217 lines
25 KiB
XML
217 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="40921391FE700872F0E07845EB9ADDC5" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2020.1845409" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5029327" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1624566005208" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Dinets, Vladimir & Asada, Keishu" docDate="2021" docId="0388F00ED71FFF9DF596DB6DFB0C90BC" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.54.37-38.2391-2414.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 54 (37 - 38)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1845409" docStyle="DocumentStyle:485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73.9:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rattus tanezumi Temminck 1844" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="2401" masterDocId="FFB18876D715FF96F536DA2CFF889628" masterDocTitle="Noble savages: human-independent Rattus rats in Japan" masterLastPageNumber="2414" masterPageNumber="2391" pageNumber="2400" updateTime="1698976009653" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="76E652320A89AB213CB2871EECF15069">Noble savages: human-independent Rattus rats in Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8224AC54145EE3DB3B5981858AB10049">Dinets, Vladimir</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="4793193E7904339F225813F30E985897">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C38EF0940A3359AA2C09C7EB733B2B65">Asada, Keishu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AD27C22E8A0EB37C6AA8209EF5BBCC14">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6C3E1F390872E68A9BD48914CDB9F1ED">
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<mods:date id="2044048B545D44335F02DB7965A3A83C">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2A9FCCA765D5570CE5341B64C9BA7C4F">2021-03-11</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EA48934C1B97FAEBB89E557889C8F535">54</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F360AE11AD6A11F3446D1DD360D85DE5">37 - 38</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="8BE1679046D0C4690B1042DECE5D8F07">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1845409</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="594904615BEFCBF5B51CB5C57E298CD0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="63BA9E55B91A85A27432EA0FF6908777" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2020.1845409</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="46312739450718FCB8B9B6856ED0DBA1" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0388F00ED71FFF9DF596DB6DFB0C90BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388F00ED71FFF9DF596DB6DFB0C90BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388F00ED71FFF9DF596DB6DFB0C90BC" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2401" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">
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<subSubSection id="C33B1293D71FFF9CF596DB6DFD0F979A" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71FFF9CF596DB6DFEE09773" blockId="10.[160,360,321,347]" box="[160,360,321,347]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">
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<heading id="D0D6F674D71FFF9CF596DB6DFEE09773" bold="true" box="[160,360,321,347]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71FFF9CF596DB6DFEE09773" ID-CoL="4RM7G" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1844" box="[160,360,321,347]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanezumi">
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<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF596DB6DFEE09773" bold="true" box="[160,360,321,347]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Rattus tanezumi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71FFF9CF596DB5AFD0F979A" blockId="10.[160,1156,374,919]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">
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<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF596DB5AFF3E97A7" box="[160,182,374,399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Rt</emphasis>
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was observed on three of the main islands (
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<tableCitation id="C6A374A3D71FFF9CF79CDB5AFD7497A7" box="[682,764,374,399]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[127,183,410,433]" captionText="Table 1. Sites where surveying for Rattus rats was conducted in Japan in 2017–2019." pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Table 1</tableCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="131A5D9DD71FFF9CF63FDB5AFCED97A7" box="[777,869,374,399]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="8.[160,225,976,999]" captionTargetBox="[166,1147,143,940]" captionTargetId="figure-114@8.[163,1153,142,945]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 1. Locations of study sites in Japan. (a) Sites more than 1 km from human habitat where no Rattus rats were detected; (b) sites where brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) was detected more than 1 km from human settlements; (c) records of brown rat far from human settlements made by earlier surveys (Ota 1968; Abe et al. 1971; Maekawa et al. 2002); (d) sites where brown rat was detected in natural habitats but less than 1 km from human settlements, (e) sites where Asian house rat (R. tanezumi) was detected more than 1 km from human settlements within its possible native range. 1 – Kiritappu Marsh, 2 – Kushiro Marsh, 3 – Daisetsuzan National Park, 4 – Torii Pass, 5 – Kasuga Primaeval Forest, 6 – Hokigamine Forest Park, 7 – Bogatsuru Marsh, 8 – Bonotsu area, 9 – Aso Bay Park. Omitted are records of Asian house rat from the Ogasawara Islands and central and southern Ryukyu Islands, where it is known to be non-native." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5029329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5029329/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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), and also on many small islands where it is known to be non-native.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B1293D71FFF9DF5F6DB97FB0C90BC" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2401" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71FFF9CF5F6DB97FBB3948C" blockId="10.[160,1156,374,919]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">
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On Honshu, one individual was observed for ~5 min in August in a relict grove of giant Japanese horse chestnuts (
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<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71FFF9CF4FADBF2FD1C97DF" box="[460,660,478,503]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="turbinata">
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<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF4FADBF2FD1C97DF" box="[460,660,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Aesculus turbinata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) at Torii Pass (
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<figureCitation id="131A5D9DD71FFF9CF602DBF2FC1897DF" box="[820,912,478,503]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1665,1688]" captionTargetBox="[160,1150,989,1648]" captionTargetId="figure-264@10.[160,1150,989,1649]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 2. Habitat of Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) in ancient forest of giant Japanese horse chestnuts (Aesculus turbinata) at Torii Pass, Honshu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5029331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5029331/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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); it repeatedly carried large rounded objects (presumably horse chestnuts) from the crown of a very large tree to a hollow ~
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<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71FFF9CF42BD80FFEE19414" box="[285,361,547,572]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
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in diameter, ~
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<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71FFF9CF72FD80FFDC39414" box="[537,587,547,572]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
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above the ground.
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<materialsCitation id="3B494B45D71FFF9CF60DD80FFE1294AA" country="Japan" location="Kasuga Primaeval Forest" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nara">
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Another
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<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF694D80FFC309414" box="[930,952,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Rt</emphasis>
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was observed in September climbing a large oak (
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<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71FFF9CF72CD86AFD139477" box="[538,667,582,607]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF72CD86AFDFA9477" box="[538,626,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Quercus</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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) in
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<location id="8EFE17C3D71FFF9CF7F0D86AFC519477" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388F00ED71FFF9DF596DB6DFB0C90BC:8EFE17C3D71FFF9CF7F0D86AFC519477" box="[710,985,582,607]" country="Japan" name="Kasuga Primaeval Forest" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" stateProvince="Nara">Kasuga Primaeval Forest</location>
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near
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<collectingRegion id="49E58FFAD71FFF9CF12DD86AFBC79477" box="[1051,1103,582,607]" country="Japan" name="Nara" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Nara</collectingRegion>
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(the oldest forest in
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<collectingCountry id="F3360188D71FFF9CF478D845FE1C94AA" box="[334,404,617,642]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Japan</collectingCountry>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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. A trackway was found on fresh snow in Yacho-no-Mori deciduous forest near Karuizawa, but that location was within
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<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71FFF9CF7D2D8A7FCA3948C" box="[740,811,651,676]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
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of residential buildings.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71FFF9CF5F6D882FC7A9507" blockId="10.[160,1156,374,919]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">
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On Shikoku, three
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<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF4BAD882FE2A94EF" box="[396,418,686,711]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Rt</emphasis>
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were observed in August in Hokigamine Forest Park near
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<collectingCountry id="F3360188D71FFF9CF113D882FBEE94EF" box="[1061,1126,686,711]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Kochi</collectingCountry>
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, in a habitat transitional between subtropical evergreen and deciduous forest (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB03CE9D71FFF9CF136D8FDFE9C9524" author="Hamet-Ahti L & Ahti T & Koponen T" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" pagination="59 - 88" refId="ref9656" refString="Hamet-Ahti L, Ahti T, Koponen T. 1974. A scheme of vegetation zones for Japan and adjacent regions. Ann Bot Fennici. 11: 59 - 88." type="journal article" year="1974">Hämet-Ahti et al. 1974</bibRefCitation>
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). Two of them were moving through subcanopy tree crowns
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<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71FFF9CF6F0D8DFFB839524" box="[966,1035,755,780]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" unit="m" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 m</quantity>
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above the ground, while the third was feeding on acorns (
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<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71FFF9CF78CD93AFCB29507" box="[698,826,790,815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF78CD93AFC9A9507" box="[698,786,790,815]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Quercus</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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) on the ground.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71FFF9CF5F6D915FBCA95BF" blockId="10.[160,1156,374,919]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">
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On Kyushu,
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<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF47ED915FED6957A" box="[328,350,825,850]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Rt</emphasis>
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was surprisingly common (eight sightings in two nights) in subtropical evergreen forests around Bonotsu in the far south of the island (
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<figureCitation id="131A5D9DD71FFF9CF64CD977FC69955C" box="[890,993,859,884]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="11.[160,225,984,1007]" captionTargetBox="[162,1152,142,952]" captionTargetId="figure-271@11.[162,1152,142,952]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 3. Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) in subtropical evergreen forest near Bonotsu, Kyushu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5029333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5029333/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Figures 3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131A5D9DD71FFF9CF6D8D977FBDD955C" box="[1006,1109,859,884]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[160,225,902,925]" captionTargetBox="[160,1150,142,885]" captionTargetId="figure-291@12.[160,1150,142,885]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Habitat of Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) in subtropical evergreen forest near Bonotsu, Kyushu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5029335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5029335/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Figures 4</figureCitation>
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); all animals were observed in tall shrubs or subcanopy trees
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<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71FFF9CF614D952FCE095BF" box="[802,872,894,919]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" unit="m" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 m</quantity>
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above the ground.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF5E1190D71FFF9CF596DCADFD29909D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5029331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5029331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5029331/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" startId="10.[160,225,1665,1688]" targetBox="[160,1150,989,1648]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71FFF9CF596DCADFD29909D" blockId="10.[160,1149,1665,1717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF596DCADFF7590B0" bold="true" box="[160,253,1665,1688]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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Habitat of Asian house rat (
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71FFF9CF71EDCADFD4F90B0" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1844" box="[552,711,1665,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanezumi">
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||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF71EDCADFD4F90B0" box="[552,711,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Rattus tanezumi</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
) in ancient forest of giant Japanese horse chestnuts (
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71FFF9CF43BDCB2FE36909D" box="[269,446,1694,1717]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Aesculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="turbinata">
|
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<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71FFF9CF43BDCB2FE36909D" box="[269,446,1694,1717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2400">Aesculus turbinata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) at Torii Pass, Honshu.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF5E1190D71EFF9DF596D9F4FBE095C7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5029333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5029333" box="[160,1128,984,1007]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5029333/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" startId="11.[160,225,984,1007]" targetBox="[162,1152,142,952]" targetPageId="11">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71EFF9DF596D9F4FBE095C7" blockId="11.[160,1128,984,1007]" box="[160,1128,984,1007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">
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||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF596D9F4FF7295C7" bold="true" box="[160,250,984,1007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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||
Asian house rat (
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<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71EFF9DF49FD9F4FDCE95C7" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1844" box="[425,582,984,1007]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanezumi">
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||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF49FD9F4FDCE95C7" box="[425,582,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Rattus tanezumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in subtropical evergreen forest near Bonotsu, Kyushu.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71EFF9DF5F6DE02FC299357" blockId="11.[159,1156,1070,1684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">
|
||
In the Ryukyu Islands,
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||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF48BDE02FE5B926F" box="[445,467,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Rt</emphasis>
|
||
was abundant year round in all surveyed forests on Amami- Oshima, Miyakojima and Ishigaki Islands. On
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<collectingRegion id="49E58FFAD71EFF9DF7A6DE7CFD669241" box="[656,750,1104,1129]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
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it was common in small forest fragments in the south but virtually absent from larger forests in central and northern parts of the island, such as Yanbaru National Park. On Iriomote it was apparently rare in natural habitats and confined to forest edges. We also recorded it in remnant forest patches on Ie-jima, Kume-jima, Minami-Daito and Yonaguni, but not on Tokunoshima, Yakushima or Iheya-jima. More than 2/3 of all sightings (N = 137) were in trees. Many rats were observed feeding; identified food items included acorns (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71EFF9DF77BDF0CFD449311" box="[589,716,1312,1337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF77BDF0CFD299311" box="[589,673,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), fruit of itajii (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71EFF9DF659DF0CFBCF9311" authorityName="Hatus. ex T.Yamaz. & Mashiba" authorityYear="1971" baseAuthorityName="Makino" box="[879,1095,1312,1337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sieboldii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF659DF0CFBCF9311" box="[879,1095,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Castanopsis sieboldii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), figs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71EFF9DF591DF6FFE8A9374" box="[167,258,1347,1372]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF591DF6FFF539374" box="[167,219,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Ficus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and a cave cricket (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71EFF9DF4E9DF6FFD259374" box="[479,685,1347,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Rhaphidophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhaphidophoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF78ADF6FFD5A9374" box="[700,722,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Rt</emphasis>
|
||
was never found in Ryukyu pines (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71EFF9DF17DDF6FFE829357" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="luchuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF17DDF6FFE829357" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Pinus luchuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or pine-dominated forests that are common on the islands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71EFF9DF5F6DFA4FEC293CF" blockId="11.[159,1156,1070,1684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF5F6DFA4FF5E9389" box="[192,214,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Rt</emphasis>
|
||
was common in forests of Chichijima and Hahajima (Ogasawara Islands); all observed animals (N = 13) were in trees
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71EFF9DF4D9DF87FDBC93EC" box="[495,564,1451,1476]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1–5 m</quantity>
|
||
above the ground. The only identified food item was a fig (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71EFF9DF5D6DFE2FEC893CF" box="[224,320,1486,1511]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF5D6DFE2FE9E93CF" box="[224,278,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Ficus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E4118D71EFF9DF5F6DFDCFB0C90BC" blockId="11.[159,1156,1070,1684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">
|
||
Exposed arboreal nests, like those known for
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF7ADDFDCFD399021" box="[667,689,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Rt</emphasis>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3360188D71EFF9DF7CEDFDCFCE69021" box="[760,878,1520,1545]" name="Philippines" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB03CE9D71EFF9DF64EDFDCFBA29021" author="Stuart AM & Prescott CV & Singleton GR" box="[888,1066,1520,1545]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" pagination="496 - 502" refId="ref11490" refString="Stuart AM, Prescott CV, Singleton GR. 2012. Natal nest locations of the Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) in lowland rice - coconut cropping systems: a coconut penthouse or rice bunds with water frontage? Wildl Res. 39: 496 - 502. doi: 10.1071 / WR 11197." type="journal article" year="2012">Stuart et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C213A9BD71EFF9DF5A9DC3FFF7D9004" authorityName="rattus (Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[159,245,1555,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9559D0AD71EFF9DF5A9DC3FFF7D9004" box="[159,245,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401">R. rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Caucasus region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB03CE9D71EFF9DF4C9DC3FFD2A9004" author="Bernstein AD" box="[511,674,1555,1580]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" pagination="5 - 14" refId="ref8963" refString="Bernstein AD. 1959. [Some features of the black rat biology in Abkhazia]. Bull Moscow Soc Nat Explor (Biol). 64: 5 - 14. [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1959">Bernstein 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and North America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB03CE9D71EFF9DF6BCDC3FFC7F9004" author="Reid FA" box="[906,1015,1555,1580]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" refId="ref11410" refString="Reid FA. 2006. Peterson's guide to mammals of North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt." type="book" year="2006">Reid 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), were never observed, but 11 animals on Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands were observed entering and/or exiting tree hollows. All such hollows had entrances
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71EFF9DF7FCDC74FCAE9059" box="[714,806,1624,1649]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" unit="cm" value="17.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="9.0">9–25 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter and were located
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71EFF9DF15EDC74FF4190BC" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2– 4 m</quantity>
|
||
above the ground, in trees that were
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71EFF9DF768DC57FD4090BC" box="[606,712,1659,1684]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" unit="cm" value="45.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="30.0">30–60 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter at ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9ECFDD71EFF9DF640DC57FC3D90BC" box="[886,949,1659,1684]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="2401" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
|
||
above the ground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |