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<mods:title id="ABA84284D331DBE499EF6FA669F9FBC2">Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes</mods:title>
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locality: “Spanish West Indies”, viz. 
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<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15A9B0F93FFEA356D4" box="[151,353,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Oreaster reticulatus</emphasis>
– 
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Hendler 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15A8F7F920FDC156D4" box="[464,515,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
, 1995: 82
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, figs. 25–26; 
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Fernandes 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15AA79F920FC4B56D4" box="[862,905,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2002: 422
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; 
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE1FA15AD20F93EFACF56D4" author="Magalhaes, W. F. &amp; Martins, L. R. &amp; Alves, O. F. S." box="[1031,1293,1710,1735]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="375 - 381" refId="ref20882" refString="Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. &amp; Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65" type="journal article" year="2005">
Magalhães 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15AD5DF920FB6456D4" box="[1146,1190,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2005: 63
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="A3361093FFE1FA15AC31F93FFEF356F5" author="Ventura, C. R. R. &amp; Verissimo, I. &amp; Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C." page="238" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE1FA15AC31F93FFEF356F5" author="Ventura, C. R. R. &amp; Verissimo, I. &amp; Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C." pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="217 - 258" refId="ref23074" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. &amp; Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Ventura 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15AC4DF920FA5456D4" box="[1386,1430,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2007: 238
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; 
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<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE1FA15A81BF95EFDE856F5" author="Manso, C. L. C. &amp; Alves, O. F. &amp; Martins, L. R." box="[316,554,1741,1766]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="179 - 196" refId="ref21165" refString="Manso, C. L. C., Alves, O. F. &amp; Martins, L. R. (2008) Echinodermata da Baia de Todos os Santos e da Baia de Aratu (Bahia, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 8, 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000300017" type="journal article" year="2008">
Manso 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15A8AFF95EFE7756F6" box="[392,437,1741,1765]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2008: 185
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, fig. 8c–e; 
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; 
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="A3361093FFE1FA15AD46F95DFEE15717" author="Benavides-Serrato, M. &amp; Borrero-Perez, G. &amp; Diaz-Sanchez, C." page="179" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" year="2011">
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Benavides-Serrato 
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., 2011: 179–180
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. 
<treatmentCitation id="A3361093FFE1FA15A80AF97BFD9F5717" author="Miranda, A. L. S. &amp; Lima, M. L. F. &amp; Sovierzoski, H. H. &amp; Correia, M. D." box="[301,605,1771,1796]" page="143" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE1FA15A80AF97BFD9F5717" author="Miranda, A. L. S. &amp; Lima, M. L. F. &amp; Sovierzoski, H. H. &amp; Correia, M. D." box="[301,605,1771,1796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="135 - 146" refId="ref21483" refString="Miranda, A. L. S., Lima, M. L. F., Sovierzoski, H. H. &amp; Correia, M. D. (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica, 12, 135 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032012000200014" type="journal article" year="2012">
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE1FA15A80AF97BFE415717" box="[301,387,1771,1796]" country="Venezuela" name="Miranda" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Miranda</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15A8AEF97DFE775717" box="[393,437,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2012: 143–144
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE1FA15AB4FF97BFCF35717" author="Gondim, A. &amp; Christoffersen, M. &amp; Dias, T." box="[616,817,1771,1796]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref19919" refString="Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. &amp; Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813" type="journal article" year="2014">
Gondim 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15ABE6F97DFD2C5717" box="[705,750,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 8a–g, 12c.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFE1FA16A9B0F8A2FAD550A7" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="22283682FFE1FA15A9B0F8A2FE8F5786" blockId="13.[151,1437,1842,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15A9B0F8A2FE50575E" bold="true" box="[151,402,1842,1869]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Trindade specimens.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE1FA15A8B9F8A2FE8A5786" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071169" collectingDate="2014-10-23" collectingDateMax="2015-07-06" collectingDateMin="2014-10-23" collectionCode="MZUSP" collectorName="Enseada dos Portugueses" country="Brazil" elevation="13" latitude="-20.497862" location="Trindade Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-29.321001" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="MZUSP 1611, MZUSP 1612" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE1FA15A8B9F8A2FE27575F" box="[414,485,1842,1868]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE1FA15A8D1F8A2FD5C575E" box="[502,670,1842,1869]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="27486059FFE1FA15AB89F8A2FCA7575F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA3E8794FFE1FA17A9B0F9B8FC42551D:27486059FFE1FA15AB89F8A2FCA7575F" box="[686,869,1842,1868]" country="Brazil" latitude="-20.497862" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-29.321001" name="Trindade Island" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Trindade Island</location>
, 
<collectorName id="8F625354FFE1FA15AA51F8A2FB5F575E" box="[886,1181,1842,1869]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Enseada dos Portugueses</collectorName>
, Farol, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE1FA15ADDBF8A2FA5A575E" box="[1276,1432,1842,1869]" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" precision="1" seconds="52.3" value="-20.497862">20°29’52.3”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE1FA15A9B0F8C6FEF95762" box="[151,315,1878,1905]" degrees="29" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" precision="1" seconds="15.6" value="-29.321001">29°19’15.6”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="56291042FFE1FA15A86EF8C7FE795762" box="[329,443,1879,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" value="2014-10-23">
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE1FA15A86EF8C7FE795762" box="[329,443,1879,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" value="2014-10-23">23.x.2014</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE1FA15A8EFF8C6FDDE5762" box="[456,540,1878,1905]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="12.5">
<elevation id="A9BAD1B1FFE1FA15A8EFF8C6FDDE5762" box="[456,540,1878,1905]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="12.5">12.5 m</elevation>
</quantity>
: 1 spm, R=100, r=45 (
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE1FA15AA39F8C7FC025762" box="[798,960,1878,1905]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">MZUSP 1611</specimenCode>
); 
<date id="56291042FFE1FA15AAF2F8C6FB8B5762" box="[981,1097,1878,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" value="2015-07-06">
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE1FA15AAF2F8C6FB8B5762" box="[981,1097,1878,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" value="2015-07-06">6.vii.2015</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE1FA15AD71F8C6FB685762" box="[1110,1194,1878,1905]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="12.6">
<elevation id="A9BAD1B1FFE1FA15AD71F8C6FB685762" box="[1110,1194,1878,1905]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="12.6">12.6 m</elevation>
</quantity>
: 1 spm, R=105, r=52 (
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE1FA15A9B8F8EBFE825786" box="[159,320,1914,1941]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">MZUSP 1612</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE1FA16A9E0F80EFAD550A7" blockId="13.[151,1437,1842,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,152,576]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE1FA15A9E0F80EFE1457AA" bold="true" box="[199,470,1950,1977]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Comparative material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE1FA15A8FBF80EFEDD57CE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071156" collectingDate="1939-04" collectionCode="MCZ" country="Bermuda" latitude="32.366108" location="Ferry Reach" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-64.69889" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE1FA15A8FBF80EFD8457AB" box="[476,582,1950,1976]" name="Bermuda" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
, 
<location id="27486059FFE1FA15AB77F80FFD1E57AB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA3E8794FFE1FA17A9B0F9B8FC42551D:27486059FFE1FA15AB77F80FFD1E57AB" box="[592,732,1950,1977]" country="Bermuda" latitude="32.366108" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-64.69889" name="Ferry Reach" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Ferry Reach</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE1FA15ABC1F80EFCAD57AA" box="[742,879,1950,1977]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" precision="15" seconds="58" value="32.366108">32º21’58”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE1FA15AA5DF80EFBC457AA" box="[890,1030,1950,1977]" degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" precision="15" seconds="56" value="-64.69889">64º41’56”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="56291042FFE1FA15AD36F80EFBAA57AB" box="[1041,1128,1950,1976]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" value="1939-04">
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE1FA15AD36F80EFBAA57AB" box="[1041,1128,1950,1976]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" value="1939-04">iv.1939</collectingDate>
</date>
: 1 spm, R=170, r=90 (
<collectionCode id="4486AE47FFE1FA15AC79F80FFA5F57AA" box="[1374,1437,1951,1977]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
AST–3727)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE1FA15A80EF852FA9C57CE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071174" box="[297,1374,1986,2013]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.79861" location="Sao Sebastiao" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-45.395836" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="MZUSP 1956" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE1FA15A80EF852FEB257CF" box="[297,368,1986,2012]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE1FA15A85DF853FE2F57CF" box="[378,493,1986,2013]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="27486059FFE1FA15A8D0F853FD5457CF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AA3E8794FFE1FA17A9B0F9B8FC42551D:27486059FFE1FA15A8D0F853FD5457CF" box="[503,662,1986,2013]" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.79861" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-45.395836" name="Sao Sebastiao" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">São Sebastião</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE1FA15AB87F852FCE757CE" box="[672,805,1986,2013]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" precision="15" seconds="55" value="-23.79861">23º47’55”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE1FA15AA08F852FC0457CE" box="[815,966,1986,2013]" degrees="45" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-45.395836">45º 23’45”W</geoCoordinate>
: 1 spm R=125, r=60 (
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE1FA15AD92F853FA9757CE" box="[1205,1365,1986,2013]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="13" pageNumber="44">MZUSP 1956</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="92FF3CDFFFE1FA16AC4EF853FAD050A7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2566071197" collectingDate="1999-06-01" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="45" latitude="-23.960835" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-46.33361" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="MZUSP 1617" specimenCount="1">
San- tos, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE2FA16A9E1FF08FE8850A0" box="[198,330,152,179]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" precision="15" seconds="39" value="-23.960835">23º57’39”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="47A35045FFE2FA16A871FF09FE2050A0" box="[342,482,153,179]" degrees="46" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" precision="15" seconds="01" value="-46.33361">46º20’01”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="56291042FFE2FA16A8C9FF09FD9850A0" box="[494,602,153,179]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" value="1999-06-01">
<collectingDate id="466DE9AAFFE2FA16A8C9FF09FD9850A0" box="[494,602,153,179]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" value="1999-06-01">1.vi.1999</collectingDate>
</date>
, 76 m: 2 spms R= 
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE2FA16AA01FF09FCBE50A0" box="[806,892,153,179]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" unit="cm" value="130.0">130 cm</quantity>
, r=70; R=140, r=80 (
<specimenCode id="72319EF9FFE2FA16AD4EFF09FAC850A7" box="[1129,1290,153,180]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">MZUSP 1617</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFE2FA16A9E0FF2CFA5457E0" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="22283682FFE2FA16A9E0FF2CFD9D5198" blockId="14.[151,1436,152,576]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A9E0FF2CFEA350C4" bold="true" box="[199,353,188,215]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16A841FF2DFE7C50C4" box="[358,446,189,215]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16A8EEFF2DFDF050C4" box="[457,562,189,215]" name="Bahamas" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16AB1BFF2DFDB850C4" box="[572,634,189,215]" name="Cuba" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16ABA3FF2DFD0C50C4" box="[644,718,189,215]" name="Belize" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Belize</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16ABFFFF2DFCD150C4" box="[728,787,189,215]" name="Haiti" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Haiti</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16AA3AFF2DFBCA50C4" box="[797,1032,189,215]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16AD35FF2DFB5A50C4" box="[1042,1176,189,215]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16AD85FF2DFADC50C4" box="[1186,1310,189,215]" name="Guatemala" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16AC0FFF2DFA5A50C4" box="[1320,1432,189,215]" name="Honduras" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Honduras</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16A9B0FF71FECF50E8" box="[151,269,225,251]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16A830FF71FE5050E8" box="[279,402,225,251]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16A8BBFF71FE3A50E8" box="[412,504,225,251]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Panama</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16AB26FF71FDB550E8" box="[513,631,225,251]" name="Venezuela" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16ABA6FF71FD1950E8" box="[641,731,225,251]" name="Guyana" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Guyana</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16ABC2FF71FC8550E8" box="[741,839,225,251]" name="Suriname" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Surinam</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16AA77FF71FC5650E8" box="[848,916,225,251]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE2FA16AA85FF71FC2A50E8" box="[930,1000,225,251]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Ceará</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE2FA16AAD6FF71FB8A50E8" box="[1009,1096,225,251]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE2FA16AD75FF71FB2350E8" box="[1106,1249,225,251]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="E053F860FFE2FA16ADCCFF71FAED50E8" box="[1259,1327,225,251]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Bahia</collectingRegion>
, Trindade Island, Cabo Frio, São Paulo), Canary Islands, 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE2FA16AB85FE95FCE1510C" box="[674,803,261,287]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AA16FE95FC01510C" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[817,963,260,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 232" refId="ref23283" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1915) Report on the Starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, Including Those Obtained by the Bahama Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893. Bulletin of the State of University of Iowa, 7, 1 - 232, 29 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12035" type="book chapter" year="1915">Verrill, 1915</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AAE9FE95FB8D510C" author="Caso, M. E." box="[974,1103,261,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="237 - 257" refId="ref19116" refString="Caso, M. E. (1944) Estudio sobre asteridos de Mexico. Algunas especies interesantes de asteridos litorales. Anales del Instituto de Biologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 15, 237 - 257." type="journal article" year="1944">Caso, 1944</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AD7DFE95FAC8510C" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[1114,1290,260,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref22658" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1958) Os equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidea (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do Bentos Costeiro. Contribuicoes avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 2, 1 - 27, 6 pls." type="book chapter" year="1958">Tommasi, 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AC32FE95FA55510C" author="Brito, I. M." box="[1301,1431,261,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref18858" refString="Brito, I. M. (1960) Asteroides dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Sao Paulo. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 5, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1960">Brito, 1960</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16A9B0FEB9FF105150" author="Brito, I. M." box="[151,210,297,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref18899" refString="Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16A9F9FEB9FEDB5150" author="Brito, I. M." box="[222,281,297,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 51" refId="ref18936" refString="Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16A803FEB9FE335150" author="Walenkamp, J. H. C." box="[292,497,297,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 91" refId="ref23409" refString="Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1976) The asteroides of the coastal waters of Surinam. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 147, 1 - 91, 18 pls." type="book chapter" year="1976">Walenkamp, 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16A8DAFEB9FCC65150" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[509,772,297,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AA37FEB9FC285150" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Muller, J. E. &amp; Pawson, D. L. &amp; Kier P. M." box="[784,1002,296,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref20146" refString="Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. &amp; Kier P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AA56FEBAFC605150" box="[881,930,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
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; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AAD1FEB9FAE25150" author="Guzman, H. M. &amp; Guevara, C. A." box="[1014,1312,297,323]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1077 - 1084" refId="ref20076" refString="Guzman, H. M. &amp; Guevara, C. A. (2002) Annual reproductive cycle, spatial distribution, abundance, and size structure of Oreast- er reticulatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Marine Biology, 141, 1077 - 1084. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 002 - 0898 - 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Guzman &amp; Guevara, 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AC0DFEB9FF375174" author="Ventura, C. R. R. &amp; Verissimo, I. &amp; Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C." pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="217 - 258" refId="ref23074" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. &amp; Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da zona economica exclusiva brasileira. Serie Livros No. 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Ventura 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16ACAFFEBAFF6F5174" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16A9D8FEDDFE3D5174" author="Entrambasaguas, L." box="[255,511,333,359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref19660" refString="Entrambasaguas, L. (2008) Estudio fauniistico y ecoloigico de los equinodermos del archipieilago de Cabo Verde. Tesis doctoral no publicada, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 315 pp." type="book" year="2008">Entrambasaguas, 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AB2FFEDDFC9D5174" author="Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A." box="[520,863,333,359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref18351" refString="Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9" type="book" year="2013">Alvarado &amp; Solis-Marin, 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AA4DFEDDFBA35174" author="Hernandez, J. C. &amp; Clemente, S. &amp; Tuya, F. &amp; Perez-Ruzafa, A. &amp; Sangil, C. &amp; Moro-Abad, L. &amp; Bacallado-Aranega, J. J." box="[874,1121,333,359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="471 - 510" refId="ref20197" refString="Hernandez, J. C., Clemente, S., Tuya, F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Sangil, C., Moro-Abad, L. &amp; Bacallado-Aranega, J. J. (2013) Echinoderms of the Canary Islands, Spain. In: Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 471 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9 _ 15" type="book chapter" year="2013">
Hernandéz 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AACEFEDEFBDB5174" box="[1001,1049,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AD4CFEDDFA855174" author="Gondim, A. &amp; Christoffersen, M. &amp; Dias, T." box="[1131,1351,333,359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref19919" refString="Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. &amp; Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813" type="journal article" year="2014">
Gondim 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16ADEAFEDEFB3F5174" box="[1229,1277,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Depth range: 
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE2FA16A9C3FEE1FEFB5198" box="[228,313,369,395]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="34.5" valueMax="69.0" valueMin="0.0">0–69 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16A860FEE1FD905198" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[327,594,369,395]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE2FA16A9E0FE04FF26522C" blockId="14.[151,1436,152,576]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A9E0FE04FE2751BC" bold="true" box="[199,485,404,431]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Recognition characters.</emphasis>
Highly inflated disc. Five (4–6) short arms, distally tapered. Abactinal plates with tubercles or spines, reticulated, attached by elongated, sometimes narrow, secondary plates (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE2FA16AD88FE29FAC951C0" box="[1199,1291,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1542,1567]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758). A–R. MZUSP 1611: A. specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Detail of the reticulate area. E. Madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H–R. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Adambulacral plates. K. Stereom, ambulacral plate. L–N. Ambulacral plates. O. Actinal plate. P. Marginal spine. Q. Superomarginal plate. R. Stereom, superomarginal plate. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D, 10 mm; E, 1 mm; F–G, 3 mm. H–J, O, Q, 600 μm; K, R, 90 μm; L–N, 900 μm; P, 400 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674459/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
). Adambulacral plate with seven spines, five unequal in size, smallest two positioned at extremities of plate. One large, heavy subambulacral spine. Actinal pedicellariae not in alveoli. Pedicellariae abundant (
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AD14FD91FAFC5208" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[1075,1342,513,539]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
; present study).
</paragraph>
<caption id="76E8660AFFE2FA16A9B0F996FC6B56BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674459" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3674459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674459/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" startId="14.[151,250,1542,1567]" targetBox="[151,1436,597,1517]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="22283682FFE2FA16A9B0F996FC6B56BC" blockId="14.[151,1437,1542,1711]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A9B0F996FED7560C" bold="true" box="[151,277,1542,1567]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE2FA16A83AF997FD66560C" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[285,676,1542,1567]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A83AF997FE2B560C" box="[285,489,1543,1567]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Oreaster reticulatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16A8DEF996FD5E560C" author="Linnaeus C." box="[505,668,1542,1567]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref20732" refString="Linnaeus C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. 10 th Edition. Reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AB88F996FD25560C" bold="true" box="[687,743,1542,1567]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">A–R.</emphasis>
MZUSP 1611: 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AAACF996FC66560C" bold="true" box="[907,932,1542,1567]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">A.</emphasis>
specimen from Trindade Island photographed 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16ACAEF997FF7E5651" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">in situ</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A9EFF9BBFF3D5650" bold="true" box="[200,255,1578,1603]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">B, C.</emphasis>
Abactinal and actinal views. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AB0EF9BBFD805650" bold="true" box="[553,578,1579,1603]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">D.</emphasis>
Detail of the reticulate area. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AA4EF9BBFC425650" bold="true" box="[873,896,1579,1603]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">E.</emphasis>
Madreporite. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AD37F9BBFBE15650" bold="true" box="[1040,1059,1579,1603]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">F.</emphasis>
Mouth. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AD5DF9BAFB565650" bold="true" box="[1146,1172,1578,1603]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">G.</emphasis>
Ambulacral spines. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AC44F9BBFA5F5650" bold="true" box="[1379,1437,1579,1603]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">H–R.</emphasis>
Scanning electron microscope. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A8FEF9DFFDCF5674" bold="true" box="[473,525,1615,1639]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">H–J.</emphasis>
Adambulacral plates. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16ABD5F9DFFCCE5674" bold="true" box="[754,780,1615,1639]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">K.</emphasis>
Stereom, ambulacral plate. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AD0AF9DFFBA65674" bold="true" box="[1069,1124,1615,1639]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">L–N.</emphasis>
Ambulacral plates. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AC16F9DEFA8E5674" bold="true" box="[1329,1356,1614,1639]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">O.</emphasis>
Actinal plate. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A9F2F9E3FF2A5698" bold="true" box="[213,232,1651,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">P.</emphasis>
Marginal spine. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A8B3F9E2FE6C5698" bold="true" box="[404,430,1650,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Q.</emphasis>
Superomarginal plate. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16ABBDF9E3FD715698" bold="true" box="[666,691,1651,1675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">R.</emphasis>
Stereom, superomarginal plate. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D, 10 mm; E, 1 mm; F–G, 3 mm. H–J, O, Q, 600 μm; K, R, 90 μm; L–N, 900 μm; P, 400 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE2FA16A9E0F94CFB7E572C" blockId="14.[151,1437,1756,2036]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A9E0F94CFE9F56E4" bold="true" box="[199,349,1756,1783]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Color in life.</emphasis>
Variable. In juveniles the abactinal surface is usually mottled with green, brown, beige and gray, whilst adults are yellow, brown, or orange on the abactinal surface. The actinal region is beige or yellowish in both, juveniles and adults (
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16A8A3F8B5FDEC572C" author="Ummels, F." box="[388,558,1829,1855]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="72 - 101" refId="ref22929" refString="Ummels, F. (1963) Asteroids from the Netherlands Antilles and other Carribbean localities (Oreasteridae, Ophidiasteridae, Asterinidae and Luidiidae). Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, 15, 72 - 101, 3 figs, 9 pls." type="book chapter" year="1963">Ummels, 1963</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AB1DF8B5FCD4572C" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Muller, J. E. &amp; Pawson, D. L. &amp; Kier P. M." box="[570,790,1828,1856]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref20146" refString="Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. &amp; Kier P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16ABBCF8B6FD0E572C" box="[667,716,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
). Trindade specimens (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE2FA16AD30F8B5FBB7572C" box="[1047,1141,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1542,1567]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758). A–R. MZUSP 1611: A. specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Detail of the reticulate area. E. Madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H–R. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Adambulacral plates. K. Stereom, ambulacral plate. L–N. Ambulacral plates. O. Actinal plate. P. Marginal spine. Q. Superomarginal plate. R. Stereom, superomarginal plate. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D, 10 mm; E, 1 mm; F–G, 3 mm. H–J, O, Q, 600 μm; K, R, 90 μm; L–N, 900 μm; P, 400 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674459/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Figure 8</figureCitation>
A–C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE2FA16A9E0F8D8FA5457E0" blockId="14.[151,1437,1756,2036]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16A9E0F8D8FEF75770" bold="true" box="[199,309,1864,1891]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Habitats.</emphasis>
Inhabits shallow, protected waters, such as calm reef waters, lagoons and mangrove canals. This is species has been found on coral reefs, mangroves, rocky bottom, sandy bottom, seagrass, and rubble bottom, where it feeds upon different benthic organisms (
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AB48F801FCF357B8" author="Scheibling, R. E." box="[623,817,1937,1963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="107 - 119" refId="ref22380" refString="Scheibling, R. E. (1980) Abundance, spatial distribution, and size structure of populations of Oreaster reticulatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) on sand bottoms. Marine Biology, 57, 107 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00387376" type="journal article" year="1980">Scheibling, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AA1CF801FB5457B8" author="Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A." box="[827,1174,1937,1963]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref18351" refString="Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9" type="book" year="2013">Alvarado &amp; Solis-Marin, 2013</bibRefCitation>
). In Trindade 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE2FA16AC16F802FF0F57DC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AC16F802FF0F57DC" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">O. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabits mixed bottoms of rhodolith beds, sand, gravel, and small rocks, between 
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE2FA16AD49F824FB7F57C3" box="[1134,1213,1972,2000]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="12.5">12.5 m</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="E56F9B67FFE2FA16ADD3F825FA8057C3" box="[1268,1346,1973,2000]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="12.6">12.6 m</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE2FA16AC76F825FF7F57E0" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1542,1567]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758). A–R. MZUSP 1611: A. specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Detail of the reticulate area. E. Madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H–R. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Adambulacral plates. K. Stereom, ambulacral plate. L–N. Ambulacral plates. O. Actinal plate. P. Marginal spine. Q. Superomarginal plate. R. Stereom, superomarginal plate. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D, 10 mm; E, 1 mm; F–G, 3 mm. H–J, O, Q, 600 μm; K, R, 90 μm; L–N, 900 μm; P, 400 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674459/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
). This species is vulnerable to human exploitation (
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16ABDBF849FC1B57E0" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Muller, J. E. &amp; Pawson, D. L. &amp; Kier P. M." box="[764,985,2008,2036]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref20146" refString="Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. &amp; Kier P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE2FA16AA78F84AFC5257E0" box="[863,912,2009,2035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16AAC4F849FB0457E0" author="Alves, R. N. &amp; Dias, T. L. P." box="[995,1222,2009,2035]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="159 - 174" refId="ref18440" refString="Alves, R. N. &amp; Dias, T. L. P. (2010) Uso de invertebrados na medicina popular no Brasil e suas implicacoes para conservacao. Tropical Conservation Science, 3 (2), 159 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1177 / 194008291000300204" type="journal article" year="2010">Alves &amp; Dias, 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE2FA16ADF7F84AFA4857E0" author="Lawrence, J. M." box="[1232,1418,2009,2036]" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" refId="ref20519" refString="Lawrence, J. M. (2013) Starfish: Biology and ecology of the Asteroidea. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, viii + 267 pp." type="book" year="2013">Lawrence, 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6A8D6509FFE3FA17A9E0FF08FC42551D" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="22283682FFE3FA17A9E0FF08FA455150" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17A9E0FF08FE8D50A0" bold="true" box="[199,335,152,179]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">Comments.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE3FA17A871FF09FE7B50A0" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[342,441,153,179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17A871FF09FE7B50A0" box="[342,441,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">Oreaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of only two species in the Atlantic Ocean: 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE3FA17AADEFF09FA9550A0" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1017,1367,152,179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AADEFF09FB5050A1" box="[1017,1170,152,179]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">O. reticulatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17AD87FF08FA8D50A0" author="Linnaeus C." box="[1184,1359,152,179]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" refId="ref20732" refString="Linnaeus C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. 10 th Edition. Reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(WA) and 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE3FA17A9EFFF2DFDAC50C4" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1842" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[200,622,188,215]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17A9EFFF2DFE8B50C5" box="[200,329,188,215]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">O. clavatus</emphasis>
Müller &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17A8E2FF2CFDAC50C4" author="Troschel, F. H." box="[453,622,188,215]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" refId="ref21630" refString="Mu ¨ ller, J. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1842) System der Asteriden. F. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, xx + 134 pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11715" type="book" year="1842">Troschel, 1842</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(EA). 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17AB99FF2CFC1750C4" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[702,981,188,215]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
differentiated the two species primarily based upon the presence, in 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE3FA17A8E9FF71FDA450E9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[462,614,224,251]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17A8E9FF71FDA450E9" box="[462,614,224,251]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">O. reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, of a highly inflated disc, abactinal plates with tubercle or spine (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE3FA17AC11FF70FA4C50E8" box="[1334,1422,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1542,1567]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758). A–R. MZUSP 1611: A. specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Detail of the reticulate area. E. Madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H–R. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Adambulacral plates. K. Stereom, ambulacral plate. L–N. Ambulacral plates. O. Actinal plate. P. Marginal spine. Q. Superomarginal plate. R. Stereom, superomarginal plate. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D, 10 mm; E, 1 mm; F–G, 3 mm. H–J, O, Q, 600 μm; K, R, 90 μm; L–N, 900 μm; P, 400 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674459/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
), subambulacral spine large and heavy, and actinal pedicellariae not in alveoli (
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AADEFE95FB83510D" box="[1017,1089,261,286]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">versus</emphasis>
more or less flat disc, granules in the abactinal plates, slender and blunt subambulacral spine, and actinal pedicellariae in alveoli in 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE3FA17ADDFFEB9FAB55151" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[1272,1399,296,323]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17ADDFFEB9FAB55151" box="[1272,1399,296,323]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">O. clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE3FA17A9E0FEDDFC185209" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">
However, the variation in shape, from pentagonal to stellate, and the differing degrees of swollenness of the disc make this an extremely variable species. Morphological variations appeared to have led H. L. 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17AD8FFEE0FAF55198" author="Clark, H. L." box="[1192,1335,368,395]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="367 - 391" refId="ref19391" refString="Clark, H. L. (1942) The echinoderm fauna of Bermuda. Bulletin of The Museum of Comparative Zoology, 89, 367 - 391." type="journal article" year="1942">Clark (1942)</bibRefCitation>
astray in describing one specimen from 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE3FA17A8C8FE04FD9451BD" box="[495,598,404,430]" name="Bermuda" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
as a new subspecies (
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AA6EFE05FC9351BD" box="[841,849,405,430]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">i</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AA7FFE05FCA651BD" box="[856,868,405,430]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">e</emphasis>
., 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE3FA17AA5EFE05FB1451BD" box="[889,1238,404,431]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="reticulatus" variety="bermudensis">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AA5EFE05FC4F51BC" box="[889,909,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AABCFE04FBD051BD" box="[923,1042,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">reticulatus</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AD6FFE04FB1451BD" box="[1096,1238,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">bermudensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17ADCBFE05FA5E51BC" author="Downey, M. E." box="[1260,1436,405,431]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref19538" refString="Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126" type="journal article" year="1973">Downey (1973)</bibRefCitation>
found that the disc in small individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE3FA17AB42FE29FD3F51C1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[613,765,440,467]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AB42FE29FDBB51C0" box="[613,633,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17ABA1FE28FD3F51C1" box="[646,765,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not inflated, and the marginal plates are relatively larger and more conspicuous than in the adults. One specimen from São Sebastião (R=125; MZUSP 1956) has a flattened disc, whereas the remaining studied specimens have strongly arched discs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE3FA17A9E0FDB4FE1452E1" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17A9E0FDB4FEBA522C" author="Ummels, F." box="[199,376,548,575]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="72 - 101" refId="ref22929" refString="Ummels, F. (1963) Asteroids from the Netherlands Antilles and other Carribbean localities (Oreasteridae, Ophidiasteridae, Asterinidae and Luidiidae). Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, 15, 72 - 101, 3 figs, 9 pls." type="book chapter" year="1963">Ummels (1963)</bibRefCitation>
reported that most of the specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE3FA17AA10FDB5FC13522D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[823,977,548,575]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AA10FDB5FC89522C" box="[823,843,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AA7DFDB4FC13522D" box="[858,977,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE3FA17AD31FDB4FB61522D" box="[1046,1187,548,574]" name="Sint Martin" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">Saint Martin</collectingCountry>
(Caribbean Sea) have a second subambulacral spine, which vary greatly in size. The Trindade specimens have only one spine in the subambulacral row (
<figureCitation id="BAAC2A07FFE3FA17A87DFDFCFE765294" box="[346,436,620,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1542,1567]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,597,1517]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758). A–R. MZUSP 1611: A. specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ. B, C. Abactinal and actinal views. D. Detail of the reticulate area. E. Madreporite. F. Mouth. G. Ambulacral spines. H–R. Scanning electron microscope. H–J. Adambulacral plates. K. Stereom, ambulacral plate. L–N. Ambulacral plates. O. Actinal plate. P. Marginal spine. Q. Superomarginal plate. R. Stereom, superomarginal plate. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D, 10 mm; E, 1 mm; F–G, 3 mm. H–J, O, Q, 600 μm; K, R, 90 μm; L–N, 900 μm; P, 400 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3674459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3674459/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
) and the actinal granules are arranged in mosaics; whereas the coastal specimens from São Sebastião and Santos, São Paulo (see under comparative material) have two such spines, the smaller being positioned behind the larger one. In the specimens from Santos, the granules are more distant from one another and hence not forming a mosaic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE3FA17A9E0FD6CFAC95329" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">The spines in the center of the actinal plates are smaller in the specimens from Trindade comparatively to São Sebastião, which also have comparatively much larger spines in the interradial region near the mouth.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE3FA17A9E0FCD4FC0953B5" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">The Trindade specimens have seven ambulacral spines, being five larges and two very small spines. The smaller ones are not easily detected and this is, probably, why in most of the literature only five ambulacral spines have been recorded for this species. The coastal specimens studied have 5–7 spines.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE3FA17A9E0FC20FE32546D" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">The number of pedicellariae in the proximal interradial region and above the ambulacral furrow also vary between the Trindade and the coastal specimens (São Sebastião and Santos), in which the pedicellariae in the proximal interradial region and above the ambulacral furrow are much more numerous. The abactinal pedicellariae are abundant in the Santos specimens, whereas they were detected in only one specimen from Trindade, and they were not found in the specimens from São Sebastião. Furthermore, we have noticed that the number of pedicellariae increase with the size of the specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22283682FFE3FA17A9E0FB18FC42551D" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">
Despite 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17A804FB18FD8A54B0" author="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E." box="[291,584,1160,1187]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" refId="ref19314" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey’s (1992)</bibRefCitation>
assertion that the two species are separated by an east and west Atlantic distribution, the species 
<taxonomicName id="E5974D01FFE3FA17A8A0FB3DFDE354D5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[391,545,1196,1223]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17A8A0FB3DFE5954D4" box="[391,411,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17A88DFB3CFDE354D5" box="[426,545,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">reticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also recorded from the 
<collectingCountry id="5A807612FFE3FA17AA61FB3DFC0554D5" box="[838,967,1196,1223]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17AD0AFB3DFB7254D4" author="Caso, M. E." box="[1069,1200,1197,1223]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="237 - 257" refId="ref19116" refString="Caso, M. E. (1944) Estudio sobre asteridos de Mexico. Algunas especies interesantes de asteridos litorales. Anales del Instituto de Biologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 15, 237 - 257." type="journal article" year="1944">Caso, 1944</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17AD9BFB3CFA5554D4" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Muller, J. E. &amp; Pawson, D. L. &amp; Kier P. M." box="[1212,1431,1196,1223]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" refId="ref20146" refString="Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. &amp; Kier P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AC3AFB3DFA8C54D5" box="[1309,1358,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17A9B0FB41FE0354F8" author="Guzman, H. M. &amp; Guevara, C. A." box="[151,449,1233,1259]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="1077 - 1084" refId="ref20076" refString="Guzman, H. M. &amp; Guevara, C. A. (2002) Annual reproductive cycle, spatial distribution, abundance, and size structure of Oreast- er reticulatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Marine Biology, 141, 1077 - 1084. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 002 - 0898 - 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Guzman &amp; Guevara, 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17A8ECFB40FD0954F8" author="Entrambasaguas, L." box="[459,715,1232,1259]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" refId="ref19660" refString="Entrambasaguas, L. (2008) Estudio fauniistico y ecoloigico de los equinodermos del archipieilago de Cabo Verde. Tesis doctoral no publicada, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 315 pp." type="book" year="2008">Entrambasaguas, 2008</bibRefCitation>
), and Canary Island (
<bibRefCitation id="46064B73FFE3FA17AA91FB40FB7354F8" author="Hernandez, J. C. &amp; Clemente, S. &amp; Tuya, F. &amp; Perez-Ruzafa, A. &amp; Sangil, C. &amp; Moro-Abad, L. &amp; Bacallado-Aranega, J. J." box="[950,1201,1232,1259]" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="471 - 510" refId="ref20197" refString="Hernandez, J. C., Clemente, S., Tuya, F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Sangil, C., Moro-Abad, L. &amp; Bacallado-Aranega, J. J. (2013) Echinoderms of the Canary Islands, Spain. In: Alvarado, J. J. &amp; Solis Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Heidelberg, Berlin, pp. 471 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9 _ 15" type="book chapter" year="2013">
Hernandéz 
<emphasis id="10E3EA90FFE3FA17AD1FFB41FBAA54F9" box="[1080,1128,1232,1258]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
), however in this last record the authors did not provide any morphological information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>