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404 lines
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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="100335" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc6193c-cd79-4419-a24e-7c5545e0bd30" ID-PMC="PMC9848802" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1113-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" ID-PubMed="36762231" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1113-1" checkinTime="1658252710949" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bribiesca-Contreras, Guadalupe, Dahlgren, Thomas G., Amon, Diva J., Cairns, Stephen, Drennan, Regan, Durden, Jennifer M., Eleaume, Marc P., Hosie, Andrew M., Kremenetskaia, Antonina, McQuaid, Kirsty, O'Hara, Timothy D., Rabone, Muriel, Simon-Lledo, Erik, Smith, Craig R., Watling, Les, Wiklund, Helena & Glover, Adrian G." docDate="2022" docId="2DF2853B29E75CB4BDC27EBB65A1289B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1113: 1-110" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1113" docPubDate="2022-07-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" docTitle="Psychronaetes sp. CCZ _ 101" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" masterDocTitle="Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732669336981" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="17E5BA8ADC2D85554131787F489FB4ED">Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="D859083283739C9A70C0CF6ACA524886">Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden & Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE, Bergen, Norway</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="2DF2853B29E75CB4BDC27EBB65A1289B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197823840" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2DF2853B29E75CB4BDC27EBB65A1289B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2DF2853B29E75CB4BDC27EBB65A1289B" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Polychaeta" scope_family="Aphroditidae" scope_order="Phyllodocida" scope_phylum="Annelida" scope_subOrder="Aphroditiformia">
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<subSubSection id="2D435FAE24696DDB300578869F658F90" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="11D796044BBC5E7305DEB5CA9E140987" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="604E1800B0C65F901F5D2167DC25AB01" LSID="2DF2853B-29E7-5CB4-BDC2-7EBB65A1289B" authority="sp. CCZ _ 101" authorityName="sp. CCZ _ 101" class="Holothurioidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Psychronaetes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychronaetes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Psychronaetes sp. CCZ_101</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="5D89117503F4848B4CE4613BE3583DCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<figureCitation id="75B89C4C832360567E17DB3FB431B2CF" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Psychronaetes sp. CCZ _ 101. Specimen CCZ _ 063 A in situ image. Specimen CCZ _ 101 B in situ image F dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 103 C in situ image H dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 104 D in situ image E dorsal view of specimen before preservation G ventral view. Scale bars: 5 cm (A, D); 2 cm (B); 1 cm (E, G); 75 μm (F); 100 μm (H). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A-D); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (E, G); Bribiesca-Contreras (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="07488525DF80F48458E368E841FFB79F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="D931C7AA416743787C953F3EB6F2DC86" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3F3BA8D509076FB8B0D9D4F23C43643B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<materialsCitation id="3F12CBAF3851153F9D3070BD42AF8EBF" accessionNumber="ON400690, ON406630, ON400707, ON406631, ON400709, ON406639, ON400710, ON406632" collectingDate="2018-05-27" collectingDateMax="2018-06-03" collectingDateMin="2018-05-27" collectorName="Smith, Durden, GenBank, Voucher" elevation="3132" latitude="7.2647" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-149.7741" specimenCount="4">
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Clarion-Clipperton Zone •
|
|
<specimenCount id="230C7C514DD66230B0888F938B02C2F6" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
|
; APEI 7;
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="F01A145CB8CC2C71C607E2DA8E278057" degrees="4.8877" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="4.8877">4.8877°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="09EA449FA51F2C109B2A3E86C74CD459" degrees="141.757" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-141.757">141.757°W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
;
|
|
<quantity id="3B230A90DA4AE9E0E1B34E871675C0DC" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.132" unit="m" value="3132.0">
|
|
<elevation id="07393B7587D005F60C5DB423C97ECD18" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.132" unit="m" value="3132.0">3132 m</elevation>
|
|
</quantity>
|
|
deep;
|
|
<collectingDate id="9E021FECAE3A8C33838A9FE0F888D774" value="2018-05-27">27 May. 2018</collectingDate>
|
|
;
|
|
<collectorName id="AD32D3725FF88AF314809A1424C37DBB">Smith</collectorName>
|
|
&
|
|
<collectorName id="879DEB188439D5D249130D162A986C1A">Durden</collectorName>
|
|
leg.;
|
|
<collectorName id="2E6B7604AFA19314A6690A9BA15E8E09">GenBank</collectorName>
|
|
:
|
|
<accessionNumber id="E2CF5D23D5145AD101C52FD2B987813E" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON400690">ON400690</accessionNumber>
|
|
(COI),
|
|
<accessionNumber id="CBEB47186CD8D0EBC4143DF1B4E890C6" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON406630">ON406630</accessionNumber>
|
|
(18S); NHMUK 2022.62; Voucher code: CCZ_063. •
|
|
<specimenCount id="2DCAE7A5575C44DDF4BA9EAEDF1A0F74" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
|
; APEI 4;
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="F0F2615B4F0B21DCF2AB2EAC6506D040" degrees="7.2647" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="7.2647">7.2647°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="B86D75A3A5C4C6758ADE9EE4E6EA12D7" degrees="149.7741" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-149.7741">149.7741°W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
;
|
|
<quantity id="8816496FE0960CA1FE735F688D5542E6" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.562" unit="m" value="3562.0">
|
|
<elevation id="A1B4AFA932E950EF2A2F3CF3C73D0FB5" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.562" unit="m" value="3562.0">3562 m</elevation>
|
|
</quantity>
|
|
deep;
|
|
<collectingDate id="1E2662F375F7F22B4810BF4EBE1CB390" value="2018-06-03">03 Jun. 2018</collectingDate>
|
|
;
|
|
<collectorName id="C3CEB69E84D44ADE2664C7F31AF1975D">Smith</collectorName>
|
|
&
|
|
<collectorName id="9472DBE1C5990E050CEEAEDB4ED6A8F6">Durden</collectorName>
|
|
leg.; GenBank:
|
|
<accessionNumber id="C8568629C7C5DD36AB8D537E9F0281C1" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON400707">ON400707</accessionNumber>
|
|
(COI),
|
|
<accessionNumber id="B87D388B8B56296828C2873E24553D69" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON406631">ON406631</accessionNumber>
|
|
(18S); NHMUK 2022.65; Voucher code: CCZ_101. •
|
|
<specimenCount id="A8CDFC8050B9A3DFE973A7A865F8C68C" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
|
; APEI 4;
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="E20145CEB894455B13EA711159ACD77B" degrees="7.2647" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="7.2647">7.2647°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="649678714DA252C2D0B3E9A7F1920E59" degrees="149.7741" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-149.7741">149.7741°W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
;
|
|
<quantity id="66707447D034879E51EE25A1220AF7D1" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.562" unit="m" value="3562.0">
|
|
<elevation id="B435FC422EF2C94AA1AED61539C82793" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.562" unit="m" value="3562.0">3562 m</elevation>
|
|
</quantity>
|
|
deep;
|
|
<collectingDate id="269C645FC33A7A033ED0F721752E2365" value="2018-06-03">03 Jun. 2018</collectingDate>
|
|
;
|
|
<collectorName id="3C6D661A0B43AEBA2A435B7CDB286593">Smith</collectorName>
|
|
&
|
|
<collectorName id="77F5A6BCD76FD77F71F217F3DB4A7894">Durden</collectorName>
|
|
leg.; GenBank:
|
|
<accessionNumber id="6E6D22A8567E988E8A7A5123F2877AFF" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON400709">ON400709</accessionNumber>
|
|
(COI),
|
|
<accessionNumber id="E187100B338B2C8A7C53BE38E1EBE51F" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON406639">ON406639</accessionNumber>
|
|
(18S); NHMUK 2022.67; Voucher code: CCZ_103. •
|
|
<specimenCount id="B431BD3D3D9EE08DACF09F34EEDCC4A5" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
|
; APEI 4;
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="2AB60FA4260B67B0760BA55EE469ACE9" degrees="7.2647" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="7.2647">7.2647°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="2C4584CEDA99CEE2AD7D1B9698FBC752" degrees="149.7741" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-149.7741">149.7741°W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
;
|
|
<quantity id="C7C42239FBC3D9E23D4EA9DDE15B77E0" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.562" unit="m" value="3562.0">
|
|
<elevation id="3D2927CAA8D32A9ECF2E260D55A40645" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.562" unit="m" value="3562.0">3562 m</elevation>
|
|
</quantity>
|
|
deep;
|
|
<collectingDate id="41C397108EF8E6FA7A1185071569F542" value="2018-06-03">03 Jun. 2018</collectingDate>
|
|
;
|
|
<collectorName id="472C63C5BB7FE09F0ECC6AB83F14C728">Smith</collectorName>
|
|
&
|
|
<collectorName id="B3490BBABB34DCB0699F74BFDD3FD70B">Durden</collectorName>
|
|
leg.;
|
|
<collectorName id="688B1F667A86A7D176FDDBBBB3EE44E1">GenBank</collectorName>
|
|
:
|
|
<accessionNumber id="202ABC0D24EAB1D97D73F78F915993A0" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON400710">ON400710</accessionNumber>
|
|
(COI),
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FDAC9CE256A358B3B6FA300E90E52F16" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON406632">ON406632</accessionNumber>
|
|
(18S); NHMUK 2022.68;
|
|
<collectorName id="1E9C540C649FA3370DE20621552496B0">Voucher</collectorName>
|
|
code: CCZ_104
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="6825F1CBFC79F5CE040D625C0C833BB5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="11FEC0D8A198370EF6B5AF9AFE329FB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B256CBB355722053F47701C9CAE5C4EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Four specimens (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="CDF8C47365A3DCE5808BF343748DE0CE" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Psychronaetes sp. CCZ _ 101. Specimen CCZ _ 063 A in situ image. Specimen CCZ _ 101 B in situ image F dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 103 C in situ image H dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 104 D in situ image E dorsal view of specimen before preservation G ventral view. Scale bars: 5 cm (A, D); 2 cm (B); 1 cm (E, G); 75 μm (F); 100 μm (H). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A-D); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (E, G); Bribiesca-Contreras (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48A-D</figureCitation>
|
|
). Body dorso-ventrally flattened (L = 15.9 cm, W = 3.4 cm), tapering at both ends; pronounced
|
|
<normalizedToken id="2F61CC1A6B8FDBF62E790CB494A4E931" originalValue="“neck”">"neck"</normalizedToken>
|
|
anteriorly; mouth anteroventral, anus posterodorsal. Tentacles 18, with long stems and large elongate oval discs (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="D852784E84630C69F56818EF8557E89F" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Psychronaetes sp. CCZ _ 101. Specimen CCZ _ 063 A in situ image. Specimen CCZ _ 101 B in situ image F dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 103 C in situ image H dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 104 D in situ image E dorsal view of specimen before preservation G ventral view. Scale bars: 5 cm (A, D); 2 cm (B); 1 cm (E, G); 75 μm (F); 100 μm (H). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A-D); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (E, G); Bribiesca-Contreras (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48G</figureCitation>
|
|
). Body wall firm and leathery, dark violet in preserved specimen, with evident, numerous calcareous wheel-like ossicles that make the skin sparkle under light. Mid-ventral ambulacrum is naked; one irregular row of ≥ 40 tube feet running along each ventrolateral ambulacra (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="37FE29647B556B53FA33C298AE2C37BA" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Psychronaetes sp. CCZ _ 101. Specimen CCZ _ 063 A in situ image. Specimen CCZ _ 101 B in situ image F dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 103 C in situ image H dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 104 D in situ image E dorsal view of specimen before preservation G ventral view. Scale bars: 5 cm (A, D); 2 cm (B); 1 cm (E, G); 75 μm (F); 100 μm (H). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A-D); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (E, G); Bribiesca-Contreras (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48G</figureCitation>
|
|
), very conspicuous on live specimens (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="14ED89B5D43EE6F79972D267E644B868" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Psychronaetes sp. CCZ _ 101. Specimen CCZ _ 063 A in situ image. Specimen CCZ _ 101 B in situ image F dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 103 C in situ image H dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 104 D in situ image E dorsal view of specimen before preservation G ventral view. Scale bars: 5 cm (A, D); 2 cm (B); 1 cm (E, G); 75 μm (F); 100 μm (H). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A-D); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (E, G); Bribiesca-Contreras (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48A-D</figureCitation>
|
|
), but fully retracted on preserved specimens. Paired dorsal ambulacra with ~ 20 papillae each; ~ 7 long thick papillae distributed along each ambulacrum, interspersed with smaller ones (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="45ECF366E4DF21A4B08298F0C3D119E4" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Psychronaetes sp. CCZ _ 101. Specimen CCZ _ 063 A in situ image. Specimen CCZ _ 101 B in situ image F dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 103 C in situ image H dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 104 D in situ image E dorsal view of specimen before preservation G ventral view. Scale bars: 5 cm (A, D); 2 cm (B); 1 cm (E, G); 75 μm (F); 100 μm (H). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A-D); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (E, G); Bribiesca-Contreras (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48A-E</figureCitation>
|
|
). There are ~ 18 large conical papillae surrounding the anterior margin dorsally, fully fused forming a fringe (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="F07C0ECE4A86B9B240413B5018CB907D" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Psychronaetes sp. CCZ _ 101. Specimen CCZ _ 063 A in situ image. Specimen CCZ _ 101 B in situ image F dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 103 C in situ image H dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 104 D in situ image E dorsal view of specimen before preservation G ventral view. Scale bars: 5 cm (A, D); 2 cm (B); 1 cm (E, G); 75 μm (F); 100 μm (H). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A-D); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (E, G); Bribiesca-Contreras (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48B, D</figureCitation>
|
|
). Dorsal ossicles numerous, wheel-like, of different sizes (ranging from 77-340
|
|
<normalizedToken id="A55F9F73A22B313E6C171281ED708ED5" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
|
in diameter) but mostly large; strongly concave; central primary cross with 4-6 struts, mostly four; smooth rim; with 10-16, mostly 12, short spokes (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="133AF2FA29217C59E0F0892E5A6696E7" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Psychronaetes sp. CCZ _ 101. Specimen CCZ _ 063 A in situ image. Specimen CCZ _ 101 B in situ image F dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 103 C in situ image H dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ _ 104 D in situ image E dorsal view of specimen before preservation G ventral view. Scale bars: 5 cm (A, D); 2 cm (B); 1 cm (E, G); 75 μm (F); 100 μm (H). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A-D); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (E, G); Bribiesca-Contreras (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48F, H</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="42A7AB94046F657AFA102F32B7DA03CC" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716374" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 48" startId="F48">
|
|
<paragraph id="4051F19C70D50BB93C4350C6FCC42A2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="45D2BF8ADA2525D8FD2C939B9DB3681C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 48.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FA2064C2B8BA2B6D1C4A3B4E91B51D9D" class="Holothurioidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Psychronaetes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychronaetes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5DF66048178D590D27582C17056F38B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psychronaetes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. CCZ_101. Specimen CCZ_063
|
|
<emphasis id="D353A38119D578F167AE6154255951AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
|
in situ image. Specimen CCZ_101
|
|
<emphasis id="DB5C6A4DD3B8792D9AC385CEBAABA4EC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
|
in situ image
|
|
<emphasis id="904750779C06F92C4928BD957973BF08" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
|
dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ_103
|
|
<emphasis id="5AD2856F261A2DB6750667C1DA999C24" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
|
in situ image
|
|
<emphasis id="D8059D21B54461FD2617CD39F7E391F8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
|
|
dorsal ossicles. Specimen CCZ_104
|
|
<emphasis id="02F25F4E2456828802947EA6EE00E724" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
|
in situ image
|
|
<emphasis id="B9B7F934DDB089D995127CB4C44DA52C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
|
dorsal view of specimen before preservation
|
|
<emphasis id="877131A3E51F7748CAB95BF7864513C5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
|
|
ventral view. Scale bars: 5 cm (
|
|
<emphasis id="5A3453FC340946E2865BAE130DC4BE60" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, D</emphasis>
|
|
); 2 cm (
|
|
<emphasis id="F11EE2C76FBBB7415E4FD9D9F8805F04" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
|
); 1 cm (
|
|
<emphasis id="5C22C6CF70DD88A4BC30349666708BE7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, G</emphasis>
|
|
); 75
|
|
<normalizedToken id="D9E54C8E7F59A7D942CFCEA2A8FD5B58" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="DC2C9C022A6346D39ECD9EB769F88F64" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
|
); 100
|
|
<normalizedToken id="C1E89EC5DA50A7C753917F5456D1BAC5" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="CFA7F1783D689D772FEC1E85861E6423" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
|
|
). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
|
|
<emphasis id="1C94CE5DEEE4AD0C38B8F39A321269B5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
|
|
); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
|
|
<emphasis id="B6B491AD4326D48840F7664E1CD007D9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, G</emphasis>
|
|
); Bribiesca-Contreras (
|
|
<emphasis id="75814EF3BA6BEA5ECE5C2649D6B4213C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, H</emphasis>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="6ADE1E83891EED80CA9563E59A32E86D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
|
<paragraph id="50D973D12D84CD788FE7F028281B6441" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="71D070EFF3DF06D17D7F97670F13B301" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Based on ossicle morphology, the four specimens were considered to belong to the same species. Sequence of the 18S were found to be identical between specimens CCZ_063, CCZ_101, and CCZ_104 (0.0% K2P distance) but 1.3% divergent from CCZ_103. The COI gene was amplified for the four specimens and genetic divergence ranges between 0.8% to 7.4%. The two specimens collected in APEI 4 are less genetically divergent (CCZ_101-CCZ_104 = 0.8% K2P). The specimen collected in APEI 7 (CCZ_063) is 2.3-2.9% divergent from the other three. The specimen CCZ_103 is 7.4% divergent to CCZ_101 and CCZ_104, but only 2.9% divergent from CCZ_063. While the former values are within the range of interspecific genetic divergence, we considered the specimen to belong to the same species as both the ossicle and external morphological characters are similar to the other three specimens. In addition, the trace files for both 18S and COI for this specimen are messy and the high genetic divergence could be an artifact of miss-called nucleotides. Unfortunately, there are no sequences available for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8D4BC242FD2DFBAF1A54A6078DC6217A" class="Holothurioidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Psychronaetes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychronaetes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="A3D85A4E5157774C3DC69AE6412CE5FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psychronaetes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but we included sequences of other genera within the family (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D8016D3466A681850469F5153F57CB0" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothuroidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Pannychia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pannychia" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="13C389ACF869629C69E1A236AE7D5264" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pannychia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5A855F1BAD74AD599790972B51D374AB" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1879" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Laetmogone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laetmogone" order="Ophioscolecida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="6BC4BE8AD0B0D828714E3C4C9DA419CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Laetmogone</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="25C1FF5BA07D390A8755923AC56481B4" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1895" class="Holothuroidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Benthogone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Benthogone" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="889700BCCB6AB70F5026325BE4A9E602" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Benthogone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) for which COI genetic divergence ranged from 23-31%. In the phylogenetic tree, the four specimens were recovered in a well-supported clade (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="F84CEE80DFF9CA46866FD1A7A219A5DF" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="F34" captionText="Figure 34. Phylogenetic tree of the class Holothuroidea. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and H 3) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP> 0.70 and BS> 50 are shown, with values of PP> 0.95 and BS> 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure34" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716360" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">34</figureCitation>
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), close to other
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<taxonomicName id="191AE3215B06DF6DABDB1D1E4DE1D386" authorityName="Ekman" authorityYear="1926" class="Holothuroidea" family="Laetmogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Laetmogonidae</taxonomicName>
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(poorly supported). This species has an anterior brim, which is characteristic of the monotypic genus
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<emphasis id="41FC8BD6032D23165278CEC04D7E7393" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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|
<taxonomicName id="0B4FD4AAB08433F3C55364D7F96D96FB" class="Holothurioidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Psychronaetes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychronaetes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Psychronaetes</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="BFC49EFE840D4C965188AD88A8AA3524" authorityName="Pawson" authorityYear="1983" class="Holothurioidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Psychronaetes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychronaetes hanseni" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hanseni">Psychronaetes hanseni</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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Pawson, 1983 differs from the four specimens in having smaller dorsal wheel ossicles (d = 50-80
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<normalizedToken id="2EB4181877105E6117E6180CE51738D8" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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|
) with 9-12 spokes, only 15 tube feet on each of paired ventral ambulacrum, 15 mouth tentacles instead of 18, and in the number of papillae on the dorsal paired ambulacra. The species and genus were described from two specimens collected in the CCZ (
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<bibRefCitation id="E074B4DD4AC3C23276310CE96B632C82" author="Pawson, DL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="154 - 159" refId="B77" refString="Pawson, DL, 1983. Psychronaetes hanseni, a new genus and species of elasipodan sea cucumber from the eastern central Pacific (Echinodermata: Holothurioidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 96: 154 - 159" title="Psychronaetes hanseni, a new genus and species of elasipodan sea cucumber from the eastern central Pacific (Echinodermata: Holothurioidea)." volume="96" year="1983">Pawson 1983</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection id="9BD28B879D5668DF914C1D6BCA5B3234" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
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<paragraph id="1DB3121CD1033C5A8F281D084E803903" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E3C17C1115A5618D14EFCDA3D6319EEC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The four specimens were found on the sedimented seafloor of seamounts in APEIs 4 and 7 between 3132-3562 m depth.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="15B48AF9A334439F24A441B0D8ED6C0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comparisons">
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<paragraph id="21D9C69580EBB5CF409772FD19FD7132" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="98E391EF677D765650E4FB93246EC59E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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|
No exactly similar
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|
<taxonomicName id="73ACDC702DB24D11172D131393EA9B38" class="Holothurioidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Psychronaetes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychronaetes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="A4C947BAA1A954D668544C121E3C4C2E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psychronaetes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. morphotypes have been encountered in seabed image surveys conducted in the eastern CCZ or in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ. Consequently, the in situ images of these specimens were catalogued as a new morphotype (i.e.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52515E6039C039DAEE4B363BDCB63DD8" class="Holothurioidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Psychronaetes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychronaetes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="142EA3A84294FB2D62A53F24FC1EF91E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psychronaetes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. indet., HOL_110). However, HOL_110 can resemble at least two other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FC56C16D6DE833028CE8886902B096BD" authorityName="Ekman" authorityYear="1926" class="Holothuroidea" family="Laetmogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Laetmogonidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
morphotypes catalogued from seabed imagery;
|
|
<taxonomicName id="10F753FA25AD1B2DAAAA2F9C910CB956" authorityName="Ekman" authorityYear="1926" class="Holothuroidea" family="Laetmogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Laetmogonidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. indet., HOL_030 (e.g., dark violet, but with 8+ long papillae) which is commonly found in the eastern CCZ (but not in the Kiribati EEZ); and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="24353F31EC67CF8EF152AAB5C5BC9722" class="Holothurioidea" family="Laetmogonidae" genus="Psychronaetes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychronaetes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="CFC2B24582F8521A74C0BDA2A664FC5D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psychronaetes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. indet., HOL_122 (e.g., violet, but only with six or seven long papillae and with fewer (<20) and larger, thick tube feet) which was also only found in the western CCZ.
|
|
</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |