277 lines
29 KiB
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277 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.82.65760" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67eddd14-2ce9-43d9-8ad6-a811c6a6ea7d" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-82-253" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8FB3D63D7AA85D0B9084BCA247C360F7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4741830" ID-ZooBank="47FBD08BB6AE4004A25FCB7F3FB8D13F" ModsDocID="1314-2607-82-253" checkinTime="1619783768825" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Carpenter, James M. & Noll, Fernando Barabosa" docDate="2021" docId="63FC948C5E7850BEBF4C37307E6D0B61" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 82: 253-283" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 82" docPubDate="2021-04-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.82.65760" docTitle="Zethus (Zethoides) Fox 1899" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="8FB3D63D7AA85D0B9084BCA247C360F7" lastPageNumber="253" masterDocId="8FB3D63D7AA85D0B9084BCA247C360F7" masterDocTitle="Cladistic analysis of Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): a new subgeneric classification" masterLastPageNumber="283" masterPageNumber="253" pageNumber="253" updateTime="1678755782231" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Cladistic analysis of Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): a new subgeneric classification</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lopes, Rogerio Botion</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1217-1152</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Aculeata. Departamento de Zoologia e Botanica. Instituto de Biociencias, Letras e Ciencias Exatas. Universidade Estadual Paulista " Julio de Mesquita Filho ". Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rbotlopes@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Carpenter, James M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6754-8028</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Division of Invertebrate Zoology. American Museum of Natural History. New York, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Noll, Fernando Barabosa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Aculeata. Departamento de Zoologia e Botanica. Instituto de Biociencias, Letras e Ciencias Exatas. Universidade Estadual Paulista " Julio de Mesquita Filho ". Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-04-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>82</mods:number>
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<mods:start>253</mods:start>
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<mods:end>283</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.82.65760</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="181758051" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63FC948C5E7850BEBF4C37307E6D0B61" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/63FC948C5E7850BEBF4C37307E6D0B61" lastPageNumber="253" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName LSID="63FC948C-5E78-50BE-BF4C-37307E6D0B61" authority="Fox, 1899" authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus (Zethoides)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zethoides">Zethus (Zethoides) Fox, 1899</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Synapomorphic characters of Zethus (Zethoides) A habitus of Z. miniatus B end-on view of primary (lower) and secondary (upper) lamellae of the third tergum; arrowheads delimimt extent of primary lamella C third metasomal tergum and sternum, lateral view; arrowhead indicates perpendicular indent; arrow indicates medial lamellar lobe. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.82.65760.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/537930" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethoides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zethoides</taxonomicName>
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Fox, 1899: 436 (genus).
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<bibRefCitation author="Brethes, J" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" pagination="231 - 320" refId="B10" refString="Brethes, J, 1903. Los eumenidos de las Republicas de Plata. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 3 (2): 231 - 320" title="Los eumenidos de las Republicas de Plata." volume="3" year="1903">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
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1903
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 249 (questions as distinct genus);
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<bibRefCitation author="Zavattari, E" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte, Abteilung A" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" pagination="1 - 272" refId="B68" refString="Zavattari, E, 1912. Materialien fuer eine monographie der Neotropischen Eumeniden. Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte, Abteilung A 78 (4): 1 - 272" title="Materialien fuer eine monographie der Neotropischen Eumeniden." volume="78" year="1912">Zavattari 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 6 (key), 76 (questions distinct genus).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethoides smithii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">Zethoides smithii</taxonomicName>
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Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethoides smithii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">Zethoides smithii</taxonomicName>
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Fox, 1899 (=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bohart & Stange" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus (Zethoides) chapadensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chapadensis" subGenus="Zethoides">Zethus (Zethoides) chapadensis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" pagination="1 - 208" refId="B8" refString="Bohart, RM, Stange, LA, 1965. A Revision of the Genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 40: 1 - 208" title="A Revision of the Genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae)." volume="40" year="1965">Bohart and Stange 1965</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Baeoprymna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeoprymna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Baeoprymna</taxonomicName>
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Cameron, 1912: 224 (genus).
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<bibRefCitation author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" pagination="1 - 208" refId="B8" refString="Bohart, RM, Stange, LA, 1965. A Revision of the Genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 40: 1 - 208" title="A Revision of the Genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae)." volume="40" year="1965">Bohart and Stange 1965</bibRefCitation>
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: 150 (jr. syn. of
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<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus (Zethoides)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zethoides">Zethus (Zethoides)</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Baeoprymna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeoprymna rufoornata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufoornata">Baeoprymna rufoornata</taxonomicName>
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Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Baeoprymna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeoprymna rufoornata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufoornata">Baeoprymna rufoornata</taxonomicName>
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Cameron, 1912 (=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Saussure" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus miniatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miniatus">Zethus miniatus</taxonomicName>
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de Saussure, 1858).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bertoni" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Protozethus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protozethus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protozethus</taxonomicName>
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Bertoni, 1925: 75 (genus).
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<bibRefCitation author="Bohart, RM" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" pagination="1 - 208" refId="B8" refString="Bohart, RM, Stange, LA, 1965. A Revision of the Genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 40: 1 - 208" title="A Revision of the Genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae)." volume="40" year="1965">Bohart and Stange 1965</bibRefCitation>
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: 150 (jr. syn. of
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<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus (Zethoides)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zethoides">Zethus (Zethoides)</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Saussure" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus olmecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olmecus">Zethus olmecus</taxonomicName>
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Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Saussure" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus olmecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olmecus">Zethus olmecus</taxonomicName>
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de Saussure, 1875 by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus (Zethoides)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zethoides">Zethus (Zethoides)</taxonomicName>
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Bohart & Stange, 1965: 20 (dendrogram), 25 (key to subgenera), 150 (subgenus of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lopes & Carpenter & Noll" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zethus</taxonomicName>
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, sr. syn. of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Baeoprymna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeoprymna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Baeoprymna</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bertoni" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Protozethus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protozethus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protozethus</taxonomicName>
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), 203, 204 (figs).
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-00002165" author="Lopes, RB" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" pagination="103 - 129" refId="B44" refString="Lopes, RB, Noll, FB, 2018. Cladistic analysis of the Zethus (Zethoides) Fox, 1899 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) species groups with insights on the current subgeneric classifcation of Zethus Fabricius, 1804. Insect Systematics and Evolution 49: 103 - 129, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-00002165" title="Cladistic analysis of the Zethus (Zethoides) Fox, 1899 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) species groups with insights on the current subgeneric classifcation of Zethus Fabricius, 1804." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-00002165" volume="49" year="2018">Lopes and Noll 2018</bibRefCitation>
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(phylogenetic analysis).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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Male antennae hook-like. Longitudinal interantennal carin present, transversal may be absent. Female clypeus short, not microstriate, usually with apical teeth. Male mandible with three to four teeth. Galea length variable. Labial palpi 4-segmented, with palpomere one curved or straight. Occipital carina ventrally complete. Vertex flat. Genal margin rarely evenly convex, sinuous in more derived groups. Pronotal carina lamellar with lateral portion strongly sinuous, rarely straight (in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Saussure" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus olmecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olmecus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus olmecus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group). Pre-tegular carina usually incomplete, sometimes absent. Welts absent. Notaulices rarely present. Tegula angled or evenly convex, with outer margin usually completely raised. Epicnemial carina complete. Posterior carina of mesepimeron usually absent, present only in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. binodis" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="species" species="binodis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Z. binodis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group. Two or one midtibial spur. Metanotum anteriorly margin. Lateral carina of metanotum variable, from very short to extending as a transverse carina.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Coxa usually with reflexed socket margin.</emphasis>
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Spines in posterior tibiae of females in one row, when present. Apical angle of marginal cell variable. Dorsal aperture of propodeum present. Propodeum with submedian carina usually present (absent only in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Saussure" authorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus aztecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aztecus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus aztecus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zavattari" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus minimus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus minimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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groups); lateral carina present of variable length; sublateral usually absent. Apical propodeal lamella present or absent. T1 variable. Margin of S1 variable. Stem of T2 variable (especially elongated in
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus binodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="binodis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus binodis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group). Lamella of T2 well developed.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">T3 tuberculate</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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apical margin posteriorly projected.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Apical lamella of T3 tapered laterally</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Synapomorphic characters of Zethus (Zethoides) A habitus of Z. miniatus B end-on view of primary (lower) and secondary (upper) lamellae of the third tergum; arrowheads delimimt extent of primary lamella C third metasomal tergum and sternum, lateral view; arrowhead indicates perpendicular indent; arrow indicates medial lamellar lobe. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.82.65760.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/537930" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">10B</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Secondary lamella present on T3</emphasis>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Synapomorphic characters of Zethus (Zethoides) A habitus of Z. miniatus B end-on view of primary (lower) and secondary (upper) lamellae of the third tergum; arrowheads delimimt extent of primary lamella C third metasomal tergum and sternum, lateral view; arrowhead indicates perpendicular indent; arrow indicates medial lamellar lobe. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.82.65760.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/537930" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">10B</figureCitation>
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)
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">with perpendicular lateral indent</emphasis>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Synapomorphic characters of Zethus (Zethoides) A habitus of Z. miniatus B end-on view of primary (lower) and secondary (upper) lamellae of the third tergum; arrowheads delimimt extent of primary lamella C third metasomal tergum and sternum, lateral view; arrowhead indicates perpendicular indent; arrow indicates medial lamellar lobe. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.82.65760.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/537930" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">10C</figureCitation>
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)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">. Lamella of S3 reduced. Medial lamellar lobe on S3 present</emphasis>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Synapomorphic characters of Zethus (Zethoides) A habitus of Z. miniatus B end-on view of primary (lower) and secondary (upper) lamellae of the third tergum; arrowheads delimimt extent of primary lamella C third metasomal tergum and sternum, lateral view; arrowhead indicates perpendicular indent; arrow indicates medial lamellar lobe. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.82.65760.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/537930" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">10C</figureCitation>
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). S5 and 6 of males without carinas.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Basoventral projection of cuspis absent.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="4741836" doi="10.3897/jhr.82.65760.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/537930" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Figure 10.</emphasis>
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Synapomorphic characters of
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<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus (Zethoides)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zethoides">Zethus (Zethoides)</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">A</emphasis>
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habitus of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. miniatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="species" species="miniatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Z. miniatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">B</emphasis>
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end-on view of primary (lower) and secondary (upper) lamellae of the third tergum; arrowheads delimimt extent of primary lamella
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">C</emphasis>
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third metasomal tergum and sternum, lateral view; arrowhead indicates perpendicular indent; arrow indicates medial lamellar lobe. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="observations">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Observations.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName authority="" authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus (Zethoides)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zethoides">Zethus (Zethoides)</taxonomicName>
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stands out among all the other subgenera of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lopes & Carpenter & Noll" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. While its synapomorphies are concentrated in the third metasomal segment, its representatives do not share a similar body plan and show the greatest morphological variation within one subgenus. The species-groups here present may show similarity to other lineages (or subgenera) of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lopes & Carpenter & Noll" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and may mislead one into supposing a closer relationship to others than
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<taxonomicName authority="" lsidName="Z. (Zethoides)" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zethoides">Z. (Zethoides)</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. aztecus" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="species" species="aztecus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Z. aztecus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to some
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<taxonomicName authority="" lsidName="Z. (Zethusculus)" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zethusculus">Z. (Zethusculus)</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. binodis" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="species" species="binodis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Z. binodis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group to
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<taxonomicName authority="" lsidName="Z. (Didymogastra)" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Didymogastra">Z. (Didymogastra)</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. biglumis" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="species" species="biglumis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Z. biglumis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group to the
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Z. pallidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="species" species="pallidus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Z. pallidus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group). This may suggest a faster diversification in the lineages of
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<taxonomicName authority="" lsidName="Z. (Zethoides)" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Zethoides">Z. (Zethoides)</taxonomicName>
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when compared to other subgenera.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Nearctic and Neotropical.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="included species-groups">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Included species-groups.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Saussure" authorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus aztecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aztecus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus aztecus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Spinosa" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus biglumis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biglumis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus biglumis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus binodis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="binodis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus binodis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus carinatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus carinatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Saussure" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus olmecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olmecus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus olmecus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="de Saussure" authorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Zethus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zethus parvulus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvulus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Zethus parvulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="253" type="included species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">Included species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="253">43</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |