529 lines
67 KiB
XML
529 lines
67 KiB
XML
<document id="FA7D9E70BE8B920D39AA6E75DE553368" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFF93FFD09BFDFDD3FB95BA93" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Andronymus neander subsp. neander neander Plotz 1884" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="4AEADDCB7495E3FEBF12F745BFBF703C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="545C85DD0D8DD9254EDD407C2BEB35E1">
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<mods:title id="AF5DA30C6DFA06938B2283C21D989365">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="117864F3D5EE6D9CDFF0D4D90A35E380" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="A6FCCBD91CADFCE96FB3BD1045EB9644">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3FFD92B9052CD2E547A05A409D1711A4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="05C4190105CB0094FEF06D2CDB0A5223">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="263CEBE0D4E2E76C3D12F116CF753D6B">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4A290514E4FA4CFC3E4570B690D35CAB" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="BA2BD381BCC40778313EEEF94FABC101" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9FAE2FC2915E5387C77281FAE0151572">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="06EA3966A8D28638D2FD2D0A6D5C71FE">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8994252D26BA8FFAA7BDD8BD14A67E0D">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4DBC00AE26F353E00E46C1975F3A4439" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1246819B13CC76F61058D07AEA97863F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="04C0197FAAE0E22DEB381659788DE91C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="31CD0C9FC1E20D526B3C85FFAA7D48B8">
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<mods:date id="B712ECFFAE0916172973C1EF6B881DCC">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FC467662108CE21D2EA6DB7D48AFD03B">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="E9227338047F429C7831D789D1C4B8F7" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="EA8C45E3EEF2EED84454BD3A55C5BD22">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="A7DF7DDF109DFDDDD11AEE66CABA87CC">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="AEBDA96458057781663EDCB65D2ECC66">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0385994AFF93FFD09BFDFDD3FB95BA93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044074" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199911018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7044074" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFF93FFD09BFDFDD3FB95BA93" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFF93FFD09BFDFDD3FB95BA93" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF93FFCD9BFDFDD3FD4CB81C" box="[151,665,578,604]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF93FFCD9BFDFDD3FD4CB81C" blockId="45.[151,665,578,604]" box="[151,665,578,604]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FF93FFCD9BFDFDD3FD4CB81C" bold="true" box="[151,665,578,604]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD9BFDFDD3FD4CB81C" ID-CoL="66NV9" authority="neander Plotz, 1884" authorityName="neander Plotz" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,665,578,604]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="neander" subSpecies="neander">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9BFDFDD3FD4CB81C" bold="true" box="[151,665,578,604]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9BFDFDD3FDDDB81C" bold="true" box="[151,520,578,604]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Andronymus neander neander</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF93FFCD997AFDD3FD4CB81C" author="Plotz" box="[528,665,578,604]" firstAuthor="Plotz" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="151 - 166" refId="ref44913" refString="Plotz, C. (1884) Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Apaustus Hub. und ihre Arten. Entomologische Zeitung, 45, 151 - 166." type="journal article" year="1884">Plötz, 1884</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF93FFCD9BFDFD18FB2CB972" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF93FFCD9BFDFD18FB2CB972" blockId="45.[151,1436,649,818]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF93FFCD9BFDFD18FEF3B8E2" author="Plotz" box="[151,294,649,674]" firstAuthor="Plotz" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="151 - 166" refId="ref44913" refString="Plotz, C. (1884) Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Apaustus Hub. und ihre Arten. Entomologische Zeitung, 45, 151 - 166." type="journal article" year="1884">Plötz (1884)</bibRefCitation>
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described this species as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD9931FD1BFCFCB8E2" box="[603,809,649,674]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apaustus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neander">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9931FD1BFCFCB8E2" box="[603,809,649,674]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Apaustus neander</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Loango, which
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF93FFCD9F47FD18FAC8B8E2" author="Ackery" box="[1069,1309,649,674]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9FE1FD1BFB15B8E2" box="[1163,1216,649,674]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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give as in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF93FFCD9BFDFD3CFE2BB886" box="[151,510,685,710]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Democratic Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
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(=
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF93FFCD994AFD3CFDB4B886" box="[544,609,685,710]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Zaïre</collectingCountry>
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), but probably this should be
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF93FFCD98D7FD3CFBDDB886" box="[957,1032,685,710]" name="Gabon" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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(e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF93FFCD9F27FD3CFB03B886" author="Purdy" box="[1101,1238,685,710]" firstAuthor="Purdy" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref45120" refString="Purdy, J. (1822) Memoir, descriptive and explanatory, to accompany the new chart of the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean, with the westerns coasts of South America, from Cape Horn to Panama. R. H. Laurie, London, iv + 223 pp." type="book" year="1822">Purdy 1822</bibRefCitation>
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). It occurs in the nominate subspecies from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF93FFCD9AA6FD40FDF0B8AA" box="[460,549,721,746]" name="Senegal" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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through West Africa (uncommon), central, East and southern Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF93FFCD9E3CFD40FF07B94E" author="Evans" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF93FFCD9BB7FD67FEBBB94E" author="Larsen" box="[221,366,757,782]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF93FFCD9AEBFD64FDC5B94E" author="Riley" box="[385,528,757,782]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="64 - 65" refId="ref45274" refString="Riley, N. D. (1928) A list of Hesperiidae collected in the island of Sao Thome by T. A. Barns. Entomologist, 61, 64 - 65." type="journal article" year="1928">Riley (1928)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD99E6FD67FC9DB94E" authority="Riley" authorityName="Riley" box="[652,840,757,782]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apaustus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thomasi">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD99E6FD67FCD1B94E" box="[652,772,757,782]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A. thomasi</emphasis>
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Riley
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</taxonomicName>
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for the population on Sao Thomé, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF93FFCD9E6FFD67FA49B94E" author="Evans" box="[1285,1436,757,782]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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placed this as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD9A8FFC88FD95B972" box="[485,576,793,818]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apaustus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neander">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9A8FFC88FD95B972" box="[485,576,793,818]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">neander</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, hence the need for the trinomial for the mainland subspecies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF5378D4FF93FFCD9BFDFAE8FCE9BFEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267942" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267942/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,249,1401,1423]" targetBox="[151,1436,879,1384]" targetPageId="45">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF93FFCD9BFDFAE8FCE9BFEE" blockId="45.[151,1435,1401,1454]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9BFDFAE8FEF4BFCF" bold="true" box="[151,289,1401,1423]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 50.</emphasis>
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Early stages of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD9AADFAE8FD43BFCF" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[455,662,1401,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marina">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9AADFAE8FD43BFCF" box="[455,662,1401,1423]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Andronymus marina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD984DFAE8FBA5BFCF" authority=", Minziro Forest" authorityName="Minziro Forest" box="[807,1136,1401,1423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Baikiaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eminii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD984DFAE8FC1DBFCF" box="[807,968,1401,1423]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Baikiaea eminii</emphasis>
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, Minziro Forest
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</taxonomicName>
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, Kagera, Tanzania, TCEC.
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9EE3FAE8FA40BFCF" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1401,1423]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">1</emphasis>
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, stage 1 leaf shelter, 6 Apr 1994;
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9A8AFA09FE38BFEE" bold="true" box="[480,493,1432,1454]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">2</emphasis>
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, ovum, dorsal view, 4 Dec 1994.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF5378D4FF93FFCD9BFDF8D6FD0FBD3B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267944" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267944" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267944/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,249,1863,1885]" targetBox="[151,1436,1512,1842]" targetPageId="45">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF93FFCD9BFDF8D6FD0FBD3B" blockId="45.[151,1436,1863,1915]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9BFDF8D6FEF5BD1D" bold="true" box="[151,288,1863,1885]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 51.</emphasis>
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Final instar caterpillar of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD9944F8D6FD28BD1D" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[558,765,1863,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marina">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9944F8D6FD28BD1D" box="[558,765,1863,1885]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Andronymus marina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD98E5F8D6FB0CBD1D" authority=", Minziro Forest" authorityName="Minziro Forest" box="[911,1241,1863,1885]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Baikiaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eminii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD98E5F8D6FBFABD1D" box="[911,1071,1863,1885]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Baikiaea eminii</emphasis>
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, Minziro Forest
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</taxonomicName>
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, Kagera, Tanzania, 13 Apr 1994, TCEC.
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9A1BF8F4FEABBD3B" bold="true" box="[369,382,1893,1915]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">1</emphasis>
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, dorsal view;
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9967F8F4FDCCBD3B" bold="true" box="[525,537,1893,1915]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">2</emphasis>
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, dorsolateral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF5378D4FF90FFCE9BFDFB0FFB9ABE93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267946" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267946/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" startId="46.[151,249,1182,1204]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1161]" targetPageId="46">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF90FFCE9BFDFB0FFB9ABE93" blockId="46.[151,1435,1182,1235]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9BFDFB0FFEF5BEF4" bold="true" box="[151,288,1182,1204]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 52.</emphasis>
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Pupae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF90FFCE9AECFB0FFD81BEF4" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[390,596,1182,1204]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marina">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9AECFB0FFD81BEF4" box="[390,596,1182,1204]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Andronymus marina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF90FFCE9989FB0FFBFCBEF4" authority=", Minziro Forest" authorityName="Minziro Forest" box="[739,1065,1182,1204]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Baikiaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eminii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9989FB0FFC57BEF4" box="[739,898,1182,1204]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Baikiaea eminii</emphasis>
|
||
, Minziro Forest
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kagera, Tanzania, photographed 13 Apr 1994, TCEC.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9A3BFB2CFE8BBE93" bold="true" box="[337,350,1213,1235]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9A87FB2CFE2FBE93" bold="true" box="[493,506,1213,1235]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">2</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view. Emerged pupae in ABRI are 25–27mm long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF90FFD09BADFA91FB95BA93" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF90FFCE9BADFA91FA80BFC4" blockId="46.[151,1436,1279,1412]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF90FFCE9B8DFA91FEE6BF58" box="[231,307,1280,1304]" name="Kenya" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is primarily found in coastal regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9861FB6EFC49BF58" author="Larsen" box="[779,924,1279,1304]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) matching the restricted range of the known food plant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF90FFCE9A79FAB2FDF9BF7C" baseAuthorityName="Beentje" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[275,556,1315,1340]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9A79FAB2FDF9BF7C" box="[275,556,1315,1340]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Brachystegia spiciformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(below). However, given its propensity for mass movements (below) it could occur anywhere in the country, and this may be the origin of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE981EFAD6FBF1BF20" author="Neave's" box="[884,1060,1351,1376]" firstAuthor="Neave's" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="323 - 363" refId="ref44606" refString="Neave, S. A. (1904) On a large collection of Rhopalocera from the shores of the Victoria Nyanza. Novitates Zoologicae, 11, 323 - 363, Plate 1." type="journal article" year="1904">Neave’s (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
record from Nyangori, north of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E8E6BEFF90FFCE9BFDFAFAFF26BFC4" box="[151,243,1387,1412]" country="Kenya" name="Kisumu" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Kisumu</collectingRegion>
|
||
. MJWC has
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2AE3D5FF90FFCE9AE8FAFDFDCEBFC4" box="[386,539,1387,1412]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
taken at light at Ndara Ranch, near Voi, but has not seen it further inland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF90FFCE9BFDFA22FE99BF8C" blockId="46.[150,1438,1459,2024]" box="[151,332,1459,1484]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9BFDFA22FE99BF8C" box="[151,332,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF90FFCE9BFDFA49FC6FBCE4" blockId="46.[150,1438,1459,2024]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Most authors dealing with African skippers have recorded or commented on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF90FFCE989AFA49FBBEBFB0" box="[1008,1131,1495,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apaustus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neander">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE989AFA49FBBEBFB0" box="[1008,1131,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. neander</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a migratory species—or at least one that makes mass movements—including
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9992FA6AFC7CBC54" author="Holland" box="[760,937,1531,1556]" firstAuthor="Holland" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="2 - 107" refId="ref43303" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 03030. x" type="journal article" year="1896">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF90FFCE9992FA6AFC87BC54" box="[760,850,1531,1556]" name="Netherlands" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Holland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1896)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE98DDFA6AFB5DBC54" author="Swanepoel" box="[951,1160,1531,1556]" firstAuthor="Swanepoel" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref45822" refString="Swanepoel, D. A. (1953) Butterflies of South Africa. Maskew Miller Ltd., Cape Town, 320 pp., 17 plates." type="book" year="1953">Swanepoel (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9FFCFA6AFA95BC54" author="Gifford" box="[1174,1344,1531,1556]" firstAuthor="Gifford" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref42451" refString="Gifford, D. (1965) A list of the butterflies of Malawi. The Society of Malawi (Historical and Scientific), Blantyre, Malawi, 151 pp." type="book" year="1965">Gifford (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9E24FA6AFF33BC78" author="Pinhey" firstAuthor="Pinhey" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref44731" refString="Pinhey, E. (1965) Butterflies of Southern Africa. Thomas Nelson & Sons (Africa) Ltd., Johannesburg, South Africa, 240 pp." type="book" year="1965">Pinhey (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9B98F98EFDDCBC78" author="Lindsey & Miller" box="[242,521,1567,1592]" firstAuthor="Lindsey" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="47 - 146" refId="ref44255" refString="Lindsey, A. W. Jr. & Miller, L. D. (1965) Superfamily Hesperioidea. Family Hesperiidae. In: Fox, R. M., Lindsey, A. W. Jr., Clench, H. K. & Miller, L. D. (Eds.), The butterflies of Liberia. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 19, 47 - 146." type="journal article" year="1965">Lindsey & Miller (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE997FF98EFCD3BC78" author="Pinhey & Loe" box="[533,774,1567,1592]" firstAuthor="Pinhey" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref44761" refString="Pinhey, E. C. G. & Loe, I. D. (1977) A guide to the Butterflies of Central and Southern Africa. Sir Joseph Causton & Sons Ltd., London and Eastleigh, UK, 106 pp." type="book" year="1977">Pinhey & Loe (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE987BF98EFBFBBC78" author="Dickson & Kroon" box="[785,1070,1567,1592]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref41976" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9F53F98EFB3BBC78" author="Kielland" box="[1081,1262,1567,1592]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9F93F9B1FA4FBC78" author="Larsen" box="[1273,1434,1567,1592]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9BFCF9D2FE53BC1C" author="Pringle" box="[150,390,1603,1628]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref45070" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9B99F9D5FEF2BC1C" box="[243,295,1603,1628]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9AFCF9D2FD40BC1C" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[406,661,1603,1628]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9968F9D5FDE2BC1C" box="[514,567,1603,1628]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE99CFF9D5FC9CBC1C" author="Larsen" box="[677,841,1603,1628]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE98E6F9D2FB84BC1C" author="Woodhall, S." bookContentInfo="440 pp." box="[908,1105,1603,1628]" journalOrPublisher="Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref47013" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa, 440 pp." title="Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa" type="book" year="2005">Woodhall (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Migrations are primarily in eastern and southern Africa, whereas in West Africa, it seems to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF90FFCE98A4F9F9FB46BC3F" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1946" box="[974,1171,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gander">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE98A4F9F9FB97BCC0" box="[974,1090,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. gander</emphasis>
|
||
Evans
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that indulges in mass movements rather than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF90FFCE9AF4F91DFDCCBCE4" box="[414,537,1675,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apaustus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neander">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9AF4F91DFDCCBCE4" box="[414,537,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. neander</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9942F91AFD1BBCE4" author="Fontaine" box="[552,718,1675,1700]" firstAuthor="Fontaine" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="30 - 32" refId="ref42403" refString="Fontaine, M. (1988) Premiers etats et observations sur quelques Hesperidae du Zaire. Lambillionea, 88, 30 - 32." type="journal article" year="1988">Fontaine 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE99B3F91DFCB3BCE4" author="Larsen" box="[729,870,1675,1700]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="263 - 266" refId="ref43925" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1995) A large-scale migration of the African skipper Andronymus gander Evans, 1946 near Calabar, Nigeria (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Entomologists' Record and Journal of Variation, 107 (11 - 12), 263 - 266." type="journal article" year="1995">Larsen 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9818F91AFC7ABCE4" author="Larsen" box="[882,943,1675,1700]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF90FFCF9BADF93EFEACBB90" blockId="46.[150,1438,1459,2024]" lastBlockId="47.[150,1438,151,1005]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
C.B. Williams, the pioneer of the study of insect migration, collected observations on actual migratory flights of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF90FFCE9BDDF945FEE1BCAC" box="[183,308,1747,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apaustus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neander">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE9BDDF945FEE1BCAC" box="[183,308,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">A. neander</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9A2EF942FE3ABCAC" author="Williams" box="[324,495,1747,1772]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="79 - 91" refId="ref46545" refString="Williams, C. B. (1928) Collected records related to insect migration. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London, 76 (1), 79 - 91. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1928. tb 01190. x" type="journal article" year="1928">Williams 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9A96F942FD91BCAC" author="Williams" box="[508,580,1747,1772]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref46600" refString="Williams, C. B. (1930 a) The Migration of Butterflies. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, xii + 473 pp." type="book" year="1930" yearSuffix="a">1930a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE993BF942FD4CBCAC" author="Williams" box="[593,665,1747,1772]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="139 - 170" refId="ref46626" refString="Williams, C. B. (1930 b) Collected records related to insect migration: second series. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London, 78 (1), 139 - 170. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1930. tb 01206. x" type="journal article" year="1930" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
1930
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE99E1F942FD4CBCAC" author="Williams, C. B." box="[651,665,1747,1772]" firstAuthor="b" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="103 - 116" refId="ref46685" refString="Williams, C. B. (1933) Further collected records relating to insect migration. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London, 81 (1), 103 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1933. tb 00402. x" type="journal article" year="1933">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1933,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9985F942FCFFBCAC" author="b" box="[751,810,1747,1772]" firstAuthor="b" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref46741" refString="Williams, C. B. (1937) Butterfly Migration in the Tropics. London; British Museum (Natural History), 15 pp (unpaginated)." type="book" year="1937">1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE985DF942FBF6BCAC" author="Williams" box="[823,1059,1747,1772]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="101 - 174" refId="ref46889" refString="Williams, C. B., Cockbill, G. F., Gibbs, M. E. & Downes, J. A. (1942) Studies in the migration of Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 92 (1), 101 - 174. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1942. tb 03319. x" type="journal article" year="1942">
|
||
Williams
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF90FFCE98CFF945FC0DBCAC" box="[933,984,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1942
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9F5AF942FB0CBCAC" author="Williams" box="[1072,1241,1747,1772]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="163 - 180" refId="ref46771" refString="Williams, C. B. (1957) Insect migration. Annual Review of Entomology, 2, 163 - 180. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 02.010157.001115" type="journal article" year="1957">Williams 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9F8CF942FAF7BCAC" author="Williams" box="[1254,1314,1747,1772]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref46810" refString="Williams, C. B. (1958) Insect Migration. Collins, London, xiii + 237 pp." type="book" year="1958">1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Later, he summarised his earlier publications and records regarding mass movements of this skipper in Africa, together with those of other authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9ACEF88AFD9BBD74" author="Cookson" box="[420,590,1819,1844]" firstAuthor="Cookson" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="99" refId="ref41881" refString="Cookson, H. (1958) Migration of the hesperiid butterfly, Andronymus neander, at the Vumba near Umtali in Southern Rhodesia. Entomologist, 91, 99." type="journal article" year="1958">Cookson 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9936F88AFCFFBD74" author="Sevastopulo" box="[604,810,1819,1844]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref45503" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1962) Field notes from East Africa. X. Entomologist, 96, 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1962">Sevastopulo 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9852F88AFC3FBD74" author="Handman" box="[824,1002,1819,1844]" firstAuthor="Handman" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="99" refId="ref42571" refString="Handman, J. D. (1963) Migration of the hesperid Butterfly, Andronymus neander Ploetz, near Kasinji, Central Province, Nyasaland. Entomologist, 96, 99." type="journal article" year="1963">Handman 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, etc.) and provides more detail of his observations at Amani, Usambara Mountains,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF90FFCE99D8F8AEFCC3BD18" box="[690,790,1855,1880]" name="Tanzania" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF90FFCE9843F8AEFC02BD18" author="Williams" box="[809,983,1855,1880]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="213 - 220" refId="ref46831" refString="Williams, C. B. (1976) The migrations of the hesperid butterfly, Andronymous [sic] neander Plotz in Africa. Ecological Entomology, 1 (3), 213 - 220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1976. tb 01225. x" type="journal article" year="1976">Williams 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At Amani, where C.B. Williams was resident in the late 1920s, he found that mass movements occurred in many but not all years, in March, April and sometimes the beginning of May, and that the direction of flight was almost entirely between the south and southwest. Williams observed the 1928 mass movement in some detail. This flight lasted for seven weeks, with the skippers moving SSW on every fine day. The peak occurred on
|
||
<date id="FF920E9CFF90FFCE9800F85EFC2FBDA8" box="[874,1018,1999,2024]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1928-04-01">1 April 1928</date>
|
||
when about 500 skippers per minute were passing on a 20 yard front. Males and females were represented in equal numbers. The skippers normally flew at a height of 1.3–2.0m, but at the edge of forest blocks slowly rose to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF91FFCF98AEFF2DFBD2BA95" box="[964,1031,188,213]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.0">
|
||
6–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2AE3D5FF91FFCF9888FF2DFBD2BA95" box="[994,1031,188,213]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="generic">9m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. The flight was in channels of high concentration, rather than on a uniformly dense front, perhaps because the skippers flew around obstacles rather than over them. Based on a measured flight speed of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF91FFCF998FFE95FC82BB5D" box="[741,855,260,285]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="km" value="17.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="15.0">15–19 km</quantity>
|
||
/h, Williams extrapolated that these flights may have started from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9A39FEB9FE49BB00" box="[339,412,296,320]" name="Kenya" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
Coast some three days earlier, and that if they continued, they would be in the vicinity of Lake
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9BB2FEDDFEF8BB25" box="[216,301,332,357]" name="Malawi" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
ten days later.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9AB3FEDDFD45BB25" author="Williams" box="[473,656,332,357]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="213 - 220" refId="ref46831" refString="Williams, C. B. (1976) The migrations of the hesperid butterfly, Andronymous [sic] neander Plotz in Africa. Ecological Entomology, 1 (3), 213 - 220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1976. tb 01225. x" type="journal article" year="1976">Williams (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed mass movements at the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9881FEDDFBE1BB24" box="[1003,1076,332,356]" name="Kenya" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
Coast in March and April only: end of
|
||
<date id="FF920E9CFF91FFCF9B8FFEFEFEBEBBC8" box="[229,363,367,392]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1911-03">March 1911</date>
|
||
near Rabai, flying to the NNE (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF99A5FEFEFCB6BBC8" author="Rogers" box="[719,867,367,392]" firstAuthor="Rogers" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref45424" refString="Rogers, K. St. A. (1912) Occasional migration due to excessive drought. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, 1912, xcvii - xcix." type="book" year="1912">Rogers 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<date id="FF920E9CFF91FFCF981DFEFEFC2ABBC8" box="[887,1023,367,392]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1930-03">March 1930</date>
|
||
near
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9F56FEFEFB4DBBC8" box="[1084,1176,367,392]" name="Kenya" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Malindi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, flying to ‘a little south of west’ (R.M. Graham in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9AB6FE05FD5FBBED" author="Williams" box="[476,650,404,429]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="103 - 116" refId="ref46685" refString="Williams, C. B. (1933) Further collected records relating to insect migration. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London, 81 (1), 103 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1933. tb 00402. x" type="journal article" year="1933">Williams 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); mid-April 1960 at Bumburi (=Bamburi),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9FE7FE05FB2BBBED" box="[1165,1278,404,429]" name="Kenya" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, flying south (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9BF4FE26FEB9BB90" author="Sevastopulo" box="[158,364,439,464]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref45503" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1962) Field notes from East Africa. X. Entomologist, 96, 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1962">Sevastopulo 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF91FFCF9BADFE4DFDD3B9AD" blockId="47.[150,1438,151,1005]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9BADFE4DFE77BBB5" author="Sevastopulo" box="[199,418,476,501]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
notes that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9975FE4DFD4EBBB5" box="[543,667,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apaustus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neander">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9975FE4DFD4EBBB5" box="[543,667,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A. neander</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
"migrates through the Makardara Forest [Shimba Hills], sometimes present in vast numbers, sometimes absent. Recorded for all months except November." We interpret this as being present in all months, not migrating in all months.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF99B9FDB5FC47B87D" author="Dewhurst" box="[723,914,548,573]" firstAuthor="Dewhurst" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="17 - 18" refId="ref41948" refString="Dewhurst, C. F. (1987) Butterfly migration. East African Natural History Society Bulletin, 17 (2), 17 - 18." type="journal article" year="1987">Dewhurst (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
records a mass movement at the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9E61FDB5FA81B87C" box="[1291,1364,548,572]" name="Kenya" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
coast, which we quote in full, since the original is rather inaccessible: “On
|
||
<date id="FF920E9CFF91FFCF98F5FDD6FB9AB820" box="[927,1103,583,608]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1997-01-06">6 January 1997</date>
|
||
, on the Dida to Roka road on the southern edge of the Sokoke Forest, what could only be described as a swarm of the Hesperid butterfly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9BFDFD1EFEF6B8E8" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,291,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9BFDFD1EFEF6B8E8" box="[151,291,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Andronymus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9AC7FD1EFD8CB8E7" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[429,601,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apaustus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neander">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9AC7FD1EFDDCB8E8" box="[429,521,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">neander</emphasis>
|
||
Evans
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was seen crossing the road at between 1 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF91FFCF9F1FFD1EFB77B8E7" box="[1141,1186,655,680]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
high and flying from S.S.E. to N.N.W. at 14.50 h. There were so many butterflies flying so fast that it was impossible to count them. At the onset of a rain shower which lasted only a few minutes, all visible flight stopped, beginning again immediately the rain stopped.’ MJWC observed a modest mass movement in the Shimba Hills on
|
||
<date id="FF920E9CFF91FFCF9F20FD6DFB3EB955" box="[1098,1259,764,789]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1990-04-12">12 April 1990</date>
|
||
. Large numbers were seen flying towards the South across a front from Giriama Point (a headland on the coastal, east side of the hills) to Makadara Forest on the inland side (and perhaps on a wider front, but no observations were made to test this). At Giriama Point they passed at a height of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF91FFCF99BCFCF6FCCAB93F" box="[726,799,871,896]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 m</quantity>
|
||
at a rate of several a minute, and could be caught with some difficulty by a rapid overtaking shot with the net. In the Makadara Forest the skippers flew higher, at about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF91FFCF9EEAFC1DFF10B987" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4– 5 m</quantity>
|
||
, and were channelled along a forest road at the rate of one every second or two (although no specimens were caught to confirm their identity).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF91FFCF9BFDFB8DFECBBE75" blockId="47.[151,1436,1052,1797]" box="[151,286,1052,1077]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9BFDFB8DFECBBE75" box="[151,286,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Food plants</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF91FFCF9BFDFBD1FC23BEE0" blockId="47.[151,1436,1052,1797]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
In north-west
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9A56FBAEFE41BE18" box="[316,404,1087,1112]" name="Zambia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Dollman (unpublished) reared this species from a leguminous tree ‘mutowo’, a species which was not identified scientifically in his notes. The only use of this vernacular name we have traced is that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9BFDFB19FEEEBEE0" author="Raynes" box="[151,315,1159,1184]" firstAuthor="Raynes" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref45173" refString="Raynes, J. (2007) Kalukundi flora. Africo Resources Ltd. Available from: http: // www. africoresources. com / r / files / kalukundi _ flora _ eap. pdf (accessed 4 June 2012)" type="book" year="2007">Raynes (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who lists it as used in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9953FB16FD5BBEE0" box="[569,654,1159,1184]" name="Zambia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF99D7FB16FC27BEE0" box="[701,1010,1159,1184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Isoberlinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF99D7FB16FCEDBEE0" box="[701,824,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Isoberlinia</emphasis>
|
||
spp. (Fabaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF91FFCF9BADFB3DFECFBFA3" blockId="47.[151,1436,1052,1797]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The food plants according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF995DFB3DFCFBBE85" author="Van Someren" box="[567,814,1196,1221]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="315 - 331" refId="ref46242" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF98F4FB3DFB51BE85" box="[926,1156,1196,1221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="randii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF98F4FB3DFB51BE85" box="[926,1156,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Brachystegia randii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(?) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9F93FB3CFEC0BEA8" baseAuthorityName="Beentje" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9F93FB3CFA49BE85" box="[1273,1436,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B. spiciformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the ‘(?)’ after the first species indicates that the herbarium material was not adequate for certain identification (introduction to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9A92FB65FD0EBF4D" author="Van Someren" box="[504,731,1268,1293]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="315 - 331" refId="ref46242" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). MJWC has seen preserved early stages of Van Someren's material in the National Museums of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9929FA89FD59BF70" box="[579,652,1304,1328]" name="Kenya" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(but not recorded details), so these records are presumably based on Van Someren’s own observations in East Africa.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF99B6FAADFC6ABF15" box="[732,959,1340,1365]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="randii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF99B6FAADFC6ABF15" box="[732,959,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Brachystegia randii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9FE1FAADFAD3BF15" box="[1163,1286,1340,1365]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is variously considered a valid name (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9AD8FACEFD8CBF38" author="Tropicos" box="[434,601,1375,1400]" firstAuthor="Tropicos" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref46107" refString="Tropicos (2012) Tropicos. org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: http: // www. tropicos. org / (Accessed 2 Sept. 2013)" type="url" year="2012">Tropicos 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), an unresolved name (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9832FACEFBEDBF38" author="The Plant List" box="[856,1080,1375,1400]" firstAuthor="The Plant List" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref45851" refString="The Plant List (2012) The plant list a working list of all plant species. Available from: http: // www. theplantlist. org / (Accessed 2 Sept. 2013)" type="url" year="2012">The Plant List 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9E6BFAF0FE4CBFDD" authority="(Brummitt et al. 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Brummitt" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9E6BFAF0FA49BF38" box="[1281,1436,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B. spiciformis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9BF4FA15FE44BFDD" author="Brummitt" box="[158,401,1412,1437]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Brummitt" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 218" refId="ref41386" refString="Brummitt, R. K., Chikuni, A. C., Lock, J. M. & Polhill, R. M. (2007) Leguminosae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. In: Timberlake, J. R., Pope, G. V., Polhill, R. M. & Martins, E. S. (Eds.), Flora Zambesiaca, 3 (2), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, pp. 1 - 218." type="book chapter" year="2007">
|
||
Brummitt
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9A7EFA14FE93BFDD" box="[276,326,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given that these food plant records seem to be van Someren’s own observations from East Africa, where only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9A05FA38FDDEBF80" box="[367,523,1447,1472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9A05FA38FDDEBF80" box="[367,523,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B. spiciformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
definitely occurs, it seems reasonable to treat these records as both referring to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9EEEFA38FEC6BFA5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9EEEFA38FEC6BFA5" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B. spiciformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF91FFCF9BADFA7EFDDBBD45" blockId="47.[151,1436,1052,1797]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Subsequent authors give the food plants as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF99C4FA7EFC97BC48" box="[686,834,1519,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF99C4FA7EFC97BC48" box="[686,834,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Brachystegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF983BFA7EFBCBBC48" author="Sevastopulo" box="[849,1054,1519,1544]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9F43FA7EFBB1BC48" author="Sevastopulo, D. G." bookContentInfo="34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." box="[1065,1124,1519,1544]" editor="Sevastopulo, D. G." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="131 - 132" part="34" refId="ref45556" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." title="Hesperiidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9F1AFA61FB28BC48" author="Larsen" box="[1136,1277,1519,1544]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9E60FA7EFF07BC6D" author="Ackery" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9E0EFA60FA40BC48" box="[1380,1429,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9B8AF985FE79BC6D" author="Heath" box="[224,428,1556,1581]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9A46F984FEB5BC6D" box="[300,352,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9AD0F985FD9FBC6D" author="Larsen" box="[442,586,1556,1581]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9916F984FC0CBC6D" authority="(Kielland 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Kielland" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[636,985,1556,1581]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9916F984FCCEBC6D" box="[636,795,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B. spiciformis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9846F985FC04BC6D" author="Kielland" box="[812,977,1556,1581]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or ‘possibly’
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9F14F984FF0EBC10" authority="(Woodhall 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Woodhall" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9F14F984FAC8BC6D" box="[1150,1309,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B. spiciformis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9E44F985FF01BC10" author="Woodhall, S." bookContentInfo="440 pp." journalOrPublisher="Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref47013" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa, 440 pp." title="Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa" type="book" year="2005">Woodhall 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9B8DF9A6FE1CBC10" author="Pringle" box="[231,457,1591,1616]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref45070" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9A55F9A8FEA5BC10" box="[319,368,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also give the food plant as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF986AF9A8FC49BC10" baseAuthorityName="Woodhall" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[768,924,1591,1616]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spiciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF986AF9A8FC49BC10" box="[768,924,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B. spiciformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but specifically based on observations by R. Paré, whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9A2BF9CDFDEBBC35" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[321,574,1628,1653]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9AC7F9CCFE34BC35" box="[429,481,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
give the food plant as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF983CF9CCFC06BC35" box="[854,979,1628,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boehmii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF983CF9CCFC06BC35" box="[854,979,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B. boehmii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species of southern Africa, north to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9BFDF9EEFF29BCD8" box="[151,252,1663,1688]" name="Tanzania" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF9A51F9EEFE53BCD8" box="[315,390,1663,1688]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9AF2F9EEFD42BCD8" author="Brummitt" box="[408,663,1663,1688]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Brummitt" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 218" refId="ref41386" refString="Brummitt, R. K., Chikuni, A. C., Lock, J. M. & Polhill, R. M. (2007) Leguminosae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. In: Timberlake, J. R., Pope, G. V., Polhill, R. M. & Martins, E. S. (Eds.), Flora Zambesiaca, 3 (2), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, pp. 1 - 218." type="book chapter" year="2007">
|
||
Brummitt
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9978F910FD9DBCD8" box="[530,584,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF91FFCF99BBF9EEFCBBBCD8" box="[721,878,1663,1688]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9817F911FBEFBCD8" author="Vuattoux" box="[893,1082,1663,1688]" firstAuthor="Vuattoux" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="562 - 568" refId="ref46285" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reared this species on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9E24F9EEFEACBCFD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Afzelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9E24F9EEFF23BCFD" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Afzelia africana</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(repeated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9967F935FD4BBCFD" author="Larsen" box="[525,670,1700,1725]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At variance with these records from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9F25F935FA49BCFD" authority=", Heath et al. (2002)" authorityName="Heath" authorityYear="2002" box="[1103,1436,1700,1725]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
||
Fabaceae,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9FACF935FA49BCFD" author="Heath" box="[1222,1436,1700,1725]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9E7BF934FA97BCFD" box="[1297,1346,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
give
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9BBAF956FE3CBCA0" box="[208,489,1735,1760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9BBAF956FE3CBCA0" box="[208,489,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Acridocarpus longifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9961F959FD1CBCA0" box="[523,713,1735,1760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Acridocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="smeathmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9961F959FD1CBCA0" box="[523,713,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A. smeathmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF99B3F956FC55BCA0" box="[729,896,1735,1760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malpighiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as a food plant (repeated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF91FFCF9FB8F959FAB6BCA0" author="Larsen" box="[1234,1379,1735,1760]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but we think this needs confirmation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF91FFCF9BFDF8A5FEC2BD0D" blockId="47.[151,1436,1844,2013]" box="[151,279,1844,1869]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9BFDF8A5FEC2BD0D" box="[151,279,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Life history</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF91FFD09BFDF8C9FB95BA93" blockId="47.[151,1436,1844,2013]" lastBlockId="48.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
We have not reared this species, or found descriptions of the early stages. Although Dollman (unpublished) reared it, he did not paint the caterpillar. He noted that the leaf shelter was a ‘lightly spun cylinder—the larva resting on the dorsal surface of the leaf’. There is an emerged pupa from Dollman’s collection in the Dry Early Stages Collection of The Natural History Museum, London; it resembles the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF91FFCF9897F855FB0FBD9C" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[1021,1242,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF91FFCF9897F855FB0FBD9C" box="[1021,1242,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Andronymus caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As noted above, MJWC has seen preserved early stages of this species from the Van Someren collection in the National Museums of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF8EFFD09BDFFF2DFED4BA94" box="[181,257,188,212]" name="Kenya" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but we have not had the opportunity to re-examine these for this account.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |