234 lines
29 KiB
XML
234 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="F3B42B7A15DEA69F976A6ED89EF4C2CF" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFFBAFFE59BFDFABDFACAB858" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gorgyra Holland 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="7BB3D353891AA8AB53CDAEB5A2D7DB8B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="86DFA922508C20788C43CC423A351275">
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<mods:title id="CC2257A525E9387489A9CF460624ED9B">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CB0281A074ED3D2C68CDDDE98EF6F1A3" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B71A976AF91CD4F432D798C28BC47C34">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2B0E1138D440AF4DA9E54EFFB867BF95">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="92571A3FFB6E840EA91A90E84DC25DF0">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6E3F71BA23B58F9CC0B8FB649675DF52" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D17F9D57657A2BFB81B5BB37249B5375">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8EF03BCAA02BB04DA7D546CAFBCC43B3">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0DE60749545B3DD7B8222E311C57A1AC" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="DAF00AAA4886FC22E8117C00F4D14D2D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="818E87252E7C43AB94FEEC781673C138">
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<mods:date id="C60EE7C56ACAF03DAA5D3C9E894F2298">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6578DFC65B1950C0062775CDF201A253">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3ADBEB2BE5D9434B267F767DC668CA10">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="53DF5C841E4C050A5A7E09D4D6F17200">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="655111E9FEB56238C70AE7D887D0C326">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0385994AFFBAFFE59BFDFABDFACAB858" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044022" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199910991" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7044022" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFBAFFE59BFDFABDFACAB858" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFFBAFFE59BFDFABDFACAB858" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFBAFFE49BFDFABDFE64BF06" box="[151,433,1324,1350]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFBAFFE49BFDFABDFE64BF06" blockId="4.[151,433,1324,1350]" box="[151,433,1324,1350]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FFBAFFE49BFDFABDFE64BF06" bold="true" box="[151,433,1324,1350]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49BFDFABDFE64BF06" ID-CoL="929VK" authority="Holland, 1896" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" baseAuthorityName="Lindsey & Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[151,433,1324,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49BFDFABDFE64BF06" bold="true" box="[151,433,1324,1350]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49BFDFABDFF29BF06" bold="true" box="[151,252,1324,1350]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gorgyra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49A69FABDFE64BF06" author="Holland" box="[259,433,1324,1350]" firstAuthor="Holland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="2 - 107" refId="ref43303" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 03030. x" type="journal article" year="1896">
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFBAFFE49A69FABDFEBFBF06" box="[259,362,1324,1350]" name="Netherlands" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holland</collectingCountry>
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, 1896
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</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFBAFFE49BFDFAE3FB4BBFB7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFBAFFE49BFDFAE3FB4BBFB7" blockId="4.[151,1436,1394,2031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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This is a genus of 20 or more species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49930FAE3FD3EBFCB" author="Larsen" box="[602,747,1394,1419]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="55 - 58" refId="ref44005" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2010) Gorgyra stewarti sp. nov. - a surprising new skipper butterfly from Cameroun and the democratic Republic of Congo (Lep.: Hesperiidae). Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 122, 55 - 58." type="journal article" year="2010">Larsen 2010</bibRefCitation>
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) restricted to Africa. These are secretive butterflies, seldom seen. They tend to be found in localised colonies, which may be more easily located as caterpillars. The known food plants of
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49A57FA2AFE44BF92" box="[317,401,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gorgya</emphasis>
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spp. are all dicotyledons; most records are from species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49F52FA2BFB19BF93" box="[1080,1228,1466,1491]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Connaraceae</taxonomicName>
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, but there are also records from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49A44FA4FFE30BFB7" box="[302,485,1502,1527]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dichapetalaceae</taxonomicName>
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and unconfirmed records from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49822FA4FFC38BFB7" box="[840,1005,1502,1527]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Putranjivaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Putranjivaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49F49FA4FFB4FBFB7" box="[1059,1178,1502,1527]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFBAFFE59BADF992FACAB858" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFBAFFE49BADF992FC56BD57" blockId="4.[151,1436,1394,2031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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We present information on four species that we have reared. In addition to these, at least four other species have been reared. Sevastopulo (unpublished) reared
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49999F9B6FC40BC7E" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[755,917,1574,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bina">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49999F9B6FC92BC7F" box="[755,839,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G. bina</emphasis>
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Evans
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</taxonomicName>
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from Zika Forest, Entebbe,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFBAFFE49F8AF9B7FAE2BC7F" box="[1248,1335,1574,1599]" name="Uganda" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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from an unidentified food plant which in his photographs can be seen to have quite large (c.
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<quantity id="4CD485B9FFBAFFE49F2DF9DBFB5BBC23" box="[1095,1166,1610,1635]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="60.0">60mm</quantity>
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long) shiny leaves. The folded leaf shelter resembles that of the mature caterpillar of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49857F9FEFC25BCC7" authority="Riley" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1929" box="[829,1008,1646,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bibulus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49857F9FEFC7BBCC7" box="[829,942,1646,1671]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G. bibulus</emphasis>
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Riley
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FFBAFFE49895F9FFFBB5BCC7" box="[1023,1120,1646,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,817,839]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,207,796]" captionTargetId="figure-246@9.[151,1436,195,796]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Leaf shelters of Gorgyra bibulus on Rourea thomsonii, collected 4 Jul 1998, Gatamayu Forest, Kenya; the lines in the background are 8mm apart. 1, stage 1 shelter on left, 98/201E; stage 2 shelter on right, 98/201F; 2, stage 3 shelter, 98/201C; 3, pupal shelter, 98/201A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267847/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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). The form of the caterpillar is similar to other
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49A09F902FE2DBCEA" box="[355,504,1683,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49A09F902FE17BCEA" box="[355,450,1683,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gorgyra</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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treated here: head black; body grey-green, inter-segmental folds more yellow; legs brown; anal flap large, rounded, tinged with olive. The pupa is formed in a slight cocoon in a folded leaf, lined with white waxy powder: reddish brown, abdomen tinged olive; covered with white waxy powder, which adheres to the setae of head and thorax; short, deeply bifurcate frontal projection.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFBAFFE59BADF8B3FB47BB00" blockId="4.[151,1436,1394,2031]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49BADF8B3FE4CBD7B" author="Sevastopulo" box="[199,409,1826,1851]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49ACFF8B3FE0ABD7B" author="Sevastopulo, D. G." bookContentInfo="34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." box="[421,479,1826,1851]" editor="Sevastopulo, D. G." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="131 - 132" part="34" refId="ref45556" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." title="Hesperiidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
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, unpublished) reared
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE499A4F8B2FCBDBD7A" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[718,872,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diva">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE499A4F8B2FCC8BD7B" box="[718,797,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G. diva</emphasis>
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Evans
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE498C6F8B2FBBBBD7B" box="[940,1134,1826,1851]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE498C6F8B2FBBBBD7B" box="[940,1134,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Rourea orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49FFEF8B2FA46BD7B" box="[1172,1427,1826,1851]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Byrsocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49FFEF8B2FA46BD7B" box="[1172,1427,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Byrsocarpus orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49BF4F8D7FEE1BD1F" box="[158,308,1862,1887]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Connaraceae</taxonomicName>
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), in the Shimba Hills. Armed with this information, MJWC examined herbarium specimens in the National Herbarium,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFBAFFE49AE9F8FAFE1ABDC3" box="[387,463,1899,1923]" name="Kenya" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, and so tracked down the food plant (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FFBAFFE49803F8FBFC12BDC3" box="[873,967,1898,1923]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,581,1425]" captionTargetId="figure-268@5.[151,1436,581,1425]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rourea orientalis, a food plant of Gorgyra diva and G. johnstoni, Shimba Hills, 13 Apr 1990." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267835/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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), but the caterpillars that he reared proved to be
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49BBEF81EFE6DBDE7" authority="(Butler)" baseAuthorityName="Butler" box="[212,440,1934,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnstoni">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49BBEF81EFE8CBDE7" box="[212,345,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G. johnstoni</emphasis>
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(Butler)
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</taxonomicName>
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(below). Sevastopulo’s caterpillar had the head reddish mahogany; body yellowish green, minutely speckled white, intersegmental areas yellowish; anal flap rounded, brownish; all legs green. Pupa in a silk lined cell in a folded leaf lined with white waxy powder; pale greenish amber, the head and thorax tinged chestnut; head with two projecting tubercles between the eyes; thickly coated with white waxy powder which adheres to the setae of the thorax and head. Sevastopulo’s food plant record has been repeated by subsequent authors:
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBBFFE59E56FF2DFF36BAB8" author="Kielland" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBBFFE59B9AFF71FE47BAB8" author="Larsen" box="[240,402,223,248]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBBFFE59AF4FF4EFD52BAB8" author="Ackery" box="[414,647,223,248]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59A93FF70FDFEBAB8" box="[505,555,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBBFFE599AFFF4EFC75BAB8" author="Heath" box="[709,928,223,248]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE5987AFF70FC96BAB8" box="[784,835,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBBFFE598C6FF71FB9FBAB8" author="Larsen" box="[940,1098,223,248]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that the caterpillars are frequently parasitized (based on MJWC’s observations); at that time, MJWC thought he had reared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59E6BFE95FA84BB5D" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1281,1361,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59E6BFE95FA84BB5D" box="[1281,1361,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. diva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59BA3FEB9FE9BBB00" box="[201,334,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59BA3FEB9FE9BBB00" box="[201,334,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. johnstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so these observations should be associated with the latter species (below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFBBFFE59BADFEDDFACAB858" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBBFFE59BADFEDDFEAABB25" author="Vuattoux" box="[199,383,332,357]" firstAuthor="Vuattoux" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="562 - 568" refId="ref46285" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59AB9FEDDFD56BB23" authority="Druce" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1909" box="[467,643,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afikpo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59AB9FEDDFDEDBB25" box="[467,568,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. afikpo</emphasis>
|
||
Druce
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from three different food plants in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFBBFFE59F64FEDDFB7DBB25" box="[1038,1192,332,357]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59FD9FEDDFEE8BBC8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Connarus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thonningii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59FD9FEDDFA49BB25" box="[1203,1436,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Connarus thonningii</emphasis>
|
||
(Connaraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59A27FEFEFD68BBC8" box="[333,701,367,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" genus="Dichapetalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="madagascariense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59A27FEFEFD68BBC8" box="[333,701,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dichapetalum madagascariense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59988FEE0FCAFBBC7" box="[738,890,368,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" genus="Dichapetalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59988FEE0FCAFBBC7" box="[738,890,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. guineense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE598FDFEFEFB80BBC8" box="[919,1109,367,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dichapetalaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and an unidentified plant.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBBFFE59BFDFE05FE81BBED" author="Vuattoux" box="[151,340,404,429]" firstAuthor="Vuattoux" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="562 - 568" refId="ref46285" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59A81FE05FD45BBEB" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[491,656,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59A81FE05FD95BBEC" box="[491,576,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. sara</emphasis>
|
||
Evans
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE599B5FE05FBB7BBED" box="[735,1122,404,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Cnestis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE599B5FE05FC66BBED" box="[735,947,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cnestis ferruginea</emphasis>
|
||
(Connaraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and an unidentified plant. MJWC found a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59A26FE29FE06BB8F" box="[332,467,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59A26FE29FE7EBB8F" box="[332,427,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gorgyra</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
caterpillar (94/105) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE599B4FE29FCA0BB90" box="[734,885,439,464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Cnestis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE599B4FE29FCA0BB90" box="[734,885,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. ferruginea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFBBFFE598EEFE26FC2EBB90" box="[900,1019,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1518,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-272@5.[151,1436,1518,1956]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cnestis ferruginea, a food plant of Gorgyra sara, Ibadan, Nigeria, 17 Mar 1994. 1, fruiting plant; 2, stages 1 and 2 leaf shelters of a Gorgyra sp., perhaps G.sara." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267837/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2.1</figureCitation>
|
||
) at Ibadan,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFBBFFE59FEBFE26FB0DBB90" box="[1153,1240,439,464]" name="Nigeria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which may have been
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59BB8FE4DFEF6BBB4" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[210,291,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59BB8FE4DFEF6BBB4" box="[210,291,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. sara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it died as a crippled pupa when the final instar head capsule did not split and detach properly. The leaf shelters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFBBFFE59A46FE6EFE77B858" box="[300,418,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1518,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-272@5.[151,1436,1518,1956]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cnestis ferruginea, a food plant of Gorgyra sara, Ibadan, Nigeria, 17 Mar 1994. 1, fruiting plant; 2, stages 1 and 2 leaf shelters of a Gorgyra sp., perhaps G.sara." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267837/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2.2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and caterpillar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFBBFFE5990AFE6EFD15B858" box="[608,704,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1145,1167]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,187,1124]" captionTargetId="figure-322@6.[151,1436,187,1124]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Final instar caterpillar of a Gorgyra sp., perhaps G.sara, collected on Cnestis ferruginea; Ibadan, Nigeria, 17 Mar 1994; died; ref. 94/105. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267841/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) were similar to those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBBFFE59F63FD91FBAEB858" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1929" box="[1033,1147,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bibulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBBFFE59F63FD91FBAEB858" box="[1033,1147,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. bibulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
treated below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |