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<document id="C48F7201A5163C471619FA476C6D5DB9" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4237.1.4SLASH10305" ID-CLB-Dataset="36438" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4237.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="06bddb13-451b-41de-8f54-786304840baa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="322697" ID-ZooBank="8E3AA8C7-B7B2-4AAE-BF12-D430138E5B61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1488185625690" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gupta, Ankita, Rajeshwari, S. K. &amp; Azevedo, Celso O." docDate="2017" docId="03C187BFBF07C862E5D6FDB9FDDC4DDD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4237.1.4SLASH10305.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4237 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Megaprosternum cleonarovorum Gupta &amp; Azevedo, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" masterDocId="FFF8FFC7BF06C868E541FFFEFFBC4C71" masterDocTitle="Biology and description of Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) a gregarious larval ectoparasitoid of Cleonaria bicolor Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from India" updateTime="1698437344713" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="AC4F817840E3FABC94D18EB99495464F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="C119FD8178005819FFE01820EF9396B9">
<mods:title id="121157E9EF0AF0F10110EAD6521010FD">Biology and description of Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) a gregarious larval ectoparasitoid of Cleonaria bicolor Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from India</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="DCCFC392249A013FE8FD9791921E77E4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7DA52EAD574209D9791B6382304C0973">
<mods:roleTerm id="DB833B4F75B493A9C769521389D6DD2A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="BBB533B26D78D820F92F082F6E76C925">Gupta, Ankita</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="FDDF96A97B04E76F2A4D2437E6DF1649" type="personal">
<mods:role id="9CFA2016F42E9E6336FB2119F2E058F4">
<mods:roleTerm id="7632206964455F0045F97E2808A938F8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="42E88D6CB745082EE198B0A428C7D0C9">Rajeshwari, S. K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E73E75F79FF61A22261957206CC29126" type="personal">
<mods:role id="32E1693B5AF14E430C444227107643B6">
<mods:roleTerm id="760DF1CD6EC62AC71F3828D2188EDC47">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D8EA7BA50FD7433AFCDF4B34E2CB45B9">Azevedo, Celso O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="37C9DB9E5C98E8B5D879D7C71EE23CC0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="62E33650BD410574D72EA44BE92C9807" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="049533345033C10586A1ADAF0281125C">
<mods:title id="1D4640797286535FDDE4DE096AD2C8F2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="F86F2AFD22971E71315DCAA7F68224DD">
<mods:date id="BA6A75403087BF16426877C5D07FD45E">2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="2B12A754EEF0477A1BCFB2713D97CD9B" type="volume">
<mods:number id="2D4649235C5C3E4CBC663CA45F9911D2">4237</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="67DF57778C304F61A960DAA329340D3C" type="issue">
<mods:number id="00BACBB46C1DD39162254C212DA5FD12">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="EEC93D30E14D76F557D25EC679A4BA7D">journal volume</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5462BA7F9ED54DE47A9693062D2BA657" type="CLB-Dataset">36438</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8741B83E05279A31A79B3F6F1FF8370F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4237.1.4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E7E05A22D0935BA54235B9E074F6D714" type="GBIF-Dataset">06bddb13-451b-41de-8f54-786304840baa</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6E2D6A5E5B0887B30B7FD146A2DE578C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DDB80A9CBBA46DD0DBA5CDDB22C33853" type="Zenodo-Dep">322697</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E7E0891E1CD25F0438754100A75E6B77" type="ZooBank">8E3AA8C7-B7B2-4AAE-BF12-D430138E5B61</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C187BFBF07C862E5D6FDB9FDDC4DDD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6016672" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127710670" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6016672" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187BFBF07C862E5D6FDB9FDDC4DDD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187BFBF07C862E5D6FDB9FDDC4DDD" lastPageId="10" pageId="1">
<subSubSection id="C3726522BF07C869E5D6FDB9FF454EF2" pageId="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E5D6FDB9FCCF4E13" blockId="1.[151,883,583,643]" box="[151,883,583,610]" pageId="1">
<heading id="D09F81C5BF07C869E5D6FDB9FCCF4E13" bold="true" box="[151,883,583,610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E5D6FDB9FCCF4E13" bold="true" box="[151,883,583,610]" pageId="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF07C869E5D6FDB9FCB24E13" authority="Gupta &amp; Azevedo" authorityName="Gupta &amp; Azevedo" box="[151,782,583,610]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cleonarovorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E5D6FDB9FD9A4E10" bold="true" box="[151,550,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="1">Megaprosternum cleonarovorum</emphasis>
Gupta &amp; Azevedo
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57C0BF07C869E657FDB6FCCF4E13" box="[790,883,584,610]" pageId="1" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E5D6FD94FF454EF2" blockId="1.[151,883,583,643]" box="[151,249,618,643]" pageId="1">
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E5D6FD94FF454EF2" box="[151,249,618,643]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,250,1720,1742]" captionStartId-4="7.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox-0="[180,1394,201,1799]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetBox-2="[166,1425,201,1871]" captionTargetBox-3="[168,1436,204,1691]" captionTargetBox-4="[167,1416,208,1798]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[170,1394,193,1814]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1885]" captionTargetId-3="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1699]" captionTargetId-4="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, habitus in dorsal view (paratype); B. habitus in lateral view (holotype)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, hypopygium in ventral view; B, genitalia in dorsal view; C, genitalia in ventral view; D, basal ring in dorsal view." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/322698/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/322700/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/322701/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs 1–5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3726522BF07C869E5D6FD4CFA214F0E" pageId="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E5D6FD4CFDF14F62" blockId="1.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="1">
<materialsCitation id="3B003CF4BF07C869E5D6FD4CFDF14F62" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1437749502" collectingDate="2016-08-23" collectionCode="NBAIR" collectorName="S. K. Rajeshwari &amp; Beth &amp; Mega" country="India" latitude="13.03" location="Hebbal" longLatPrecision="775" longitude="77.59" municipality="Bangalore" pageId="1" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Karnataka" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E5D6FD4CFEF94EBA" bold="true" box="[151,325,690,715]" pageId="1">
<typeStatus id="54D3880BBF07C869E5D6FD4CFF6E4EBA" box="[151,210,690,715]" pageId="1">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54D3880BBF07C869E40DFD4CFE084EBA" box="[332,436,690,715]" pageId="1" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D6EFD20BF07C869E4FAFD4DFE6E4EBB" box="[443,466,691,714]" pageId="1" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7639BF07C869E49FFD4DFD8C4EBA" box="[478,560,691,715]" name="India" pageId="1">INDIA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49ACF84BBF07C869E77DFD4CFD0E4EBA" box="[572,690,690,715]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="1">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB3ACD3BF07C869E7FCFD4CFC8F4EBA" box="[701,819,690,715]" pageId="1">Bangalore</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8EB76072BF07C869E67FFD4CFC2E4EBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187BFBF07C862E5D6FDB9FDDC4DDD:8EB76072BF07C869E67FFD4CFC2E4EBA" box="[830,914,690,715]" country="India" latitude="13.03" longLatPrecision="775" longitude="77.59" municipality="Bangalore" name="Hebbal" pageId="1" stateProvince="Karnataka">Hebbal</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE5C506EBF07C869E6DCFD4DFC474EBA" box="[925,1019,691,715]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" precision="555" value="13.03">13.03°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE5C506EBF07C869E142FD4CFBDD4EBA" box="[1027,1121,690,715]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" precision="555" value="77.59">77.59°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectingDate id="EF92E981BF07C869E12DFD4CFB4A4EBA" box="[1132,1270,690,715]" pageId="1" value="2016-08-23">
<date id="FFD61069BF07C869E12DFD4CFB4A4EBA" box="[1132,1270,690,715]" pageId="1" value="2016-08-23">23.viii.2016</date>
</collectingDate>
, ex:
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF07C869E06BFD4DFEE74E9E" authority="Thomson" authorityName="Thomson" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Cleonaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E06BFD4DFF544E9F" italics="true" pageId="1">Cleonaria bicolor</emphasis>
Thomson
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF07C869E42AFD28FE574E9E" box="[363,491,726,751]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF07C869E4B9FD28FD204E9E" box="[504,668,726,751]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cerambycidae</taxonomicName>
) on the host plant
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF07C869E637FD29FB9C4E9F" box="[886,1056,727,750]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccinea">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E637FD29FB9C4E9F" box="[886,1056,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="1">Ixora coccinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., coll.
<collectorName id="269D537FBF07C869E1CAFD29FAFB4E9E" box="[1163,1351,726,751]" pageId="1">S.K. Rajeshwari</collectorName>
, code -
<collectionCode id="ED79AE6CBF07C869E5D6FD04FF524F62" box="[151,238,762,787]" pageId="1">NBAIR</collectionCode>
/
<collectorName id="269D537FBF07C869E5B7FD04FE964F62" box="[246,298,762,787]" pageId="1">Beth</collectorName>
/
<collectorName id="269D537FBF07C869E472FD04FECE4F62" box="[307,370,762,787]" pageId="1">Mega</collectorName>
/23816A (
<collectionCode id="ED79AE6CBF07C869E4A2FD05FDFC4F62" box="[483,576,763,787]" pageId="1">NBAIR</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E586FCE0FB284F46" blockId="1.[151,1437,690,1975]" box="[199,1172,798,823]" pageId="1">
<materialsCitation id="3B003CF4BF07C869E586FCE0FB284F46" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1437749506" box="[199,1172,798,823]" collectionCode="NBAIR" pageId="1" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="allotype">
<typeStatus id="54D3880BBF07C869E586FCE0FE954F46" box="[199,297,798,823]" pageId="1" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D6EFD20BF07C869E471FCE1FEF94F47" box="[304,325,799,822]" pageId="1" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
(same data as the
<typeStatus id="54D3880BBF07C869E752FCE0FDC54F46" box="[531,633,798,823]" pageId="1" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), code -
<collectionCode id="ED79AE6CBF07C869E799FCE0FC934F46" box="[728,815,798,823]" pageId="1">NBAIR</collectionCode>
/Beth/Mega/23816 B (
<collectionCode id="ED79AE6CBF07C869E16BFCE1FB344F46" box="[1066,1160,799,823]" pageId="1">NBAIR</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E586FCBDFA214F0E" blockId="1.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="1">
Paratypes: 4♀, 1♂
<date id="FFD61069BF07C869E4EFFCBCFD8D4F2A" box="[430,561,834,859]" pageId="1" value="2016-07-20">20.vii.2016</date>
, same collection locality as holotype, codes - NBAIR/Beth/Mega/20716B (NBAIR); 5♀, 1♂,
<date id="FFD61069BF07C869E431FC98FE564F0F" box="[368,490,870,894]" pageId="1" value="2016-09-17">17.ix.2016</date>
, same collection locality as holotype; codes - NBAIR/Beth/Mega/17916B (NBAIR).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3726522BF07C869E586FC74FCFE4FD2" box="[199,834,906,931]" pageId="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E586FC74FCFE4FD2" blockId="1.[151,1437,690,1975]" box="[199,834,906,931]" pageId="1">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E586FC74FEF24FD2" bold="true" box="[199,334,906,931]" pageId="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet is derived from its host.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3726522BF07C869E586FC50FD954FB6" box="[199,553,942,967]" pageId="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E586FC50FD954FB6" blockId="1.[151,1437,690,1975]" box="[199,553,942,967]" pageId="1">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E586FC50FEDC4FB6" bold="true" box="[199,352,942,967]" pageId="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F37F7639BF07C869E426FC50FE1F4FB6" box="[359,419,942,967]" name="India" pageId="1">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49ACF84BBF07C869E4EFFC50FD994FB6" box="[430,549,942,967]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="1">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3726522BF07C869E586FC2CFC954842" pageId="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E586FC2CFC954842" blockId="1.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="1">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E586FC2CFEFD4F9A" bold="true" box="[199,321,978,1003]" pageId="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E408FC2DFE364F9A" box="[329,394,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="1">Male.</emphasis>
Head in frontal view about 1.24× (0.41: 0.33) as long as wide in
<typeStatus id="54D3880BBF07C869E137FC2CFB644F9A" box="[1142,1240,978,1003]" pageId="1" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 1.34× (0.47: 0.35) in
<typeStatus id="54D3880BBF07C869E443FC09FED9487E" box="[258,357,1015,1039]" pageId="1" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, with sides convergent posteriorly. Ocelli not touching one another.
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E1E2FC08FB42487F" box="[1187,1278,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="1">Female.</emphasis>
Body length
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF07C869E5D6FBE5FE804843" box="[151,316,1051,1075]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.09" metricValueMax="3.19" metricValueMin="2.99" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="3.09" valueMax="3.19" valueMin="2.99">2.99‒3.19 mm</quantity>
, head 1.31× as long as wide in frontal view.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3726522BF07C86EE586FBC0FEED4861" lastPageId="6" pageId="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E586FBC0FEA44897" blockId="1.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="1">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E586FBC0FEE54826" bold="true" box="[199,345,1086,1111]" pageId="1">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF07C869E41EFBC0FE254827" box="[351,409,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="1">Male</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E4E6FBC0FE514826" box="[423,493,1086,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[180,1394,201,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[170,1394,193,1814]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, habitus in dorsal view (paratype); B. habitus in lateral view (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322698/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Figs 1</figureCitation>
¯3). Length (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E7C0FBC0FD7C4826" box="[641,704,1086,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[180,1394,201,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[170,1394,193,1814]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, habitus in dorsal view (paratype); B. habitus in lateral view (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322698/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, B). Body
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF07C869E612FBC1FC444827" box="[851,1016,1087,1111]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.425" metricValueMax="2.48" metricValueMin="2.37" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="2.425" valueMax="2.48" valueMin="2.37">2.37‒2.48 mm</quantity>
, fore wing
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF07C869E137FBC1FAA04827" box="[1142,1308,1087,1111]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.32" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="1.3599999999999999" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="1.32">1.32‒1.40 mm</quantity>
. Body very flat, head 0.22× as high as long in lateral view. Colour (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E64DFB9CFCF7480A" box="[780,843,1122,1147]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[180,1394,201,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[170,1394,193,1814]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, habitus in dorsal view (paratype); B. habitus in lateral view (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322698/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, B). Body black except as follows: mandible apex dark castaneous; antenna from dark castaneous to almost black; palpi dark castaneous; legs almost black except tibiae and tarsi dark castaneous; wings hyaline, central area of fore wing slightly infuscated, wing venation dark castaneous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E586FB0CFE8D4A3E" blockId="1.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="1">
Head (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E455FB0CFEE4497A" box="[276,344,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–C). Head varying from subrectangular (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E601FB0CFC39497A" box="[832,901,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A), subelliptical (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E10CFB0CFB2E497A" box="[1101,1170,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B) to subquadrate (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E02EFB0CFF1A495E" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C). Mandible with three distal, sharp teeth. Clypeus extremely short, apical margin slightly incurved, surface concave, extending back into frons for about half length of eye, slender and polished with pair of lateral carinae which separate it from frons. Antenna long, almost reaching tegula; first four antennomeres in ratio of about 12:7:4:6; scape curved medially, antennal pubescence short and dense. Eye ovoid, setose, placed laterally, very close to mandible; malar space short. Frons coriaceous with reticulations. WH 0.8× LH in frontal view, WF 0.6× WH, WF 1.11× HE, OOL 2.1× WOT; frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute, posterior ocelli distant from vertex crest by 0.9‒1.1× DAO. Vertex varying from almost straight for short (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E69DFA10FB9F4A76" box="[988,1059,1518,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A) or long distance (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E058FA10FAE34A76" box="[1305,1375,1518,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C) to broadly convex (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E414F9ECFE254A5A" box="[341,409,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B), corners always rounded, temples slightly diverging anteriorly. VOL 1.5× HE. Occipital carina absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF07C869E586F9A5FF6A4BC6" blockId="1.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="1">
Mesosoma (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E413F9A4FE244A02" box="[338,408,1626,1651]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D). Mesoscutum about 0.7× long as pronotal disc, separated from mesoscutellum by very fine and shallow line. Notauli and parapsidal furrows absent. Mesoscutellum with shallow reticulation, without groove or pits; posterior margin slightly curved posteriorly. Metanotum reduced. Metapectal-propodeal complex with posterior half distinctly narrower than anterior half; median length 0.91–1.1× median width, without anterior and posterior transverse carinae or median and lateral carinae; dorsal surface coriaceous, stronger posteriorly; propodeal spiracles located at mid-length of disc level, entirely directed outward, declivity reduced. Prosternum
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF07C869E5D6F8CCFEA94B3A" box="[151,277,1842,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentagonal">pentagonal</taxonomicName>
, width 2.7× median length of propleuron (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E7B0F8CCFC894B3A" box="[753,821,1842,1867]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C). Mesopleuron coriaceous, central pit not prominent. Profemur 3.1× long as wide; tibiae not spinose, but sparsely setose; tarsal claws simple. Wings slender (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E07CF8A8FAC14B1E" box="[1341,1405,1878,1903]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[180,1394,201,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[170,1394,193,1814]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, habitus in dorsal view (paratype); B. habitus in lateral view (holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322698/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, B), fore wing with only subcostal vein and small stigma (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF07C869E665F884FCD54BE2" box="[804,873,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E), subcostal vein short, only 0.2× as long as fore wing.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF176621BF04C86AE5D6F8C0FEB44B03" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322698/files/figure.png" pageId="2" targetBox="[180,1394,201,1799]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF04C86AE5D6F8C0FEB44B03" blockId="2.[151,1436,1854,1906]" pageId="2">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF04C86AE5D6F8C0FEA84B22" bold="true" box="[151,276,1854,1876]" pageId="2">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF04C86AE45DF8C1FDD04B22" box="[284,620,1854,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cleonarovorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF04C86AE45DF8C1FDD04B22" box="[284,620,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2">Megaprosternum cleonarovorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57C0BF04C86AE732F8C0FD794B22" box="[627,709,1854,1875]" pageId="2" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF04C86AE732F8C0FD794B22" bold="true" box="[627,709,1854,1875]" pageId="2">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male. A, habitus in dorsal view (paratype); B. habitus in lateral view (holotype).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF176621BF05C86BE5D6F8AAFC914BD6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="3" targetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF05C86BE5D6F8AAFC914BD6" blockId="3.[151,1436,1876,1959]" pageId="3">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF05C86BE5D6F8AAFEA44B18" bold="true" box="[151,280,1876,1898]" pageId="3">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF05C86BE465F8ABFDC44B18" box="[292,632,1876,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cleonarovorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF05C86BE465F8ABFDC44B18" box="[292,632,1876,1898]" italics="true" pageId="3">Megaprosternum cleonarovorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57C0BF05C86BE7C5F8ABFD654B1B" box="[644,729,1877,1898]" pageId="3" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF05C86BE7C5F8ABFD654B1B" bold="true" box="[644,729,1877,1898]" pageId="3">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF176621BF02C86CE5D6F88DFD0B4BD6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322700/files/figure.png" pageId="4" targetBox="[166,1425,201,1871]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF02C86CE5D6F88DFD0B4BD6" blockId="4.[151,1435,1907,1959]" pageId="4">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF02C86CE5D6F88DFEA84BF9" bold="true" box="[151,276,1907,1929]" pageId="4">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF02C86CE45DF88AFDD74BF9" box="[284,619,1907,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cleonarovorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF02C86CE45DF88AFDD74BF9" box="[284,619,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="4">Megaprosternum cleonarovorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57C0BF02C86CE732F88DFD794BF9" box="[627,709,1907,1928]" pageId="4" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF02C86CE732F88DFD794BF9" bold="true" box="[627,709,1907,1928]" pageId="4">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, male. A, hypopygium in ventral view; B, genitalia in dorsal view; C, genitalia in ventral view; D, basal ring in dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF176621BF03C86DE5D6F946FA964ABF" box="[151,1322,1720,1742]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322701/files/figure.png" pageId="5" targetBox="[168,1436,204,1691]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF03C86DE5D6F946FA964ABF" blockId="5.[151,1322,1720,1742]" box="[151,1322,1720,1742]" pageId="5">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF03C86DE5D6F946FEAE4ABC" bold="true" box="[151,274,1720,1742]" pageId="5">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF03C86DE458F947FDDB4ABF" box="[281,615,1721,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cleonarovorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF03C86DE458F947FDDB4ABF" box="[281,615,1721,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5">Megaprosternum cleonarovorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57C0BF03C86DE72DF947FD014ABF" box="[620,701,1721,1742]" pageId="5" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF03C86DE72DF947FD014ABF" bold="true" box="[620,701,1721,1742]" pageId="5">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF03C86DE586F909FA214B97" blockId="5.[151,1437,1781,2022]" pageId="5">
Metasoma (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF03C86DE40CF90BFE2C4B7F" box="[333,400,1781,1806]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,212,1815]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,193,1855]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, head in dorsal view (paratype); B. head and antennae (holotype in frontal view); C, head and prothorax in ventral view (paratype); D, mesosoma in dorsal view (paratype); E. wings in dorsal view (paratype); F. metasoma in dorsal view (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322699/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F) elongate, about 1.5× as long as mesosoma; weakly coriaceous; setae long, especially on apical segments. Hypopygium (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF03C86DE4BBF8E7FD874B43" box="[506,571,1817,1842]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,201,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, hypopygium in ventral view; B, genitalia in dorsal view; C, genitalia in ventral view; D, basal ring in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322700/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A) elongate, medial stalk about 0.6× as long as plate, only slightly narrowing apically, lateral stalk absent, posterior margin almost straight. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF03C86DE6A3F8C3FB944B27" box="[994,1064,1853,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,201,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, hypopygium in ventral view; B, genitalia in dorsal view; C, genitalia in ventral view; D, basal ring in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322700/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B, C). Paramere elongate, much longer than basiparamere, narrower below apex, apex rounded. Cuspis laminar, large, wide, apex truncate with corners narrowly rounded, lateral margins parallel, as high as two thirds of paramere. Digitus with apex directed outward, as high as cuspis. Aedeagus slightly wider medially, its apex slightly lower than cuspis apex, with pair of rounded apical lobes, apodeme short, not dilated basally. Basal ring (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF03C86DE6D6F833FC6B4B97" box="[919,983,1997,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[166,1425,201,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1885]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., male. A, hypopygium in ventral view; B, genitalia in dorsal view; C, genitalia in ventral view; D, basal ring in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322700/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D) large, about 0.4× as long as genitalia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF00C86EE586FF66FD404D4E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE586FF66FEA74CC1" box="[199,283,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="6">Female</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE46BFF69FECF4CC1" box="[298,371,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1720,1742]" captionTargetBox="[168,1436,204,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1699]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322701/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Figs 4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE43EFF69FE334CC1" box="[383,399,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[167,1416,208,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="6">5</figureCitation>
). Length (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE745FF69FDFB4CC1" box="[516,583,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1720,1742]" captionTargetBox="[168,1436,204,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1699]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322701/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A, B). Body
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE796FF66FCC14CDE" box="[727,893,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.09" metricValueMax="3.19" metricValueMin="2.99" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="3.09" valueMax="3.19" valueMin="2.99">2.99‒3.19 mm</quantity>
; fore wing
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE6BCFF69FBD84CDE" box="[1021,1124,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="1.56">1.56 mm</quantity>
. Body very flat, head 1.31× as long as wide in frontal view and 0.26× as high as long in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE682FF42FBB94CA4" box="[963,1029,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[167,1416,208,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A). Colour (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE1CCFF42FB724CA4" box="[1165,1230,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[167,1416,208,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–H). Body black except as follows: antenna from dark castaneous to almost black; mandible reddish castaneous; palpi dark castaneous; legs almost black except tibiae and tarsi dark castaneous; wings hyaline but central area of fore wing slightly infuscated and wing venation dark castaneous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF00C86EE586FEB2FE6E4E11" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6">
Head (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE450FEB2FEE44D14" box="[273,344,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[167,1416,208,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Figs 5</figureCitation>
A–C). Head subrectangular (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE7DFFEB2FD5D4D14" box="[670,737,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[167,1416,208,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C). Clypeus retracted, apical margin incurved, extending back into frons for less than half length of eye, elongate, subparallel and polished, without median carina. Antenna long, almost reaching tegula; first four antennomeres in ratio of about 17: 5: 3: 5; scape flattened medially; segment XI slightly longer than wide; antennal pubescence subappressed, with some suberect, outstanding setae. Eye ovoid, setose, placed laterally, very close to mandible; malar space short. Frons coriaceous. WH 0.68× LH, WF 0.66× WH, WF 1.3× HE, OOL 3.1× WOT; frontal angle of ocellar triangle acute, posterior ocelli distant from vertex crest by 0.9× DAO. Vertex almost straight, corners broadly rounded, temples slightly diverging anteriorly. VOL 1.83× HE. Occipital carina absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF00C86EE586FD93FE3C4FB9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6">
Mesosoma (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE413FD92FE2A4EF4" box="[338,406,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[167,1416,208,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F). Mesoscutum 0.56× as long as pronotal disc, separated from mesoscutellum by distinct line. Notauli and parapsidal furrows absent. Mesoscutellum transverse, without groove or pits; posterior margin slightly curved posteriorly. Metanotum completely absent dorsally. Metapectal-propodeal complex with median length 0.95‒1.1× median width, without anterior and posterior transverse carinae or median carina, and with lateral carinae very weak, converging in declivity and reach propodeal foramen; dorsal surface coriaceous, stronger posteriorly; propodeal spiracles located at mid-length of disc at middle leg foramen level, entirely directed outward. Prosternum
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF00C86EE4D4FCBAFDAF4F2C" box="[405,531,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentagonal">pentagonal</taxonomicName>
, width 2.75× median length of propleuron. Mesopleuron coriaceous. Tegula present,
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE5B8FC96FEDD4F0E" box="[249,353,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
long. Profemur enlarged, 2.17× long as wide; tibiae not spinose; tarsal claws simple. Wings slender (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE5B6FC72FE864FD5" box="[247,314,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1720,1742]" captionTargetBox="[168,1436,204,1691]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1699]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322701/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A, B), fore wing with only subcostal vein and small stigma (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE698FC72FBA74FD4" box="[985,1051,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[167,1416,208,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
G), subcostal vein short, only 0.2× as long as fore wing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF00C86EE586FC2BFEED4861" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6">
Metasoma (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE40BFC2AFE304F9C" box="[330,396,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1834,1856]" captionTargetBox="[167,1416,208,1798]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megaprosternum cleonarovorum sp. nov., female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
H). Elongate, about 1.5× as long as mesosoma; weakly coriaceous; setae long, particularly on apical segments.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3726522BF00C862E586FBE2FDDC4DDD" lastPageId="10" pageId="6" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF00C86EE586FBE2FBFA4829" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE586FBE2FF434844" bold="true" box="[199,255,1052,1077]" pageId="6">Host</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE44EFBE2FEED4845" box="[271,337,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,204,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life stages of host Cleonaria bicolor. A, grubs in galleries; B, pupa; C, adult in gallery; D, adult feeding on leaves, E, Leaf with incisions." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322704/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A–D).
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF00C86EE4E1FBE3FCAE4845" box="[416,786,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cleonarovorum">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE4E1FBE3FCAE4845" box="[416,786,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6">Megaprosternum cleonarovorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a gregarious larval ectoparasitoid of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF00C86EE193FBE2FEBD4829" authority="Thomson" authorityName="Thomson" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Cleonaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE193FBE2FA204845" box="[1234,1436,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6">Cleonaria bicolor</emphasis>
Thomson
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF00C86EE44EFBC1FE334829" box="[271,399,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF00C86EE4DBFBC1FD824829" box="[410,574,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cerambycidae</taxonomicName>
) on the host plant
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF00C86EE64DFBBFFC084826" box="[780,948,1088,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccinea">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE64DFBBFFC084826" box="[780,948,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6">Ixora coccinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE6A3FBC1FB994829" box="[994,1061,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,204,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life stages of host Cleonaria bicolor. A, grubs in galleries; B, pupa; C, adult in gallery; D, adult feeding on leaves, E, Leaf with incisions." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322704/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF00C86EE586FB9AFABE4899" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE586FB9AFE9B480C" bold="true" box="[199,295,1124,1149]" pageId="6">Biology.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE472FB9BFE72480D" box="[307,462,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6">Host biology.</emphasis>
An adult of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF00C86EE731FB9AFD5B480D" box="[624,743,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Cleonaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE731FB9AFD5B480D" box="[624,743,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6">C. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
damages the leaves of the host plant by making elongate incisions with its mandibles on either side of the midrib (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE657FB79FCE548D1" box="[790,857,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[210,1381,221,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1390,207,1929]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Damage symptoms on host plant Ixora coccinea. A and B, stem with adult emergence holes and frass; C, leaves with incisions; D, infested plant; E, excised stems in insect cages for laboratory observation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322703/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C, 7D) and eggs are laid in the intermodal region of the stem where the grubs form galleries (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE720FB52FD1948B5" box="[609,677,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,204,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1786]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Life stages of host Cleonaria bicolor. A, grubs in galleries; B, pupa; C, adult in gallery; D, adult feeding on leaves, E, Leaf with incisions." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322704/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A). The galleries formed by the grub with the parasitized stages and cocoons measure 2.76±
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE4E4FB31FDB54899" box="[421,521,1231,1256]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
in width, and the stem thickness measures 2.6¯
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE15FFB31FBCA4899" box="[1054,1142,1231,1256]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF00C86EE586FB0AFE694909" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6">The grubs are legless and cream yellow in colour. They pupate inside the burrow and the pupae are light yellow in colour. In August, several parasitized grubs were collected. In September, the pre-pupal stage along with the pupal stage was noticed, indicating a very brief pupal period after larval diapause followed by adult emergence in late September and October.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF00C86EE586FA7AFD614A79" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6">
The incisions on leaves caused by adults is the first indication of infestation followed by yellowing of branches and exudation of frass through cracks on the bark as mentioned by Prathapan
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE151FA57FBF649B1" box="[1040,1098,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6">et al.</emphasis>
(2010). In our study, the pest caused severe leaf damage symptoms (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE70AFA32FD314994" box="[587,653,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[210,1381,221,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1390,207,1929]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Damage symptoms on host plant Ixora coccinea. A and B, stem with adult emergence holes and frass; C, leaves with incisions; D, infested plant; E, excised stems in insect cages for laboratory observation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322703/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C) and severely curtailed plant growth (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE10DFA32FB2C4994" box="[1100,1168,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[210,1381,221,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1390,207,1929]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Damage symptoms on host plant Ixora coccinea. A and B, stem with adult emergence holes and frass; C, leaves with incisions; D, infested plant; E, excised stems in insect cages for laboratory observation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322703/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
D); later the entire plant collapsed leading to complete loss of the plantation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF00C86EE586F9EAFC0E4BAC" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE586F9EAFE244A5D" box="[199,408,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="6">Parasitoid biology</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF00C86EE4E9F9EAFE504A5D" box="[424,492,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1820,1842]" captionTargetBox="[282,1302,489,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[249,1337,420,1828]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Life stages of M. cleonarovorum sp. nov. on Cleonaria bicolor grub. A and B, eggs on host grub; C, early instars; D, late instars; E, initiation of spinning; F, half spun cocoons; G, freshly formed cocoons; H, dark coloured cocoons just before emergence with guarding female." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322705/files/figure.png" pageId="6">Figs 8</figureCitation>
A–H). The eggs of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF00C86EE788F9EBFC244A5D" box="[713,920,1556,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cleonarovorum">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE788F9EBFC244A5D" box="[713,920,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="6">M. cleonarovorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are oval and off white in colour, and measure 0.40±
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE596F9C6FE874A21" box="[215,315,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.02">0.02 mm</quantity>
long and 0.17±
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE4ABF9C6FDF14A21" box="[490,589,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
wide. They are often arranged on the lateral sides and towards the posterior region of the host grub. This preferred site for oviposition is unlike the ventral abdominal preference shown by
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF00C86EE5D6F97EFD8A4AE9" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[151,566,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallicola">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF00C86EE5D6F97EFE114AE9" box="[151,429,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6">Cephalonomia gallicola</emphasis>
(Ashmead)
</taxonomicName>
as indicated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B58BF00C86EE642F981FC374AE9" author="Itoh" box="[771,907,1663,1688]" pageId="6" refString="Itoh, H. (1980) Habits of Cephalonomia gallicola (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 31, 296 ‾ 298." type="journal article" year="1980">Itoh (1980)</bibRefCitation>
. The average number of eggs per grub was 38±9.96. They hatch 4¯5 days after oviposition. On average, 68¯77.4% emergence of wasps was noticed in comparison to the total number of eggs laid per grub. The larvae are gregarious and feed for 3¯4 days. The early instars measure 0.85±
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE4D1F912FE464B75" box="[400,506,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
; mid instars measure 1.53±
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE677F912FC204B75" box="[822,924,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="1.26">1.26 mm</quantity>
and attain a length of 2.26±
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE1A4F912FAF04B75" box="[1253,1356,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
before spinning their cocoons in a mass within the galleries of the host grubs. The cocoons are 3.01±
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE18BF8EEFA8D4B59" box="[1226,1329,1808,1832]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
long and 0.97±
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF00C86EE596F8CAFE874B3D" box="[215,315,1844,1868]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
wide, and range in colour from white when freshly laid to buff brown after two days. The cocoon stage lasts about 14¯15 days; a single female was observed guarding the unhatched cocoons (directly collected from field). Adults within the host galleries lived for 12¯17 days; adults fed with 50% honey lived for 12¯15 days in glass test tubes and adults without any feed neither residing in galleries nor feeding on honey lived for 4¯5 days. The average life span from oviposition to adult longevity is 37±2 days.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF176621BF01C86FE5D6F8D4FE044B0C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322702/files/figure.png" pageId="7" targetBox="[167,1416,208,1798]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF01C86FE5D6F8D4FE044B0C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1834,1917]" pageId="7">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF01C86FE5D6F8D4FEAF4B31" bold="true" box="[151,275,1834,1856]" pageId="7">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF01C86FE45BF8D5FDD44B31" box="[282,616,1835,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Megaprosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cleonarovorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF01C86FE45BF8D5FDD44B31" box="[282,616,1835,1856]" italics="true" pageId="7">Megaprosternum cleonarovorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F57C0BF01C86FE72EF8D5FD7C4B31" box="[623,704,1835,1856]" pageId="7" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF01C86FE72EF8D5FD7C4B31" bold="true" box="[623,704,1835,1856]" pageId="7">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, female. A, head in lateral view; B and C, head in dorsal view; D, head and prothorax in ventral view; E, mesosoma and front leg in lateral view; F, mesosoma in dorsal view; G, wings in dorsal view; H, metasoma in dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF176621BF0EC860E5D6F84FFB834B94" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322703/files/figure.png" pageId="8" targetBox="[210,1381,221,1917]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF0EC860E5D6F84FFB834B94" blockId="8.[151,1436,1969,2021]" pageId="8">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF0EC860E5D6F84FFEA84BB7" bold="true" box="[151,276,1969,1991]" pageId="8">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Damage symptoms on host plant
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF0EC860E732F84CFCB74BB6" box="[627,779,1970,1991]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccinea">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF0EC860E732F84CFCB74BB6" box="[627,779,1970,1991]" italics="true" pageId="8">Ixora coccinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A and B, stem with adult emergence holes and frass; C, leaves with incisions; D, infested plant; E, excised stems in insect cages for laboratory observation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF176621BF0FC861E5D6F8F1FEC04B32" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322704/files/figure.png" pageId="9" targetBox="[164,1431,204,1776]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF0FC861E5D6F8F1FEC04B32" blockId="9.[151,1436,1807,1859]" pageId="9">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF0FC861E5D6F8F1FEAE4B55" bold="true" box="[151,274,1807,1829]" pageId="9">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Life stages of host
<taxonomicName id="4C684D2ABF0FC861E496F8F1FD304B55" box="[471,652,1807,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Cleonaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B91CEABBBF0FC861E496F8F1FD304B55" box="[471,652,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="9">Cleonaria bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, grubs in galleries; B, pupa; C, adult in gallery; D, adult feeding on leaves, E, Leaf with incisions.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF0FC861E586F88EFAE94B84" blockId="9.[151,1437,1904,2037]" pageId="9">
The field collected cocoon masses produced 21.83±4.79 cocoons/brood and the adult emergence was 18.17±5.91 wasps/cocoon mass. The laboratory reared broods produced 31.5±11.59 cocoons/brood and the adult emergence was 22.5±11.9 wasps/cocoon mass. We observed a highly male-biased mean sex ratio and on an average 1¯
<specimenCount id="9D6EFD20BF0FC861E44EF823FED54B84" box="[271,361,2012,2037]" pageId="9" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
emerged per brood, unlike the solitary male/brood as noticed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B58BF0FC861E102F823FAED4B84" author="Morgan" box="[1091,1361,2012,2037]" pageId="9" refString="Morgan, D. J. W. &amp; Cook, J. M. (1994) Extremely precise sex ratios in small clutches of a bethylid wasp. Oikos, 71, 423 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3545830" type="journal article" year="1994">Morgan &amp; Cook (1994)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF0CC862E586FF69FC464D31" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="10">
The first female after emergence was noticed probing other cocoons facilitating their emergence. After emergence the wasps showed restlessness in behavior and took shelter on and off in the empty cocoon cases. Mating couples could be seen within 2¯3 minutes post emergence. Later the aggregation of females along with male/males, accompanied by mating, was noticed hidden in the crevices of the stems. In all the field collected cocoon masses a single female was observed guarding the cocoons (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF0CC862E6D2FED9FC694D31" box="[915,981,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1820,1842]" captionTargetBox="[282,1302,489,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[249,1337,420,1828]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Life stages of M. cleonarovorum sp. nov. on Cleonaria bicolor grub. A and B, eggs on host grub; C, early instars; D, late instars; E, initiation of spinning; F, half spun cocoons; G, freshly formed cocoons; H, dark coloured cocoons just before emergence with guarding female." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322705/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736A9BF0CC862E586FEB2FDDC4DDD" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="10">
The parasitized grubs and cocoons were observed wherever the stem thickness measured 2.6¯
<quantity id="4C909B4CBF0CC862E05CFEB2FAC74D15" box="[1309,1403,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="10" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
in diameter. The thicker stems carried the prepupal, pupal and adult stages of hosts with large emergence holes on stems associated with frass (
<figureCitation id="13532A2CBF0CC862E495FE6AFDA74DDC" box="[468,539,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1969,1991]" captionTargetBox="[210,1381,221,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[196,1390,207,1929]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Damage symptoms on host plant Ixora coccinea. A and B, stem with adult emergence holes and frass; C, leaves with incisions; D, infested plant; E, excised stems in insect cages for laboratory observation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/322703/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Figs 6</figureCitation>
A, B).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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