124 lines
19 KiB
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124 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="FB3F7F68B475B0535176B3C933A541BE" ID-DOI="10.26879/1220" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10962250" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1712859670786" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jacisin Iii, John J. & Lawing, A. Michelle" docDate="2024" docId="03B387E8FFA33200867CFC899C21FEBB" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.27.1.a2.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 2) 27 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Colubrinae Oppel 1811" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FF8AFF90FFA8320B8770FFDA9964FFD9" masterDocTitle="Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1715215045661" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E244518A5E536DAEBD7BB6B164BE9FB7">Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="407B9EBAFE987E437EA6ED8D36A13B99">Jacisin Iii, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="63392CBAA2AC0E9BD3A52E5DCBA130AD">Lawing, A. Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A089D1DAAA2DF4639CB0F50B0F931C04">2024</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0ED8192FFA33200867CFC899BA8FCB5" box="[268,716,851,877]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="3">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFA3320086F8FC899BA8FCB5" ID-CoL="87CG5" ID-ENA="169863" authority="Oppel, 1811" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[392,716,851,877]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Colubrinae">
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COLUBRINAE
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA33200854DFC899BA8FCB5" author="Oppel, M." box="[573,716,851,877]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref21822" refString="Oppel, M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Joseph Lindauer Verlag, Munchen." type="book" year="1811">Oppel, 1811</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA3320087B0FCA49B61FA6E" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA3320087B0FCA49B61FA6E" blockId="11.[192,793,894,1911]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFA3320087B0FCA49823FC4E" bold="true" box="[192,327,894,919]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008620FCA49B67FC4E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[336,515,894,919]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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outlined some general osteological characters for colubrine snakes, which were later examined and modified by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA33200850BFC649A71FC0E" author="Ikeda, T." box="[635,789,958,983]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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. The trunk vertebrae are typically longer than wide, are often lightly built, and lack hypapophyses (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008595FC249822FBEE" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008625FBC49883FBEE" author="Ikeda, T." box="[341,487,1054,1079]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008686FBC49BB1FBEE" author="Ikeda, T. & Otsuka, H. & Ota, H." box="[502,725,1054,1079]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="143 - 156" refId="ref20333" refString="Ikeda, T., Otsuka, H., and Ota, H. 2016. Early Pleistocene fossil snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Southwestern Japan. Herpetological Monographs, 30: 143 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 15 - 00005.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Ikeda et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). The neural spines are somewhat thin, tall, mostly uniform in width, and often project posteriorly over adjacent vertebrae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320086C1FBA49B07FB4E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[433,611,1150,1175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The prezygapophyseal accessory processes are well-projected and prominent (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA33200860DFB649B4FFB0E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[381,555,1214,1239]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008548FB649BADFB0E" author="Ikeda, T." box="[568,713,1214,1239]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320085A7FB649830FB2E" author="Ikeda, T. & Otsuka, H. & Ota, H." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="143 - 156" refId="ref20333" refString="Ikeda, T., Otsuka, H., and Ota, H. 2016. Early Pleistocene fossil snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Southwestern Japan. Herpetological Monographs, 30: 143 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 15 - 00005.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Ikeda et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). The hemal keels are well-projected from the centrum and may or may not be relatively thin (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008673FAC498DCFAEE" author="Holman, J. A." box="[259,440,1310,1335]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320086BDFAC49B02FAEE" author="Ikeda, T." box="[461,614,1310,1335]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA33200850BFAC49866FA8E" author="Ikeda, T. & Otsuka, H. & Ota, H." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="143 - 156" refId="ref20333" refString="Ikeda, T., Otsuka, H., and Ota, H. 2016. Early Pleistocene fossil snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Southwestern Japan. Herpetological Monographs, 30: 143 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 15 - 00005.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Ikeda et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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), and the subcentral ridges and grooves are distinct (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008655FA8498B2FAAE" author="Holman, J. A." box="[293,470,1374,1399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008694FA849B13FAAE" author="Ikeda, T." box="[484,631,1374,1399]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda, 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320085F6FA849866FA4E" author="Ikeda, T. & Otsuka, H. & Ota, H." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="143 - 156" refId="ref20333" refString="Ikeda, T., Otsuka, H., and Ota, H. 2016. Early Pleistocene fossil snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Southwestern Japan. Herpetological Monographs, 30: 143 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 15 - 00005.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Ikeda et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). Epizygapophyseal spines may or may not be present (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA33200863CFA44989EFA6E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[332,506,1438,1463]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFA3320087B0FA649C21FEBB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFA3320087B0FA649C21FEBB" blockId="11.[192,793,894,1911]" lastBlockId="11.[840,1441,168,354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFA3320087B0FA64985CFA0E" bold="true" box="[192,312,1470,1495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</emphasis>
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While
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320086FBFA649B2AFA0E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[395,590,1470,1495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman’s (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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diagnosis of colubrines appears to fit North American taxa,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320085A7FA049868F9CE" author="Ikeda, T." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref20276" refString="Ikeda, T. 2007. A comparative morphological study of the vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions. Current Herpetology, 26: 13 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.3105 / 1345 - 5834 (2007) 26 [13: ACMSOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Ikeda (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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noted that the lightly build vertebrae and relatively thin hemal keels are not features consistent with some non-North American taxa, as these features show various states amongst extant species. These characters may only be consistently useful for North American taxa, and should not preclude taxa from being assigned to the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFA3320085CBF9649988F92E" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Colubrinae">Colubrinae</taxonomicName>
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if those characters are not present as described in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008628F9249B69F8CE" author="Holman, J. A." box="[344,525,1790,1815]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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. Furthermore,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320085CAF9249855F8EE" author="Head, J. J. & Mahlow, K. & Muller, J." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref19491" refString="Head, J. J., Mahlow, K., and Muller, J. 2016. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 2: Caenophidia, Colubroidea, Elapoidea, Colubridae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19.2.2 FC: 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 625" type="book chapter" year="2016">Head et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
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point out that while a precloacal vertebral column without hypapophyses have been traditionally used to differentiate colubrines from natricids and elapids (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008490FF739DC5FF1B" author="Bell, C. J. & Head, J. J. & Mead, J. I." box="[992,1185,169,194]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="117 - 126" refId="ref17811" refString="Bell, C. J., Head, J. J., and Mead, J. I. 2004. Synopsis of the herpetofauna from Porcupine Cave, p. 117 - 126. In Barnosky, A. D. (ed.), Biodiversity Response to Climate Change in the Middle Pleistocene. The Porcupine Cave Fauna from Colorado. Berkeley: University of California Press. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520240827.003.0011" type="book chapter" year="2004">Bell et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320083DDFF729C00FF1B" author="Szyndlar, Z." box="[1197,1380,168,194]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="661 - 681" refId="ref23493" refString="Szyndlar, Z. 2012. Early Oligocene to Pliocene Colubridae of Europe: a review. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 183: 661 - 681." type="journal article" year="2012">Szyndlar, 2012</bibRefCitation>
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), this absence also occurs in a number of dipsadid and elapid taxa as well (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA33200834EFF339CC4FEDB" author="Dowling, H. G. & Duellman, W. E." box="[1086,1440,233,258]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref18527" refString="Dowling, H. G. and Duellman, W. E. 1978. Systematic herpetology: a synopsis of families and higher categories. HISS Publications, New York." type="book" year="1978">Dowling and Duellman, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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after
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA3320084F8FED39D0EFEFB" author="Pyron, R. A. & Burbrink, F. T. & Wiens, J. J." box="[904,1130,265,290]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="93" refId="ref22396" refString="Pyron, R. A., Burbrink, F. T., and Wiens, J. J. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13: 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 13 - 93" type="journal article" year="2013">Pyron et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). This character therefore cannot fully diagnose colubrines to the exclusion of other clades on its own (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFA332008316FE939C5EFEBB" author="Head, J. J. & Mahlow, K. & Muller, J." box="[1126,1338,329,354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref19491" refString="Head, J. J., Mahlow, K., and Muller, J. 2016. Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 2: Caenophidia, Colubroidea, Elapoidea, Colubridae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19.2.2 FC: 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 625" type="book chapter" year="2016">Head et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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