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<document id="76AD5729365D85DF7FA03F63BD63273D" ID-CLB-Dataset="26704" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.30143" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f9d8edfb-a390-4a61-9f58-e41553fd03fe" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1937-2426-1-3" ID-ZooBank="53A484AD2D254DB78C36A9666237829C" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1937-2426-1-3" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Orthoptera Research 28 (1)" ModsDocTitle="Anaxiphahyalicetra sp. n. (Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae), a new sword-tailed cricket species from Arizona" checkinTime="1558621630260" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="A. Cole, Jeffrey &amp; H. Funk, David" docDate="2019" docId="23C447D117DAA8B953929E1B1EF54E14" docLanguage="en" docName="JourOrthoptRes 28(1): 3-9" docOrigin="Journal of Orthoptera Research 28 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.30143" docTitle="Anaxipha hyalicetra Cole &amp; Funk, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="1CF3949F-F602-4AEA-ACB6-FF1195B2766D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FFE5275AFFB8B96D227FFFF1FFF6FFEC" masterDocTitle="Anaxiphahyalicetra sp. n. (Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae), a new sword-tailed cricket species from Arizona" masterLastPageNumber="9" masterPageNumber="3" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1701372732264" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="13C03A9951AE245E2A7B4633CCD04CA3">Anaxiphahyalicetra sp. n. (Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae), a new sword-tailed cricket species from Arizona</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="17AB5FD10B74EB8DCF414240FD6AE941">A. Cole, Jeffrey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0A350CED0C4F35F31F3CF07FEB3E4290">H. Funk, David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="98745A65C8F071B8E3218A6E0E1E9EFF">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="23C447D117DAA8B953929E1B1EF54E14" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157251472" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1CF3949F-F602-4AEA-ACB6-FF1195B2766D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/23C447D117DAA8B953929E1B1EF54E14" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="8F1038005BDE940B8F26E3BFA149FA2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C4344B1A6D35236E43665C30C4E4C849" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="28C7E92390F7DA8C3414FF1A3A339365" ID-CoL="8PWX4" LSID="http://zoobank.org/1CF3949F-F602-4AEA-ACB6-FF1195B2766D" authority="Cole &amp; Funk" class="Insecta" family="Trigonidiidae" genus="Anaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anaxipha hyalicetra" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalicetra">Anaxipha hyalicetra Cole &amp; Funk</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B5C9FEF48052936FCC932B8DDAFD4D39" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Fig. 1: habitus and morphology; Fig. 2: male genitalia, tegmina, and stridulatory file; Fig. 3: songs, recording 140723_11, available as Suppl. material 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB28E0232DD6D362CB5EC3EE712139C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="holotype.">
<paragraph id="C9E5642CAEECC4FAB0767980D058196C" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Holotype.-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3719E37A56E0E14E871920CF7AC03F7E" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
1 male. USA. ARIZONA: Santa Cruz County;
<normalizedToken id="B9B46BE3BD423C07638E6D6CB06379B6" originalValue="Peña">Pena</normalizedToken>
Blanca Canyon, Coronado National Forest, 31.38230, -111.09251, elevation 1203 m. 23-VII-2014. J.A. Cole leg. Recording number 140814_00. Prepared with tegmina raised. Right antenna missing most of the flagellum, otherwise complete (Fig. 1A, B). Deposited in LACM.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BBE3E28010806BAFBCCF50C8FA93434A" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="paratypes.">
<paragraph id="841AE0851D14C3AE4EF25BA55C59F3D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Paratypes.-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86131A33F445ED124F3D74045FAC5C0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
3 males, 1 female (pinned), same data as holotype (ANSP); 5 males, 1 female, same data as holotype (FSCA); 4 males, 2 females (pinned), 4 males (DNA vouchers SING0518, SING0519, SING0520, SING0521 in 100% ethanol), same data as holotype (LACM); 2 males (pinned), same locality as holotype collected 31-VIII-2014 (LACM); 5 males (pinned), 2 males (DNA vouchers SING0453, SING0454 in 100% ethanol), same locality as holotype collected 15-16-VII-2013, J.A. Cole and J.F.
<normalizedToken id="F2D682631998AF20A8C80E72AC45C26D" originalValue="Limón">Limon</normalizedToken>
leg. (LACM).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F570BACB1189AB0392F307A7D1BE782D" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="FF64B08C5A45D7EE4371AB19C4FA285C" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Measurements.-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BAEF7BBF7562E8719D6291456D2F1AA0" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
Males (n = 7): BL = 7.63
<normalizedToken id="6EF8DDF471DA5C08B48CDB532FF1E98B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.24 (7.38 - 7.95), BW = 3.38
<normalizedToken id="25F10C9D4C9B7E92E636C01A06614528" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.18 (3.13 - 3.73), HF = 4.20
<normalizedToken id="5AD3F08244B0AA28BF49EE21ACA240D0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.14 (4.00 - 4.35); females (n = 2): BL = 7.31
<normalizedToken id="5AF73BF6DB46016833D467E609F58BB7" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.27 (7.11 - 7.50), BW = 1.95
<normalizedToken id="9E66789843B3E04BA5FDD6DFB7569A82" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.06 (1.91 - 1.99), HF = 4.25
<normalizedToken id="AE5FF9E8E8A21E5753CF77553FEB36BC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.23 (4.08 - 4.41).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DC481615654A37D525A151DB98AD9D12" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="hind wings.">
<paragraph id="6086AF5CE962AB2028DE5B93EB578518" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Hind wings.-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A6713C836BF777B59AE9AF3940A798AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">No specimens among the type series are macropterous.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A98D15F8819B1A90AAB8C092D9A726CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="seasonal occurrence.">
<paragraph id="545C22533EF9CD0EA01E9A163BE1BBDE" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Seasonal occurrence.-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1ECB4A5CEA1C0451D839A07FE63C1F41" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Available records suggest early summer to midsummer adult activity. Individuals were common from 15-23 July in two consecutive years. By 31 August 2014, males were scarce, and no females were found. Males collected 23 July lived in captivity until 19 August.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6DDC3361CC2AC82EF592932540D706F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="697F7CDF2897EEBC98F0A6376CCC2E30" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Habitat.-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3DA2FE839EC1896A37E3D3C1D8F1BC54" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
The population resides in a north-south trending canyon. Within the canyon, individuals are most common in the creek bed at the canyon bottom but extend a short distance up the canyon walls into mixed woodland. During both July collecting events monsoon rains had recently fallen in the canyon and humidity was high. Crickets were found on catclaw acacia (
<taxonomicName id="FB6FC37C7B0F10B1E5FBC08BC08C2897" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Senegalia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senegalia greggii" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="greggii">Senegalia greggii</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray)), on stems of pointleaf manzanita (
<taxonomicName id="7D5B41DA5FB5720A92B6B8711653EC36" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arctostaphylos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Arctostaphylos pungens" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pungens">Arctostaphylos pungens</taxonomicName>
Kunth), on
<taxonomicName id="C2DE3EC513169E7B169C9B1807E25156" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Yucca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Yucca" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Yucca</taxonomicName>
, on bunch grass, and on oak leaf litter. Like other North American
<taxonomicName id="5F162E4D510A840A0E56DA7F99AA0A2B" class="Insecta" family="Trigonidiidae" genus="Anaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anaxipha" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anaxipha</taxonomicName>
, individuals perched within 1 m of the ground (
<bibRefCitation id="4279C63984EA87AACC6BE947E24D71FC" author="Walker, TJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Orthoptera Research" pageId="4" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 38" title="Systematics and acoustics of North American Anaxipha (Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1665/034.023.0102" volume="23" year="2014">Walker and Funk 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Acoustic activity was observed in the field from 19:41 to 22:05 h. In July and August,
<taxonomicName id="8A62A47E2515726A7F196960ED553E21" lsidName="A. hyalicetra" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="hyalicetra">A. hyalicetra</taxonomicName>
was sympatric with
<taxonomicName id="C245D9C1F8A07CA1E253223862D8361D" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Oecanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oecanthus californicus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicus">Oecanthus californicus</taxonomicName>
Saussure, an arboreal chirping
<taxonomicName id="930F1A1276041A0290EED368986CEFF2" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Oecanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oecanthus rileyi" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rileyi">Oecanthus rileyi</taxonomicName>
Group sp.,
<taxonomicName id="5137A2DFD4F3E91EE5D9726306E9E600" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gryllus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
?personatus Uhler, and two undescribed
<taxonomicName id="98E50F34BE26B4754877258135C92B68" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gryllus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
species.
<taxonomicName id="1471EE61064E578D6C64F8D05BA84C6A" class="Insecta" family="Mogoplistidae" genus="Cycloptilum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cycloptilum" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cycloptilum</taxonomicName>
sp. and
<taxonomicName id="FAE14C1C78E1121AC948A4978E8329DE" class="Insecta" family="Mogoplistidae" genus="Hoplosphyrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplosphyrum" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplosphyrum</taxonomicName>
sp. scaly crickets (
<taxonomicName id="114B98302BF14D82536485006BA1AC7F" family="Mogoplistidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="family">Mogoplistidae</taxonomicName>
) were found in the same habitat during the August 2014 collecting event.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5DFB19411D3FF943DDE2E6D748304EA" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="69ABFF1FD25CFAB78EE454AD676E2C53" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F7F18685A7CDF244AA0B36DB28CC7096" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="FFBCDCC8120DCE141779C7D024A957A9" lsidName="A. hyalicetra" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="hyalicetra">A. hyalicetra</taxonomicName>
has a unique combination of morphological characters among the North American
<taxonomicName id="F2CD3C0C72CBD75DCA70EFA54F3CF8B8" class="Insecta" family="Trigonidiidae" genus="Anaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anaxipha" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anaxipha</taxonomicName>
fauna. The
<pageBreakToken id="8E4C0C6A12FF8DED87D3CE0CF68A032C" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" start="start">basal</pageBreakToken>
segment of the hind tarsus is longer than segments 2 + 3 combined, a feature that is also found in
<taxonomicName id="436CDF5892C654062008F57F1610DD9B" lsidName="A. imitator" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="imitator">A. imitator</taxonomicName>
(Saussure),
<taxonomicName id="C3DC7350C6BF3EBDC002765D74BEA41A" lsidName="A. calusa" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="calusa">A. calusa</taxonomicName>
Walker &amp; Funk, and many Neotropical species. The male tegmina in
<taxonomicName id="31998B4283F8CC871C3940A08052865C" lsidName="A. hyalicetra" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="hyalicetra">A. hyalicetra</taxonomicName>
are broader than in every other
<taxonomicName id="38BB014FAE0EAA73E0D960B860C9CEFC" class="Insecta" family="Trigonidiidae" genus="Anaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anaxipha" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anaxipha</taxonomicName>
species (Fig. 1B, C), although many Neotropical species have broad tegmina. With 124 teeth in the stridulatory file (Fig. 2C),
<taxonomicName id="D8744D480C0A919627246A881D57017E" lsidName="A. hyalicetra" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="hyalicetra">A. hyalicetra</taxonomicName>
overlaps in file characteristics only with
<taxonomicName id="DEBDF6B6F13EA121A8A00A564908C554" lsidName="A. exigua" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="exigua">A. exigua</taxonomicName>
(Say), which is a fall species with narrow tegmina found in eastern deciduous forests. The male genitalia (Fig. 2A) are unique: the median lophi are bifurcate and hook inward, each paramere has a hooked tooth at the anterolateral corner, and the parameres slope anterolaterally from the midline (rather than a posterolateral slope or perpendicular orientation, cf. plate 13
<bibRefCitation id="FF88D14E703DDC71F8AC07AF7A20EDAD" author="Walker, TJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Orthoptera Research" pageId="4" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 38" title="Systematics and acoustics of North American Anaxipha (Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1665/034.023.0102" volume="23" year="2014">Walker and Funk 2014</bibRefCitation>
). The variable PTR in male songs (Table 1, Fig. 3C) is unique among North American
<taxonomicName id="884E31B15082F52735FC7D59F2D1506A" class="Insecta" family="Trigonidiidae" genus="Anaxipha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anaxipha" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anaxipha</taxonomicName>
(see Acoustic behavior below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B2837B833E86D51A522DAE88320BB3E5" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="E9AF5C3C1BA4C4A807A2999C8142ADF3" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">Etymology.-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="038F3A0133529FC879A2AE021DD536ED" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">l. hyalo (glassy) + cetra (a small light shield), referring to the broad, transparent male tegmina.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="906C0347CB29A29C94B6D95A9B11C83B" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" type="acoustic behavior.">
<paragraph id="2EA2C8E49C031E12D2C54BD407D05B4A" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">Acoustic behavior.-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="18DEAE67A015E897514EF2118A2E3263" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
PR in
<taxonomicName id="0996D4B9D5799A592F575FCE8A2FCB9C" lsidName="A. hyalicetra" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="hyalicetra">A. hyalicetra</taxonomicName>
is 45.4 s-1 (Table 1, Fig. 3B), identical to that of
<taxonomicName id="767863036B13B0F51402D21BFED2AD6D" lsidName="A. fultoni" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="fultoni">A. fultoni</taxonomicName>
Walker and Funk and close to that of
<taxonomicName id="49602A70843014365A84001337545C3E" lsidName="A. imitator" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="imitator">A. imitator</taxonomicName>
. Phrasing differs between these species. The calling song phrasing of
<taxonomicName id="682AEAAEB55BCC4F7A0E0AF0B160787D" lsidName="A. hyalicetra" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="hyalicetra">A. hyalicetra</taxonomicName>
is a series of PT of irregular length that may be termed a chirp (Fig. 3A, C). Phrasing in both
<taxonomicName id="F516384EAD6A73A5405800C6AD1AF80F" lsidName="A. fultoni" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="fultoni">A. fultoni</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0DAAC47476D85405ED5340B60A29E9EC" lsidName="A. imitator" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="imitator">A. imitator</taxonomicName>
is a broken trill rather than an irregular chirp. The calling song phrasing of the new species is qualitatively similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="46B2F9B6B36D784C1A7026CB9585C8A0" lsidName="A. litarena" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="litarena">A. litarena</taxonomicName>
Fulton from the beaches of the southeastern United States, except that the latter produces more regular PTR and PTD. The carrier frequency is 6 kHz. A series of harmonics extend to 43 kHz at 6 kHz intervals (Fig. 3A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC46CD39493781875480BE931F2B0ACD" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
The scree plot (Fig. 4) has a distinct inflection point at n = 4 components. The four components extracted by maximum likelihood factor analysis (Table 2) may be interpreted as follows. Factor 1 describes PTR (together with mathematically related characters PTI, PTP, and PTdc). Factor 2 describes PTD, which is determined by PN. Factor 3 describes PR (with mathematically related characters PD, PP, and PI) and PTCF. Factor 4 describes pulse characteristics Pdc, PD, and PI, which contribute to PTD. The factor analysis model was rejected as a perfect fit for the data (P = 4.64
<normalizedToken id="753D417D4D5E9BE00A5CBE068016FC25" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10-18); the four factors explain cumulatively 91% of variation. PTCF is the least classifiable character (i.e. highest uniqueness at 0.46).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DD680437CCE795C1789F9A287786638C" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="D244836354D04A7222FF6CBF963077D5" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4. Scree test results from the nFactors R package. The distinct inflection point of the eigenvalues plot at n = 4 components suggests extraction of that quantity of factors.</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="41ECE876C8D37137DF0473B09CF3C031" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="4CF4E2F537E34E878F207B65EE95E09A" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">Table 2. Loadings of song characters onto four factors as returned by maximum likelihood factor analysis.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="0DB7C0E4076C9E458C6B0EF990C06E50" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<table id="96F0643F8D58C4E7D8BE35636D124D15" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<tr id="176180F76BFC483BB881274C91A61EDB" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<th id="0E612770B0B84A82F631EA261CEA0A90" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Character</th>
<th id="0BAF2B5F5E8B1951CE103BBBA12631F4" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Factor 1</th>
<th id="AE6E24D5EEFE5C6C874463F0E795127D" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Factor 2</th>
<th id="A3BC07D97AABBE67CCE700293458E8E8" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Factor 3</th>
<th id="CA15552FD22CA99760E6D1232C8791CD" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Factor 4</th>
</tr>
<tr id="28E05C82FA8457917584F09E9A34FB4C" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<td id="313C8CD3D1FC003AC2A20BDE735C94CA" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">PN</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FCF4104BE26D3575ABB08003C8D469C0" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<td id="80B33057A60AB85B0B55752D8225D4A5" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">PR</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E65F3F17C392550979CD557D0B5DF6E5" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<td id="84B9032C06FF920922F63CE659D362F0" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">PP</td>
</tr>
<tr id="291DE2CF1BA14045811B3ECDECE4A55A" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<td id="A8894B3D4CB9389791639E87AF9E9A14" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">PD</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ECCA1180D175D3E4570557A2E060BAB4" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
<td id="F2E4C9816976EAD5C227930A6372D2D1" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">PI</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6FAC50754EBB6A1A4F6DE5F8258CC779" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
Songs were significantly different between the field and the laboratory (MANOVA, P = 9.32
<normalizedToken id="F14F8CAE514D103E73C7D616377AA60D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10-3). Notably, males produced more rapid PTR (P = 3.65
<normalizedToken id="1DB453D5473A17B0C4B49F8390F1D5D6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10-3) due to shorter PTD (P = 8.06
<normalizedToken id="5DBE6406C37E370AFF8D9BBA9139860D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10-4) in the laboratory (Table 1). PTCF also differed between field and laboratory (P = 1.21
<normalizedToken id="F79FFF440F9096D006CDAA402D06DEBF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10-3; Table 1). Song character differences opposed relationships predicted by temperature: PR and PTR were faster and PD and PTD were shorter in the laboratory than in the field, despite a lower mean laboratory recording temperature (Table 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F97079BC201C84BF54877C173565EB3" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="4">
Males sang in aggregations but did not settle into predictable chorus phase relationships, neither synchronous nor alternating
<pageBreakToken id="86BC7C4FB6A2EA5133F06B706AD6341B" pageId="2" pageNumber="5" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
reviewed in
<bibRefCitation id="E60A7A7162D743715D112A34EBD9478E" pageId="2" pageNumber="5">Greenfield 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Males walked while singing, and, if on a stem, circled the stem (JAC pers. obs.). In the field, males were observed baffling by positioning themselves between twigs (JAC pers. obs.), a behavior that may improve broadcast by reducing destructive interference due to sound radiation to the rear of the insect (
<bibRefCitation id="EAB3C620B9803DDF68356BAAAC49D2EF" author="Forrest, TG" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="3" pageNumber="6" pagination="33 - 44" title="Acoustic communication and the baffling behaviors of crickets." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3494144" volume="65" year="1982">Forrest 1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3CC9F9C8125238EBE8D818F3557C53F8" author="Forrest, TG" journalOrPublisher="Behavioral Ecology" pageId="3" pageNumber="6" pagination="327 - 338" title="Power output and efficiency of sound production by crickets." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/2.4.327" volume="2" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D21145878580A9C4FB3667A2CF75F729" pageId="2" pageNumber="5">Greenfield 2002</bibRefCitation>
). When in close proximity in the field, one or both males may have increased their PTR by shortening their chirps (i.e. reducing PTD; Fig. 3C). To a human observer, the effect was a staccato chirp that reverted back to a lower PTR with longer PTD over time (e.g. Fig. 3A). PTdc remained unchanged during alteration of PTR.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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