1016 lines
92 KiB
XML
1016 lines
92 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ad56375f-f066-437e-89df-5231aab1edb2" ID-PMC="PMC4816988" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-60-21" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFCB3056FFB8FF84FFFBB44CEF582545" ID-PubMed="27081342" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576331" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2003-60-21" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 60" ModsDocTitle="Coprosmakawaikiniensis (Rubiaceae) a new species from the Dubautia-Sadleria shrubland-fernland community on Kaua‘i, Hawaiian Islands" checkinTime="1455252688776" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wood, Kenneth R., Lorence, David H. & Kiehn, Michael" docDate="2016" docId="8782890AD2FDB53FFEFAC8510E706BB7" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 60: 21-32" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 60" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406" docTitle="Coprosma kawaikiniensis K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFCB3056FFB8FF84FFFBB44CEF582545" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="FFCB3056FFB8FF84FFFBB44CEF582545" masterDocTitle="Coprosma kawaikiniensis (Rubiaceae) a new species from the Dubautia - Sadleria shrubland-fernland community on Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1668141632471" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Coprosma kawaikiniensis (Rubiaceae) a new species from the Dubautia - Sadleria shrubland-fernland community on Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wood, Kenneth R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lorence, David H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kiehn, Michael</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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||
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
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||
<mods:number>60</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>21</mods:start>
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<mods:end>32</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-60-21</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFCB3056FFB8FF84FFFBB44CEF582545</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576331</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="161677326" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8782890AD2FDB53FFEFAC8510E706BB7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8782890AD2FDB53FFEFAC8510E706BB7" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
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||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
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||
<taxonomicName LSID="3764081D-6D6C-58CF-89F7-ED7437348E2F" authority="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis" status="sp. nov.">Coprosma kawaikiniensis K.R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Coprosma kawaikiniensis K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn, sp. nov. (holotype: PTBG)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77439" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Stipules and petiole bases of Coprosma kawaikiniensis (A Wood 3539, paratype PTBG) and Coprosma kauensis (B Perlman 18645, PTBG). Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77443" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">, 5</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
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Differs from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
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congeners by its combination of opposite, long, elliptic to narrowly elliptic or ovate-elliptic leaves with revolute margins; caducous stipules 7-10 mm long, externally glabrous with dense hirtellous-pilose hairs near the margins of the inner surface; unbranched inflorescences with peduncles 20-28 mm long; flowers 6-8 per cluster; and persistent calyx tube with 4-8 irregular dentate lobes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
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USA.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
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.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lihu‘e">Lihu'e</normalizedToken>
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District, ridge below Kawaikini, Ioli headwaters, 26 Aug 1999,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">K.R. Wood & M. Query 7978</emphasis>
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, (holotype: PTBG-050238; isotypes (to be distributed): BISH, MO, P, US, WU).
|
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Trees</emphasis>
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2-4 m tall, dioecious, bark grey-brown, trunk with branches or knobby protuberances; branchlets glabrous, light brown, 3-4 mm diam., nodose with leaf and stipule scars.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Leaves</emphasis>
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opposite, decussate, glabrous, blades elliptic to narrowly elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 40-76
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×11–22(–">x11-22(-</normalizedToken>
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26) mm, pinnately veined with 8-10 pairs of secondary veins, higher level venation conspicuously reticulate, occasionally impressed adaxially, small pit domatia often present located abaxially along midrib near juncture with secondary veins, sometimes absent, margins slightly revolute, apex acute, base attenuate and decurrent; petioles 5-11 mm long, narrowly winged distally, purple-brown; stipules 7-10 mm long, connate for 1/3-1/2 of their length into a cylindrical sheath (1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–)2–">-)2-</normalizedToken>
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4 mm long, free apical portion (3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–)4–">-)4-</normalizedToken>
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6 mm long, acuminate to a conspicuous, thickly carinate-subulate apex with a claw-like appendage, externally glabrous, internally densely hirtellous-pilose distally, sheath margins with shortly ciliate fringe and sometimes a few short callous protuberances or glandular appendages 0.1-0.2 mm long, as long as the ciliate hairs.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Inflorescences</emphasis>
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axillary, mostly simple and capituliform, subtended by a pair of connate, broadly ovate bracts, 6-8-flowered, peduncles 20-35 mm long, or rarely bearing an additional peduncle with one additional pair of subsessile, 3-5-flowered cymules subtended by connate, broadly ovate bracts 2-3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2-3 mm with ciliate margins.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Flowers</emphasis>
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: staminate flowers mostly in groups of 6-8 on peduncles 20-28
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.7-0.8 mm, subtended by a pair of connate, broadly ovate bracts 2-3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2-3 mm with ciliate margins; flowers subsessile, the calyx cup-shaped, irregularly (4-)8-lobed, cup 0.8-1 mm long, the lobes 1-2.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.8-1.5 mm, apex entire
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="23" start="start">or</pageBreakToken>
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irregularly 2-4-dentate, glabrous or sparsely hirtellous; corolla (only seen in bud) glabrous, 6-6.5 mm long, the tube 2-3 mm long, 4-5-lobed, the lobes 3.5-4 mm long, stamens 8, the staminal filaments 1.5-2 mm long, the anthers 3.6-4 mm long, apex acuminate, base sagittate, the pistillode 2.5 mm long. Female flowers and inflorescence not seen.
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<taxonomicName genus="Infructescences" lsidName="Infructescences" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Infructescences</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with peduncle 20-28 mm long, flattened, fruits in terminal cluster of 3-6 subtended by cupuliform pair of connate bracts 2-3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2-2.5 mm, margins ciliolate; fruits orange when fresh, broadly ellipsoid to broadly obovoid, 5.5-6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4.5-5 mm, glabrous, surface drying wrinkled, weakly 4-ribbed, apex with persistent irregularly lobed calyx 1.5 mm long.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Pyrenes</emphasis>
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2, broadly ellipsoid to broadly obovoid, plano-convex, 5.7-6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4.1-4.5 mm, brown, with low dorsal ridge in distal 1/3-1/2.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="973056" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77439" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
K.R.Wood, Lorence & Kiehn, sp. nov. (holotype: PTBG).
|
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="phenology">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Phenology.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
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To date,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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has been observed in flower during early April, and with fruit from late August to mid-September.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="etymology">
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||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
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The new species is named after the holotype locale, Kawaikini, the highest peak on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
and one of the rainiest places on earth (Juvik and Juvik 1999). Literally, Kawaikini means "the multitudinous waters" in Hawaiian (
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Pukui, MK" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="B8" refString="Pukui, MK, Elbert, SH, Mookini, ET, 1974. Place Names of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu" title="Place Names of Hawai'i" year="1974">Pukui et al. 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
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).
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||
</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="distribution and ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
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The volcanic island of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
|
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is the oldest of the main high Hawaiian Islands (ca. 5 Ma) featuring a physical geography that is quite variable with deeply eroded drainages, well-defined canyons, and tall coastal seacliffs. It is also the most floristically rich Hawaiian Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, WL" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press & Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="B11" refString="Wagner, WL, Herbst, DR, Sohmer, SH, 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols. University of Hawai'i Press & Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" title="Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols." year="1990">Wagner et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Imada, CT" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press & Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="B4" refString="Imada, CT, 2012. Hawaiian native and naturalized vascular plants checklist. In: Bishop Museum Technical Report. University of Hawai'i Press & Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" title="Hawaiian native and naturalized vascular plants checklist." volumeTitle="Bishop Museum Technical Report." year="2012">Imada 2012</bibRefCitation>
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||
) exemplified by high levels of habitat diversity and endemism, which includes ca. 244 single island vascular plant endemics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, KR" journalOrPublisher="Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS Agreement No. F 12 AC 00737" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" publicationUrl="10.13140/RG.2.1.4725.9686" refId="B16" refString="Wood, KR, 2015. Conservation proposal for Huna Canyon, Kalalau, Kaua'i, Hawai'i: with notes on plants and animals of the region. Prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS Agreement No. F12AC00737, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4725.9686" title="Conservation proposal for Huna Canyon, Kalalau, Kaua'i, Hawai'i: with notes on plants and animals of the region. Prepared for the U. S." url="10.13140/RG.2.1.4725.9686" year="2015">Wood 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
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). Careful botanical research conducted over the last few decades by staff of the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), especially around cliffs and remote regions, has contributed 32 new published plant taxa from
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
|
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Imada, CT" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press & Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="B4" refString="Imada, CT, 2012. Hawaiian native and naturalized vascular plants checklist. In: Bishop Museum Technical Report. University of Hawai'i Press & Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" title="Hawaiian native and naturalized vascular plants checklist." volumeTitle="Bishop Museum Technical Report." year="2012">Imada 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
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||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
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The recent discovery of
|
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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was made around extremely steep, narrow wind swept ridges, slopes, and boulder strewn stream banks below Kawaikini, the highest peak on
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
which summits at 1598 m elevation (Figures
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Landscape habitat where Coprosma kawaikiniensis was discovered below Kawaikini, Kaua'i, showing rugged terrain and the Dubautia - Sadleria shrubland-fernland (DSSF) community." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77440" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">2</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Map showing location of Coprosma kawaikiniensis near Kawaikini summit, Kaua'i, Hawai'i." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77442" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). This particular habitat is the remotest of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i’s">Kaua'i's</normalizedToken>
|
||
eco-regions and can be further characterized by its mist-shrouded, dark, narrow basalt canyon walls seeping with springs, and having the distinction of being one of the rainiest places in the world (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Juvik, S" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="B5" refString="Juvik, S, Juvik, J, 1998. Atlas of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press" title="Atlas of Hawai'i" year="1998">Juvik and Juvik 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The holotype region represents a previously undescribed plant community dominated by two Hawaiian endemic genera, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Dubautia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gaudich. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Sadleria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kaulf. (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Blechnaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="family">Blechnaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), referred to as the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Dubautia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Sadleria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shrubland-fernland (DSSF) community (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, KR" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="37 - 38" refId="B14" refString="Wood, KR, 2013. Rediscovery of Lysimachia venosa (Wawra) H. St. John, Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 114: 37 - 38" title="Rediscovery of Lysimachia venosa (Wawra) H. St. John, Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands." volume="114" year="2013">Wood 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Figures
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Landscape habitat where Coprosma kawaikiniensis was discovered below Kawaikini, Kaua'i, showing rugged terrain and the Dubautia - Sadleria shrubland-fernland (DSSF) community." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77440" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. The Dubautia - Sadleria shrubland-fernland (DSSF) community below Kawaikini, Kaua'i." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77441" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). To date, fewer than 50 individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been documented, occurring in elevations between 1035 to 1350 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="973058" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77440" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Landscape habitat where
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was discovered below Kawaikini,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
, showing rugged terrain and the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Dubautia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Sadleria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shrubland-fernland (DSSF) community.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="973060" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77441" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Dubautia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Sadleria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shrubland-fernland (DSSF) community below Kawaikini,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="973062" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77442" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Map showing location of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
near Kawaikini summit,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The DSSF community is predominantly low-statured at 1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–2(–">-2(-</normalizedToken>
|
||
4) m tall and is composed of several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Dubautia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="H. St. John subsp. acronaea" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia imbricata" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imbricata" subspecies="acronaea">Dubautia imbricata H.St.John subsp. acronaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
G.D.Carr,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hillebr. subsp. nagatae" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia knudsenii" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="knudsenii" subspecies="nagatae">Dubautia knudsenii Hillebr. subsp. nagatae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(H.St.John) G.D.Carr,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hook. & Arn. subsp. hirsuta" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia laxa" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxa" subspecies="hirsuta">Dubautia laxa Hook. & Arn. subsp. hirsuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hillebr.) G.D.Carr,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1861" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia paleata" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paleata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Dubautia paleata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Gray,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia raillardioides" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="raillardioides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Dubautia raillardioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hillebr., and on rare occasions
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. St. John & G. D. Carr" authorityYear="1981" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia pauciflorula" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorula">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Dubautia pauciflorula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
H.St.John & G.D.Carr. The four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Sadleria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that also dominate this community are
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kaulf" authorityYear="1824" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria cyatheoides" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="species" species="cyatheoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Sadleria cyatheoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="24" start="start">Kaulf</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria pallida" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="species" species="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Sadleria pallida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hook. & Arn.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria souleyetiana" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="species" species="souleyetiana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Sadleria souleyetiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gaudich.) T.Moore, and occasionally
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T. Moore" authorityYear="1857" baseAuthorityName="Gaud." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria squarrosa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="species" species="squarrosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Sadleria squarrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gaudich.) T.Moore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Some of the more common herbs, shrubs and trees, the latter depauperate in physical stature, of the DSSF community include
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="H.Mann" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Antidesma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii" order="Geraniales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="variety" species="platyphyllum" variety="hillebrandii">Antidesma platyphyllum H.Mann var. hillebrandii</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pax & Hoffm.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asteliaceae" genus="Astelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Astelia argyrocoma" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argyrocoma">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Astelia argyrocoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Heller ex Skottsb.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bidens forbesii" order="Campanulales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="forbesii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Bidens forbesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sherff,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hydrangeaceae" genus="Broussaisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Broussaisia arguta" order="Cornales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arguta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Broussaisia arguta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gaudich.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kauensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Coprosma kauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A.Gray) A.Heller,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aquifoliaceae" genus="Ilex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ilex anomala" order="Aquifoliales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anomala">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Ilex anomala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hook. & Arn.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rock" authorityYear="1921" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Pritchardia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pritchardia hardyi" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hardyi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Pritchardia hardyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rock,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Syzygium sandwicensis" order="Myrtiflorae" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Syzygium sandwicensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A.Gray) Nied., along with several to numerous species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheirodendron" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Cheirodendron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nutt. ex Seem.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyanea" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Cyanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gaudich.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Cyrtandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyrtandra" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Cyrtandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loganiaceae" genus="Labordia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Labordia" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Labordia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gaudich.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Kadua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kadua" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Kadua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cham. & Schltdl.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Lobelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lobelia" order="Campanulales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Lobelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rutaceae" genus="Melicope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Melicope" order="Rutales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Melicope</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Metrosideros" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Metrosideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Banks ex Gaertn.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Myrsine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Peperomia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Peperomia" order="Piperales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Peperomia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ruiz & Pav.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pipturus" order="Urticales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Pipturus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wedd.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Platydesma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Platydesma" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Platydesma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
H.Mann,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Araliaceae" genus="Polyscias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polyscias" order="Umbelliflorae" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Polyscias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Psychotria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Goodeniaceae" genus="Scaevola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scaevola" order="Campanulales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Scaevola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaccinium" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Vaccinium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Common sedges and grasses of the DSSF are
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Cyperus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyperus sandwicensis" order="Cyperales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Cyperus sandwicensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenth">Kuekenth</normalizedToken>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Eragrostis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eragrostis grandis" order="Graminales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Eragrostis grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hillebr.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Rendle subsp. kauaiensis" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Gahnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gahnia vitiensis" order="Cyperales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="vitiensis" subspecies="kauaiensis">Gahnia vitiensis Rendle subsp. kauaiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Benl) T.Koyama,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Machaerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Machaerina angustifolia" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Machaerina angustifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
T.Koyama,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="H. St. John" authorityYear="1987" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Panicum lineale" order="Graminales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lineale">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Panicum lineale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
H.St.John, along with several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dichanthelium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichanthelium" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Dichanthelium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hitchc. & Chase) Gould.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Besides the dominant
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Sadleria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sadleria" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Monilophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Sadleria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are a number of other common associated ferns found in the DSSF such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Cibotium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cibotium glaucum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="glaucum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Cibotium glaucum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sm.) Hook. & Arn.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Dicranopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dicranopteris linearis" order="Gleicheniales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="linearis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Dicranopteris linearis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Burm.f.) Underw.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nakai" authorityYear="1950" baseAuthorityName="Kunze" class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Diplopterygium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diplopterygium pinnatum" order="Gleicheniales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="pinnatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Diplopterygium pinnatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kunze) Nakai,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maxon" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Leptosporangiopsida" family="Lindsaeaceae" genus="Sphenomeris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sphenomeris chinensis" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Sphenomeris chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Maxon ex Kramer, as well as several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Adenophorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Adenophorus" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Adenophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gaudich.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Aspleniaceae" genus="Asplenium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Asplenium" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Polypodiopsida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Asplenium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Pteridopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dryopteris" order="Filicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Dryopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Adans.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Elaphoglossaceae" genus="Elaphoglossum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Elaphoglossum" order="Aspidiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Elaphoglossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schott, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Hymenophyllaceae" genus="Hymenophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hymenophyllum" order="Hymenophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Hymenophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="25" start="start">Plant</pageBreakToken>
|
||
communities of the nearby surrounding region are all montane windward wet habitat associations. Open bogs occur in scattered locations along the main upper headwater ridge line and are dominated by genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Metrosideros" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Metrosideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Rhynchospora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhynchospora" order="Cyperales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Rhynchospora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Willd.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dichanthelium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichanthelium" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Dichanthelium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Gahnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gahnia" order="Cyperales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Gahnia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Machaerina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Machaerina" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Machaerina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Vahl,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Plantago" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plantago" order="Plantaginales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Plantago</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Viola" order="Violales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Viola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Oreobolus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Oreobolus" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Oreobolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
R.Br. Several very rare species associated with bogs and bog margins were also discovered, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1967" baseAuthorityName="C. Forbes & Lydgate" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Keysseria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Keysseria helenae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="helenae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Keysseria helenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C.N.Forbes & Lydgate) Cabrera and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Primulaceae" genus="Lysimachia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lysimachia venosa" order="Primulales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="venosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Lysimachia venosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Wawra) H.St.John, a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Primulaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Primulales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family undocumented since 1911 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, KR" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" pagination="37 - 38" refId="B14" refString="Wood, KR, 2013. Rediscovery of Lysimachia venosa (Wawra) H. St. John, Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 114: 37 - 38" title="Rediscovery of Lysimachia venosa (Wawra) H. St. John, Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands." volume="114" year="2013">Wood 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Occasional stands of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Metrosideros" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Metrosideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheirodendron" order="Apiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Cheirodendron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forest with low-statured canopies of 5-7 m also occur in a mosaic of random patches surrounding the DSSF community, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been observed ranging into this habitat. These forests are usually dominated by a significant diversity of mixed understory associates very similar to that of the DSSF. The ripar
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="26" start="start">ian</pageBreakToken>
|
||
regions that dissect these relic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Metrosideros" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Metrosideros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheirodendron" order="Apiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Cheirodendron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forests and form the headwater drainages that feed the respective lower elevation valleys retain a flourishing treasure trove of rare plant taxa along nearby stream banks, including endangered species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Scyphozoa" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyanea" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Cyanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Cyrtandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyrtandra" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Cyrtandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Hesperomannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hesperomannia" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Hesperomannia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Gray,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A.Gray" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Isodendrion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Isodendrion" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Isodendrion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Gray,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loganiaceae" genus="Labordia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Labordia" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Labordia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rutaceae" genus="Melicope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Melicope" order="Rutales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Melicope</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bentham" authorityYear="1830" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Phyllostegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phyllostegia" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Phyllostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Benth.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Platydesma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Platydesma" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Platydesma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Araliaceae" genus="Polyscias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polyscias" order="Umbelliflorae" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Polyscias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Vegetation cover on several nearby steep slopes is composed of just a few species of matting ferns (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Dicranopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dicranopteris linearis" order="Gleicheniales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="linearis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Dicranopteris linearis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nakai" authorityYear="1950" baseAuthorityName="Kunze" class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Diplopterygium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diplopterygium pinnatum" order="Gleicheniales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="pinnatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Diplopterygium pinnatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ching" authorityYear="1940" baseAuthorityName="Hook." class="Leptosporangiopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Sticherus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sticherus owhyhensis" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="owhyhensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Sticherus owhyhensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hook.) Ching) and may be the resulting succession of past landslides. Vertical wet cliff communities of sedges, herbs, and ferns, accentuated with numerous waterfalls form the prevalent back-drop that tower over and surround these habitats below Kawaikini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, KR" journalOrPublisher="Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS Agreement No. 12200 - B-G 010" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" publicationUrl="10.13140/2.1.4339.8406" refId="B15" refString="Wood, KR, 2014. Botanical survey report for the windward slopes south of Kawaikini, including 'Ili'ili'ula, 'Iole, & Wai'ahi headwaters, Kaua'i, Hawai'i. Prepared for and available from The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS Agreement No. 12200-B-G010, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4339.8406" title="Botanical survey report for the windward slopes south of Kawaikini, including ' Ili'ili'ula, ' Iole, & Wai'ahi headwaters, Kaua'i, Hawai'i. Prepared for and available from The U. S." url="10.13140/2.1.4339.8406" year="2014">Wood 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (Figure
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Landscape habitat where Coprosma kawaikiniensis was discovered below Kawaikini, Kaua'i, showing rugged terrain and the Dubautia - Sadleria shrubland-fernland (DSSF) community." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77440" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The holotype region of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has very few non-native plants and animals, however,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is susceptible to catastrophic extinction through environmental events such as hurricanes, landslides, and flash floods in addition to the incursion of threats from nearby regions. Native habitats in the adjacent lower elevation regions, especially below 730 m, are intensely threatened by habitat degradation from feral goats (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Capra hircus" order="Artiodactila" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hircus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Capra hircus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.) and pigs (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Sus scrofa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.), predation of seeds by rats (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="rattus" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rattus rattus" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peale" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rattus exulans" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Rattus exulans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Peale), and competition with non-native plant taxa, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Axonopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Axonopus fissifolius" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="fissifolius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Axonopus fissifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Raddi) Kuhlm.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Willd" authorityYear="1810" class="Pteridopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Blechnum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Blechnum appendiculatum" order="Filicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="species" species="appendiculatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Blechnum appendiculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Willd.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Buddleia asiatica" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="asiatica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Buddleia asiatica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lour.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Clidemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Clidemia hirta" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="hirta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Clidemia hirta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) D.Don,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Cyperus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyperus meyenianus" order="Cyperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="meyenianus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Cyperus meyenianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kunth,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron karvinskianus" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karvinskianus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Erigeron karvinskianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DC.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Juncaceae" genus="Juncus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juncus planifolius" order="Juncales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="planifolius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Juncus planifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
R.Br.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Melastoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Melastoma septemnervium" order="Myrtiflorae" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="septemnervium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Melastoma septemnervium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lour.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paspalum conjugatum" order="Graminales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="conjugatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Paspalum conjugatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
P.J.Bergius,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Afzel. ex Sabine" authorityYear="1821" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psidium cattleianum" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cattleianum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Psidium cattleianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sabine,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Rhodomyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhodomyrtus tomentosa" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Aiton) Hassk.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rubus rosifolius" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosifolius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Rubus rosifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sm.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chase" authorityYear="1908" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Sacciolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sacciolepis indica" order="Graminales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Sacciolepis indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Chase, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Pteridopsida" family="Cytheaceae" genus="Sphaeropteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sphaeropteris cooperi" order="Filicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="species" species="cooperi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Sphaeropteris cooperi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hook. ex R.Muell.) R.M.Tryon. These highly invasive weeds possess the ability to spread rapidly (Smith 1995) and have begun to ingress into the upper watershed habitats of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, KR" journalOrPublisher="Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS Agreement No. 12200 - B-G 010" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" publicationUrl="10.13140/2.1.4339.8406" refId="B15" refString="Wood, KR, 2014. Botanical survey report for the windward slopes south of Kawaikini, including 'Ili'ili'ula, 'Iole, & Wai'ahi headwaters, Kaua'i, Hawai'i. Prepared for and available from The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS Agreement No. 12200-B-G010, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4339.8406" title="Botanical survey report for the windward slopes south of Kawaikini, including ' Ili'ili'ula, ' Iole, & Wai'ahi headwaters, Kaua'i, Hawai'i. Prepared for and available from The U. S." url="10.13140/2.1.4339.8406" year="2014">Wood 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">IUCN Red List Category</emphasis>
|
||
. When evaluated using the World Conservation Union (IUCN) criteria for endangerment (IUCN 2001),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
falls into the Critically Endangered (CR) category, which designates this species as facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Our formal evaluation can be summarized by the following IUCN hierarchical alphanumeric numbering system of criteria and subcriteria: CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v); C2a(ii); D; which reflects a severely limited Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO) of less than 3 km2 and a population of less than 50 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
|
||
All species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
have stipules shorter than 4.5 mm except for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kauensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The features distinguishing those two species are the number of the flowers per partial inflorescence [6-8, sometimes with an additional pair of 3-5 flowered cymules in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. 3(-5) flowered in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kauensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], the length of the calyx in staminate flowers (1.8-3.2 mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. 0.4-0.6 mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kauensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the length of the staminate peduncle (20-28 mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. 4-8 mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kauensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the pubescence of the stipules (externally glabrous in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. densely strigose on both surfaces in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kauensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Coprosma kauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the number and form of the stipular appendage(s) [only 1 terminal
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="27" start="start">claw-like</pageBreakToken>
|
||
appendage and occasionally a few short, rounded appendages or callous protuberances 0.1-0.2 mm long c. equaling the ciliate marginal hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, vs. (3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)5–7(–">-)5-7(-</normalizedToken>
|
||
8) pairs of thickly ovoid to digitate, shiny dark brown-black marginal appendages 0.3-0.5 mm long in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kauensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma kauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (Figure
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Stipules and petiole bases of Coprosma kawaikiniensis (A Wood 3539, paratype PTBG) and Coprosma kauensis (B Perlman 18645, PTBG). Scale bars in mm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77443" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="973064" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6406.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77443" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Stipules and petiole bases of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">A</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Wood 3539</emphasis>
|
||
, paratype PTBG) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kauensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma kauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">B</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Perlman 18645</emphasis>
|
||
, PTBG). Scale bars in mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have stipules of 4.5 mm or greater from the remaining Hawaiian Islands include:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1860" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma longifolia" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma longifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Gray,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. R. B. Oliv" authorityYear="1935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma ternata" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ternata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma ternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
W.R.B.Oliv.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1860" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma rhynchocarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhynchocarpa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma rhynchocarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A. Gray,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma montana" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma montana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hillebr., and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. R. B. Oliv" authorityYear="1935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma ochracea" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochracea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma ochracea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
W.R.B.Oliv.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1860" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma longifolia" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma longifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. R. B. Oliv" authorityYear="1935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma ternata" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ternata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma ternata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having opposite vs. usually ternate leaves (with only occasionally opposite leaves on some stems).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has peduncles 20-28 mm long vs. 2.5-16 mm long in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1860" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma rhynchocarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhynchocarpa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma rhynchocarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and only 0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1(–">-1(-</normalizedToken>
|
||
4) mm long in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. R. B. Oliv" authorityYear="1935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma ochracea" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochracea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma ochracea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The new species differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma montana" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma montana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having 6-8 flowers per cluster, sometimes with an additional pair of 3-5 flower cymules vs. 1-2 per cluster. In terms of morphology,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1860" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma longifolia" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma longifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Oahu), but differs from the latter in having opposite vs. usually ternate leaves, stipules with a shorter sheath (1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)2–">-)2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
4 mm long, and free apical portion (3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)4–">-)4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
6 mm long terminated by a thickly carinate-subulate apex with a claw-like appendage, vs. sheath 7-9 mm long and free apical part 2-3 mm long with short-attenuate, acute tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The following couplets can be inserted into the existing key to Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, WL" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press & Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refId="B11" refString="Wagner, WL, Herbst, DR, Sohmer, SH, 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols. University of Hawai'i Press & Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" title="Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols." year="1990">Wagner et al. (1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1123) to accommodate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<table lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">4(2)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">stipules 4.5-11(-15) mm long</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">5</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">stipules 1.5-4 mm long</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">9</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">5(4)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">Staminate calyx 1.8-3.2 mm long; staminate corolla lobes ca. 3.5-6 mm long</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">5a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">Staminate calyx 0.4-2 mm long; staminate corolla lobes 2-4.5 mm long</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">6</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">5a(5)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">Staminate calyx ca. 3 mm long; staminate corolla lobes ca. 5-6 mm long; pistillate calyx urceolate, 2-4 mm long, enlarging to 5-10 mm long in fruit; H</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">
|
||
11.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1860" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma rhynchocarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhynchocarpa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="27">Coprosma rhynchocarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="28" start="start">-</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">Staminate calyx ca. 1.8-3.2 mm long; staminate corolla lobes 3.5-4 mm long; pistillate calyx unknown, but not enlarging in fruit; K</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="28" start="start">14</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">6(5)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">Stipule margins without appendages except 1 at apex, short-ciliate, base puberulent; flowers 1-2 per cluster; usually subalpine, above 1,830 m, EM, H.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
8.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma montana" order="Gentianales" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Coprosma montana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">(6)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">
|
||
Stipule margins with conspicuous appendages, but often obscured by pubescence in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. R. B. Oliv" authorityYear="1935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma ochracea" order="Gentianales" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochracea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Coprosma ochracea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and sparsely ciliate, pilose, or long-hirsute to short-hirsute, base strigose, appressed or spreading hirsute, short-hirsute, pilose or glabrous; flowers 3-6 per cluster
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">7</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">7(6)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">Peduncles 0-1 mm long</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
9.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. R. B. Oliv" authorityYear="1935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma ochracea" order="Gentianales" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ochracea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Coprosma ochracea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">Peduncles 4-28 mm long</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">7a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">7a(7)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">Staminate calyx 1.8-3.2 mm long</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
14.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood, Lorence & Kiehn" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma kawaikiniensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kawaikiniensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Coprosma kawaikiniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">7a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">Staminate calyx 0.4-1 mm long</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">8</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="28" type="additional specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="28">Additional specimens examined</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">(paratypes).</emphasis>
|
||
United States of America.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lihu‘e">Lihu'e</normalizedToken>
|
||
District, ridge running south of Kawaikini, above Iliiliula and Ioli drainage, 1035 m elev., 19 Sep 1994,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">K.R. Wood, P. Wood, S. Perlman 3539</emphasis>
|
||
, (BISH, PTBG, US); ridge just south below Kawaikini, 1130-1350 m elev., 03 Apr 2013,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">K.R. Wood 15460</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH, PTBG, US); loc. cit., 03 Apr 2013,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="28">K.R. Wood 15463</emphasis>
|
||
(PTBG, US, WU).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |