165 lines
18 KiB
XML
165 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="4891A9D77D532DCFCC3CE10165FDF0EC" ID-CLB-Dataset="62712" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6607185" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bb685fb0-4415-4054-9b2a-604129aab5b1" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-93-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6607185" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1654173512583" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2014" docId="464F694FFFA5A858FF31DA2690A9F48E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_4_Phocidae_0120.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pusa sibirica" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="182" masterDocId="BA761137FFAAA857FFF1D6539643FF96" masterDocTitle="Phocidae" masterLastPageNumber="183" masterPageNumber="120" pageNumber="182" updateTime="1699339440766" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="93E5558DB21C32E9E7A1319699B623A0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="408DC39F7C33EB6548C7AC0777FDC99A">
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<mods:title id="8EEFB75772D6CEC64B9DF1C606C8283B">Phocidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B45E49697BCF03090E415C44395F5E74">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D1EAE1FDBCEF3486A2C4F9F7B5BFFC0D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8E3DF452F62A076BF210F35E507BDB5A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B217BE2ACE2535A39CF90591848ECBFF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="433CBD05A2C47B317B0123D172A92F60">2014</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="EB06832A115F3FBEA9F582F014CE7997" type="pubDate">2014-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="5E7A421AD06FBFF630E3734DCF541C12">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="95CB5CDB37E67847A88DA690C5C8AD4C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="7953AEB3B26F73DD39B6D033EDB7E8E5">
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<mods:title id="FBDABCBA40252591C3255689EBAB07B5">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A7B82DB99E72E061F7D68EF26FA21A77">
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<mods:identifier id="45F263AC3C3F7AA50DDD69D3C9144C25" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-93-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="464F694FFFA5A858FF31DA2690A9F48E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6607272" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195723875" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6607272" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:464F694FFFA5A858FF31DA2690A9F48E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/464F694FFFA5A858FF31DA2690A9F48E" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FF31DA2696B5F309" box="[192,246,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FF31DA2696B5F309" blockId="15.[186,1018,3189,3312]" box="[192,246,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<heading id="95116F35FFA5A858FF31DA2696B5F309" box="[192,246,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<figureCitation id="56DDC4DCFFA5A858FF31DA2696B5F309" box="[192,246,3189,3231]" captionStart="Plate 6: Phocidae" captionStartId="12.[67,97,3450,3471]" captionTargetBox="[11,2723,13,3652]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="11. Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus), 12. Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata), 13. Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), 14. Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina), 15. Spotted Seal (Phoca largha), 16. Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica), 17. Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica), 18. Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6607265" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6607265/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">17.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FEF6DA2697A4F309" box="[263,487,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FEF6DA2697A4F309" blockId="15.[186,1018,3189,3312]" box="[263,487,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<heading id="95116F35FFA5A858FEF6DA2697A4F309" box="[263,487,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<vernacularName id="40E5A877FFA5A858FEF6DA2697A4F309" box="[263,487,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Baikal Seal</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FDEBDA26954FF309" box="[538,780,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FDEBDA26954FF309" blockId="15.[186,1018,3189,3312]" box="[538,780,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<heading id="95116F35FFA5A858FDEBDA26954FF309" box="[538,780,3189,3231]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<taxonomicName id="09E6A3DAFFA5A858FDEBDA26954FF309" ID-CoL="4QKSQ" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[538,780,3189,3231]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Pusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibirica">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FDEBDA26954FF309" box="[538,780,3189,3231]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Pusa sibirica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FF4DDAE294E6F37B" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FF4DDAE295BAF350" blockId="15.[186,1018,3189,3312]" box="[188,1017,3249,3270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<heading id="95116F35FFA5A858FF4DDAE295BAF350" box="[188,1017,3249,3270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FF4DDAE2974BF350" bold="true" box="[188,264,3249,3270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="40E5A877FFA5A858FEE0DAE297FFF350" box="[273,444,3249,3270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Phoque du Baikal</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FE23DAE2946FF350" bold="true" box="[466,556,3249,3270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="40E5A877FFA5A858FDC7DAE294ADF350" box="[566,750,3249,3270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Baikal-Ringelrobbe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FCF2DAE2951DF350" bold="true" box="[771,862,3249,3270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="40E5A877FFA5A858FC99DAE295BAF350" box="[872,1017,3249,3270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Foca del Baikal</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FF4ADA8B94E6F37B" blockId="15.[186,1018,3189,3312]" box="[187,677,3288,3309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<heading id="95116F35FFA5A858FF4ADA8B94E6F37B" box="[187,677,3288,3309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FF4ADA8B97F1F37B" bold="true" box="[187,434,3288,3309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="40E5A877FFA5A858FE4CDA8B941EF37B" box="[445,605,3288,3309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Lake Baikal Seal</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="40E5A877FFA5A858FD9DDA8B94E6F37B" box="[620,677,3288,3309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Nerpa</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FF4ADB4894ADF2AA" box="[187,750,3355,3388]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FF4ADB4894ADF2AA" blockId="15.[185,1390,3355,3474]" box="[187,750,3355,3388]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FF4ADB489715F2AA" bold="true" box="[187,342,3355,3388]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="09E6A3DAFFA5A858FE96DB4894A9F2AA" ID-CoL="4GK5Y" authority="Gmelin, 1788" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1788" box="[359,746,3355,3388]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibirica">Phoca sibirica Gmelin, 1788</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FD0EDB4897C7F2F5" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FD0EDB4897C7F2F5" blockId="15.[185,1390,3355,3474]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<materialsCitation id="7E8ED204FFA5A858FD0EDB4897C7F2F5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3800822305" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">“Baikal et Orom” (= Lake Baikal and Lake Oron, Russia).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FF4ADB3A9466F21C" box="[187,549,3433,3466]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FF4ADB3A9466F21C" blockId="15.[185,1390,3355,3474]" box="[187,549,3433,3466]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858F7DFD7779ECFFEFE" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="distribution">
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<caption id="9A9988D1FFA5A858F7DFD7779ECFFEFE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6607245" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6607245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6607245/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" targetBox="[1473,2064,299,703]" targetPageId="15">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858F7DFD7779ECFFEFE" blockId="15.[2093,2677,292,715]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858F7DFD7779E9CFED7" bold="true" box="[2094,2271,292,321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Distribution.</emphasis>
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lake Baikal in S Siberia, Russia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858F7DFD73C9F26FC18" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858F7DFD73C9F26FC18" blockId="15.[2093,2677,292,715]" lastBlockId="15.[1463,2676,720,2840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858F7DFD73C9F79FE06" bold="true" box="[2094,2362,367,400]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Total length 130-145 cm (males) and 120-130 cm (females); weight 50-90 kg. Newborns are 60-65 cm in length and weigh c.4 kg. Baikal Seals are unspotted, or occasionally very sparsely and faintly spotted, with small heads and robust bodies. Claws on front flippers are relatively long, thick, and strong—evidently adaptations for living under the ice for much of autumn through spring when Lake Baikal freezes over and for helping them to get traction on the ice surface at pressure cracks and small breathing holes that they keep open. Offspring are born with a white lanugo (fine, soft hair) that is shed at 4-6 weeks old and replaced by shorter silver gray hair. Adult Baikal Seals are silver-gray to brown dorsally and yellowish white ventrally.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FA4CD5C6911EFBBD" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FA4CD5C6911EFBBD" blockId="15.[1463,2676,720,2840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FA4CD5C6906FFC20" bold="true" box="[1469,1580,917,950]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Confined to freshwater Lake Baikal where they have been isolated from their Arctic marine ancestors for several hundred thousand years. Baikal Seals haul-out on island shorelines in summer but otherwise live on or under the lake’s frozen surface from autumn through spring.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FA4CD2609F63FA8E" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FA4CD2609F63FA8E" blockId="15.[1463,2676,720,2840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FA4CD2609080FBC2" bold="true" box="[1469,1731,1075,1108]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Baikal Seals eat a large diversity offish, although the golomyankas or Baikal oilfish (Comephorus spp.) and Baikal sculpins (Cottocomephorus spp.) are their most important prey. Baikal Seals occasionally eat omul (
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<taxonomicName id="09E6A3DAFFA5A858F728D2D59F1CFB35" box="[2265,2399,1158,1187]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
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migratorius), a commercially harvested fish, in summer. Prey is captured mostly at depths of 10-50 m at night and 100-200 m during the day. In aquaria, Baikal Seals have been recorded to consume c.4-6% oftheir body weight/day, or ¢.5-6 kg offish.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FA4DD34C9F6BF95F" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FA4DD34C9F6BF95F" blockId="15.[1463,2676,720,2840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FA4DD34C9001FAD6" bold="true" box="[1468,1602,1311,1344]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating of Baikal Seals occurs in water in late spring, just after offspring are weaned. Little is known about breeding structure of Baikal Seals, although they seem to be monogamous to promiscuous, with males searching for scattered receptive females in May when they are in estrus. After the egg is fertilized, it develops briefly and then attaches to the uterine wall about three monthslater, resulting in about eleven months of gestation. Females are sexually mature at ¢.3-6 years old. Pregnancy rates can vary from ¢.30% to 80-90%, depending on environmental conditions. Males are sexually mature at 7-10 years old. Offspring are born in snow and ice lairs from mid-February through late March and are nursed for ¢.2-2-5 months. Baikal Seals have a rather high rate of twinning (4% of annual births) compared with other seals. Maximum known age is 56 years for females and 52 years for males.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FA48D083908FF7C4" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FA48D083908FF7C4" blockId="15.[1463,2676,720,2840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FA48D08390E8F967" bold="true" box="[1465,1707,1744,1777]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Very little is known about behavior of Baikal Seals, particularly from autumn through spring when they are infrequently seen. Baikal Seals molt in late May-June and evidently fast during this period while hauled out on ice or island shorelines. Some individuals move southward as the lake begins to freeze in autumn and then northward again in spring as ice melts and recedes, although they can be found scattered throughout the lake in winter when they spend most of their time in the water or in concealed birth lairs during the breeding season. They appear to dive continually for several hours or more each day to depths of ¢.50 m at night and up to 200 m during the day to forage, with periodic periods of rest at the surface or hauled out during mid-day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FA48DE099C56F75F" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FA48DE099C56F75F" blockId="15.[1463,2676,720,2840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FA48DE099E38F7ED" bold="true" box="[1465,2171,2138,2171]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Baikal Seals are mostly asocial and solitary, although they can aggregate on island beaches during summer when haul-out space is limited and in areas of high prey concentrations in spring and autumn.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FA48DE8790C0F551" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FA48DE8790C0F551" blockId="15.[1463,2676,720,2840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FA48DE879162F767" bold="true" box="[1465,1825,2260,2289]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Local Evenk and Buryat peoples hunted Baikal Seals for several thousands of years for meat and skins for clothing. Commercial harvests by Soviets began in the early 1900s when 2000-9000 Baikal Seals were killed each year through the 1970s, including up to 2000 recently weaned offspring. The population of Baikal Seals was estimated at ¢.77,000 individuals in the late 1970s and ¢.60,000 individuals in the mid 1980s: the decline was evidently due to excessive commercial harvests and some poaching for their pelts and meat, which was used to feed fur-bearing animals in production farms. Substantial declines in the late 1980s were related to mass mortality from an epidemic canine distemper-like virus. Numbers apparently increased to ¢.80,000-100,000 individuals by the mid-2000s, although ¢.2000 individuals are killed each year in a commercial harvest and another 1500-2000 individuals are poached or die after getting entangled in fishing nets.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FC8BD2FFA5A858FA49DC8E90A9F48E" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph id="CE59D859FFA5A858FA49DC8E90A9F48E" blockId="15.[1463,2676,720,2840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC92044BFFA5A858FA49DC8E9013F564" bold="true" box="[1464,1616,2781,2802]" pageId="15" pageNumber="182">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Burkanov (2008), Grachev et al. (1989), Myazaki (2009), Ponganis et al. (1997), Stewart et al. (1996), Thomas et al. (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |