treatments-xml/data/66/05/7A/66057A21FFB5FFF9F59FD3F3FBB36CBF.xml

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<mods:title id="AFF22BDA55985D3D07F5CCFCF6E4F6EA">Small-scale spatial distribution of ghost shrimp and macrobenthic fauna in an Amazon macrotidal dissipative sandy beach</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5F58CE84C46BB5DB1B8BB9B4CECF5804">Filho, José Souto Rosa</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EA58EA83081D4DFA97E7F03AEEB2C4FF">Laboratório de Bentos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="EE13CB37FFB5FFFBF59FD3F3FD8E6CE8" blockId="9.[160,606,1507,1533]" box="[160,606,1507,1533]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">
<heading id="B55B7C5BFFB5FFFBF59FD3F3FD8E6CE8" bold="true" box="[160,606,1507,1533]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB5FFFBF59FD3F3FE186CE8" baseAuthorityName="Felder and Rodrigues" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[160,456,1507,1533]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siriboia">Lepidophtalmus siriboia</taxonomicName>
distribution
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE13CB37FFB5FFF9F59FD008FD1C69DF" blockId="9.[160,1156,1554,1724]" lastBlockId="11.[160,1156,142,1450]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="228" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">
The density of 
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB5FFFBF477D008FE606F24" baseAuthorityName="Felder and Rodrigues" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[328,432,1560,1585]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siriboia">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB5FFFBF477D008FE606F24" box="[328,432,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">L. siriboia</emphasis>
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(31.7 ± 34.1 burrows.m −2) estimated by counting open burrows on Fortalezinha beach is similar to the values found by 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB5FFFBF630D02BFB546F41" author="Silva DC &amp; Martinelli-Lemos JM" box="[783,1156,1595,1620]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" pagination="144 - 158" refId="ref10669" refString="Silva DC, Martinelli-Lemos JM. 2012. Species composition and abundance of the benthic community of Axiidea and Gebiidea (Crustacea: decapoda) in the Marapanim Bay, Amazon estuary, Northern Brazil. Zoologia. 29: 144 - 158." type="journal article" year="2012">Silva and Martinelli-Lemos (2012)</bibRefCitation>
for the Amazon coast using physical removal (suction pump – ghost shrimp pump). Counts of burrow openings have also been used to indirectly estimate the numbers of ghost shrimp (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB5FFFBF475D0B3FDEE6FA9" author="Hanekom N &amp; Baird D &amp; Erasmus T" box="[330,574,1699,1724]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" pagination="163 - 174" refId="ref8229" refString="Hanekom N, Baird D, Erasmus T. 1988. A quantitative study to assess standing biomass of macrobenthos in soft substrata of the Swartkops estuary in South Africa. Afr J Mar Sci. 6: 163 - 174. doi: 10. 2989 / 025776188784480500." type="journal article" year="1988">
Hanekom 
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB5FFFBF4FCD0B3FE276FA9" box="[451,503,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
. 1988
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB5FFFBF770D0B3FCAF6FA9" author="Griffis RB &amp; Suchanek TH" box="[591,895,1699,1724]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" pagination="171 - 183" refId="ref8187" refString="Griffis RB, Suchanek TH. 1991. A model of burrow architecture and trophic modes in thalassinidean shrimp (Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Mar Ecol-Progr Ser. 79: 171 - 183. doi: 10.3354 / meps 079171." type="book chapter" year="1991">Griffis and Suchanek 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB5FFF8F6AFD0B3FF346F6C" author="McPhee DP &amp; Skilleter GA" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" pagination="133 - 141" refId="ref8828" refString="McPhee DP, Skilleter GA. 2002 a. Aspects of the biology of the yabby Trypea australiensis (Dana) (Decapoda: thalassinidea) and the potential of burrow counts as an indirect measure of population density. Hydrobiologia. 485: 133 - 141. doi: 10.1023 / A: 1021342306936." type="journal article" year="2002">McPhee and Skilleter 2002a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB6FFF8F5CED070FE136F6C" author="Sumida PYG &amp; Guth AZ &amp; Quintana CO &amp; Pires-Vanin AMS" box="[241,451,1632,1657]" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" pagination="1032" refId="ref10864" refString="Sumida PYG, Guth AZ, Quintana CO, Pires-Vanin AMS. 2020. Distribution and sediment selection by the Mud Shrimp Upogebia noronhensis (Crustacea: Thalassinidea) and the potential effects on the associated macroinfaunal community. J Mar Sci Eng. 8: 1032. doi: 10.3390 / jmse 8121032." type="journal article" year="2020">
Sumida 
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB6FFF8F471D070FEAF6F6C" box="[334,383,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
). Whereas this indirect method may cast doubt over previous unconfirmed estimates of population sizes (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB6FFF8F7A8D092FC136F8E" author="Griffis RB &amp; Suchanek TH" box="[663,963,1666,1691]" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" pagination="171 - 183" refId="ref8187" refString="Griffis RB, Suchanek TH. 1991. A model of burrow architecture and trophic modes in thalassinidean shrimp (Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Mar Ecol-Progr Ser. 79: 171 - 183. doi: 10.3354 / meps 079171." type="book chapter" year="1991">Griffis and Suchanek 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB6FFF8F6EDD092FEC86FAB" author="Rotherham D &amp; West RJ" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" pagination="165 - 175" refId="ref10006" refString="Rotherham D, West RJ. 2007. Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance and recruitment of ghost shrimp Trypaea australiensis across hierarchical scales in South-Eastern Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 341: 165 - 175. doi: 10.3354 / meps 341165." type="book chapter" year="2007">
<collectingRegion id="2C6805D5FFB6FFF8F6EDD092FB9F6F8E" box="[978,1103,1666,1691]" country="United Kingdom" name="Rotherham" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Rotherham</collectingRegion>
and West 2007
</bibRefCitation>
), it is recommended when determining absolute abundances of cryptic and burrowing marine invertebrates is impractical and may also lead to considerable environmental disturbance (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F4B8D6A1FD1069DF" author="McPhee DP &amp; Skilleter GA" box="[391,704,177,202]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="133 - 141" refId="ref8828" refString="McPhee DP, Skilleter GA. 2002 a. Aspects of the biology of the yabby Trypea australiensis (Dana) (Decapoda: thalassinidea) and the potential of burrow counts as an indirect measure of population density. Hydrobiologia. 485: 133 - 141. doi: 10.1023 / A: 1021342306936." type="journal article" year="2002">McPhee and Skilleter 2002a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB6FFF8F59FD247FF2C6D7B" bold="true" box="[160,252,1111,1134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Plot of the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the samples of macrocrobenthic fauna collected from the two areas (Area 1: muddy sediment – next to a tidal channel, Area 2: sandy sediment). The vectors represent species with Spearman correlation values greater than 0.5. Samples from Area 1 and Area 2 were 68.34% dissimilar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="EE13CB37FFB6FFF8F580D310FC676C47" blockId="10.[191,1124,1274,1362]" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB6FFF8F580D310FEC06C02" bold="true" box="[191,272,1280,1303]" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Table 4.</emphasis>
Similarity percentage (SIMPER) results showing the mean density (ind./m2 ± standard error) of the macrobenthic taxa that most contributed most to the dissimilarity between areas (Area 1: muddy sediment – next to a tidal channel, Area 2: sandy sediment).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EE13CB37FFB6FFF8F7AED34EFB836F39" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<table id="9CAC3997FFB6000DF5F6D34EFB8A6F39" box="[201,1114,1374,1580]" gridcols="5" gridrows="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<tr id="509CC975FFB6000DF5F6D34EFB8A6C67" box="[201,1114,1374,1394]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<th id="134DA009FFB6000DF5F6D34EFB8A6C67" box="[201,1114,1374,1394]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Average dissimilarity = 68.34%</th>
</tr>
<tr id="509CC975FFB6000DF5F6D390FB8A6C81" box="[201,1114,1408,1428]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<th id="134DA009FFB6000DF5F6D390FEBA6C81" box="[201,362,1408,1428]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Taxa</th>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF4F5D390FDF86C81" box="[458,552,1408,1428]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Area 1</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF7B7D390FD376C81" box="[648,743,1408,1428]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Area 2</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF679D390FC106C81" box="[838,960,1408,1428]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Contribution%</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF120D390FB8A6C81" box="[1055,1114,1408,1428]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Cum.%</td>
</tr>
<tr id="509CC975FFB6000DF5F6D3B0FB8A6CA1" box="[201,1114,1440,1460]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<th id="134DA009FFB6000DF5F6D3B0FEBA6CA1" box="[201,362,1440,1460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB6FFF8F5F6D3B0FEE96CA1" box="[201,313,1440,1460]" class="Polychaeta" family="Magelonidae" genus="Magelona" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB6FFF8F5F6D3B0FEC96CA1" box="[201,281,1440,1460]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Magelona</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF4F5D3B0FDF86CA1" box="[458,552,1440,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">4.91 ± 0.65</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF7B7D3B0FD376CA1" box="[648,743,1440,1460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">0.51 ± 0.32</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF679D3B0FC106CA1" box="[838,960,1440,1460]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">14.48</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF120D3B0FB8A6CA1" box="[1055,1114,1440,1460]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">14.48</td>
</tr>
<tr id="509CC975FFB6000DF5F6D3A8FB8A6CD9" box="[201,1114,1464,1484]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<th id="134DA009FFB6000DF5F6D3A8FEBA6CD9" box="[201,362,1464,1484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB6FFF8F5F6D3A8FE836CD9" box="[201,339,1464,1484]" class="Polychaeta" family="Capitellidae" genus="Mediomastus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB6FFF8F5F6D3A8FEE46CD9" box="[201,308,1464,1484]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Mediomastus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF4F5D3A8FDF86CD9" box="[458,552,1464,1484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">5.85 ± 0.47</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF7B7D3A8FD376CD9" box="[648,743,1464,1484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">3.40 ± 0.64</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF679D3A8FC106CD9" box="[838,960,1464,1484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">10.84</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF120D3A8FB8A6CD9" box="[1055,1114,1464,1484]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">25.32</td>
</tr>
<tr id="509CC975FFB6000DF5F6D3C0FB8A6CF1" box="[201,1114,1488,1508]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<th id="134DA009FFB6000DF5F6D3C0FEBA6CF1" box="[201,362,1488,1508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB6FFF8F5F6D3C0FE9A6CF1" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[201,330,1488,1508]" class="Polychaeta" family="Pilargidae" genus="Sigambra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="grubii">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB6FFF8F5F6D3C0FE9A6CF1" box="[201,330,1488,1508]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Sigambra grubii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF4F5D3C0FDF86CF1" box="[458,552,1488,1508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">4.94 ± 0.45</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF7B7D3C0FD376CF1" box="[648,743,1488,1508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">2.70 ± 0.50</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF679D3C0FC106CF1" box="[838,960,1488,1508]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">9.68</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF120D3C0FB8A6CF1" box="[1055,1114,1488,1508]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">34.99</td>
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<tr id="509CC975FFB6000DF5F6D3F8FB8A6CE9" box="[201,1114,1512,1532]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<th id="134DA009FFB6000DF5F6D3F8FEBA6CE9" box="[201,362,1512,1532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB6FFF8F5F6D3F8FEF36CE9" box="[201,291,1512,1532]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Pinnixa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB6FFF8F5F6D3F8FED46CE9" box="[201,260,1512,1532]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Pinnixa</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF4F5D3F8FDF86CE9" box="[458,552,1512,1532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">1.63 ± 0.50</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF7B7D3F8FD376CE9" box="[648,743,1512,1532]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">1.57 ± 0.54</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF679D3F8FC106CE9" box="[838,960,1512,1532]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">5.97</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF120D3F8FB8A6CE9" box="[1055,1114,1512,1532]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">40.97</td>
</tr>
<tr id="509CC975FFB6000DF5F6D010FB8A6F01" box="[201,1114,1536,1556]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<th id="134DA009FFB6000DF5F6D010FEBA6F01" box="[201,362,1536,1556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB6FFF8F5F6D010FEBA6F01" baseAuthorityName="Berkeley &amp; Berkeley" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[201,362,1536,1556]" class="Polychaeta" family="Pilargidae" genus="Hermundura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="fauveli">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB6FFF8F5F6D010FEBA6F01" box="[201,362,1536,1556]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Hermundura fauveli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF4F5D010FDF86F01" box="[458,552,1536,1556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">1.83 ± 0.49</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF7B7D010FD376F01" box="[648,743,1536,1556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">0.77 ± 0.37</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF679D010FC106F01" box="[838,960,1536,1556]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">5.51</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF120D010FB8A6F01" box="[1055,1114,1536,1556]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">46.47</td>
</tr>
<tr id="509CC975FFB6000DF5F6D008FB8A6F39" box="[201,1114,1560,1580]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
<th id="134DA009FFB6000DF5F6D008FEBA6F39" box="[201,362,1560,1580]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Nemertea</th>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF4F5D008FDF86F39" box="[458,552,1560,1580]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">1.67 ± 0.44</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF7B7D008FD376F39" box="[648,743,1560,1580]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">1.00 ± 0.41</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF679D008FC106F39" box="[838,960,1560,1580]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">5.28</td>
<td id="134DA009FFB6000DF120D008FB8A6F39" box="[1055,1114,1560,1580]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">51.75</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE13CB37FFB7FFF9F5FFD6C4FE086A2F" blockId="11.[160,1156,142,1450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">
Although there may be some concern when comparing abundance estimates of crustaceans that tunnel deeply into the seafloor, beaches or mudflats, the density of 
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB7FFF9F139D6E6FBB8681A" baseAuthorityName="Felder and Rodrigues" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1030,1128,246,271]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siriboia">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB7FFF9F139D6E6FBB8681A" box="[1030,1128,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">L. siriboia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the present study was higher than in other areas of the Brazilian coast (eg 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F6DCD709FEE36840" author="Rodrigues SA &amp; Shimizu RM" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="155 - 170" refId="ref9768" refString="Rodrigues SA, Shimizu RM. 1997. Autoecologia de Callichirus major (Say, 1818). In: Absalao RS, Esteves AM, editors. Ecologia de praias arenosas do litoral brasileiro. Volume III. Oecologia Brasiliensis; p. 155 - 170." type="book chapter" year="1997">Rodrigues and Shimizu 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
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Moschetto 
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). The abundance and distribution patterns of callianassids in intertidal areas are mainly driven by sediment grain size (
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; 
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, 
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Oliveira 
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), temperature and water salinity (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F72BD7B4FD4868A8" author="Posey MH" box="[532,664,420,445]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" refId="ref9622" refString="Posey MH. 1986. Changes in a benthic community associated with dense beds of a burrowing deposit feeder, Callianassa californiensis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 31: 15 e 22. doi: 10.3354 / meps 031015." type="book" year="1986">Posey 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Berkenbush and Rowden 1998; 
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), beach morphodynamics (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F7DDD7D6FC5068CA" author="Pezzuto PR" box="[738,896,454,479]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="89 - 109" refId="ref9539" refString="Pezzuto PR. 1998. Population dynamics of Sergio mirim (Rodrigues 1971) (Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Callianassidae) in Cassino Beach, Southern Brazil. Mar Ecol. 19: 89 - 109. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485. 1998. tb 00456. x." type="journal article" year="1998">Pezzuto 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Alves and Rodrigues 2000), food availability (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F49AD7F9FD336B17" author="Rodrigues SA &amp; Shimizu RM" box="[421,739,489,514]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="155 - 170" refId="ref9768" refString="Rodrigues SA, Shimizu RM. 1997. Autoecologia de Callichirus major (Say, 1818). In: Absalao RS, Esteves AM, editors. Ecologia de praias arenosas do litoral brasileiro. Volume III. Oecologia Brasiliensis; p. 155 - 170." type="book chapter" year="1997">Rodrigues and Shimizu 1997</bibRefCitation>
), and extraction for bait use (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F115D7F9FEA46B30" author="McPhee DP &amp; Skilleter GA" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="93 - 101" refId="ref8884" refString="McPhee DP, Skilleter GA. 2002 b. Harvesting of intertidal animals for bait for use in a recreational fishing competition. Proc R Soc Queensland. 110: 93 - 101." type="journal article" year="2002">McPhee and Skilleter 2002b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F4BED41CFD776B30" author="Botter-Carvalho ML &amp; Santos PJP &amp; Carvalho PVVC" box="[385,679,524,549]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="508 - 516" refId="ref7099" refString="Botter-Carvalho ML, Santos PJP, Carvalho PVVC. 2007. Population dynamics of Callichirus major (Say, 1818) (Crustacea, Thalassinidea) on a beach in Northeastern Brazil. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 71: 508 - 516. doi: 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2006.09.001." type="journal article" year="2007">
Botter-Carvalho 
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; Moscheto 
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB7FFF9F618D41CFC876B30" box="[807,855,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">et al</emphasis>
. 2020). High abundance of 
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB7FFF9F59FD43EFED46B52" baseAuthorityName="Felder and Rodrigues" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[160,260,558,583]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siriboia">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB7FFF9F59FD43EFED46B52" box="[160,260,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">L. siriboia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
generally occurs in areas with fine and rich organic matter and flat slopes (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F17FD43EFEBB6B7F" author="Souza JRB &amp; Borzone CA" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="625 - 630" refId="ref10787" refString="Souza JRB, Borzone CA. 2003. A extraCao de corrupto, Callichirus major (Say) (Crustacea, Thalassinidea), para uso como isca em praias do litoral do Parana: as populaCOes exploradas. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 20 (4): 625 - 630. doi: 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752003000400011." type="journal article" year="2003">Souza and Borzone 2003</bibRefCitation>
), as in most sandy beaches of Algodoal-Maiandeua Island (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F13BD441FBA76B7F" author="Silva PVM" box="[1028,1143,593,618]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" refId="ref10625" refString="Silva PVM (2015) Estudo da morfodinamica sazonal e quantificaCao de transporte sedimentar costeiro nas praias de Fortalezinha e Princesa, Algodoal / Maiandeua (nordeste do estado do Para) [MSc Thesis]. Belem: Universidade Federal do Para." type="book" year="2015">Silva 2015</bibRefCitation>
), where estuaries contribute to a large input of sediments, dissolved nutrients and organic material to the beaches (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F48BD486FD066BBA" author="Araujo da Silva C &amp; Souza-Filho PWM &amp; Rodrigues SWP" box="[436,726,662,687]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="619 - 663" refId="ref6498" refString="Araujo da Silva C, Souza-Filho PWM, Rodrigues SWP. 2009. Morphology and modern sedimentary deposits of the macrotidal Marapanim Estuary (Amazon, Brazil). Cont Shelf Res. 29 (3): 619 - 663. doi: 10.1016 / j. csr. 2008.09.018." type="journal article" year="2009">
Araujo da Silva 
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB7FFF9F75CD486FD436BBA" box="[611,659,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). On the Amazon coast, the equatorial tropical climate maintains relatively high and stable temperatures, which support high levels of productivity throughout the year (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F750D4CCFCF26BE0" author="Costa VB &amp; Sousa EB &amp; Pinheiro SCC &amp; Pereira LCC &amp; da Costa RM" box="[623,802,732,757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="354 - 358" refId="ref7557" refString="Costa VB, Sousa EB, Pinheiro SCC, Pereira LCC, da Costa RM. 2011. Effects of a high energy coastal environment on the structure and dynamics of phytoplankton communities (Brazilian Amazon littoral). J Coastal Res SI. 64: 354 - 358." type="journal article" year="2011">
<collectingRegion id="2C6805D5FFB7FFF9F750D4CCFD7E6BE0" box="[623,686,732,757]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">Costa</collectingRegion>
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. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, Fortalezinha beach is conserved, with a low level of anthropic disturbance, and ghost shrimp populations are not harvested on the island.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE13CB37FFB7FFF9F5FFD554FBB36CBF" blockId="11.[160,1156,142,1450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">
Significantly higher densities of 
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB7FFF9F712D554FD466A48" baseAuthorityName="Felder and Rodrigues" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[557,662,836,861]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siriboia">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB7FFF9F712D554FD466A48" box="[557,662,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">L. siriboia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurred in Area 1, and in both areas they increased towards the lower intertidal zone. This difference appears to be related to differences in the natural characteristics of each area. Area 1 is more sheltered and closer to a tidal channel (Furo Velho), which naturally allows the deposition of finer sediments. Conversely, Area 2 is situated in a more exposed part of the beach with a high influence of currents and waves, which resuspend more bottom sediments and may increase turbulence, erosion rates and prevent the deposition of finer sediment grains (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F6CDD204FF076D5A" author="Pereira LCC &amp; Sozinho da Silva NI &amp; da Costa RM &amp; Asp NE &amp; da Costa KG &amp; Vila-Concejo A" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="95 - 106" refId="ref9386" refString="Pereira LCC, Sozinho da Silva NI, da Costa RM, Asp NE, da Costa KG, Vila-Concejo A. 2012. Seasonal changes in oceanographic processes at an equatorial macrotidal beach in Northern Brazil. Cont Shelf Res. 43: 95 - 106. doi: 10.1016 / j. csr. 2012.05.003." type="journal article" year="2012">
Pereira 
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB7FFF9F174D204FBAE6D38" box="[1099,1150,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F5DCD226FE846D5A" author="Silva PVM" box="[227,340,1078,1103]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" refId="ref10625" refString="Silva PVM (2015) Estudo da morfodinamica sazonal e quantificaCao de transporte sedimentar costeiro nas praias de Fortalezinha e Princesa, Algodoal / Maiandeua (nordeste do estado do Para) [MSc Thesis]. Belem: Universidade Federal do Para." type="book" year="2015">Silva 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Increasing densities towards the low intertidal zone were also recorded in a previous study with 
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB7FFF9F493D249FDC26D67" baseAuthorityName="Felder and Rodrigues" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[428,530,1113,1138]" class="Malacostraca" family="Callianassidae" genus="Lepidophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siriboia">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB7FFF9F493D249FDC26D67" box="[428,530,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">L. siriboia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="29ACB0B4FFB7FFF9F778D249FCC26D67" authorityName="Ngoc-Ho" authorityYear="1989" box="[583,786,1113,1138]" class="Malacostraca" family="Upogebiidae" genus="Upogebia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vasquezi">
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB7FFF9F778D249FCC26D67" box="[583,786,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">Upogebia vasquezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Amazonian coastal areas (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F171D249FE176D80" author="Silva DC &amp; Martinelli-Lemos JM" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="144 - 158" refId="ref10669" refString="Silva DC, Martinelli-Lemos JM. 2012. Species composition and abundance of the benthic community of Axiidea and Gebiidea (Crustacea: decapoda) in the Marapanim Bay, Amazon estuary, Northern Brazil. Zoologia. 29: 144 - 158." type="journal article" year="2012">Silva and Martinelli-Lemos 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The benthic organisms that inhabit sandy beaches are usually distributed differently across the intertidal zone, as a response to abrupt environmental gradients present in this area (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F733D2D1FC9C6DCF" author="Defeo O &amp; McLachlan A" box="[524,844,1217,1242]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref7843" refString="Defeo O, McLachlan A. 2005. Patterns, processes and regulatory mechanisms in sandy beach macrofauna: a multi-scale analysis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 295: 1 - 20. doi: 10.3354 / meps 295001." type="book chapter" year="2005">Defeo and McLachlan 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F662D2D1FF346DE8" author="Schlacher T &amp; Thompson L" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="119 - 129" refId="ref10589" refString="Schlacher T, Thompson L. 2013 a. Environmental control of community organization on ocean-exposed sandy beaches. Mar Freshwater Res. 64: 119 - 129. doi: 10.1071 / MF 12172." type="journal article" year="2013">Schlacher and Thompson 2013a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F5CCD2F4FEE96DE8" author="Schlacher TA &amp; Thompson L" box="[243,313,1252,1277]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="43 - 55" refId="ref10548" refString="Schlacher TA, Thompson L. 2013 b. Spatial structure on ocean-exposed sandy beaches: faunal zonation metrics and their variability. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 478: 43 - 55. doi: 10.3354 / meps 10205." type="book chapter" year="2013">2013b</bibRefCitation>
). This increase towards the sea is probably a response to the increase in sediment moisture, which decreases the risk of desiccation (in the HT zone), and the dependence of feeding activities in most macrofaunal species on tidal submergence (McLachlan and Jaramillo 1995; 
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F73FD35CFCC76C70" author="Armonies W &amp; Reise K" box="[512,791,1356,1381]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="49 - 57" refId="ref6550" refString="Armonies W, Reise K. 2000. Faunal diversity across a sandy shore. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 196: 49 - 57. doi: 10.3354 / meps 196049." type="book chapter" year="2000">Armonies and Reise 2000</bibRefCitation>
). These environmental gradients are even stronger on Amazonian beaches, where extensive intertidal zones (≈ 
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) and semi-diurnal macrotidal (&gt; 
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tidal range) regimes predominate (
<bibRefCitation id="8A3DB6C6FFB7FFF9F6B4D381FB866CBF" author="Pereira LCC &amp; Sozinho da Silva NI &amp; da Costa RM &amp; Asp NE &amp; da Costa KG &amp; Vila-Concejo A" box="[907,1110,1425,1450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="95 - 106" refId="ref9386" refString="Pereira LCC, Sozinho da Silva NI, da Costa RM, Asp NE, da Costa KG, Vila-Concejo A. 2012. Seasonal changes in oceanographic processes at an equatorial macrotidal beach in Northern Brazil. Cont Shelf Res. 43: 95 - 106. doi: 10.1016 / j. csr. 2012.05.003." type="journal article" year="2012">
Pereira 
<emphasis id="DCD81725FFB7FFF9F6DDD381FBC26CBF" box="[994,1042,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>