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<document id="4EDCB8FD1E57C3385EEDF9830599B78F" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio &amp; Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFCBFFF7BE8BFA3AFADAFED1" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus atim Brasileiro &amp; Haddad 2015" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="59" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="024324F8DA8D9765E86F8E68E54C9B64">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FD922B1B18E80F888A50E1A2F9E2F6DF">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C5F29E54D8505F7DC29A7E925399FC0C">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="44F6D77B4B674D5DB9F0FBB912E70D4F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="19CAA8D7C5EF351A75B31ACC602E7442">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="17A011BB2E2D3BDE196AD4A92D46A365">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2EE9D5A17E4711100E3962EA4956185A">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="07A9441E8ED61F75514235D4B6B6F298" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFCBFFF7BE8BFA3AFADAFED1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583610" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583610" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFCBFFF7BE8BFA3AFADAFED1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCBFFF7BE8BFA3AFADAFED1" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFDEFF985" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFD3CFA39" blockId="58.[151,716,1425,1452]" box="[151,716,1425,1452]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
<heading id="076BE03AFFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFD3CFA39" bold="true" box="[151,716,1425,1452]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFD3CFA39" authority="Brasileiro &amp; Haddad, 2015" authorityName="Brasileiro &amp; Haddad" authorityYear="2015" box="[151,716,1425,1452]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atim">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFD3CFA39" bold="true" box="[151,716,1425,1452]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFE84FA39" bold="true" box="[151,372,1425,1452]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Physalaemus atim</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFCBFFF6BF67FA3AFD3CFA39" author="Brasileiro, C. A. &amp; Haddad, C. F. B." box="[379,716,1425,1451]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="280 - 288" refId="ref72620" refString="Brasileiro, C. A. &amp; Haddad, C. F. B. (2015) A New Species of Physalaemus from Central Brazil (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Herpetologica, 71 (4), 280 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 13 - 00085" type="journal article" year="2015">Brasileiro &amp; Haddad, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCBFFF6BE8BFA71FDEFF985" blockId="58.[151,1437,1497,2028]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
We found a single call
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFCBFFF6BF84FA71FE38FA66" box="[408,456,1498,1524]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a gradual downward FM throughout the call.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCBFFF7BEDBF98BFADAFED1" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCBFFF7BEDBF98BFADAFED1" blockId="58.[151,1437,1497,2028]" lastBlockId="59.[151,1437,153,323]" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BEDBF98BFDEDF9A9" bold="true" box="[199,541,1568,1595]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
Call A (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BF01F98BFE9EF9A9" box="[285,366,1568,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
A–D and 24D).
</emphasis>
We examined one recording, a total of 11 seconds, with 11 calls from four males. Most of these calls were measured (see
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFCBFFF6BC4FF9EEFD58F9CD" box="[595,680,1605,1631]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Call duration varies from 0.779 to
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFCBFFF6BA23F9EFFB62F9F2" box="[1087,1170,1604,1632]" degrees="0.995" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" precision="55" value="-0.995">0.995 s</geoCoordinate>
. The limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall are not clear (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BC61F9C2FD17F911" box="[637,743,1641,1667]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
). In calls where they are perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration with variable shape (linear, exponential, or logarithmic) or fall is shorter than rise. The sustain is irregular with short amplitude valleys (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BC79F91AFD3EF959" box="[613,718,1713,1739]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fifths of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BC82F97EFCF8F97D" box="[670,776,1749,1775]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
), rectangular (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BDB1F97EFBE3F97D" box="[941,1043,1749,1775]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27C</figureCitation>
) or triangular (pointed left). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 33 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has an irregular slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks). The rate of the PAM is
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BB3BF8B5FAB9F8A5" box="[1319,1353,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">ca.</emphasis>
45 Hz, forming
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BEEBF8E9FEE9F8C9" box="[247,281,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">ca.</emphasis>
24 peaks throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BC5BF8CEFD41F8ED" box="[583,689,1893,1919]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 24D</figureCitation>
). The fundamental frequency is
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BA01F8CDFBCEF8ED" box="[1053,1086,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">ca.</emphasis>
430 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BC1FF805FDEDF855" box="[515,541,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">ca</emphasis>
.
<date id="28227196FFCBFFF6BC37F806FD4DF855" box="[555,701,1965,1992]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" value="1980" valueMax="2330">1980 to 2330</date>
Hz (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BCEEF806FCA8F855" box="[754,856,1965,1991]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27B</figureCitation>
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh, but it is usually the sixth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and ending at the sixth (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BA81FF32FAF7FF21" box="[1181,1287,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 27D</figureCitation>
). Most of the call energy is between 700 and 2700 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BB2DFF16FF5FFF69" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 27B, D</figureCitation>
). Additionally, the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BF08FEAEFE8CFE8D" box="[276,380,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 27D</figureCitation>
), and a short downward FM at the end (
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BD28FEAEFC4CFE8D" box="[820,956,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 27B, D</figureCitation>
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no clear PFM.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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