357 lines
44 KiB
XML
357 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="828C092FC2513515BD4A5ADEBAB8A5DA" ID-CLB-Dataset="7887" ID-DOI="10.1206/3865.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dd304d25-18d2-4f50-968b-bcdbfce8f4ad" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566131" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614360215014" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A. & Barden, Phillip" docDate="2016" docId="A855BA59FFA32F56409C0D10FC04F9F8" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2016.3865.1-29.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2016 (3865)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3865.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Zhenia xiai" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="546CC221FFA02F5F4173092CFFB9FFEF" masterDocTitle="The Mesozoic Family Eremochaetidae (Diptera: Brachycera) in Burmese amber and Relationships of Archisargoidea: Brachycera in Cretaceous Amber, Part VIII" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698931412384" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4FF195A68CFBB109A96EDACCD472833A">
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<mods:title id="F3797B8A5DE797860B1F17B462FF57AE">The Mesozoic Family Eremochaetidae (Diptera: Brachycera) in Burmese amber and Relationships of Archisargoidea: Brachycera in Cretaceous Amber, Part VIII</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="568FFD2F9BED544C3859DDEE12DC9781">Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="E3EC1A70D58F2008A1D4F016275C6AEA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="06FFAB879A00732DD4963923B0C519D1">Barden, Phillip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5316AE9C15FF91D6BC64060FBB2496EE">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1460ED814CE253A7183E9983CAAF3B47">
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<mods:date id="82A6D1444F53CBB67C98148BBBE2D468">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="33C886B9B7C6650A1846F59A06072B1C">2016-09-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CBE5F52D3BCBB53A717EE5233BA69EA8">2016</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DBF28AE7BA87AFF556A2318360143103">3865</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="A00018295F90EDF41E4BD891600D4DC3">http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3865.1</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="82F26E95C2737FB15910F0D8DAFCD016" type="CLB-Dataset">7887</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A855BA59FFA32F56409C0D10FC04F9F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4584835" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180233525" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4584835" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A855BA59FFA32F56409C0D10FC04F9F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A855BA59FFA32F56409C0D10FC04F9F8" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="68E658C4FFA32F5C409C0D10FCE8FBB9" box="[495,849,1084,1111]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA32F5C409C0D10FCE8FBB9" blockId="3.[495,849,1084,1111]" box="[495,849,1084,1111]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="7B0BBC23FFA32F5C409C0D10FCE8FBB9" box="[495,849,1084,1111]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA32F5C409C0D10FDCDFBB9" authority="Q.-Q. Zhang et al." box="[495,628,1084,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xiai">
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA32F5C409C0D10FDCDFBB9" box="[495,628,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Zhenia xiai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Q.-Q. Zhang et al.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68E658C4FFA32F5C43300D58FD44FB61" box="[579,765,1140,1166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA32F5C43300D58FD44FB61" blockId="3.[579,765,1140,1166]" box="[579,765,1140,1166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="7B0BBC23FFA32F5C43300D58FD44FB61" box="[579,765,1140,1166]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="7">
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<figureCitation id="B8C717CAFFA32F5C43300D58FD76FB61" box="[579,719,1140,1166]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="4.[120,206,1612,1633]" captionStartId-1="5.[121,207,1420,1441]" captionStartId-2="6.[120,207,1626,1647]" captionStartId-3="7.[120,206,1548,1569]" captionTargetBox-0="[120,1224,224,1586]" captionTargetBox-1="[120,1224,224,1394]" captionTargetBox-2="[226,1118,224,1599]" captionTargetBox-3="[130,1224,244,1521]" captionTargetId-0="figure-9@4.[120,1224,224,1586]" captionTargetId-1="figure-101@5.[120,1224,224,1394]" captionTargetId-2="figure-10@6.[226,1118,224,1599]" captionTargetId-3="figure-6@7.[120,1224,224,1521]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Zhenia xiai, AMNH BuSD-2. A. Right lateral habitus. B. Head and thorax, dorsolateral view. C. Head, ventrolateral view" captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of Zhenia xiai, AMNH Bu-SD2. A. Right wing. B. Detached antenna. C. Left mesotarsus. D. Right protarsus. E. Terminalia (female), dorsolateral view. F. Terminalia, ventral view." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Illustrations of important details of Zhenia xiai, based directly on AMNH Bu-SD2. A. Front of head, showing enlarged frontal facets, face and mouthparts. B. Frons, showing fused antennal sockets. C. Detached antenna, with minute apical style. D. Female terminalia; the cerci are modified into a piercing structure. E. Pretarsus, showing the enormous development of the empodium and pulvillae, and the minute claws." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Reconstructed habitus of Zhenia xiai. The posture with its abdomen curled under is conjectural, based on the habits of various living flies with similar piercing oviscapts. Color patterns are entirely as preserved." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566133" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566135" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566137" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566139" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4566133/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4566135/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4566137/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4566139/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figures 1–4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B8C717CAFFA32F5C43A80D58FD44FB61" box="[731,765,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[123,209,1706,1727]" captionTargetBox="[211,1142,226,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-9@14.[189,1154,226,1678]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Wings of exemplar Archisargoidea, redrawn from original sources. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566143/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">6C</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68E658C4FFA32F5C41DB0D80FD05FB28" box="[168,700,1196,1223]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA32F5C41DB0D80FD05FB28" blockId="3.[120,1225,1196,1745]" box="[168,700,1196,1223]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DIAGNOSIS: Same as for genus, by monotypy.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68E658C4FFA32F5741DB0DFEFEC2F969" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA32F5C41DB0DFEFC59FAFE" blockId="3.[120,1225,1196,1745]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">REDESCRIPTION: Features that are not mentioned in the original description (Q.-Q. Zhang et al., 2016), or that are corrected and revised here are indicated in italics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA32F5A41DB0C30FBADF90C" blockId="3.[120,1225,1196,1745]" lastBlockId="5.[120,1225,1513,1764]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Body slender, gracile; head large, thorax compact; legs and abdomen long and slender;
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA32F5C45E10C31FEB7FA6E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">most of body light, yellowish, with dark brown markings dorsally on thorax and on abdominal tergites and sternites.</emphasis>
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HEAD: Large, subcircular in frontal view, compressed anteroposteriad. Eyes dark, very large, occupying almost entire dorsal, ventral, and frontal surfaces of head, no genal area exposed; posterior margin of eye entire (not emarginate); eye bare, no setulae;
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA32F5C429F0C9EFC64FA1E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">facets differentiated: group of ca. 50 large facets in middle of frontal surface, remaining facets ≤0.5</emphasis>
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×
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA32F5C42860CFBFF04F9F9" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">diameter of frontal facets.</emphasis>
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Eyes holoptic in female (presumably also in male, probably more so), inner margins meeting from just above clypeus to just below antennal insertions.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA32F5C425D0F0DFF64F98E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Antennal sockets not separated, fused into one.</emphasis>
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Antenna: Small, flagellum aristalike, pedicel slightly cone shaped, with apical setulae;
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA32F5C410B0F40FE45F944" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">postpedicel with base drop shaped, finely setulose, extended apically into long, fine, bare, aristalike structure with minute apical stylus</emphasis>
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; postpedicel base 0.2× length of entire postpedicel. Frons narrow and short, width less than distance between posterior ocelli; frons slightly longer than ocellar triangle; ocellar triangle raised into low tubercle, darkly pigmented; ocelli well developed. Face exposed as very narrow isosceles triangle, slightly swollen near middle. Mouthparts present: labrum exposed,
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<quantity id="E704A6AAFFA52F5A40330F18FE0FF9A0" box="[320,438,1588,1615]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="0.075">0.075 mm</quantity>
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W × 0.25 L, slender apical margin with notch.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A42AC0F18FEEAF99C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Maxillary palps very small, 1-segmented,</emphasis>
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setulose, light in color.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A432C0F75FD71F99C" box="[607,712,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Labellum</emphasis>
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well developed, laterally compressed,
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A45080F75FEFEF976" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">with ≥ 25 pseudotracheae</emphasis>
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, apical margin with fringe of fine setulae. Postocciput darkly pigmented, with low median ridge between ocellar triangle and occipital foramen; protruding collar just above occipital foramen, large posterior tentorial pit on each side of occipital foramen.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="74835BC7FFA42F5B410B0F60FDF1F990" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566133" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[120,206,1612,1633]" targetBox="[120,1224,224,1586]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA42F5B410B0F60FDF1F990" blockId="4.[120,1224,1610,1663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of
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<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA42F5B40BE0F66FD22F98D" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[461,667,1610,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xiai">
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA42F5B40BE0F66FDFFF98D" box="[461,582,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Zhenia xiai,</emphasis>
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AMNH
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</taxonomicName>
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BuSD-2.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA42F5B438C0F66FCAEF98D" bold="true" box="[767,791,1610,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A.</emphasis>
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Right lateral habitus.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA42F5B428B0F66FBB6F98D" bold="true" box="[1016,1039,1610,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B.</emphasis>
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Head and thorax, dorsolateral view.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA42F5B40420F4BFEF1F990" bold="true" box="[305,328,1639,1663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C.</emphasis>
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Head, ventrolateral view
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="74835BC7FFA52F5A410A0CA0FBC6FA50" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566135" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566135" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566135/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[121,207,1420,1441]" targetBox="[120,1224,224,1394]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA52F5A410A0CA0FBC6FA50" blockId="5.[120,1224,1418,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of
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<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA52F5A40BD0CA6FD24FA4D" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[462,669,1418,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xiai">
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A40BD0CA6FDFEFA4D" box="[462,583,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Zhenia xiai,</emphasis>
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AMNH
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</taxonomicName>
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Bu-SD2.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A42720CA6FCA0FA4D" bold="true" box="[769,793,1418,1442]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A.</emphasis>
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Right wing.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A42ED0CA6FC0DFA4D" bold="true" box="[926,948,1418,1442]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B.</emphasis>
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Detached antenna.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A45F10CA6FB20FA4D" bold="true" box="[1154,1177,1418,1442]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C.</emphasis>
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Left mesotarsus.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A41850C84FEB6FA2F" bold="true" box="[246,271,1448,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D.</emphasis>
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Right protarsus.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A40CC0C84FE6DFA2F" bold="true" box="[447,468,1448,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E.</emphasis>
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Terminalia (female), dorsolateral view.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA52F5A42190C84FCC6FA2F" bold="true" box="[874,895,1448,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F.</emphasis>
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Terminalia, ventral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="74835BC7FFA62F59410B0F76FEB3F909" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566137" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566137/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[120,207,1626,1647]" targetBox="[226,1118,224,1599]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA62F59410B0F76FEB3F909" blockId="6.[120,1224,1624,1766]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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FIGURE 3. Illustrations of important details of
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA62F5943020F74FD56F99F" box="[625,751,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA62F5943020F74FD55F99F" box="[625,748,1624,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xiai">Zhenia xiai</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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based directly on AMNH Bu-SD2.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA62F59451D0F74FB3EF99F" bold="true" box="[1134,1159,1624,1648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A.</emphasis>
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Front of head, showing enlarged frontal facets, face and mouthparts.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA62F59427C0F5AFC9FF961" bold="true" box="[783,806,1654,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B.</emphasis>
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Frons, showing fused antennal sockets.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA62F59410B0FBFFF29F944" bold="true" box="[120,144,1683,1707]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C.</emphasis>
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Detached antenna, with minute apical style.
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<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA62F59431F0FBFFD3CF944" bold="true" box="[620,645,1683,1707]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D.</emphasis>
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Female terminalia; the cerci are modified into a piercing structure.
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA62F59407D0F9CFE9DF927" bold="true" box="[270,292,1712,1736]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Pretarsus, showing the enormous development of the empodium and pulvillae, and the minute claws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="74835BC7FFA72F58410B0F20FF5BF9B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566139" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566139/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[120,206,1548,1569]" targetBox="[130,1224,244,1521]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA72F58410B0F20FF5BF9B3" blockId="7.[120,1224,1546,1628]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
FIGURE 4. Reconstructed habitus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA72F5840860F26FDD1F9CE" box="[501,616,1546,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xiai">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA72F5840860F26FDD1F9CE" box="[501,616,1546,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Zhenia xiai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The posture with its abdomen curled under is conjectural, based on the habits of various living flies with similar piercing oviscapts. Color patterns are entirely as preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA82F5741DB09CDFE70FE7E" blockId="8.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
THORAX: Short, compact, 0.16× body length, with
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F57426D09CDFED5FE7E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">well-preserved color pattern: most of scutum, all of scutellum and mediotergite dark brown; scutum with broad, median, lighter stripe; mediotergite with darker central and lateral spots; posterior surface of metacoxa and most of halter knob dark brown; all other portions of thorax (pleura, legs, etc.) light, yellowish. Pleural sclerites as illustrated</emphasis>
|
||
(fig. 4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA82F5741DB08B0FD59FB29" blockId="8.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
WING: Slender, petiolate, veins dark brown, but membrane with no pigmentation, and entirely covered with fine, dense microtrichia. Vein C tapered toward apex, ends at wing tip just before tip of M
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5740E008D8FE08FDEA" attach="left" box="[403,433,500,517]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1+2</subScript>
|
||
. Short, incomplete crossvein h slightly distal to level of arculus;
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F57410B0B20FF5AFDC9" box="[120,227,524,550]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">faint sc-r</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5741970B36FF54FDC4" attach="left" box="[228,237,538,555]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</subScript>
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F5741850B21FE06FDC9" box="[246,447,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">crossvein present</emphasis>
|
||
. Sc complete, long, 0.65× length of entire wing.
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F5745670B21FB9FFDC9" box="[1044,1062,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5745550B36FB96FDC4" attach="left" box="[1062,1071,538,555]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</subScript>
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F57454B0B20FE87FDA4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">with setulae on upper surface</emphasis>
|
||
; Rs stem very short, situated in middle of R
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5742290B13FCDAFDBF" attach="right" box="[858,867,575,592]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</subScript>
|
||
; apex of R
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5742960B13FBBDFDBF" attach="left" box="[997,1028,575,592]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2+3</subScript>
|
||
fused to R
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5745F50B13FB36FDBF" attach="left" box="[1158,1167,575,592]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</subScript>
|
||
well before apex of R
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5740310B48FEF2FD9A" attach="left" box="[322,331,612,629]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</subScript>
|
||
. Stem of R
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5740A70B48FE4AFD9A" attach="left" box="[468,499,612,629]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4+5</subScript>
|
||
fused to base of M
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5743AD0B48FD45FD9A" attach="left" box="[734,764,612,629]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1+2</subScript>
|
||
; apical fork of R
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5742B80B48FC50FD9A" attach="left" box="[971,1001,612,629]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4+5</subScript>
|
||
very small, asymmetrical (R
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5740750BA6FEB6FD74" attach="left" box="[262,271,650,667]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4</subScript>
|
||
ca. 0.5× length of R
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5743610BA6FDA2FD74" attach="left" box="[530,539,650,667]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5</subScript>
|
||
). Apices of R
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5743BB0BA6FD5AFD74" attach="left" box="[712,739,650,667]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4-5</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F57424F0BA6FCFCFD74" attach="left" box="[828,837,650,667]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</subScript>
|
||
nearly encompassing wing tip; M
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5741E00B83FF25FD2F" attach="left" box="[147,156,687,704]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3</subScript>
|
||
lacking. Cell dm with 6 irregular sides,
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F5743FF0B8EFCEFFD0E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">veins forming proximal and distal sides weak in middle (probably a line of flexion through middle of cell dm</emphasis>
|
||
). Stem of M between cells br and bm well formed; cell br slightly longer than bm. No m cell present. CuA
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5745580BD6FB8DFCE4" attach="left" box="[1067,1076,762,779]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</subScript>
|
||
fused to A
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5745CC0BD6FB71FCE4" attach="right" box="[1215,1224,762,779]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1</subScript>
|
||
just before wing margin (cup cell closed). Anal lobe essentially absent, alula absent;
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F5745E50A3EFF32FCBE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">vein A</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="BC78090AFFA82F5741FF0A68FF2CFCBA" attach="left" box="[140,149,836,853]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</subScript>
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F5741EC0A1BFCFAFCBF" box="[159,835,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">present but short and incomplete, within petiole of wing</emphasis>
|
||
; wing with narrow base, petiolate. LEGS: Long and slender, without spines or macrosetae; tibiae without apical spurs. Coxae: procoxa slender, meso and metacoxa ca. 0.6× length of procoxa; trochanters well developed, slender. Metafemur 1.8× length of profemur; metatibia 1.8× length of protibia; metatarsus 1.5× length of protarsus; length of metabasitarsomere equal to combined length of distal four metatarsomeres; length of probasitarsomere 0.35× combined length of four distal protarsomeres.
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F5740F70D3BFF57FB94" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">All distitarsomeres dorsally with apical notch and pair of smaller lateral notches. Pretarsus with minute, short, highly vestigial claws (largely hidden under distitarsomere</emphasis>
|
||
); pulvilli and empodium
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F57435A0D4DFC71FB94" box="[553,968,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">developed into extremely long pads</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="E704A6AAFFA82F5742A40D4DFB8DFB93" box="[983,1076,1121,1148]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
L ×
|
||
<quantity id="E704A6AAFFA82F57451F0D4EFB7EFB93" box="[1132,1223,1122,1148]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
W (propretarsus),
|
||
<quantity id="E704A6AAFFA82F57402C0DABFE07FB4E" box="[351,446,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
L ×
|
||
<quantity id="E704A6AAFFA82F57408F0DABFDE2FB4E" box="[508,603,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
W (metapretarsus).
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F57422E0DABFD59FB29" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Empodium and pulvillar pads with fine, dense scales laterally, striations medially.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA82F5741DB0DFEFEC2F969" blockId="8.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
ABDOMEN: Long and slender, cylindrical, comprising 0.75 length of entire body, greatest thickness of abdomen
|
||
<quantity id="E704A6AAFFA82F57408C0DDBFDD7FAFE" box="[511,622,1271,1298]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.45">0.45 mm</quantity>
|
||
(segment VII).
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F57424F0DDBFE4DFA6E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Abdomen mostly yellowish, with dark brown, short transverse bands on tergites and sternites of segments I–VI near anterior margin of each sclerite (segments VII and VIII entirely yellowish); band on tergite and sternite of each segment contiguous.</emphasis>
|
||
Lengths of abdominal segments (relative to VIII, the shortest segment): I 1.2: II 1.9: III 2.0: IV 1.9: V 1.6: VI 1.6: VII 1.1: VIII 1.0. No macrosetae present, only dense, fine, decumbent setulae. Each tergite overlapping dorsal margins of corresponding sternite. Spiracle positions (in membrane/sclerite) not observed. Tergite 8 with posterior margin produced into ventrolateral lobes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA82F5742310CD1FC0AF9F9" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1966" box="[834,947,1533,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Terminus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F5742310CD1FC0AF9F9" box="[834,947,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Terminus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produced into sclerotized, glabrous, aculeate oviscapt
|
||
<quantity id="E704A6AAFFA82F5743600F0EFDC6F9D3" box="[531,639,1570,1596]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
|
||
length, with dorsal and ventral grooves (paired valves),
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA82F5741A90F6BFE0FF98E" box="[218,438,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">which are the cerci</emphasis>
|
||
; dorsal to the oviscapt is a small, setulose sclerite (or pair). Male terminalia unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="68E658C4FFA82F5641DB0FBEFD35FE83" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA82F5641DB0FBEFD35FE83" blockId="8.[120,1225,225,1746]" lastBlockId="9.[120,1225,225,1559]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
MATERIAL EXAMINED: Female,
|
||
<collectionCode id="46ED938AFFA82F57435F0FBEFD3EF943" box="[556,647,1682,1708]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
Bu-SD2, Department of Invertebrate Zoology,
|
||
<collectionCode id="46ED938AFFA82F57410B0F9BFF6FF93E" box="[120,214,1719,1745]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
. Specimen in 99 myo amber (Late Albian–Early Cenomanian) from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E238C5ADFFA82F57428D0F9BFB7DF93E" box="[1022,1220,1719,1745]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kachin Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="58EB4BDFFFA92F56419A09CEFEE5FF13" box="[233,348,226,252]" name="Myanmar" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, outcrops ca.
|
||
<quantity id="E704A6AAFFA92F56408E09CDFDF1FF14" box="[509,584,225,251]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
SW of the village of Tanai. Preservation of fly is excellent, with color patterns beautifully preserved. The only portions missing are metatarsi and right mesotarsus; antenna detached but lying close to fly (one antenna is above fly’s head, other under the right pretarsus, both floating free).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="68E658C4FFA92F5641DB085BFC04F9F8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA92F5641DB085BFD42FE33" blockId="9.[120,1225,225,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
COMMENTS:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F56404D085BFE36FE7E" box="[318,399,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F56404D085BFE36FE7E" box="[318,399,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Zhenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has myriad specialized features; the ones shared with other families of Brachycera that seem important for discerning relationships are discussed below (Discussion). Here we review the autapomorphic features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5643D008EDFD4DFE34" box="[675,756,449,475]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F5643D008EDFD4DFE34" box="[675,756,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Zhenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA92F5641DB08CBFB2FFCBE" blockId="9.[120,1225,225,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The very dorsal attachment of the antennae near the ocelli appears to be a synapomorphy for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F56410B0B20FE91FDC9" authorityName="Rohdendorf" authorityYear="1962" box="[120,296,524,550]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Archisargoidea">Archisargoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because the antennae of the AMNH specimen are detached, the antennal attachment sites are exposed, revealing that the sockets are entirely fused into one. Antennal sockets can be contiguous in some orthorrhaphans, and even partially fused, but no fly to our knowledge possesses a single, fully fused socket as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5643010B50FD7BFD79" box="[626,706,636,662]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F5643010B50FD7BFD79" box="[626,706,636,662]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Zhenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The antennal flagellum of the fossil is also distinctive, being single-articled and styluslike, with a microscopic stylus at the tip. The only orthorrhaphan group with a single-articled flagellum is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5643850BEBFC3DFD0E" box="[758,900,711,737]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acroceridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Large eyes that are holoptic or nearly so in both sexes is another archisargoid feature. The enlarged frontal facets is an unusual feature found, for example, in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5643580A3DFD32FCC4" box="[555,651,785,811]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly forest-dwelling genera. This feature strongly suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5640040A1BFE7EFCBE" box="[375,455,823,849]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F5640040A1BFE7EFCBE" box="[375,455,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Zhenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had excellent frontal resolution, likely used for spotting hosts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA92F5641DB0A70FD53FAB3" blockId="9.[120,1225,225,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The most distinctive aspects regard the pretarsus: extremely vestigial claws and very large, elongate pretarsal lobes. The pulvillae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5643D00AADFD4CFC74" box="[675,757,897,923]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F5643D00AADFD4CFC74" box="[675,757,897,923]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Zhenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were originally interpreted as enlarged pretarsal claws (Q.-Q. Zhang et al., 2016), but the fine structure of the pulvillae and empodium (also called the mediolobus) are identical, leaving no doubt about the identity of the paired structures. The pretarsal claws are, in fact, minute structures not extending beyond the distal margin of the distitarsomere. Vestigial pretarsal claws of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5642DE0D3BFBB9FBDE" box="[941,1024,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F5642DE0D3BFBB9FBDE" box="[941,1024,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Zhenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be an autapomorphy within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5640C60D10FDD3FBB9" authorityName="Rohdendorf" authorityYear="1962" box="[437,618,1084,1110]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Archisargoidea">Archisargoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
since well-developed claws have been reported in at least 12 other genera of archisargoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="446D76BEFFA92F56432F0D4DFC71FB93" author="Grimaldi, D. & J. Cumming" box="[604,968,1121,1148]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref8867" refString="Grimaldi, D., and J. Cumming. 1999. Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 239: 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi and Cumming, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Grimaldi and Arillo, 2008;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="446D76BEFFA92F5641B70DABFE71FB4E" author="Grimaldi, D. & A. Arillo & J. Cumming & M. Hauser" box="[196,456,1159,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="293 - 332" refId="ref8951" refString="Grimaldi, D., A. Arillo, J. Cumming, and M. Hauser. 2011. Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, part IV: significant new orthorrhaphous taxa. In M. S. Engel (editor), Contributions celebrating Kumar Krishna. Zookeys 148: 293 - 332." type="journal article" year="2011">Grimaldi et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
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). Virtual loss of the claws is probably related to the enormous development of the pulvilli and empodium. Large to very large empodia (none the size in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5640CF0DDBFDB6FAFE" box="[444,527,1271,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F5640CF0DDBFDB6FAFE" box="[444,527,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Zhenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are found in some Recent families of flies, such as many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F56410B0C30FF62FAD9" box="[120,219,1308,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5640590C30FE72FAD9" box="[298,459,1308,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pipunculidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5643780C30FC95FAD8" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[523,812,1308,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Conopidae" genus="Stylogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F5643780C30FD33FAD9" box="[523,650,1308,1334]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stylogaster</emphasis>
|
||
(Conopidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These taxa are either predators or they are parasitoids that inject eggs into their hosts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="20430B4FFFA92F5641DB0C4BFC04F9F8" blockId="9.[120,1225,225,1559]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
A pointed, piercing oviscapt is functionally convergent in various Brachycera that oviposit either by piercing plants (various Tephritoidea and Nerioidea), or piercing arthropod hosts (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5641F30C9EFEA6FA23" box="[128,287,1458,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pipunculidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F56405F0C9EFE11FA23" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[300,424,1458,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Conopidae" genus="Stylogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F56405F0C9EFE11FA23" box="[300,424,1458,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stylogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F56408D0C9EFDD1FA23" box="[510,616,1458,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
[e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5643C10C9EFCFBFA23" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1901" box="[690,834,1458,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Apocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F5643C10C9EFCFBFA23" box="[690,834,1458,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Apocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
],
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F56422F0C9EFC64FA23" box="[860,989,1458,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Pyrgotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyrgotidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5645150C9EFF1CFA1D" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Given the structure of the eyes and pretarsi, it is most likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7FC70CCFFA92F5642C30CFBFBB8FA1E" box="[944,1025,1495,1521]" class="Insecta" family="Eremochaetidae" genus="Zhenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1288D75DFFA92F5642C30CFBFBB8FA1E" box="[944,1025,1495,1521]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Zhenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
used its oviscapt as a parasitoid, as was previously concluded (Q.-Q. Zhang et al., 2016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |