456 lines
60 KiB
XML
456 lines
60 KiB
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<mods:title id="2F04D770AEE2AAAD3DC6094F413FFF92">An illustrated guide to the lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part II. Tribe Chilocorini</mods:title>
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Leach
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(
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)
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Leach
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, in Brewster 1815: 116.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FD35FE97FBDCFEF9" authority="Linnaeus, 1767: 584" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="584" authorityYear="1767" box="[725,1106,255,280]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Coccinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cacti">
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<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FD35FE97FCF4FEF9" box="[725,890,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Coccinella cacti</emphasis>
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, by monotypy.
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<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF77FE88FF75FED8" box="[151,251,287,310]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Anisorcus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FEE3FE89FE4FFED8" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[259,449,286,310]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref33760" refString="Crotch, G. R. (1874) A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London, 311 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8975" type="book" year="1874">Crotch, 1874: 190</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FDBDFE88FD63FED8" box="[605,749,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Anisorcus fryi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FD14FE89FC3FFED8" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[756,945,286,310]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref33760" refString="Crotch, G. R. (1874) A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London, 311 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8975" type="book" year="1874">Crotch, 1874: 191</bibRefCitation>
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, by original designation. Synonymized by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FA8CFE89FED3FEBB" author="Li, W. & Laczynski, P. & Escalona, E. & Eberl, J. & Huo, L. & Chen, X. & Huang, W. & Chen, B. & Ahrens, D. & Slipinski, A. & Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="447 - 463" refId="ref37615" refString="Li, W., Laczynski, P., Escalona, E., Eberl, J., Huo, L., Chen, X., Huang, W., Chen, B., Ahrens, D., Slipinski, A., Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X. (2020 b) Combined molecular and morphological data provide insights into the evolution and classification of Chilocorini ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Systematic Entomology, 45, 447 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12409" type="journal article" year="2020">
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Li
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<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FA6AFE88FF55FEBB" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
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. 2020b: 461
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FFB3FFB2FF77FECBFE26FE9D" author="Mulsant, E." box="[151,424,347,372]" page="464" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1850">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FF77FECBFE26FE9D" ID-CoL="62QNW" authority="Mulsant, 1850: 464" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="464" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,424,347,372]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Egius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF77FECBFF5FFE9D" box="[151,209,348,371]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Egius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FF3AFECBFE26FE9D" author="Mulsant, E." box="[218,424,347,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 1104" refId="ref38465" refString="Mulsant, E. (1850) Species des Coleopteres trimeres securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, Lyon, Series 2, 2, 1 - 1104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8953" type="journal article" year="1850">Mulsant, 1850: 464</bibRefCitation>
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.
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species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FFB3FFB2FDA8FECBFC63FE9D" author="Mulsant, E." box="[584,1005,347,372]" page="464" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1850">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FDA8FECBFC63FE9D" authority="Mulsant, 1850: 464" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="464" authorityYear="1850" box="[584,1005,347,372]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Egius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycephalus">
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<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FDA8FECBFC96FE9A" box="[584,792,348,372]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Egius platycephalus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FCC0FECBFC63FE9D" author="Mulsant, E." box="[800,1005,347,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 1104" refId="ref38465" refString="Mulsant, E. (1850) Species des Coleopteres trimeres securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, Lyon, Series 2, 2, 1 - 1104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8953" type="journal article" year="1850">Mulsant, 1850: 464</bibRefCitation>
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|
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, by monotypy. Synonymized by
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FFB3FFB2FAA8FECBFEB3FE7C" author="Li, W. & Laczynski, P. & Escalona, E. & Eberl, J. & Huo, L. & Chen, X. & Huang, W. & Chen, B. & Ahrens, D. & Slipinski, A. & Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X." page="461" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="2020">
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Li
|
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<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FA87FECBFA18FE9A" box="[1383,1430,348,372]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
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. 2020b: 461
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FF77FE0EFE60FE5F" authority="Weise, 1895 a: 135" authorityName="Weise" authorityPageNumber="135" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,494,409,433]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Phaenochilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF77FE0EFEAFFE5F" box="[151,289,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phaenochilus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FECAFE0EFE60FE5F" author="Weise, J." box="[298,494,409,433]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="120 - 146" refId="ref41450" refString="Weise, J. (1895 a) Neue Coccinelliden sowie Bemerkungen zu bekannten Arten. Annales de la Societe Entomologique du Belgique, 39, 120 - 146." type="journal article" year="1895">Weise, 1895a: 135</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7DD76BFFB3FFB2FE1AFE0EFC80FE21" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D64EE7FFB3FFB2FE1AFE0EFDA2FE5F" box="[506,556,409,433]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FFB3FFB2FD6EFE0EFBD1FE5F" author="Weise, J." box="[654,1119,409,433]" page="136" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1895">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FD6EFE0EFBD1FE5F" authority="Weise, 1895 a: 136" authorityName="Weise" authorityPageNumber="136" authorityYear="1895" box="[654,1119,409,433]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Phaenochilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FD6EFE0EFC1DFE5F" box="[654,915,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phaenochilus punctifrons</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FC7DFE0EFBD1FE5F" author="Weise, J." box="[925,1119,409,433]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="120 - 146" refId="ref41450" refString="Weise, J. (1895 a) Neue Coccinelliden sowie Bemerkungen zu bekannten Arten. Annales de la Societe Entomologique du Belgique, 39, 120 - 146." type="journal article" year="1895">Weise, 1895a: 136</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, by subsequent designation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FF27FE2FFE0AFE3E" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[199,388,440,464]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref36793" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1932) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. W. Junk, Berlin, 435 pp." type="book" year="1932">Korschefsky 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Synonymized by
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FFB3FFB2FDDEFE2FFC84FE21" author="Li, W. & Laczynski, P. & Escalona, E. & Eberl, J. & Huo, L. & Chen, X. & Huang, W. & Chen, B. & Ahrens, D. & Slipinski, A. & Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X." box="[574,778,439,464]" page="461" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="2020">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FDDEFE2FFC84FE21" author="Li, W. & Laczynski, P. & Escalona, E. & Eberl, J. & Huo, L. & Chen, X. & Huang, W. & Chen, B. & Ahrens, D. & Slipinski, A. & Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X." box="[574,778,439,464]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="447 - 463" refId="ref37615" refString="Li, W., Laczynski, P., Escalona, E., Eberl, J., Huo, L., Chen, X., Huang, W., Chen, B., Ahrens, D., Slipinski, A., Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X. (2020 b) Combined molecular and morphological data provide insights into the evolution and classification of Chilocorini ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Systematic Entomology, 45, 447 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12409" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Li
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FDBBFE2FFD00FE3E" box="[603,654,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020b: 461
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFB3FFB2FF77FE41FD1AFDE3" blockId="31.[151,1436,255,525]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7DD76BFFB3FFB2FF77FE41FDA2FE00" box="[151,556,470,494]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FFB3FFB2FF77FE41FDA9FE00" author="Ahmad, R. & Ghani, M. A." box="[151,551,470,494]" page="9" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1966">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FF77FE41FDA9FE00" authority="Ahmad & Ghani, 1966: 9" authorityName="Ahmad & Ghani" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1966" box="[151,551,470,494]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Simmondsius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF77FE41FE93FE00" box="[151,285,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Simmondsius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FEC3FE41FDA9FE00" author="Ahmad, R. & Ghani, M. A." box="[291,551,470,494]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="101 - 106" refId="ref32412" refString="Ahmad, R. & Ghani, M. A. (1966) Biology of Chilocorus infernalis Muls. (Col.: Coccinellidae). Technical Bulletin, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, 7, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="1966">Ahmad & Ghani, 1966: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7DD76BFFB3FFB2FDD1FE40FD1AFDE3" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D64EE7FFB3FFB2FDD1FE40FDEDFE01" box="[561,611,471,495]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FFB3FFB2FD20FE41FB50FE00" author="Ahmad, R. & Ghani, M. A." box="[704,1246,470,494]" page="9" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1966">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FD20FE41FB50FE00" authority="Ahmad & Ghani, 1966: 9" authorityName="Ahmad & Ghani" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1966" box="[704,1246,470,494]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Simmondsius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pakistanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FD20FE41FC5BFE00" box="[704,981,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Simmondsius pakistanensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FC3BFE41FB50FE00" author="Ahmad, R. & Ghani, M. A." box="[987,1246,470,494]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="101 - 106" refId="ref32412" refString="Ahmad, R. & Ghani, M. A. (1966) Biology of Chilocorus infernalis Muls. (Col.: Coccinellidae). Technical Bulletin, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, 7, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="1966">Ahmad & Ghani, 1966: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, by original designation. Synonymized by
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FFB3FFB2FE25FE62FD1EFDE3" author="Li, W. & Laczynski, P. & Escalona, E. & Eberl, J. & Huo, L. & Chen, X. & Huang, W. & Chen, B. & Ahrens, D. & Slipinski, A. & Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X." box="[453,656,501,525]" page="461" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="2020">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FE25FE62FD1EFDE3" author="Li, W. & Laczynski, P. & Escalona, E. & Eberl, J. & Huo, L. & Chen, X. & Huang, W. & Chen, B. & Ahrens, D. & Slipinski, A. & Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X." box="[453,656,501,525]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="447 - 463" refId="ref37615" refString="Li, W., Laczynski, P., Escalona, E., Eberl, J., Huo, L., Chen, X., Huang, W., Chen, B., Ahrens, D., Slipinski, A., Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X. (2020 b) Combined molecular and morphological data provide insights into the evolution and classification of Chilocorini ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Systematic Entomology, 45, 447 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12409" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Li
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FE01FE61FD9BFDE3" box="[481,533,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020b: 461
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFFB3FFB2FF77FDA2FA1CFB82" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFB3FFB2FF77FDA2FA1CFB82" blockId="31.[151,1437,565,1888]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF77FDA2FE9CFDA1" bold="true" box="[151,274,565,591]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Form broadly oval to almost circular or distinctly apically narrowed; dorsum hemispherical, dome-like and strongly convex, usually shiny and glabrous, only head and sides of pronotum with hairs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFB3FFB2FB5DFDCDFA91FD9A" box="[1213,1311,602,628]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-20@32.[187,1401,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. adult; b. antenna; c. maxilla; d. prosternum; e. hind leg; f. spermatheca; g–j. male genitalia: g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. penis; j. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208967/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Antennae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFB3FFB2FF7FFDE9FE8EFD76" box="[159,256,638,664]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-20@32.[187,1401,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. adult; b. antenna; c. maxilla; d. prosternum; e. hind leg; f. spermatheca; g–j. male genitalia: g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. penis; j. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208967/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22b</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 7–8 antennomeres, last antennomere as long as or distinctly longer than penultimate one. Clypeus long, laterally extending into eyes. Frons usually wide, but narrow and distally tapering in some species (erstwhile members of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FEC6FD51FE4BFD0E" box="[294,453,710,736]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FEC6FD51FE4FFD0E" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1895" box="[294,449,710,736]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Phaenochilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phaenochilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
now subsumed into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FD53FD51FCA1FD0E" box="[691,815,710,736]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FD53FD51FCA1FD0E" box="[691,815,710,736]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Terminal maxillary palpomere with subparallel sides (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFB3FFB2FF7FFD7DFF71FCEA" box="[159,255,746,772]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-20@32.[187,1401,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. adult; b. antenna; c. maxilla; d. prosternum; e. hind leg; f. spermatheca; g–j. male genitalia: g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. penis; j. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208967/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22c</figureCitation>
|
||
), narrowing towards obliquely truncate apex or slender and elongate, parallel-sided and apically narrowed (in erstwhile members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FE57FC99FDC1FCC6" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1895" box="[439,591,782,808]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Phaenochilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FE57FC99FDC1FCC6" box="[439,591,782,808]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phaenochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Prosternal lobe flat and broad, without carinae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFB3FFB2FB9DFC99FB51FCC6" box="[1149,1247,782,808]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-20@32.[187,1401,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. adult; b. antenna; c. maxilla; d. prosternum; e. hind leg; f. spermatheca; g–j. male genitalia: g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. penis; j. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208967/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22d</figureCitation>
|
||
). Terminal labial palpomere subconical or elongate, slender, and rodlike (erstwhile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FC6BFCA5FBADFCA2" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1895" box="[907,1059,818,844]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Phaenochilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FC6BFCA5FBADFCA2" box="[907,1059,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phaenochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Elytral epipleuron strongly descending externally, foveolate on level with middle and hind legs. Abdomen with six visible ventrites in male and five in female, rarely six in both. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, running parallel to and apically merging with posterior margin of first abdominal ventrite. Legs with stout femora; tibiae flattened and externally angulate, with a triangular projection on outer margin a little before middle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFB3FFB2FC96FC55FC58FC32" box="[886,982,962,988]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-20@32.[187,1401,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. adult; b. antenna; c. maxilla; d. prosternum; e. hind leg; f. spermatheca; g–j. male genitalia: g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. penis; j. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208967/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22e</figureCitation>
|
||
); tibial spurs absent. Tarsal claws strongly curved and appendiculate (except in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FDAEFC71FB90FBEE" authority="(Ahmad & Ghani, 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Ahmad & Ghani" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[590,1054,998,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Simmondsius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pakistanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FDAEFC71FC8BFBEE" box="[590,773,998,1024]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">C. pakistanensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FCF3FC71FB98FBEE" author="Ahmad, R. & Ghani, M. A." box="[787,1046,998,1024]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="101 - 106" refId="ref32412" refString="Ahmad, R. & Ghani, M. A. (1966) Biology of Chilocorus infernalis Muls. (Col.: Coccinellidae). Technical Bulletin, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, 7, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="1966">Ahmad & Ghani, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FBDEFC71FAFEFBEE" baseAuthorityName="Ahmad & Ghani" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1086,1392,998,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Simmondsius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pakistanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FBDEFC71FAFEFBEE" box="[1086,1392,998,1024]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Simmondsius pakistanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], in which clawas are weakly sickle-shaped / falciform with reduced basal teeth).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A93EA7FFB3FFB2FC16FB9DFBBEFBCA" box="[1014,1072,1034,1060]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Male</collectingRegion>
|
||
genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFB3FFB2FB45FB9DFA95FBCA" box="[1189,1307,1034,1060]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-20@32.[187,1401,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. adult; b. antenna; c. maxilla; d. prosternum; e. hind leg; f. spermatheca; g–j. male genitalia: g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. penis; j. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208967/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4C955DA0FFB3FFB2FB39FB9DFA8DFBCA" box="[1241,1283,1034,1060]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="g" value="22.0">22g</quantity>
|
||
–j
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) with penis guide apically symmetrical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFB3FFB2FE34FBB9FDBAFBA6" box="[468,564,1070,1096]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-20@32.[187,1401,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. adult; b. antenna; c. maxilla; d. prosternum; e. hind leg; f. spermatheca; g–j. male genitalia: g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. penis; j. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208967/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22h</figureCitation>
|
||
) or asymmetrical, parameres often densely setose (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFB3FFB2FB8DFBB9FB41FBA6" box="[1133,1231,1070,1096]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-20@32.[187,1401,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. adult; b. antenna; c. maxilla; d. prosternum; e. hind leg; f. spermatheca; g–j. male genitalia: g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. penis; j. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208967/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4C955DA0FFB3FFB2FB40FBB9FB41FBA6" box="[1184,1231,1070,1096]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="g" value="22.0">22g</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Coxites elongate triangular or transverse. Cornu of spermatheca invariably with a distal projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FFB3FFB2FBD0FBC5FB01FB82" box="[1072,1167,1106,1132]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,187,1913]" captionTargetId="figure-20@32.[187,1401,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius): a. adult; b. antenna; c. maxilla; d. prosternum; e. hind leg; f. spermatheca; g–j. male genitalia: g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. penis; j. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208967/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22f</figureCitation>
|
||
). Infundibulum absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFFB3FFB2FF27FBE2FD05FACE" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFB3FFB2FF27FBE2FA9FFB7E" blockId="31.[151,1437,565,1888]" box="[199,1297,1141,1168]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF27FBE2FEEFFB61" bold="true" box="[199,353,1141,1167]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This genus is the largest of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FD1EFBE1FCF0FB7E" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[766,894,1142,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chilocorini">Chilocorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is cosmopolitan in distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFB3FFB2FF27FB0EFD05FACE" blockId="31.[151,1437,565,1888]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF27FB0EFEB3FB5D" bold="true" box="[199,317,1177,1203]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Affinities.</emphasis>
|
||
In the phylogenetic analyses done by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FD01FB0DFC16FB5A" author="Li, W. & Laczynski, P. & Escalona, E. & Eberl, J. & Huo, L. & Chen, X. & Huang, W. & Chen, B. & Ahrens, D. & Slipinski, A. & Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X." box="[737,920,1178,1204]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="447 - 463" refId="ref37615" refString="Li, W., Laczynski, P., Escalona, E., Eberl, J., Huo, L., Chen, X., Huang, W., Chen, B., Ahrens, D., Slipinski, A., Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X. (2020 b) Combined molecular and morphological data provide insights into the evolution and classification of Chilocorini ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Systematic Entomology, 45, 447 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12409" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Li
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FCE0FB0CFCBEFB5A" box="[768,816,1178,1204]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FC42FB0DFB90FB5A" box="[930,1054,1178,1204]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FC42FB0DFB90FB5A" box="[930,1054,1178,1204]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered in a clade comprising
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FF22FB28FDD9FB36" authority="Li & Wang. Li et al. (2020 b)" authorityName="Li & Wang. Li" authorityYear="2020" box="[194,599,1214,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Renius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF22FB28FE80FB36" box="[194,270,1215,1240]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Renius</emphasis>
|
||
Li & Wang.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FE7FFB29FDD9FB36" author="Li, W. & Laczynski, P. & Escalona, E. & Eberl, J. & Huo, L. & Chen, X. & Huang, W. & Chen, B. & Ahrens, D. & Slipinski, A. & Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X." box="[415,599,1214,1240]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="447 - 463" refId="ref37615" refString="Li, W., Laczynski, P., Escalona, E., Eberl, J., Huo, L., Chen, X., Huang, W., Chen, B., Ahrens, D., Slipinski, A., Tomaszewska, W. & Wang, X. (2020 b) Combined molecular and morphological data provide insights into the evolution and classification of Chilocorini ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Systematic Entomology, 45, 447 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12409" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Li
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FE5FFB28FE7EFB36" box="[447,496,1214,1240]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovered four other genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FC41FB29FB7BFB36" authority="Ahmad & Ghani" authorityName="Ahmad & Ghani" authorityYear="1966" box="[929,1269,1214,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Simmondsius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FC41FB29FBBBFB36" box="[929,1077,1214,1240]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Simmondsius</emphasis>
|
||
Ahmad & Ghani
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FAE4FB29FF55FB12" authority="Weise" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Phaenochilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FAE4FB29FA12FB36" box="[1284,1436,1214,1240]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phaenochilus</emphasis>
|
||
Weise
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FF09FB74FE02FB12" authority="Mulsant" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[233,396,1250,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Egius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF09FB74FEA7FB12" box="[233,297,1251,1276]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Egius</emphasis>
|
||
Mulsant
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FE2AFB75FD03FB12" authority="Crotch" authorityName="Crotch" authorityYear="1874" box="[458,653,1250,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Anisorcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FE2AFB75FDB7FB12" box="[458,569,1250,1276]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Anisorcus</emphasis>
|
||
Crotch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the same clade along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FC04FB75FBEEFB12" box="[996,1120,1250,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FC04FB75FBEEFB12" box="[996,1120,1250,1276]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and synonymized them and redefined the generic concept of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FDE7FA91FD05FACE" box="[519,651,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FDE7FA91FD09FACE" box="[519,647,1286,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chilocorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFFB3FFB2FF27FABEFEAAF88E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFB3FFB2FF27FABEFB5FFA62" blockId="31.[151,1437,565,1888]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF27FABEFEA9FAAD" bold="true" box="[199,295,1321,1347]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FE5EFABDFDB4FAAA" box="[446,570,1322,1348]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FE5EFABDFDB4FAAA" box="[446,570,1322,1348]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are primarily predatory on Coccoidea, especially armoured scales (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FAD2FABDFF4CFA86" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaspididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), soft scales (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FEBBFAD9FE47FA86" box="[347,457,1358,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coccidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and more rarely on mealybugs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FCA4FAD9FC70FA86" box="[836,1022,1358,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). They also feed on aphids and adelgids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FF34FAE5FEE0FA62" author="Belicek, J." box="[212,366,1394,1420]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="283 - 409" refId="ref32629" refString="Belicek, J. (1976) Coccinellidae of Western Canada and Alaska with analyses of the transmontane zoogeographic relationships between the fauna of British Columbia and Alberta (Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 12 (4), 283 - 409." type="journal article" year="1976">Belicek 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FE9AFAE5FD9FFA63" author="Gordon, R. D." box="[378,529,1394,1421]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 912" refId="ref34921" refString="Gordon, R. D. (1985) The Coccinellidae of America, north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 93, 1 - 912." type="journal article" year="1985">Gordon 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), psyllids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FD6BFAE5FCF7FA62" author="Husain, M. A. & Nath, D." box="[651,889,1394,1420]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="5 - 27" refId="ref35541" refString="Husain, M. A. & Nath, D. (1927) The citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri Kuw.), Psyllidae: Hemiptera. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture, Indian Entomology, 10, 5 - 27." type="journal article" year="1927">Husain & Nath 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and whiteflies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FBD9FAE5FB4AFA62" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[1081,1220,1394,1420]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="134" refId="ref36279" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1940) A note on the ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) predating upon the cane whitefly, Aleurolobus barodensis Maskell. Current Science, 9, 134." type="journal article" year="1940">Kapur 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFB3FFB2FF27FA01FC9AFA16" blockId="31.[151,1437,565,1888]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Many species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FE6BFA01FD89FA5E" box="[395,519,1430,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FE6BFA01FD89FA5E" box="[395,519,1430,1456]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are economically important as they are widely used as biological control agents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FF7FFA2CFE38FA3A" author="Slipinski, S. A. & Giorgi, J. A." box="[159,438,1466,1494]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="265 - 304" refId="ref40749" refString="Slipinski, S. A. & Giorgi, J. A. (2006) Revision of the Australian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Part 6. Tribe Chilocorini. Annales Zoologici, 56 (2), 265 - 304." type="journal article" year="2006">Ślipiński & Giorgi 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FDC5FA2DFC4FFA3A" authority="(Fabricius, 1798)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[549,961,1466,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FDC5FA2DFD7BFA3A" box="[549,757,1466,1492]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus nigrita</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FCE5FA2DFC37FA3A" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[773,953,1466,1492]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref34410" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1798) Supplementum Entomologicae Systematicae. Apud Proft et Storch, Hafniae, [i] + 574 pp." type="book" year="1798">Fabricius, 1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is widely distributed due to its deliberate introduction for biological control (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FD9FFA49FC86FA16" author="Booth, R. G." box="[639,776,1502,1528]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="361 - 367" refId="ref32895" refString="Booth, R. G. (1998) A review of the species resembling Chilocorus nigrita (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): potential agents for biological control. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 88 (4), 361 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300042115" type="journal article" year="1998">Booth 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFB3FFB2FF27F995FAF2F966" blockId="31.[151,1437,565,1888]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF27F995FE1CF9F5" bold="true" box="[199,402,1537,1564]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Included species.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FE79F995FD9BF9F2" box="[409,533,1538,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FE79F995FD9BF9F2" box="[409,533,1538,1564]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the largest genus of this tribe from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FC0AF995FB46F9F2" authority="subcontinent" authorityName="Subcontinent" box="[1002,1224,1538,1564]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian subcontinent</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 16 species are known from mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37AB0D5FFB3FFB2FE7AF9B1FE5AF9AE" box="[410,468,1574,1600]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
at present (including those transferred from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FC2FF9B1FBE9F9AE" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1895" box="[975,1127,1574,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Phaenochilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FC2FF9B1FBE9F9AE" box="[975,1127,1574,1600]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phaenochilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FB40F9B1FABAF9AE" authorityName="Ahmad & Ghani" authorityYear="1966" box="[1184,1332,1574,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Simmondsius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FB40F9B1FABAF9AE" box="[1184,1332,1574,1600]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Simmondsius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as these two genera are now considered as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FD49F9DDFCABF98A" box="[681,805,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FD49F9DDFCABF98A" box="[681,805,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as per the current generic classification). ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FB1DF9DCFAEBF98A" box="[1277,1381,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Egius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FB1DF9DCFAB3F98A" box="[1277,1341,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Egius</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ was reported from the state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A93EA7FFB3FFB2FE5BF9F9FDCBF966" box="[443,581,1646,1672]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FDB4F9F9FCACF966" author="Chakraborty, S. K." box="[596,802,1646,1672]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="283 - 301" refId="ref33230" refString="Chakraborty, S. K. (2010) Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. In: Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series, 18 (Part- 2), Insects. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 283 - 301." type="book chapter" year="2010">Chakraborty 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the identity of this species could not be verified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FFB3FFB2FF27F905FEAAF88E" blockId="31.[151,1437,565,1888]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The following works may be consulted for more details on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FC60F905FB8EF942" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[896,1024,1682,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chilocorini">Chilocorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FBACF905FAA0F942" authority="subcontinent" authorityName="Subcontinent" box="[1100,1326,1682,1708]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian subcontinent</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FAD7F905FED5F93E" author="Nagaraja, H. & Hussainy, S. U." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="249 - 256" refId="ref38602" refString="Nagaraja, H. & Hussainy, S. U. (1967) A study of six species of Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predaceous on San Jose and other scale insects. Oriental Insects, 1, 249 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1967.10433865" type="journal article" year="1967">Nagaraja & Hussainy 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(review of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FE3CF921FD3EF93E" box="[476,688,1718,1744]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FE3CF921FDD6F93E" box="[476,600,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
predatory on San Jose scale, including introduced ones);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FAD2F921FF55F91A" author="Miyatake, M." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="303 - 340" refId="ref38288" refString="Miyatake, M. (1970 a) The East-Asian coccinellid beetles preserved in the California Academy of Sciences. Tribe Chilocorini. Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Ehime University, 14 (3), 303 - 340." type="journal article" year="1970">Miyatake 1970a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(review of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FE7AF94DFD94F91A" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[410,538,1754,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chilocorini">Chilocorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Asia);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FD65F94DFC89F91A" author="Booth, R. G." box="[645,775,1754,1780]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="361 - 367" refId="ref32895" refString="Booth, R. G. (1998) A review of the species resembling Chilocorus nigrita (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): potential agents for biological control. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 88 (4), 361 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300042115" type="journal article" year="1998">Booth 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(review of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FC4DF94DFBF5F91A" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[941,1147,1754,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FC4DF94DFBF5F91A" box="[941,1147,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus nigrita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A93EA7FFB3FFB2FF77F969FEC9F8F6" box="[151,327,1790,1816]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Ash Sharqiyah" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Oriental region</collectingRegion>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FEB9F969FD07F8F6" author="Giorgi, J. A. & Vandenberg, N. J." box="[345,649,1790,1816]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="239 - 255" refId="ref34798" refString="Giorgi, J. A. & Vandenberg, N. J. (2012) Review of the lady beetle genus Phaenochilus Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Chilocorini) with description of a new species from Thailand that preys on cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Diaspididae). Zootaxa, 3478 (1), 239 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3478.1.24" type="journal article" year="2012">Giorgi & Vandenberg 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(review of the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FC9BF969FB94F8F6" box="[891,1050,1790,1816]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FC9BF969FB98F8F6" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1895" box="[891,1046,1790,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Phaenochilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phaenochilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
including the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FB0CF969FA1EF8F6" box="[1260,1424,1790,1816]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Indian species</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FFB3FFB2FF77F8B5FEA1F8D2" author="Li, W. J. & Huo, L. Z. & Wang, D. & Ahrens, D. & Wang, X. M." box="[151,303,1826,1852]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref37468" refString="Li, W. J., Huo, L. Z., Wang, D., Ahrens, D. & Wang, X. M. (2018) Contribution to the genus Chilocorus Leach, 1815 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Chilocorini), with descriptions of two new species from China. European Journal of Taxonomy, 469, 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.469" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Li
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF57F8B4FF7EF8D2" box="[183,240,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(review and illustrations of Chinese
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FD30F8B5FCDDF8D2" box="[720,851,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FD30F8B5FCC1F8D2" box="[720,847,1826,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chilocorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
including some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FBEEF8B5FB3FF8D2" box="[1038,1201,1826,1852]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Indian species</taxonomicName>
|
||
; a world checklist of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FFB3FFB2FF77F8D1FE9DF88E" box="[151,275,1862,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192C57FFB3FFB2FF77F8D1FE9DF88E" box="[151,275,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Chilocorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |