459 lines
54 KiB
XML
459 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="E2A0435511A8BBC2D157F13BDA8B4963" ID-DOI="10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a17" ID-GBIF-Dataset="63f92f6b-7b95-4615-92b2-00f712d5d3f2" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3724532" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FAF29578-704B-48ED-A426-A345C49DEFB3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1584978317985" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hugel, Sylvain" docDate="2019" docId="03F687D8FFF6FFD81D67FA35AF48F28C" docLanguage="en" docName="zoosystema.41.17.327-340.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 41 (17)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:AFAF64E709DD7C8340B70A24A5804402.4:Zoosystema.2018-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="AFAF64E709DD7C8340B70A24A5804402" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2018-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Gnathoclita vorax" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="339" masterDocId="FFCFFFA0FFFDFFD61C7CFFA1AC40F03F" masterDocTitle="Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="327" pageNumber="336" updateTime="1698730854005" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="B309AAF96134FF689F44C863FE645790">Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F473D029312784DAC2C236B53FEAC92B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="35D88210ED7CD0EDD2F4D0AF7A108743">Hugel, Sylvain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="84E02934FDB8E46E9942388B499F71F6">Zoosystema</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="98DA9DFF2C7153D882F27C412451934A">
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<mods:date id="F86BF3ECFF23E9781DD884F4F667E3FE">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C37E8314F630A05552A907140449FFB6">2019-08-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F04B44EE061DEEC865761BE06CBE063B">17</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C3456545FFF6FFDD1D67FA35AE30F590" box="[283,624,1428,1455]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1D67FA35AE30F590" blockId="11.[283,624,1428,1455]" box="[283,624,1428,1455]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1D67FA35AE30F590" authority="(Stoll, 1813)" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[283,624,1428,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
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<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1D67FA35ADA0F590" bold="true" box="[283,480,1428,1455]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Gnathoclita vorax</emphasis>
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(Stoll, 1813)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1CF8FA71AD8BF5D6" authority="Stoll, 1813" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1813" box="[132,459,1488,1513]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax" subGenus="Acheta">
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<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1CF8FA71AC87F5D7" box="[132,199,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Gryllus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1CAAFA71AD54F5D7" box="[214,276,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Acheta</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1D5FFA70AD16F5D7" box="[291,342,1489,1512]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">vorax</emphasis>
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Stoll, 1813
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</taxonomicName>
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: plate 4c, figs 19, 20.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4F11E0FFF6FFDD1CF8F9A2AE20F624" box="[132,608,1539,1563]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFE10DFFFF6FFDD1CF8F9A2AE1CF624" author="DE HAAN W." box="[132,604,1539,1563]" page="208" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" year="1843">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1CF8F9A2AE1CF624" authority="De Haan, 1843: 208" authorityName="De Haan" authorityPageNumber="208" authorityYear="1843" box="[132,604,1539,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax" subGenus="Gnathoclita">
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<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1CF8F9A2AC87F624" box="[132,199,1539,1563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Gryllus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1CAAF9A2AD05F624" box="[214,325,1539,1563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Gnathoclita</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1D28F9A2ADC7F625" box="[340,391,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">vorax</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF6FFDD1DF1F9A2AE1CF624" author="DE HAAN W." box="[397,604,1539,1563]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" pagination="208" refId="ref6326" refString="DE HAAN W. 1843. - Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. Temminck [Ed.] Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen 19 / 20: 208." type="journal article" year="1843">De Haan, 1843: 208</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<collectionCode id="ED4EAE0BFFF6FFDD1CC0F99BAD58F674" box="[188,280,1594,1611]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">MATERIAL</collectionCode>
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. — Lost?
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LOCALITY. — America
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<collectionCode id="ED4EAE0BFFF6FFDD1CF8F938ADE4F690" box="[132,420,1689,1713]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">OTHER MATERIAL EXAMANED</collectionCode>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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—
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</emphasis>
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.
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<collectingRegion id="499BF82CFFF6FFDD1E07F938ACE1F6F3" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Planète revisitée</collectingRegion>
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2015,
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,
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54.450137°
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a.s.l.;
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, nuit,
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—
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<collectingRegion id="499BF82CFFF6FFDD1DAFF948AE31F73E" box="[467,625,1769,1793]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Planète revisitée</collectingRegion>
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2015,
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, Layon D,
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54.4509°
|
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<collectingCountry id="F348765EFFF6FFDD1E8DF8A2AF43F724" box="[753,771,1795,1819]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">O</collectingCountry>
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,
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a.s.l.
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–
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54.4517°
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<collectingCountry id="F348765EFFF6FFDD1DADF8BFADA3F709" box="[465,483,1822,1846]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" value="Iceland">O</collectingCountry>
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a.s.l.,
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, nuit,
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||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
—
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B373C93FFF6FFDD1E64F899AE5EF7BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2579588559" country="French Guiana" latitude="2.2349" longitude="-54.4541" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" stateProvince="Planete Revisitee">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499BF82CFFF6FFDD1E64F899AEF4F76F" box="[536,692,1848,1872]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Planète revisitée</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F348765EFFF6FFDD1EC7F899AF47F76F" box="[699,775,1848,1872]" name="French Guiana" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" value="French Guiana">Guyane</collectingCountry>
|
||
2015,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499BF82CFFF6FFDD1CBFF8F2ADE0F755" box="[195,416,1875,1898]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Monts Tumuc-Humac</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499BF82CFFF6FFDD1DD5F8F2AE28F754" box="[425,616,1875,1899]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Massif du Mitaraka</collectingRegion>
|
||
, vers sommet en Cloche,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6B5009FFF6FFDD1CADF8CCAD7EF7BA" box="[209,318,1901,1925]" degrees="54.4541" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" precision="5" value="-54.4541">
|
||
54.4541°
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F348765EFFF6FFDD1D50F8CCAD7EF7BA" box="[300,318,1901,1925]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6B5009FFF6FFDD1D3AF8CCADE6F7BA" box="[326,422,1901,1925]" degrees="2.2349" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" precision="5" value="2.2349">2.2349°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B2BFFF6FFDD1DD2F8CCADAAF7BA" box="[430,490,1901,1925]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" unit="m" value="370.0">370 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.,
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B373C93FFF6FFDD1E52F8CCAEE5F7A0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2579588548" collectingDate="2015-02-23" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Iceland" latitude="2.2329" longitude="-54.4646" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6B5009FFF6FFDD1E52F8CCAEDBF7BA" box="[558,667,1901,1925]" degrees="54.4646" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" precision="5" value="-54.4646">
|
||
54.4646°
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F348765EFFF6FFDD1EF6F8CCAEDBF7BA" box="[650,667,1901,1925]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" value="Iceland">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6B5009FFF6FFDD1EDFF8CCAF43F7BA" box="[675,771,1901,1925]" degrees="2.2329" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" precision="5" value="2.2329">2.2329°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B2BFFF6FFDD1CF8F829AC85F7A0" box="[132,197,1928,1952]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" unit="m" value="470.0">470 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.,
|
||
<date id="FFE1100EFFF6FFDD1D7FF826ADF0F7A0" box="[259,432,1927,1951]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" value="2015-02-23" valueMax="2015-03-10" valueMin="2015-02-23">23.II-10.III.2015</date>
|
||
, nuit,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D59FD47FFF6FFDD1D8CF829AE54F79E" box="[496,532,1928,1953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D59FD47FFF6FFDD1E5DF829AE02F79E" box="[545,578,1928,1953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4EAE0BFFF6FFDD1E33F829AEE5F7A0" box="[591,677,1928,1951]" collectionName="France, Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3456545FFF6FFDD1CF8F818ADDCF7D3" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1CF8F818ADDCF7D3" blockId="11.[132,775,1977,2028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION. — Surinam, Guiana, Brazil North [Cigliano
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1EAFF81AAF41F7ED" box="[723,769,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, OSF, 2018], French Guiana.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3456545FFF6FFDD1F51FF78A958F2ED" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F51FF78AF97F0CE" blockId="11.[813,1455,217,296]" box="[813,983,217,243]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">REDESCRIPTION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F51FF54A971F117" blockId="11.[813,1455,217,296]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
Males and females of this species have been comprehensively redescribed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF6FFDD1FFCFEB1A855F117" author="WILLEMSE C." box="[896,1045,272,296]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" pagination="239 - 245" refId="ref7255" refString="WILLEMSE C. 1954. - Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll), a little known Pseudophyllid from Dutch Guiana (Orthoptera). Ano del Libertador Gral. San Martin 1: 239 - 245." type="journal article" year="1954">Willemse 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF6FFDD185DFEB1A8CDF117" author="BEIER M." box="[1057,1165,272,296]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" pagination="396" refId="ref6127" refString="BEIER M. 1960. - Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Pseudophyllinae II), in MERTENS R., HENNIG W. & WERMUTH H. (eds), Das Tierreich, 74. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, p. 396." type="book chapter" year="1960">Beier 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF6FFDD18E5FEB1A963F117" author="DE JONG C." box="[1177,1315,272,296]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" pagination="303 - 311" refId="ref6360" refString="DE JONG C. 1971. - Notes on the types of Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll) (Tettigoniidae, Pterophyllinae). Zoologische Mededelingen uitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden 45 (26): 303 - 311." type="journal article" year="1971">De Jong 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F51FEF8A8DCF14C" blockId="11.[813,1455,345,499]" box="[813,1180,345,371]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1F51FEF8A8DCF14C" box="[813,1180,345,371]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
Stridulatory apparatus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A4BFFF6FFDD185FFEF8A8D4F14C" box="[1059,1172,345,371]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,144,1783,1801]" captionTargetBox="[220,1363,221,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[205,1366,191,1756]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 7. – Call of Gnathoclita vorax Beier, 1950: A-C, Field recording of a male calling from a cavity (26°C); D, male stridulatory apparatus in dorsal view; E, male file in ventral view. Scale bar: D, 5 mm; E, 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724546" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724546/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Fig. 7D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F51FED8A86EF1CC" blockId="11.[813,1455,345,499]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
Left FW mirror infuscated, with no concavity, oval shaped except the anterior proximal angle; about 2 times as high (maximal height) as wide (maximal width). File with
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1911FE18A93EF1ED" box="[1389,1406,441,466]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">c.</emphasis>
|
||
101 lamellar teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A4BFFF6FFDD1FB2FE79A861F1CC" box="[974,1057,472,499]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,144,1783,1801]" captionTargetBox="[220,1363,221,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[205,1366,191,1756]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 7. – Call of Gnathoclita vorax Beier, 1950: A-C, Field recording of a male calling from a cavity (26°C); D, male stridulatory apparatus in dorsal view; E, male file in ventral view. Scale bar: D, 5 mm; E, 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724546" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724546/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F51FDB6A958F2ED" blockId="11.[813,1456,535,722]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
BIOACOUSTICS (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A4BFFF6FFDD1FABFDB6A85AF20E" box="[983,1050,535,561]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,144,1783,1801]" captionTargetBox="[220,1363,221,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[205,1366,191,1756]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 7. – Call of Gnathoclita vorax Beier, 1950: A-C, Field recording of a male calling from a cavity (26°C); D, male stridulatory apparatus in dorsal view; E, male file in ventral view. Scale bar: D, 5 mm; E, 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724546" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724546/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">FIG. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C, SUPPLEMENTARY VIDEO 2)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1F51FD99AFA2F26D" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[813,994,568,594]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1F51FD99AFA2F26D" box="[813,994,568,594]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Gnathoclita vorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sings by night hours, from the undergrowth from plant-made cavities. The call consists of long (> 1 min) relatively regular repetitions of syllables. At 26°C, syllables are repeated every 3.818±
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6B5009FFF6FFDD186DFD36A81AF28D" box="[1041,1114,663,690]" degrees="0.625" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" precision="55" value="-0.625">0.625 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(syllable duration: 50.8±4.3 ms). The frequency peaks between 8750-8900 Hz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3456545FFF6FFDD1F51FD59A9F0F44E" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F51FD59A803F30E" blockId="11.[813,1456,759,1137]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1F51FD59AF84F32E" box="[813,964,759,786]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Comparison of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1FB6FD56A867F32D" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[970,1063,759,786]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">G. vorax</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1852FD56A816F32E" box="[1070,1110,759,785]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">and</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1821FD56AFA0F30E" authority="Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sodalis">
|
||
G. sodalis
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD18B2FD59AFA0F30E" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1F9BFCB6A803F30E" box="[999,1091,791,817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">male call</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F51FC96A9F0F44E" blockId="11.[813,1456,759,1137]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1FDAFC96A84AF36E" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1895" box="[934,1034,823,849]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sodalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1FDAFC96A84AF36E" box="[934,1034,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">G. sodalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is made of phonatomes repeated every 180-480 ms, depending on the temperature (Montealegre-Z & Morris 1999) whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1869FCD6A82BF3AE" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[1045,1131,887,913]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1869FCD6A82BF3AE" box="[1045,1131,887,913]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">G. vorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
phonatomes are repeated every
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1F51FC36AF7DF38F" box="[813,829,919,944]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">c.</emphasis>
|
||
4 s. The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1F98FC36A807F38E" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1895" box="[996,1095,919,945]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sodalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1F98FC36A807F38E" box="[996,1095,919,945]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">G. sodalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
peaks at about 15-16 kHz, about twice the frequency of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD186FFC16A828F3EF" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[1043,1128,951,977]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD186FFC16A828F3EF" box="[1043,1128,951,977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">G. vorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
peak (Montealegre-Z & Morris 1999). Interstingly, in addition to acoustic communication,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1F51FC56AFD2F42F" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1895" box="[813,914,1014,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sodalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1F51FC56AFD2F42F" box="[813,914,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">G. sodalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males use tremulatory vibration to communicate with other males and females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF6FFDD18FCFBB6A928F40F" author="DE SOUZA L. R. & KASUMOVIC M. M. & JUDGE K. A. & MORRIS G. K." box="[1152,1384,1046,1073]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" pagination="341 - 357" refId="ref6403" refString="DE SOUZA L. R., KASUMOVIC M. M., JUDGE K. A. & MORRIS G. K. 2011. - Communicating male size by tremulatory vibration in a Columbian rainforest katydid, Gnathoclita sodalis (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Behaviour 148: 341 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 000579511 X 559418" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
De Souza
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD188EFBB6A968F40F" box="[1266,1320,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This tremulatory behavior may not occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD18AAFB96A970F46F" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[1238,1328,1079,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD18AAFB96A970F46F" box="[1238,1328,1079,1105]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">G. vorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since males of this species sing in a very narrow environment (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3456545FFF6FFD81F51FB34AF48F28C" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F51FB34A959F491" blockId="11.[813,1456,1173,2030]" box="[813,1305,1173,1200]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
GUARDING BEHAVIOR OF
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1841FB34A959F491" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[1085,1305,1173,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="340" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1841FB34A959F491" box="[1085,1305,1173,1200]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1841FB34A891F491" box="[1085,1233,1173,1200]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">GNATHOCLITA</emphasis>
|
||
VORAX
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F51FB17AFB0F630" blockId="11.[813,1456,1173,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
A total of five males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD185FFB17A89DF4F0" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[1059,1245,1206,1232]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD185FFB17A89DF4F0" box="[1059,1245,1206,1232]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Gnathoclita vorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed during the Mitaraka survey in 2015. All these observations occurred late by night hours (11 pm-2 am). These males were sheltering in narrow tube-shaped hollow plant sections, their head facing the aperture of the cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A4BFFF6FFDD18AAFA94A956F56F" box="[1238,1302,1333,1360]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,144,1783,1801]" captionTargetBox="[220,1363,221,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[205,1366,191,1756]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 7. – Call of Gnathoclita vorax Beier, 1950: A-C, Field recording of a male calling from a cavity (26°C); D, male stridulatory apparatus in dorsal view; E, male file in ventral view. Scale bar: D, 5 mm; E, 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724546" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724546/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A-D). The diameter of these shelters was hardly larger than a male’s head, preventing turn-overs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A4BFFF6FFDD185DFAD4A839F5AF" box="[1057,1145,1397,1424]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,144,1783,1801]" captionTargetBox="[220,1363,221,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[205,1366,191,1756]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 7. – Call of Gnathoclita vorax Beier, 1950: A-C, Field recording of a male calling from a cavity (26°C); D, male stridulatory apparatus in dorsal view; E, male file in ventral view. Scale bar: D, 5 mm; E, 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724546" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724546/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Figs 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A4BFFF6FFDD18F8FAD4A8D3F5B0" box="[1156,1171,1397,1423]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1963,1981]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[132,1455,214,1802]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 8. — Shelters of Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813) in the field: A, the face of a male in visible within a hollow shaft of Astrocaryum Meyer, 1818 leaf, antennae protruding from the entrance; A’, when an aperture is made on the shaft, a female is visible behind the male (at the time of the picture, the male was already col- lected); B, entrance of a shelter (male removed); C, disturbed male escaping from the shelter; D, picture of the male singing in A-C during the call." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724548" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724548/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shelter of all but one specimen was within hollow dead stems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1974FA34A9C9F590" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1818" box="[1288,1417,1429,1455]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1974FA34A9C9F590" box="[1288,1417,1429,1455]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Astrocaryum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. These observations are in line with a previous report of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF6FFDD1904FA14AFF9F5D0" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD1904FA14AFF9F5D0" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Gnathoclita vorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
singing from within
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF6FFDD18DCFA74A8A7F5D0" box="[1184,1255,1493,1519]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Gadua</emphasis>
|
||
sp. bamboo stems (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF6FFDD1F4AFA54AF9FF630" author="NASKRECKI P." box="[822,991,1525,1551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336" pagination="25 - 30" refId="ref6727" refString="NASKRECKI P. 2008. - Katydids of Selected Sites in the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area (COCA), Southern Guyana. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment: 25 - 30." type="book chapter" year="2008">Naskrecki 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F3FF9B5A832F6B0" blockId="11.[813,1456,1173,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
Three of the five males observed were located owing to their loud syllables repeated every 5 s (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A4BFFF6FFDD18DEF995A8A3F670" box="[1186,1251,1588,1615]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[133,144,1783,1801]" captionTargetBox="[220,1363,221,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[205,1366,191,1756]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 7. – Call of Gnathoclita vorax Beier, 1950: A-C, Field recording of a male calling from a cavity (26°C); D, male stridulatory apparatus in dorsal view; E, male file in ventral view. Scale bar: D, 5 mm; E, 2.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724546" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724546/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C). These males were stridulating alone within their shelter, their antennae protruding from the entrance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDD1F3FF935A878F772" blockId="11.[813,1456,1173,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">
|
||
The two other males were found owing to their conspicuous antennae protruding from the aperture. None were stridulating. In both cases, an adult female was localized at the bottom of the tube-shaped shelter, behind the male who blocked the entrance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A4BFFF6FFDD185CF8B5A81EF711" box="[1056,1118,1812,1838]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1963,1981]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[132,1455,214,1802]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 8. — Shelters of Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813) in the field: A, the face of a male in visible within a hollow shaft of Astrocaryum Meyer, 1818 leaf, antennae protruding from the entrance; A’, when an aperture is made on the shaft, a female is visible behind the male (at the time of the picture, the male was already col- lected); B, entrance of a shelter (male removed); C, disturbed male escaping from the shelter; D, picture of the male singing in A-C during the call." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724548" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724548/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A’). None of the females had a spermatophore attached.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF6FFDA1F3FF8F2AFE0F792" blockId="11.[813,1456,1173,2030]" lastBlockId="12.[813,1455,1875,2030]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="337" pageId="11" pageNumber="336">These specimens were kept separated for one week, and subsequently placed altogether in a large cage containing wood-made tube-shaped shelters of similar measurements to those observed in the field. Every morning, the localization of the females was checked. During the five first days together with the males, both females were observed as in the field: at the bottom of the shelter, a male blocking the entrance. Unfortunately, we have not been able to observe whether the female entered the shelter after mating, and whether the male was actively driving her. After five days, both specimens were forced out of the shelter; only males returned to the shelter during the subsequent days and restarted to stridulate during nights.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF206646FFF1FFDA1CF9F956AE68F720" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724546" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3724546" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724546/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="337" targetBox="[220,1363,221,1737]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF1FFDA1CF9F956AE68F720" blockId="12.[133,1456,1782,1823]" pageId="12" pageNumber="337">
|
||
FIG. 7. – Call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF1FFDA1D74F957ADBEF736" authority="Beier, 1950" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1950" box="[264,510,1782,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF1FFDA1D74F957ADD9F736" box="[264,409,1782,1801]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="337">Gnathoclita vorax</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF1FFDA1DE2F956ADBEF736" author="BEIER M." box="[414,510,1783,1801]" pageId="12" pageNumber="337" pagination="111 - 115" refId="ref6093" refString="BEIER M. 1950. - Das Genus Panoploscelis Scudder (Orthot. - Pseudophyllinae). Proceedings of the 8 th International Congress of Entomology, Stockholm 1948: 111 - 115." type="journal article" year="1950">Beier, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF1FFDA1E7AF956AE68F736" bold="true" box="[518,552,1783,1801]" pageId="12" pageNumber="337">A -C</emphasis>
|
||
, Field recording of a male calling from a cavity (26°C);
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF1FFDA1F8EF956A840F736" bold="true" box="[1010,1024,1783,1801]" pageId="12" pageNumber="337">D</emphasis>
|
||
, male stridulatory apparatus in dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF1FFDA190DF956A93DF736" bold="true" box="[1393,1405,1783,1801]" pageId="12" pageNumber="337">E</emphasis>
|
||
, male file in ventral view. Scale bar: D, 5 mm; E, 2.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF1FFD81F3FF812AE95F10B" blockId="12.[813,1455,1875,2030]" lastBlockId="14.[132,776,217,691]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="12" pageNumber="337">
|
||
These observations suggest that males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF1FFDA1897F812A9EEF7F2" box="[1259,1454,1971,1997]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gnathoclitha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF1FFDA1897F812A9EEF7F2" box="[1259,1454,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="337">Gnathoclitha vorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
display a form of mate guarding. Such a behavior was never formally observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF3FFD81D26FF78AED0F0CB" authority="(Gwynne 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Gwynne" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[346,656,217,244]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Tettigoniidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81D8DFF78AEC5F0CC" author="GWYNNE D. T." box="[497,645,217,243]" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" refId="ref6523" refString="GWYNNE D. T. 2001. - Katydids and Bush-Crickets: Reproductive Behavior and Evolution of the Tettigoniidae. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York, 2001." type="book" year="2001">Gwynne 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although a possible
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E4886CFFF3FFD81CA2FF5BAD4CF12B" box="[222,268,250,276]" pageId="14" pageNumber="339">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of male guarding behavior was recently reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF3FFD81CDDFEB8AD53F10C" box="[161,275,281,307]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Oncodopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF3FFD81CDDFEB8AD53F10C" box="[161,275,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="339">Oncodopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF3FFD81D35FEB8AE90F10B" authority="(Unal & Beccaloni 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Unal & Beccaloni" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[329,720,281,308]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Colossopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF3FFD81D35FEB8ADF5F10C" box="[329,437,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="339">Colossopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81DB8FEB8AE85F10C" author="UNAL M. & BECCALONI G. W." box="[452,709,281,307]" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" pagination="193 - 228" refId="ref7194" refString="UNAL M. & BECCALONI G. W. 2017. - Revision of the Madagascan genera Oncodopus Brongniart and Colossopus Saussure (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae; Euconchophorini), with description of Malagasopus gen. nov. Zootaxa 4341 (2): 193 - 228 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4341.2.2" type="journal article" year="2017">Unal & Beccaloni 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF206646FFF0FFDB1CF8F80AA902F7D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724548" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3724548" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3724548/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" startId="13.[132,143,1963,1981]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1799]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF0FFDB1CF8F80AA902F7D5" blockId="13.[132,1455,1963,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">
|
||
FIG. 8. — Shelters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF0FFDB1D49F80AAE6EF782" authority="(Stoll, 1813)" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[309,558,1963,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Gnathoclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF0FFDB1D49F80AAD86F782" box="[309,454,1963,1981]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">Gnathoclita vorax</emphasis>
|
||
(Stoll, 1813)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the field:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF0FFDB1EEAF80AAEE3F782" bold="true" box="[662,675,1963,1981]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">A</emphasis>
|
||
, the face of a male in visible within a hollow shaft of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF0FFDB1823F80AA974F782" authority="Meyer, 1818" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1818" box="[1119,1332,1963,1981]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="13" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF0FFDB1823F80AA888F782" box="[1119,1224,1963,1981]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">Astrocaryum</emphasis>
|
||
Meyer, 1818
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf, antennae protruding from the entrance;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF0FFDB1D01F863ADCEF7EB" bold="true" box="[381,398,1986,2004]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">A’</emphasis>
|
||
, when an aperture is made on the shaft, a female is visible behind the male (at the time of the picture, the male was already col- lected);
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF0FFDB1CBBF878AC94F7D4" bold="true" box="[199,212,2009,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">B</emphasis>
|
||
, entrance of a shelter (male removed);
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF0FFDB1E64F878AE66F7D4" bold="true" box="[536,550,2009,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">C</emphasis>
|
||
, disturbed male escaping from the shelter;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF0FFDB1FECF878AFDEF7D4" bold="true" box="[912,926,2009,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">D</emphasis>
|
||
, picture of the male singing in
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF0FFDB18E2F878A880F7D4" bold="true" box="[1182,1216,2008,2027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="338">A -C</emphasis>
|
||
during the call.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036CEFFF3FFD81CE7FE98AF48F28C" blockId="14.[132,776,217,691]" pageId="14" pageNumber="339">
|
||
The function of mate guarding has extensively been discussed in Grylloidea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81D58FEF8AD8AF14C" author="SIMMONS L. W." box="[292,458,345,371]" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" pagination="403 - 407" refId="ref6997" refString="SIMMONS L. W. 1990. - Postcopulatory guarding, female choice and the levels of gregarine infections in the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 26: 403 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00170897" type="journal article" year="1990">Simmons 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81DA5FEF8AE2DF14C" author="SAKALUK S. K." box="[473,621,345,371]" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" pagination="207 - 216" refId="ref6761" refString="SAKALUK S. K. 1991. - Postcopulatory mate guarding in decorated crickets. Animal Behaviour 41: 207 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0003 - 3472 (05) 80472 - 5" type="journal article" year="1991">Sakaluk 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81E00FEF8AD46F1AC" author="HOCKHAM L. R. & VAHED K." pageId="14" pageNumber="339" pagination="247 - 256" refId="ref6469" refString="HOCKHAM L. R. & VAHED K. 1997. - The function of mate guarding in a field cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae; Teleogryllus natalensis Otte and Cade). Journal of Insect Behavior 10: 247 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02765557" type="journal article" year="1997">Hockham & Vahed 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81D6FFED8AE11F1AC" author="BATEMAN P. W. & MACFADYEN D. N." box="[275,593,377,403]" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" pagination="949 - 957" refId="ref6042" refString="BATEMAN P. W. & MACFADYEN D. N. 1999. - Mate guarding in the cricket Gryllodes sigillatus: influence of multiple potential partners. Ethology 105: 949 - 957. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0310.1999.00484. x" type="journal article" year="1999">Bateman & MacFadyen 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81E22FED8ACFAF18C" author="WYNN H. & VAHED K." pageId="14" pageNumber="339" pagination="53 - 66" refId="ref7291" refString="WYNN H. & VAHED K. 2004. - Male Gryllus bimaculatus guard females to delay them from mating with rival males and to obtain repeated copulations. Journal of Insect Behavior 17: 53 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / B: JOIR. 0000025132.02196. da" type="journal article" year="2004">Wynn & Vahed 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81CBAFE39ADCAF18D" author="BUSSIERE L. F. & HUNT J. & JENNIONS M. D. & BROOKS R." box="[198,394,408,434]" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" pagination="792 - 800" refId="ref6227" refString="BUSSIERE L. F., HUNT J., JENNIONS M. D. & BROOKS R. 2006. - Sexual conflict and cryptic female choice in the black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. Evolution 60: 792 - 800. https: // doi. org / 10.1554 / 05 - 378.1" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Bussiere
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF3FFD81D5CFE38AD10F18D" box="[288,336,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="339">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81DEAFE39AE53F18C" author="PARKER D. J." box="[406,531,408,435]" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" pagination="161 - 171" refId="ref6803" refString="PARKER D. J. 2009. - Pre and postcopulatory mate choice in Platygryllus primiformis: cryptic female choice and sexual conflict. Biosci Horizons 2: 161 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / biohorizons / hzp 019" type="journal article" year="2009">Parker 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Parker & Vahed 2009) and this behavior was shown to prevent the female from removing the spermatophore of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF3FFD81DB5FE79AE69F1CD" authorityName="Laicharting" authorityYear="1781" box="[457,553,472,498]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gryllidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B3FFFF3FFD81EFEFE79AD46F22D" author="HOCKHAM L. R. & VAHED K." pageId="14" pageNumber="339" pagination="247 - 256" refId="ref6469" refString="HOCKHAM L. R. & VAHED K. 1997. - The function of mate guarding in a field cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae; Teleogryllus natalensis Otte and Cade). Journal of Insect Behavior 10: 247 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02765557" type="journal article" year="1997">Hockham & Vahed 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Since females had no spermatophore attached within the shelter, the mate guarding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF3FFD81E43FDB9AF47F20D" box="[575,775,536,562]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Gnathoclitha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF3FFD81E43FDB9AF47F20D" box="[575,775,536,562]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="339">Gnathoclitha vorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was rather recalling the burrow sharing occurring in some Grylloidea, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D4DFFF3FFD81D32FDF9AC87F2AD" authority="(Rodriguez-Munoz et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Rodriguez-Munoz" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="campestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF3FFD81D32FDF9AE42F24D" box="[334,514,600,626]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="339">Gryllus campestris</emphasis>
|
||
(Rodriguez-Munoz
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEADCFFF3FFD81EABFDF8AF47F24D" box="[727,775,600,626]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="339">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In this latter species, the burrow sharing was shown to protect from predation and increase mating of paired males).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |