female spent 27-8% of her time in open habitats (69-2% of her prey came from there); the remaining 72-2% was spent in closed woodlands and forests (where she obtained 27-8% of her prey).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1468,2673,1356,3469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<emphasis box="[1469,1726,1951,1976]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The diet includes small mammals, birds, eggs, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates, and fruit. In
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<collectingCountry box="[1857,2003,1990,2015]" name="Venezuela" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, seven stomachs contained remains of diurnal rodents (Sigmodon alstoni), a lizard (Ameiva ameiva), a dove (Zenaida auriculata), and an eel-like fish. Two other stomachs contained an opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), an unidentified rodent, a lizard (Ameiva ameiva), and an amphibian (Colestethus auriculata). In Para,
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<collectingCountry box="[1591,1672,2139,2172]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, a Greater Grison was observed carrying a large toad (Bufo marinus) in its mouth, apparently unaffected by the toad’s toxic skin glands. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2410,2523,2178,2211]" name="Panama" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Panama</collectingCountry>
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, a Greater Grison was seen pursuing an Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) at 08:15 h; another Agouti was attacked in a river at midday. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2012,2078,2257,2290]" name="Peru" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, a Greater Grison was observed eating a piranha-like characin fish. In north-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[2096,2177,2296,2329]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Greater Grisons are major predators of Rock Cavies or Mocos (Kerodon rupestris), which they attack in their burrows. The stomachs of
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<specimenCount box="[1722,1861,2379,2408]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount box="[1942,2107,2379,2408]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
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contained Moco remains and another species of cavy (Galea spixii). Greater Grisons hunt alone, in pairs, or in small family groups. An adult female was seen travelling in association with a nearly grown male and a three-fourths grown female.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1468,2673,1356,3469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<emphasis box="[1468,1706,2536,2565]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Primarily diurnal, but occasionally active at night. A captive male from
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<collectingCountry box="[1548,1666,2571,2604]" name="Ecuador" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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was nearly 100% diurnal, with a rest period of several hours at midday. Three captive Greater Grisons in
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<collectingCountry box="[1951,2062,2614,2643]" name="Panama" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Panama</collectingCountry>
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were very active in the early morning and late afternoon and rested for four to five hours around midday. Greater Grisons forage during the day at Cocha Cashu,
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<collectingCountry box="[1940,2007,2698,2723]" name="Peru" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Peru</collectingCountry>
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. However, in
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<collectingCountry box="[2207,2353,2698,2723]" name="Venezuela" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, a radio-collared individual was active for 10-12 h per day, mostly at night (77-1% of the time); all sightings were in the daytime (06:00-11:25 h). Rest sites are undertree roots or in hollow logs, underground burrows, or rock cavities.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1468,2673,1356,3469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<emphasis box="[1469,2168,2850,2879]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Primarily terrestrial, but also excellent swimmers and able to climb trees. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2078,2224,2886,2919]" name="Venezuela" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, two individuals were observed climbing into a tree, and on another occasion, a female and a young climbed
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<quantity box="[2614,2669,2925,2958]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
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into a palm tree, while an adult male waited below looking upward. The two grisons scratched around in the tree, knocking down wood and debris, which were examined by the male. Greater Grisons are mostly solitary, but occasionally travel in pairs or small groups. One female in
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<collectingCountry box="[1805,1949,3082,3115]" name="Venezuela" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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had a home range of 4-
|
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<quantity box="[2305,2381,3082,3115]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
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* She traveled
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<quantity box="[2600,2667,3082,3115]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
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(straight line) between consecutive daily restsites and moved
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<quantity box="[2334,2433,3121,3154]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="km" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2-3 km</quantity>
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per 24-h period. Population densities have been estimated at 1-2-4 individuals/km?, but radio-tracking data suggests much lower densities.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="636" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1468,2673,1356,3469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">
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<emphasis box="[1469,1603,3243,3272]" pageId="17" pageNumber="636">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Gestation is around 39 days. Litter size is one to four. Offspring have been observed in March, August, September, and October. A neonate female, with umbilical cord still attached, weighed less than
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<quantity box="[2029,2088,3318,3351]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="636" unit="g" value="50.0">50 g</quantity>
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. She was covered in short fur and her eyes were closed. The eyes opened after two weeks, and by three weeks she could eat meat. Full growth was reached by four months. The testes of three captive males descended at c. four months of age.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="637" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[146,1348,292,558]" pageId="18" pageNumber="637">
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<emphasis box="[147,502,292,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="637">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern in The
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<collectionCode box="[1024,1104,292,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="637">IUCN</collectionCode>
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Red List. Greater Grisons are considered endangered in some parts of their range, such as
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1182,1284,327,360]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="637">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[147,300,366,399]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="18" pageNumber="637">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[363,509,366,399]" name="Venezuela" pageId="18" pageNumber="637">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they are threatened by hunting and habitat destruction. Greater Grisons occur in medium (860 ha) and large (36,000 ha) fragments in Brazilian Atlantic forests, but are absent from small (60-80 ha) patches of forest. Their fur has no commercial value, but skins and live animals are sold as decorations or pets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[147,775,531,556]" pageId="18" pageNumber="637" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[146,1348,292,558]" box="[147,775,531,556]" pageId="18" pageNumber="637">
|
||
<emphasis box="[147,297,531,556]" pageId="18" pageNumber="637">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
\Wozencraft (2005), Yensen & Tarifa (2003a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |