334 lines
39 KiB
XML
334 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="1D471132481768AA3100C0232B2A03D5" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFFF7FFAC9BFDF9A0FD71BBC8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Platylesches tina Evans 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="77" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="74" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="15155F6A8C7977C90CEA796D947253E5">
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<mods:title id="0C90E706C8E4556F488572E16C4E6416">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7547B449E10A4A97C6FC40726B44BA6F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D37D1F5CC8430244C648D439F6157A8E">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D528D223E289A6DEDD29A209AAEE48B3">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BCA52D5ADA3DF38F19F458B61804A97C" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="B950CAED37B37FF26DF76BB41A74E312">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B41F66B3DE36DE5EA19E708A724C77EF">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="97ABAC9C9CB378BB8020F94547A76C22" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="56CA368907C311A6E1D5276E8BAD4C81">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="B29BAD6903EA4490E642B15D39D87ACC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7948AC7C169FF1D103D6B7037CE582D6">
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<mods:date id="5627D303BD255D87AC19EECE74B13337">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="10A5D9028E3722FDA413759D98F1332E">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="45BB667238C587167F53FC16D1DBADF4" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="4257578F3912DC4B92F35E2CA2FE132A">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="20BB7080D8F5F18428E8FE8BFD7432E8">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="8E8B671C89CE695708392B8B25431BE2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0385994AFFF7FFAC9BFDF9A0FD71BBC8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268160" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199911029" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268160" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFF7FFAC9BFDF9A0FD71BBC8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFFF7FFAC9BFDF9A0FD71BBC8" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFF7FFA99BFDF9A0FE3BBC99" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF7FFA99BFDF9A0FE2ABC0B" blockId="73.[151,511,1585,1611]" box="[151,511,1585,1611]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FFF7FFA99BFDF9A0FE2ABC0B" bold="true" box="[151,511,1585,1611]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF7FFA99BFDF9A0FE2ABC0B" ID-CoL="4JSC9" authority="Evans, 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,511,1585,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tina">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA99BFDF9A0FE2ABC0B" bold="true" box="[151,511,1585,1611]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA99BFDF9A0FEB4BC0B" bold="true" box="[151,353,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Platylesches tina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99A02F9A0FE2ABC0B" author="Evans" box="[360,511,1585,1611]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF7FFA99BFDF9E8FE3BBC99" blockId="73.[151,1436,1656,1753]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99BFDF9E8FEF8BCD1" author="Evans" box="[151,301,1656,1681]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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described this species from a single male from Mt.
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<collectingRegion id="49E8E6BEFFF7FFA9981CF9E9FC03BCD1" box="[886,982,1656,1681]" country="Malawi" name="Mulanje" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Mulanje</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFF7FFA99888F9E9FBEEBCD1" box="[994,1083,1656,1681]" name="Malawi" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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. It is now reported from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFF7FFA99E39F9E8FA49BCD1" box="[1363,1436,1657,1681]" name="Kenya" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFF7FFA99BACF90DFEF5BCF5" box="[198,288,1692,1717]" name="Uganda" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, south to the
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<collectingRegion id="49E8E6BEFFF7FFA99ADEF90DFDDDBCF5" box="[436,520,1692,1717]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Caprivi</collectingRegion>
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Strip,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFF7FFA99939F90DFD63BCF5" box="[595,694,1692,1717]" name="Namibia" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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, and northern
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFF7FFA9983CF90DFC30BCF5" box="[854,997,1692,1717]" name="South Africa" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA9989EF90DFB4DBCF5" author="Kielland" box="[1012,1176,1692,1717]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99FC9F90CFAE5BCF5" author="Larsen" box="[1187,1328,1692,1717]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99E51F90DFEC4BC99" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA99BFDF950FF1DBC99" box="[151,200,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">et al</emphasis>
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. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99A76F951FE34BC99" author="Heath" box="[284,481,1728,1753]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
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Heath
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA99A0FF950FE43BC99" box="[357,406,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">et al</emphasis>
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. 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFF7FFAC9BFDF892FD71BBC8" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF7FFA99BFDF892FECBBD5C" blockId="73.[151,1436,1795,2036]" box="[151,286,1795,1820]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA99BFDF892FECBBD5C" box="[151,286,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF7FFA99BFDF8B7FD71BDB4" blockId="73.[151,1436,1795,2036]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99BFDF8B7FE9EBD7F" author="Larsen's" box="[151,331,1830,1855]" firstAuthor="Larsen's" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen’s (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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suggestion that the food plants were ‘almost certainly various grasses’ is incorrect.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99E5AF8B7FF34BD24" author="Woodhall, S. E." journalOrPublisher="Metamorphosis" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="127 - 131" part="5" refId="ref47039" refString="Woodhall, S. E. (1994) Notes on the early stages of three species of Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Metamorphosis, 5, 127 - 131, plate 4." title="Notes on the early stages of three species of Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)" type="journal article" year="1994">Woodhall (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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reports rearing this species on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF7FFA99929F8DDFCD1BD24" box="[579,772,1867,1892]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="curatellifolia">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA99929F8DDFCD1BD24" box="[579,772,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Pa. curatellifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at Venda,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFF7FFA99816F8DAFBC4BD24" box="[892,1041,1867,1892]" name="South Africa" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, in 1989 and provides notes on the early stages, a sketch of the pupal leaf shelter and a photograph of the final instar caterpillar (also shown in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99BFDF802FEADBDEC" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[151,376,1939,1964]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA99B94F805FEFBBDEC" box="[254,302,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">et al</emphasis>
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. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The food plant record is repeated in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99877F802FBD5BDEC" author="Pringle" box="[797,1024,1939,1964]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref45070" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
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Pringle
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA9981FF805FC70BDEC" box="[885,933,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">et al</emphasis>
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. (1994)
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99F61F802FB2FBDEC" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[1035,1274,1939,1964]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA99F18F805FB77BDEC" box="[1138,1186,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (1997)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF7FFA99E5AF802FF31BD8F" author="Woodhall, S." bookContentInfo="440 pp." journalOrPublisher="Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref47013" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa, 440 pp." title="Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa" type="book" year="2005">Woodhall (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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. Woodhall’s observations are at variance with those of TCEC who reared this species on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF7FFA99FA8F829FA54BD8F" box="[1218,1409,1974,1999]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="curatellifolia">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF7FFA99FA8F829FA54BD8F" box="[1218,1409,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Pa. curatellifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at Mufindi,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFF7FFA99A6BF84AFEBDBDB4" box="[257,360,2011,2036]" name="Tanzania" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, which are presented below.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF5378D4FFF4FFAA9BFDFC98FBA4B91C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268008" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268008/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" startId="74.[151,249,777,799]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,756]" targetPageId="74">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF4FFAA9BFDFC98FBA4B91C" blockId="74.[151,1437,777,860]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9BFDFC98FEF5B95F" bold="true" box="[151,288,777,799]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">FIGURE 83.</emphasis>
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Life history of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF4FFAA9AA9FC98FD53B95F" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[451,646,777,799]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shona">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9AA9FC98FD53B95F" box="[451,646,777,799]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Platylesches shona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF4FFAA987CFC9BFB3BB95F" authority=", Mutinondo Wilderness" authorityName="Mutinondo Wilderness" box="[790,1262,777,799]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cutatellifolia">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA987CFC9BFC20B95F" box="[790,1013,777,799]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Parinari cutatellifolia</emphasis>
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, Mutinondo Wilderness
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</taxonomicName>
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, Zambia, TCEC.
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9BFDFCB6FF71B97D" bold="true" box="[151,164,807,829]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">1</emphasis>
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, pupal shelter, 4 Dec 2007;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9AAAFCB6FE19B97D" bold="true" box="[448,460,807,829]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">2</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view, 5 Feb 2008;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA98D4FCB6FC1EB97D" bold="true" box="[958,971,807,829]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">3</emphasis>
|
||
, as #2, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9FF7FCB6FB7CB97D" bold="true" box="[1181,1193,807,829]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">4</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterior view, 4 May 2008;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9A31FCD7FEBDB91C" bold="true" box="[347,360,838,860]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">5</emphasis>
|
||
, as #4, 5 Feb 2008;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA995EFCD7FD94B91C" bold="true" box="[564,577,838,860]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">5</emphasis>
|
||
, pupa, dorsal view, 21 Apr 2008;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA98F0FCD7FC73B91C" bold="true" box="[922,934,838,860]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">6</emphasis>
|
||
, as #5, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFF4FFAA9BFDFB61FC1DBF65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268010/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" startId="74.[151,249,1264,1286]" targetBox="[183,1436,910,1241]" targetPageId="74">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF4FFAA9BFDFB61FC1DBF65" blockId="74.[151,1435,1264,1317]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9BFDFB61FEF5BF46" bold="true" box="[151,288,1264,1286]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">FIGURE 84</emphasis>
|
||
. Leaf shelter and feeding damage of final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF4FFAA9881FB61FB4ABF46" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1003,1183,1264,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9881FB61FB4ABF46" box="[1003,1183,1264,1286]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Platylesches tina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF4FFAA9E2EFB60FECEBF65" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="curatellifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9E2EFB60FECEBF65" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Parinari curatellifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, undated, Mufindi, Tanzania, TCEC.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA99F3FA9EFD73BF65" bold="true" box="[665,678,1295,1317]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">1</emphasis>
|
||
, from above;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA985EFA9EFC94BF65" bold="true" box="[820,833,1295,1317]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">2</emphasis>
|
||
, from below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF4FFAA9BFDFAC3FEC2BF2B" blockId="74.[151,1436,1362,1891]" box="[151,279,1362,1387]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9BFDFAC3FEC2BF2B" box="[151,279,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Life history</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF4FFAA9BFDFAE4FF31BCCB" blockId="74.[151,1436,1362,1891]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF4FFAA9BFDFAE4FE5BBFCE" author="Congdon" box="[151,398,1397,1422]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Congdon" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="160 - 164" refId="ref41841" refString="Congdon, C., Bampton, I. & Collins, S. (2008) Early stages and larval shelters of some Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Metamorphosis, 19, 160 - 164." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Congdon
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9A6EFAE6FEE0BFCE" box="[260,309,1397,1422]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the life history. The egg is laid on a small plant or a branch near ground level. The larva cuts and folds a leaf downwards. It secures the cut portion to the underside of the leaf and then folds a portion round at the front. The chamber is completed by making a round hole at the front and lining it with silk (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFF4FFAA9E74FA2CFA45BF96" box="[1310,1424,1469,1494]" captionStart="FIGURE 84" captionStartId="74.[151,249,1264,1286]" captionTargetBox="[183,1436,910,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-376@74.[151,1436,910,1243]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 84. Leaf shelter and feeding damage of final instar caterpillar of Platylesches tina, collected on Parinari curatellifolia, undated, Mufindi, Tanzania, TCEC. 1, from above; 2, from below." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268010/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figure 84</figureCitation>
|
||
). Like tubes shelters, these can be seen quite easily by looking at the underside of a branch, where the dark green folded portion stands out in contrast to the pale undersides of the leaves. Only very occasionally will a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF4FFAA9E66F994FA88BC5E" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1292,1373,1541,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9E66F994FA88BC5E" box="[1292,1373,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pl. tina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva secure the chamber to a second, lower leaf. This species is unusual in having a green larva, and the thoracic segments of the pupa are also greenish. The feeding pattern results in characteristically ragged edges to mature leaves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF4FFAA9BADF904FD95BD23" blockId="74.[151,1436,1362,1891]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF4FFAA9BADF904FE50BCEE" author="Woodhall, S. E." box="[199,389,1685,1710]" journalOrPublisher="Metamorphosis" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="127 - 131" part="5" refId="ref47039" refString="Woodhall, S. E. (1994) Notes on the early stages of three species of Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Metamorphosis, 5, 127 - 131, plate 4." title="Notes on the early stages of three species of Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)" type="journal article" year="1994">Woodhall (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports the final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF4FFAA984EF904FCADBCEE" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[804,888,1685,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA984EF904FCADBCEE" box="[804,888,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pl. tina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFF4FFAA98F7F904FC30BCEE" box="[925,997,1685,1710]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="10.0">10mm</quantity>
|
||
long, when found on young foliage on coppice growth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF4FFAA9A07F92AFDFBBC93" box="[365,558,1722,1747]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="curatellifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9A07F92AFDFBBC93" box="[365,558,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pa. curatellifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; body leaf-green, head brown with white-cream patched outlines with darker brown in a radial pattern as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF4FFAA9A96F94CFD55BCB6" box="[508,640,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF4FFAA9A96F94CFDA9BCB6" box="[508,636,1757,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moritili">Pl. moritili</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The leaf-shelters were constructed by taking a whole young leaf and folding it in two up the mid-rib fixing the edges together with closely spaced short silk strands. The pupa is
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFF4FFAA9E3EF893FA49BD5B" box="[1364,1436,1794,1819]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="10.0">10mm</quantity>
|
||
long, dull cream coloured, adult appendages picked out in dark brown. Pupation inside thin silk cocoons within the leaf shelter lasted about three months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFF5FFAB9BFDFCCFFE3DB9F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268012/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" startId="75.[151,249,862,884]" targetBox="[151,1436,153,850]" targetPageId="75">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF5FFAB9BFDFCCFFE3DB9F1" blockId="75.[151,1436,862,945]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9BFDFCCFFECEB934" bold="true" box="[151,283,862,884]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">FIGURE 85</emphasis>
|
||
. Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF5FFAB995DFCCFFD30B934" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[567,741,862,884]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB995DFCCFFD30B934" box="[567,741,862,884]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Platylesches tina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF5FFAB9816FCCEFB17B934" authority=", Mufindi" authorityName="Mufindi" box="[892,1218,862,884]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cutatellifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9816FCCEFB88B934" box="[892,1117,862,884]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Parinari cutatellifolia</emphasis>
|
||
, Mufindi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Tanzania, TCEC.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9EE3FCCFFA40B934" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,862,884]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view in opened shelter, 3 Feb 1998;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB99F9FCEDFD6CB9D2" bold="true" box="[659,697,892,914]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">2–6</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterior view, showing range of variation:
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9E77FCEDFA96B9D2" bold="true" box="[1309,1347,892,914]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">2–4</emphasis>
|
||
, 22 Dec 1995;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9BBDFC0AFF31B9F1" bold="true" box="[215,228,923,945]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">5</emphasis>
|
||
, undated;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9A27FC0AFE8FB9F1" bold="true" box="[333,346,923,945]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">6</emphasis>
|
||
, 2 May 1998.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFF5FFAB9BFDFADCFEBEBFC2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268014/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" startId="75.[151,249,1357,1379]" targetBox="[151,1436,981,1345]" targetPageId="75">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF5FFAB9BFDFADCFEBEBFC2" blockId="75.[151,1436,1357,1410]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9BFDFADCFECCBF23" bold="true" box="[151,281,1357,1379]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">FIGURE 86</emphasis>
|
||
. Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF5FFAB9A10FADCFDF3BF23" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[378,550,1357,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9A10FADCFDF3BF23" box="[378,550,1357,1379]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Platylesches tina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF5FFAB99DEFADFFC46BF23" box="[692,915,1357,1379]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Parinari" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cutatellifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB99DEFADFFC46BF23" box="[692,915,1357,1379]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Parinari cutatellifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 14 Mar 1998, Mufindi, Tanzania, TCEC.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9E2EFADCFA84BF23" bold="true" box="[1348,1361,1357,1379]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9BBFFAFDFF34BFC2" box="[213,225,1388,1410]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">2</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFF5FFAB9BFDF851FA9BBDB4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268016/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" startId="75.[151,249,1984,2006]" targetBox="[179,1418,1451,1971]" targetPageId="75">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF5FFAB9BFDF851FA9BBDB4" blockId="75.[151,1435,1984,2036]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9BFDF851FEC8BD96" bold="true" box="[151,285,1984,2006]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">FIGURE 87</emphasis>
|
||
. Adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF5FFAB9AC4F851FCDDBD96" authority=", Mufindi, 1400" authorityName=", Mufindi" authorityYear="1400" box="[430,776,1984,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB9AC4F851FD8ABD96" box="[430,607,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Platylesches tina</emphasis>
|
||
, Mufindi, 1400
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
m, Tanzania, 30 Mar 1998, TCEC. Note the almost iridescent patches on the underside of the fresh specimen, also found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF5FFAB986DF84FFC55BDB4" authorityName="Neave" authorityYear="1910" box="[775,896,2014,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF5FFAB986DF84FFC55BDB4" box="[775,896,2014,2036]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Pl. robustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Forewing length 10–11mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF5FFAB9FC7F84FFA96BDB4" author="Kielland" box="[1197,1347,2014,2036]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFF2FFAC9BADFF06FD71BBC8" blockId="76.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
This is not the same caterpillar or pupa as that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF2FFAC987CFF06FCB8BAEF" authorityName=", Mufindi" authorityYear="1400" box="[790,877,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF2FFAC987CFF06FCB8BAEF" box="[790,877,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pl. tina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reared by TCEC (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFF2FFAC9F22FF06FB26BAF0" box="[1096,1267,151,176]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 85" captionStart-1="FIGURE 86" captionStartId-0="75.[151,249,862,884]" captionStartId-1="75.[151,249,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,153,850]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,981,1345]" captionTargetId-0="figure-133@75.[151,1436,153,850]" captionTargetId-1="figure-137@75.[151,1436,981,1345]" captionTargetPageId-0="75" captionTargetPageId-1="75" captionText-0="FIGURE 85. Final instar caterpillar of Platylesches tina, collected on Parinari cutatellifolia, Mufindi, Tanzania, TCEC. 1, dorsolateral view in opened shelter, 3 Feb 1998; 2–6, detail of head, anterior view, showing range of variation: 2–4, 22 Dec 1995; 5, undated; 6, 2 May 1998." captionText-1="FIGURE 86. Pupa of Platylesches tina, collected on Parinari cutatellifolia, 14 Mar 1998, Mufindi, Tanzania, TCEC. 1, dorsal view; 2, lateral view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268012" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268014" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5268012/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5268014/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Figures 85–86</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, TCEC found caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF2FFAC9AB6FF2DFDE7BA94" authorityName=", Mufindi" authorityYear="1400" box="[476,562,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF2FFAC9AB6FF2DFDE7BA94" box="[476,562,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pl. tina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on mature growth not on coppice growth, and they made chamber shelters rather than tube shelters. Either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF2FFAC9962FF4EFDB2BAB8" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1877" box="[520,615,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF2FFAC9962FF4EFDB2BAB8" box="[520,615,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pl. neba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprises more than one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF2FFAC98F0FF4EFBCFBAB8" box="[922,1050,223,248]" form="based" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" rank="form">form based</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the early stages, or the reared material has been misidentified in one (or both) cases. As we are confident of the identity of TCEC’s reared material (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFF2FFAC9A68FEB6FEA1BB00" box="[258,372,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 87" captionStartId="75.[151,249,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[179,1418,1451,1971]" captionTargetId="figure-141@75.[169,1429,1440,1979]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 87. Adult male Platylesches tina, Mufindi, 1400m, Tanzania, 30 Mar 1998, TCEC. Note the almost iridescent patches on the underside of the fresh specimen, also found in Pl. robustus. Forewing length 10–11mm (Kielland 1990)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5268016/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Figure 87</figureCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF2FFAC9AD0FEB6FDACBB00" author="Woodhall, S. E." box="[442,633,295,320]" journalOrPublisher="Metamorphosis" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="127 - 131" part="5" refId="ref47039" refString="Woodhall, S. E. (1994) Notes on the early stages of three species of Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Metamorphosis, 5, 127 - 131, plate 4." title="Notes on the early stages of three species of Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)" type="journal article" year="1994">Woodhall (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
refers to the similarity of the caterpillar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF2FFAC9F0CFEB6FB37BB00" box="[1126,1250,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moritili">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF2FFAC9F0CFEB6FB37BB00" box="[1126,1250,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pl. moritili</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, could it be that the species reared by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF2FFAC9AE2FEDDFD93BB25" author="Woodhall, S. E." box="[392,582,332,357]" journalOrPublisher="Metamorphosis" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="127 - 131" part="5" refId="ref47039" refString="Woodhall, S. E. (1994) Notes on the early stages of three species of Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Metamorphosis, 5, 127 - 131, plate 4." title="Notes on the early stages of three species of Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)" type="journal article" year="1994">Woodhall (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is a small taxon in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF2FFAC9823FEDDFC11BB25" box="[841,964,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moritili">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF2FFAC9823FEDDFC11BB25" box="[841,964,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pl. moritili</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, as we have suggested above for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFF2FFAC9BAAFEFEFEC8BBC8" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1877" box="[192,285,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF2FFAC9BAAFEFEFEC8BBC8" box="[192,285,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pl. neba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFF2FFAC9AC1FEFEFD4ABBC8" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[427,671,367,392]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFF2FFAC9979FEE0FD91BBC8" box="[531,580,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |