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<document ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a7" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7867111" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1B8E4EDF-D6E0-4118-A8C9-CFC7589EC5C4" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1682508754950" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Laere, Gaëlle Van &amp; Mörs, Thomas" docDate="2023" docId="03FA50028305FFD15B9EFEB4FEA0FB64" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.45.7.223-241.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 45 (7)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pliopetaurista pliocaenica Deperet 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="238" masterDocId="FFC3287A830AFFC05B2BFFACFFF7FF8A" masterDocTitle="Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11 C, Germany" masterLastPageNumber="241" masterPageNumber="223" pageNumber="236" updateTime="1682585831537" updateUser="tatiana" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11 C, Germany</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Laere, Gaëlle Van</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm (Sweden)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gaelle.vanlaere@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mörs, Thomas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm (Sweden) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm (Sweden)</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">thomas.moers@nrm.se</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Geodiversitas</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2023-04-20</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>45</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>7</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>223</mods:start>
<mods:end>241</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a7</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7867111</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1B8E4EDF-D6E0-4118-A8C9-CFC7589EC5C4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FA50028305FFD15B9EFEB4FEA0FB64" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA50028305FFD15B9EFEB4FEA0FB64" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="238" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<subSubSection box="[181,727,279,306]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="15.[181,727,279,306]" box="[181,727,279,306]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<heading box="[181,727,279,306]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" reason="2">
<taxonomicName authority="Deperet, 1897" authorityName="Deperet" authorityYear="1897" box="[181,637,279,306]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,469,280,306]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Pliopetaurista pliocaenica</emphasis>
Depéret, 1897
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[654,717,279,305]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="236" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="15.[131,775,336,466]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
<materialsCitation collectionCode="IPB" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5614, IPB- HaR-5627" specimenCount="1">
Right m1/2 (
<specimenCode box="[521,676,336,360]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB-HaR-5614</specimenCode>
and
<specimenCode pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB- HaR-5627</specimenCode>
),
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation box="[256,524,362,387]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5625" specimenCount="1">
left m1/2 (
<specimenCode box="[358,514,362,386]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB-HaR-5625</specimenCode>
),
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation box="[529,775,362,387]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5628" specimenCount="1">
left m3 (
<specimenCode box="[609,765,362,386]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB-HaR-5628</specimenCode>
),
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation box="[131,402,389,413]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5629" specimenCount="1">
right P4 (
<specimenCode box="[231,392,389,413]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB-HaR-5629</specimenCode>
),
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation box="[411,667,389,413]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5631" specimenCount="1">
left P4 (
<specimenCode box="[495,655,389,413]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB-HaR-5631</specimenCode>
),
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation pageId="15" pageNumber="236" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5632, IPB-HaR-5634, IPB-HaR-5635" specimenCount="1">
left M1/2 (
<specimenCode box="[139,293,415,439]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB-HaR-5632</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode box="[302,451,415,439]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB-HaR-5634</specimenCode>
and
<specimenCode box="[497,651,415,439]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB-HaR-5635</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation pageId="15" pageNumber="236" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5633" specimenCount="1">
right M1/2 (
<specimenCode box="[138,298,442,466]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">IPB-HaR-5633</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="236" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="15.[132,460,489,514]" box="[132,460,489,514]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<smallCapsWord baselines="507,508" box="[132,296,490,513]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Measurements" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">MEASUREMENTS</smallCapsWord>
. — see
<tableCitation box="[379,460,489,514]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="13.[204,215,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements (in mm) of Pliopetaurista pliocaenica (Depéret, 1897) and Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 teeth from Hambach 11C." pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Table 3.</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[131,776,567,1741]" box="[132,294,567,593]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<smallCapsWord baselines="586,586" box="[132,294,567,593]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Descriptions" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">DESCRIPTIONS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[131,776,567,1741]" box="[132,646,598,624]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis box="[132,646,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">m1/2 – HaR-5614, HaR-5625 and HaR-5627</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[131,776,567,1741]" box="[133,263,630,656]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis box="[133,263,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
(
<figureCitation box="[142,206,630,656]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B-D)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[131,776,567,1741]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
Outline almost square but the anterior side is slightly less wide than the posterior side. The enamel is smooth. On HaR-5614 (
<figureCitation box="[269,353,725,752]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
), the labial side is also longer than the lingual side and there is a contact facet on the anterior side. This specimen also shows a wear facet on top of the protoconid and the mesostylid also shows signs of wear. HaR-5627 (
<figureCitation box="[271,359,853,880]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
) is more worn with the anterior and posterior side showing contact facets. The metaconid, protoconid, and hypoconid exhibit wear facets. The facet on the hypoconid is smaller than the other two. The mesoconid of HaR-5627 as well as the postero-lingual side of the hypoconid and the protoconid seem quite worn. The metalophid is very low on all specimens although less in HaR-5614. The anterolophid is low. The talonid basin is large and deep, and the trigonid basin is also quite large although on HaR-5625 (
<figureCitation box="[401,484,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
), the metalophid is so faint that it does not close the trigonid basin. On this specimen, there is also a small basin delimited at the posterior part by the posterolophid and the entolophid. On HaR-5614, a small lophid is erupting towards the talonid basin from the lophid between the hypoconid and mesoconid. The protoconid and hypoconid are high and dominate the lower mesostylid, mesoconid and entoconid. There is no anteroconid. The syncline between the mesostylid and entoconid is quite wide, deep and its walls are steep. The mesostylid is linked to a high metaconid by a pronounced lophid. No roots are preserved on HaR-5614 and 5625. On HaR-5627 however, four roots are preserved. The one on the labial side is the most prominent. The anterior roots go straight down and are quite round whereas the posterior ones are dipping posteriorly. The lingual root is more oval. The posterior roots are fused at the crown base (at least 1/3rd of their length). The anterior roots are completely separated and more broken off.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[132,410,1778,1804]" box="[132,410,1778,1804]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<heading box="[132,410,1778,1804]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" reason="8">
<emphasis box="[132,410,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
m3 – HaR-5628 (
<figureCitation box="[325,403,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[130,776,1810,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[811,1456,215,337]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">The surface of the enamel is smooth. This specimen is broken mid protoconid. The anterior arc, including the metaconid, is missing. The anterior wall of the protoconid is preserved as well as the hypoconid, entoconid, and mesostylid. The lophid between metaconid and hypoconid is quite worn as well as the syncline between the entoconid and the mesostylid. The anterior part of the entoconid is also worn and the labial side of the mesostylid shows a small wear facet. The protoconid is high, dominating the three remaining cusps and has a wear facet on its top. The lophid going from the mesostylid to the labial side creates a basin. No roots are preserved.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[813,1282,374,401]" box="[813,1282,374,401]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<heading box="[813,1282,374,401]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" reason="8">
<emphasis box="[813,1282,374,401]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
P4 – HaR-5629 and HaR-5631 (
<figureCitation box="[1168,1274,375,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8F, G</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[811,1457,406,975]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
The outline is triangular and the enamel smooth. The hypocone is very weak. The protocone and the paracone are high although the highest is the protocone. On HaR-5629 (
<figureCitation box="[1368,1442,470,497]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
), the paracone exhibits a wear facet on its anterior side and so does the parastyle, which also bears scratches, although on its posterior side. There is also a big wear facet on the lingual side of the protocone of this specimen. On this specimen, the metaconule and protoconule also appear worn. The mesostyle is well defined and on HaR-5631 (
<figureCitation box="[1250,1336,662,688]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
), linked to the metacone by a very small loph. The mesostyle appears worn on HaR-5629. The metaconule is well delimited and is separated by a syncline from the protocone on HaR-5631. The trigon basin is deep but narrow. There is a deep valley between the paracone and the parastyle.The small protoconule is separated from the paracone by a small syncline.
<collectionCode box="[1336,1353,853,879]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
posterior lophule erupts from the metacone and almost reaches the low posteroloph forming depressions and there is a depression on the posterior side of the metacone. No roots are preserved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[811,1457,1012,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
<collectionCode box="[813,838,1013,1039]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
1/2 – HaR-5632, HaR-5633, HaR-5634 and HaR-5635 (
<figureCitation box="[822,883,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
H-K)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[811,1457,1012,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">
The specimens have a square/rhomb shape, the enamel is smooth, and the posterior side is slightly less wide than the anterior one. This difference is more marked on HaR-5635 (
<figureCitation box="[822,910,1172,1198]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8K</figureCitation>
). On HaR-5632 (
<figureCitation box="[1114,1204,1172,1198]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
), small wear facets are visible on the anterior side of the paracone and the metacone. Moreover, the protoloph shows signs of wear. The presence of a wear facet is observed on the anterior side of the paracone on HaR-5633 (
<figureCitation box="[1182,1261,1299,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8I</figureCitation>
). On HaR-5634 (
<figureCitation box="[822,900,1331,1358]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1698,1715]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,215,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-90@14.[732,1283,743,1294]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867129/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="236">Fig. 8J</figureCitation>
), there are wear facets on the paracone (posterior side), the metacone (anterior side) and two small ones on the parastyle as well as on the metaconule. On HaR-5635, there is a big wear facet visible on the parastyle and one postero-lingually on the paracone and the metacone seems worn. The anterior sides of HaR-5634 and 5635 appear more worn than on the other
<specimenCount box="[1126,1285,1523,1549]" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
. The anteroloph is very faintly crenulated on HaR-5633. The protocone is the highest cusp. The protoconule is, when present, very faint and the protoloph is slightly curving posteriorly on HaR-5632.
<collectionCode box="[949,966,1650,1676]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
deep and wide valley separates the paracone and parastyle. The latter is higher and more developed on HaR-5634 and 5635 than on HaR-5632 and 5633. The mesostyle is less expressed than on the P4s and most visible on HaR-5634. It is separated from the metacone on HaR- 5632 and 5634, by a medium syncline. The hypocone is present. The posteroloph is very low.
<collectionCode box="[1238,1255,1842,1868]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
posterior lophule erupts from the metaconule and reaches the posteroloph forming depressions on both sides.
<collectionCode box="[1220,1237,1906,1932]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="15" pageNumber="236" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
small depression is visible on the posterior side of the metacone. No roots are preserved, except in HaR-5633 where a small part of three roots is present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867133" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7867133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867133/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" startId="16.[132,143,1827,1844]" targetBox="[166,1448,195,1747]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
<paragraph blockId="16.[132,1456,1827,2025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">
<smallCapsWord baselines="1840,1840" box="[132,157,1827,1844]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">FIG</smallCapsWord>
. 9. —
<emphasis bold="true" box="[213,226,1827,1844]" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">A</emphasis>
, Size comparison of
<taxonomicName authority="(Deperet, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[403,748,1827,1844]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[403,615,1827,1844]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista pliocaenica</emphasis>
(Depéret, 1897)
</taxonomicName>
M1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens.
<bibRefCitation author="BLACK C. C. &amp; KOWALSKI K." box="[1249,1452,1827,1844]" firstAuthor="Black" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="461 - 486" part="19" publicationUrl="https://archive.org/embed/actazoolcrac-19-19" refId="ref10505" refString="BLACK C. C. &amp; KOWALSKI K. 1974. - The Pliocene and Pleistocene Sciuridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) from Poland. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 19: 461 - 486. https: // archive. org / embed / actazoolcrac- 19 - 19" title="The Pliocene and Pleistocene Sciuridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) from Poland" type="journal article" year="1974">Black &amp; Kowalski (1974)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authority="Sulimski, 1964" authorityName="Sulimski" authorityYear="1964" box="[132,449,1849,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dehneli">
<emphasis box="[132,315,1849,1866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista dehneli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="SULIMSKI A." box="[321,449,1849,1866]" firstAuthor="Sulimski" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="149 - 261" part="9" refId="ref13443" refString="SULIMSKI A. 1964. - Pliocene Lagomorpha and Rodentia from Weze I (Poland). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9 (2): 149 - 261." title="Pliocene Lagomorpha and Rodentia from Weze I (Poland)" type="journal article" year="1964">Sulimski, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Black &amp; Kowalski 1974" authorityName="Black &amp; Kowalski" authorityYear="1974" box="[458,832,1849,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meini">
<emphasis box="[458,624,1849,1866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista meini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="BLACK C. C. &amp; KOWALSKI K." box="[633,832,1849,1866]" firstAuthor="Black" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="461 - 486" part="19" publicationUrl="https://archive.org/embed/actazoolcrac-19-19" refId="ref10505" refString="BLACK C. C. &amp; KOWALSKI K. 1974. - The Pliocene and Pleistocene Sciuridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) from Poland. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 19: 461 - 486. https: // archive. org / embed / actazoolcrac- 19 - 19" title="The Pliocene and Pleistocene Sciuridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) from Poland" type="journal article" year="1974">Black &amp; Kowalski 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="(Deperet, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[840,1225,1849,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[840,955,1849,1866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis box="[989,1084,1849,1866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">pliocaenica</emphasis>
(Depéret, 1897)
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="DAXNER-HOCK G." box="[1234,1406,1849,1866]" firstAuthor="Daxner-HOck" journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="56 - 74" part="49" refId="ref11256" refString="DAXNER-HOCK G. 1975. - Sciuridae aus dem Jungtertiar von Osterreich. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 49 (1 / 2): 56 - 74." title="Sciuridae aus dem Jungtertiar von Osterreich" type="journal article" year="1975">Daxner-HÖck (1975)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authority="Mein, 1970" authorityName="Mein" authorityYear="1970" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bressana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista bressana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="MEIN P." box="[299,393,1872,1889]" firstAuthor="Mein" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="7 - 77" part="3" refId="ref12408" refString="MEIN P. 1970. - Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale. Geobios 3 (3): 7 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (70) 80001 - 8" title="Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale" type="journal article" year="1970">Mein, 1970</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="DAHLMANN T." box="[401,543,1872,1889]" firstAuthor="Dahlmann" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="1 - 129" part="227" refId="ref11141" refString="DAHLMANN T. 2001. - Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 227: 1 - 129." title="Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="2001">Dahlmann (2001)</bibRefCitation>
:
<emphasis box="[551,673,1872,1889]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[551,669,1872,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">P. pliocaenica</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Dahlmann, 2001" authorityName="Dahlmann" authorityYear="2001" box="[677,968,1872,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raui">
<emphasis box="[677,825,1872,1889]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista raui</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="DAHLMANN T." box="[829,968,1872,1889]" firstAuthor="Dahlmann" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="1 - 129" part="227" refId="ref11141" refString="DAHLMANN T. 2001. - Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 227: 1 - 129." title="Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="2001">Dahlmann, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="DAXNER-HOCK G." box="[976,1144,1872,1889]" firstAuthor="Daxner-HOck" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="387 - 423" part="106 A" refId="ref11223" refString="DAXNER-HOCK G. 2004. - Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of Austria. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 106 A: 387 - 423." title="Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of Austria" type="journal article" year="2004">Daxner-HÖck (2004)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mein" authorityYear="1970" box="[1152,1249,1872,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bressana">
<emphasis box="[1152,1249,1872,1889]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. bressana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Daxner-Höck" authorityYear="2004" box="[1259,1455,1872,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kollmanni">
<emphasis box="[1259,1455,1872,1889]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista kollmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="DAXNER-HOCK G." box="[132,297,1895,1912]" firstAuthor="Daxner-HOck" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="387 - 423" part="106 A" refId="ref11223" refString="DAXNER-HOCK G. 2004. - Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of Austria. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 106 A: 387 - 423." title="Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of Austria" type="journal article" year="2004">Daxner-HÖck, 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="DE BRUIJN H." box="[305,434,1895,1912]" firstAuthor="de Bruijn" journalOrPublisher="Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe A" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="87 - 102" part="28" refId="ref10585" refString="DE BRUIJN H. 1995. - The Vertebrate Locality Maramena (Macedonia, Greece) at the Turolian-Ruscinian Boundary (Neogene) 8. Sciuridae, Petauristidae and Eomyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia). Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe A 28: 87 - 102." title="The Vertebrate Locality Maramena (Macedonia, Greece) at the Turolian-Ruscinian Boundary (Neogene) 8. Sciuridae, Petauristidae and Eomyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia)" type="journal article" year="1995">de Bruijn (1995)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authority="Sulimski, 1964" authorityName="Sulimski" authorityYear="1964" box="[445,655,1895,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dehneli">
<emphasis box="[445,527,1895,1912]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. dehneli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="SULIMSKI A." box="[532,655,1895,1912]" firstAuthor="Sulimski" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="149 - 261" part="9" refId="ref13443" refString="SULIMSKI A. 1964. - Pliocene Lagomorpha and Rodentia from Weze I (Poland). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9 (2): 149 - 261." title="Pliocene Lagomorpha and Rodentia from Weze I (Poland)" type="journal article" year="1964">Sulimski, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="FEJFAR O. &amp; STORCH G." box="[663,845,1895,1912]" firstAuthor="Fejfar" journalOrPublisher="Senckenbergiana lethaea" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="139 - 184" part="71" refId="ref11319" refString="FEJFAR O. &amp; STORCH G. 1990. - Eine pliozane (ober-ruscinische) Kleinsaugerfauna aus Gundersheim, Rheinhessen. - 1. Nagetiere: Mammalia, Rodentia. Senckenbergiana lethaea 71 (1 / 2): 139 - 184." title="Eine pliozane (ober-ruscinische) Kleinsaugerfauna aus Gundersheim, Rheinhessen. - 1. Nagetiere: Mammalia, Rodentia" type="journal article" year="1990">Fejfar &amp; Storch (1990)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[853,969,1895,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[853,969,1895,1912]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="GARCIA-ALIX A. &amp; MINWER-BARAKAT R. &amp; MARTIN-SUAREZ E. &amp; FREUDENTHAL M." box="[979,1174,1895,1912]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garcia-Alix" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="435 - 440" part="29" refId="ref11472" refString="GARCIA-ALIX A., MINWER-BARAKAT R., MARTIN-SUAREZ E. &amp; FREUDENTHAL M. 2007. - The southernmost record of fossil Castoridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) in Europe. Geodiversitas 29 (3): 435 - 440." title="The southernmost record of fossil Castoridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) in Europe" type="journal article" year="2007">
Gárcia-Alix
<emphasis box="[1076,1117,1895,1912]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1182,1298,1895,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[1182,1298,1895,1912]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1308,1450,1895,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[1308,1327,1895,1912]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis box="[1356,1450,1895,1912]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="VASILEIADOU K. &amp; KONIDARIS G. &amp; KOUFOS G. D." box="[132,329,1917,1934]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Vasileiadou" journalOrPublisher="Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="211 - 237" part="92" refId="ref13702" refString="VASILEIADOU K., KONIDARIS G. &amp; KOUFOS G. D. 2012. - New data on the micromammalian locality of Kessani (Thrace, Greece) at the Mio-Pliocene boundary. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92 (2): 211 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 012 - 0075 - 7" title="New data on the micromammalian locality of Kessani (Thrace, Greece) at the Mio-Pliocene boundary" type="journal article" year="2012">
Vasileiadou
<emphasis box="[232,273,1917,1934]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sulimski" authorityYear="1964" box="[336,418,1917,1934]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dehneli">
<emphasis box="[336,418,1917,1934]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. dehneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[908,1023,1917,1934]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[908,1023,1917,1934]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens and in blue the
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1247,1388,1917,1934]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[1247,1266,1917,1934]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis box="[1294,1388,1917,1934]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1397,1410,1917,1934]" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">B</emphasis>
, Size comparison of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[260,473,1940,1957]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[260,473,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
m1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens.
<bibRefCitation author="BLACK C. C. &amp; KOWALSKI K." box="[981,1186,1940,1957]" firstAuthor="Black" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="461 - 486" part="19" publicationUrl="https://archive.org/embed/actazoolcrac-19-19" refId="ref10505" refString="BLACK C. C. &amp; KOWALSKI K. 1974. - The Pliocene and Pleistocene Sciuridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) from Poland. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 19: 461 - 486. https: // archive. org / embed / actazoolcrac- 19 - 19" title="The Pliocene and Pleistocene Sciuridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) from Poland" type="journal article" year="1974">Black &amp; Kowalski (1974)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Black &amp; Kowalski" authorityYear="1974" box="[1195,1360,1940,1957]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meini">
<emphasis box="[1195,1360,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista meini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="DAHLMANN T." firstAuthor="Dahlmann" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="1 - 129" part="227" refId="ref11141" refString="DAHLMANN T. 2001. - Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 227: 1 - 129." title="Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="2001">Dahlmann (2001)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[196,315,1963,1980]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[196,315,1963,1980]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="DAXNER-HOCK G." box="[326,498,1963,1980]" firstAuthor="Daxner-HOck" journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="56 - 74" part="49" refId="ref11256" refString="DAXNER-HOCK G. 1975. - Sciuridae aus dem Jungtertiar von Osterreich. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 49 (1 / 2): 56 - 74." title="Sciuridae aus dem Jungtertiar von Osterreich" type="journal article" year="1975">Daxner-HÖck (1975)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mein" authorityYear="1970" box="[508,704,1963,1980]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bressana">
<emphasis box="[508,704,1963,1980]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista bressana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="DAXNER-HOCK G." box="[715,887,1963,1980]" firstAuthor="Daxner-HOck" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="387 - 423" part="106 A" refId="ref11223" refString="DAXNER-HOCK G. 2004. - Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of Austria. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 106 A: 387 - 423." title="Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of Austria" type="journal article" year="2004">Daxner-HÖck (2004)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mein" authorityYear="1970" box="[897,997,1963,1980]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bressana">
<emphasis box="[897,997,1963,1980]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. bressana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Daxner-Höck" authorityYear="2004" box="[1008,1207,1963,1980]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kollmanni">
<emphasis box="[1008,1207,1963,1980]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista kollmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="DE BRUIJN H." box="[1219,1356,1963,1980]" firstAuthor="de Bruijn" journalOrPublisher="Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe A" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="87 - 102" part="28" refId="ref10585" refString="DE BRUIJN H. 1995. - The Vertebrate Locality Maramena (Macedonia, Greece) at the Turolian-Ruscinian Boundary (Neogene) 8. Sciuridae, Petauristidae and Eomyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia). Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe A 28: 87 - 102." title="The Vertebrate Locality Maramena (Macedonia, Greece) at the Turolian-Ruscinian Boundary (Neogene) 8. Sciuridae, Petauristidae and Eomyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia)" type="journal article" year="1995">de Bruijn (1995)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sulimski" authorityYear="1964" box="[1365,1450,1963,1980]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dehneli">
<emphasis box="[1365,1450,1963,1980]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. dehneli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="COLOMBERO S. &amp; CARNEVALE G." box="[132,390,1986,2003]" firstAuthor="Colombero" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="515 - 526" part="15" refId="ref10915" refString="COLOMBERO S. &amp; CARNEVALE G. 2016. - Late Miocene (Turolian, MN 13) squirrels from Moncucco Torinese, NW Italy. Comptes Rendus Palevol 15 (5): 515 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2015.09.021" title="Late Miocene (Turolian, MN 13) squirrels from Moncucco Torinese, NW Italy" type="journal article" year="2016">Colombero &amp; Carnevale (2016)</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[398,515,1986,2003]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[398,515,1986,2003]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="MANSINO S. &amp; RUIZ-SANCHEZ F. J. &amp; MONTOYA P." box="[525,701,1986,2003]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mansino" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="297 - 304" part="30" refId="ref12289" refString="MANSINO S., RUIZ-SANCHEZ F. J. &amp; MONTOYA P. 2018. - Sciuridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Venta del Moro (Cabriel Basin, Spain): biostratigraphical, phylogenetic and palaeoecological inferences. Historical Biology 30 (3): 297 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2016.1242583" title="Sciuridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Venta del Moro (Cabriel Basin, Spain): biostratigraphical, phylogenetic and palaeoecological inferences" type="journal article" year="2018">
Mansino
<emphasis box="[602,643,1986,2003]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[709,825,1986,2003]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[709,825,1986,2003]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="MORS T. &amp; VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON &amp; VON DER HOCHT F." box="[836,982,1986,2003]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="MOrs" journalOrPublisher="Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" pagination="135 - 160" part="60" refId="ref12454" refString="MORS T., VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON &amp; VON DER HOCHT F. 1998. - Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany). Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 60: 135 - 160." title="Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany)" type="journal article" year="1998">
MÖrs
<emphasis box="[884,925,1986,2003]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
:
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[991,1107,1986,2003]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[991,1107,1986,2003]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[281,397,2008,2025]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[281,397,2008,2025]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens and in blue the
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[626,865,2008,2025]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[626,739,2008,2025]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">Pliopetaurista</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis box="[771,865,2008,2025]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="237">pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="238" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="17.[131,776,216,1262]" box="[132,232,216,242]" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">
<smallCapsWord baselines="235,235" box="[132,232,216,242]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="17.[131,776,216,1262]" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">
The relatively large size coupled with the complex morphology of our specimens are fitting into the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1962" box="[561,705,279,305]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[561,705,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Pliopetaurista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus (
<bibRefCitation author="MORS T. &amp; VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON &amp; VON DER HOCHT F." box="[142,331,311,337]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mors" journalOrPublisher="Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="135 - 160" part="60" refId="ref12454" refString="MORS T., VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON &amp; VON DER HOCHT F. 1998. - Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany). Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 60: 135 - 160." title="Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany)" type="journal article" year="1998">
Mörs
<emphasis box="[209,264,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, the smooth enamel differs from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1962" box="[191,338,344,369]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Miopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[191,338,344,369]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Miopetaurista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where it is wrinkled or “chagriné” (
<bibRefCitation author="MEIN P." firstAuthor="Mein" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="7 - 77" part="3" refId="ref12408" refString="MEIN P. 1970. - Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale. Geobios 3 (3): 7 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (70) 80001 - 8" title="Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale" type="journal article" year="1970">Mein 1970</bibRefCitation>
) and the convergent protoloph and metaloph on the upper molars further confirm this identification (
<bibRefCitation author="MEIN P." firstAuthor="Mein" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="7 - 77" part="3" refId="ref12408" refString="MEIN P. 1970. - Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale. Geobios 3 (3): 7 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (70) 80001 - 8" title="Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale" type="journal article" year="1970">Mein 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="QIU Z. &amp; LI Q." box="[205,377,438,465]" firstAuthor="Qiu" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Sinica" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="1 - 676" part="198" refId="ref12843" refString="QIU Z. &amp; LI Q. 2016. - Neogene rodents from central Nei Mongol, China. Palaeontologia Sinica 198: 1 - 676" title="Neogene rodents from central Nei Mongol, China" type="journal article" year="2016">Qiu &amp; Li 2016</bibRefCitation>
). The dimensions of our specimens fit into the range of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[361,635,470,496]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[361,635,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Pliopetaurista pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[652,716,470,496]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[166,1448,195,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-34@16.[716,1269,756,1305]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 9. — A, Size comparison of Pliopetaurista pliocaenica (Depéret, 1897) M1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens. Black &amp; Kowalski (1974): Pliopetaurista dehneli Sulimski, 1964, Pliopetaurista meini Black &amp; Kowalski 1974, Pliopetaurista cf. pliocaenica (Depéret, 1897); Daxner-HÖck (1975): Pliopetaurista bressana Mein, 1970; Dahlmann (2001): P. pliocaenica, Pliopetaurista raui Dahlmann, 2001; Daxner-HÖck (2004): P. bressana, Pliopetaurista kollmanni Daxner-HÖck, 2004; de Bruijn (1995): P. dehneli Sulimski, 1964; Fejfar &amp; Storch (1990): P. pliocaenica; Gárcia-Alix et al. (2007): P. pliocaenica, P. cf. pliocaenica; Vasileiadou et al.(2012): P. dehneli. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the P. pliocaenica specimens and in blue the P. cf. pliocaenica. B, Size comparison of Pliopetaurista pliocaenica m1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens. Black &amp; Kowalski (1974): Pliopetaurista meini; Dahlmann (2001): P. pliocaenica; Daxner-HÖck (1975): Pliopetaurista bressana; Daxner-HÖck (2004): P. bressana, Pliopetaurista kollmanni; de Bruijn (1995): P. dehneli; Colombero &amp; Carnevale (2016): P. pliocaenica; Mansino et al. (2018): P. pliocaenica; MÖrs et al. (1998): P. pliocaenica. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the P. pliocaenica specimens and in blue the Pliopetaurista cf. pliocaenica." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867133/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) and are bigger than other species such as
<taxonomicName authority="Sulimski, 1964" authorityName="Sulimski" authorityYear="1964" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dehneli">
<emphasis box="[542,775,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Pliopetaurista dehneli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="SULIMSKI A." box="[133,301,534,560]" firstAuthor="Sulimski" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="149 - 261" part="9" refId="ref13443" refString="SULIMSKI A. 1964. - Pliocene Lagomorpha and Rodentia from Weze I (Poland). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9 (2): 149 - 261." title="Pliocene Lagomorpha and Rodentia from Weze I (Poland)" type="journal article" year="1964">Sulimski, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="MEIN P." box="[319,444,534,560]" firstAuthor="Mein" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="7 - 77" part="3" refId="ref12408" refString="MEIN P. 1970. - Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale. Geobios 3 (3): 7 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (70) 80001 - 8" title="Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale" type="journal article" year="1970">Mein 1970</bibRefCitation>
) as confirmed by
<figureCitation box="[649,712,534,560]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[166,1448,195,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-34@16.[716,1269,756,1305]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 9. — A, Size comparison of Pliopetaurista pliocaenica (Depéret, 1897) M1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens. Black &amp; Kowalski (1974): Pliopetaurista dehneli Sulimski, 1964, Pliopetaurista meini Black &amp; Kowalski 1974, Pliopetaurista cf. pliocaenica (Depéret, 1897); Daxner-HÖck (1975): Pliopetaurista bressana Mein, 1970; Dahlmann (2001): P. pliocaenica, Pliopetaurista raui Dahlmann, 2001; Daxner-HÖck (2004): P. bressana, Pliopetaurista kollmanni Daxner-HÖck, 2004; de Bruijn (1995): P. dehneli Sulimski, 1964; Fejfar &amp; Storch (1990): P. pliocaenica; Gárcia-Alix et al. (2007): P. pliocaenica, P. cf. pliocaenica; Vasileiadou et al.(2012): P. dehneli. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the P. pliocaenica specimens and in blue the P. cf. pliocaenica. B, Size comparison of Pliopetaurista pliocaenica m1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens. Black &amp; Kowalski (1974): Pliopetaurista meini; Dahlmann (2001): P. pliocaenica; Daxner-HÖck (1975): Pliopetaurista bressana; Daxner-HÖck (2004): P. bressana, Pliopetaurista kollmanni; de Bruijn (1995): P. dehneli; Colombero &amp; Carnevale (2016): P. pliocaenica; Mansino et al. (2018): P. pliocaenica; MÖrs et al. (1998): P. pliocaenica. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the P. pliocaenica specimens and in blue the Pliopetaurista cf. pliocaenica." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867133/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
. This species is the closest in size and morphology to
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="MORS T. &amp; VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON &amp; VON DER HOCHT F." box="[196,385,598,624]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mors" journalOrPublisher="Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="135 - 160" part="60" refId="ref12454" refString="MORS T., VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON &amp; VON DER HOCHT F. 1998. - Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany). Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 60: 135 - 160." title="Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany)" type="journal article" year="1998">
Mörs
<emphasis box="[263,319,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="GARCIA-ALIX A. &amp; MINWER-BARAKAT R. &amp; MARTIN-SUAREZ E. &amp; FREUDENTHAL M." box="[402,660,598,624]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garcia-Alix" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="435 - 440" part="29" refId="ref11472" refString="GARCIA-ALIX A., MINWER-BARAKAT R., MARTIN-SUAREZ E. &amp; FREUDENTHAL M. 2007. - The southernmost record of fossil Castoridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) in Europe. Geodiversitas 29 (3): 435 - 440." title="The southernmost record of fossil Castoridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) in Europe" type="journal article" year="2007">
Gárcia-Alix
<emphasis box="[539,594,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="MANSINO S. &amp; RUIZ-SANCHEZ F. J. &amp; MONTOYA P." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mansino" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="297 - 304" part="30" refId="ref12289" refString="MANSINO S., RUIZ-SANCHEZ F. J. &amp; MONTOYA P. 2018. - Sciuridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Venta del Moro (Cabriel Basin, Spain): biostratigraphical, phylogenetic and palaeoecological inferences. Historical Biology 30 (3): 297 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912963.2016.1242583" title="Sciuridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Venta del Moro (Cabriel Basin, Spain): biostratigraphical, phylogenetic and palaeoecological inferences" type="journal article" year="2018">
Mansino
<emphasis box="[132,186,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, we observe the presence of a faint but present mesostyle or bulged mesostylar crests that is absent in
<taxonomicName authority="(Garcia-Alix et al. 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Alix" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[238,615,693,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dehneli">
<emphasis box="[238,339,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">P. dehneli</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="GARCIA-ALIX A. &amp; MINWER-BARAKAT R. &amp; MARTIN-SUAREZ E. &amp; FREUDENTHAL M." box="[356,605,693,720]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garcia-Alix" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="435 - 440" part="29" refId="ref11472" refString="GARCIA-ALIX A., MINWER-BARAKAT R., MARTIN-SUAREZ E. &amp; FREUDENTHAL M. 2007. - The southernmost record of fossil Castoridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) in Europe. Geodiversitas 29 (3): 435 - 440." title="The southernmost record of fossil Castoridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) in Europe" type="journal article" year="2007">
Gárcia-Alix
<emphasis box="[490,542,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The low metalophids and the presence of hypocones on the molars also point in the direction of
<emphasis box="[411,562,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Deperet" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[411,558,757,783]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">P. pliocaenica</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
It is not attributed to
<taxonomicName authority="sensu de Bruijn (1995)" authorityName="sensu de Bruijn" authorityYear="1995" box="[162,726,789,816]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[162,310,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Pliopetaurista</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis box="[352,531,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">pliocaenica sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="DE BRUIJN H." box="[538,726,789,816]" firstAuthor="de Bruijn" journalOrPublisher="Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe A" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="87 - 102" part="28" refId="ref10585" refString="DE BRUIJN H. 1995. - The Vertebrate Locality Maramena (Macedonia, Greece) at the Turolian-Ruscinian Boundary (Neogene) 8. Sciuridae, Petauristidae and Eomyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia). Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe A 28: 87 - 102." title="The Vertebrate Locality Maramena (Macedonia, Greece) at the Turolian-Ruscinian Boundary (Neogene) 8. Sciuridae, Petauristidae and Eomyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia)" type="journal article" year="1995">de Bruijn (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<bibRefCitation author="GARCIA-ALIX A. &amp; MINWER-BARAKAT R. &amp; MARTIN-SUAREZ E. &amp; FREUDENTHAL M." box="[132,415,821,848]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garcia-Alix" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="435 - 440" part="29" refId="ref11472" refString="GARCIA-ALIX A., MINWER-BARAKAT R., MARTIN-SUAREZ E. &amp; FREUDENTHAL M. 2007. - The southernmost record of fossil Castoridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) in Europe. Geodiversitas 29 (3): 435 - 440." title="The southernmost record of fossil Castoridae (Mammalia, Rodentia) in Europe" type="journal article" year="2007">
Gárcia-Alix
<emphasis box="[272,328,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
because our specimens are not large enough (
<figureCitation box="[302,393,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1827,1844]" captionTargetBox="[166,1448,195,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-34@16.[716,1269,756,1305]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 9. — A, Size comparison of Pliopetaurista pliocaenica (Depéret, 1897) M1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens. Black &amp; Kowalski (1974): Pliopetaurista dehneli Sulimski, 1964, Pliopetaurista meini Black &amp; Kowalski 1974, Pliopetaurista cf. pliocaenica (Depéret, 1897); Daxner-HÖck (1975): Pliopetaurista bressana Mein, 1970; Dahlmann (2001): P. pliocaenica, Pliopetaurista raui Dahlmann, 2001; Daxner-HÖck (2004): P. bressana, Pliopetaurista kollmanni Daxner-HÖck, 2004; de Bruijn (1995): P. dehneli Sulimski, 1964; Fejfar &amp; Storch (1990): P. pliocaenica; Gárcia-Alix et al. (2007): P. pliocaenica, P. cf. pliocaenica; Vasileiadou et al.(2012): P. dehneli. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the P. pliocaenica specimens and in blue the P. cf. pliocaenica. B, Size comparison of Pliopetaurista pliocaenica m1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens. Black &amp; Kowalski (1974): Pliopetaurista meini; Dahlmann (2001): P. pliocaenica; Daxner-HÖck (1975): Pliopetaurista bressana; Daxner-HÖck (2004): P. bressana, Pliopetaurista kollmanni; de Bruijn (1995): P. dehneli; Colombero &amp; Carnevale (2016): P. pliocaenica; Mansino et al. (2018): P. pliocaenica; MÖrs et al. (1998): P. pliocaenica. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the P. pliocaenica specimens and in blue the Pliopetaurista cf. pliocaenica." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867133/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
). All these observations allow us to attribute the specimens to
<emphasis box="[478,634,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu de Bruijn" authorityYear="1995" box="[478,631,885,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">P. pliocaenica</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This species ranges from the latest Miocene to the Plio-Pleistocene (
<bibRefCitation author="COLOMBERO S. &amp; CARNEVALE G." box="[142,474,949,975]" firstAuthor="Colombero" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="515 - 526" part="15" refId="ref10915" refString="COLOMBERO S. &amp; CARNEVALE G. 2016. - Late Miocene (Turolian, MN 13) squirrels from Moncucco Torinese, NW Italy. Comptes Rendus Palevol 15 (5): 515 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2015.09.021" title="Late Miocene (Turolian, MN 13) squirrels from Moncucco Torinese, NW Italy" type="journal article" year="2016">Colombero &amp; Carnevale 2016</bibRefCitation>
) which is coherent with the age of our locality. There are only four previous records of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1962" box="[133,281,1012,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[133,281,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Pliopetaurista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Pliocene of
<collectingCountry box="[493,598,1013,1039]" name="Germany" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">Germany</collectingCountry>
, from three different localities.
<bibRefCitation author="MEIN P." box="[315,457,1044,1071]" firstAuthor="Mein" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="7 - 77" part="3" refId="ref12408" refString="MEIN P. 1970. - Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale. Geobios 3 (3): 7 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (70) 80001 - 8" title="Les sciuropteres (Mammalia, Rodentia) neogenes d'Europe occidentale" type="journal article" year="1970">Mein (1970)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="DAHLMANN T." box="[513,716,1044,1071]" firstAuthor="Dahlmann" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="1 - 129" part="227" refId="ref11141" refString="DAHLMANN T. 2001. - Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 227: 1 - 129." title="Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="2001">Dahlmann (2001)</bibRefCitation>
both described specimens from Wölfersheim,
<bibRefCitation author="FEJFAR O. &amp; STORCH G." firstAuthor="Fejfar" journalOrPublisher="Senckenbergiana lethaea" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="139 - 184" part="71" refId="ref11319" refString="FEJFAR O. &amp; STORCH G. 1990. - Eine pliozane (ober-ruscinische) Kleinsaugerfauna aus Gundersheim, Rheinhessen. - 1. Nagetiere: Mammalia, Rodentia. Senckenbergiana lethaea 71 (1 / 2): 139 - 184." title="Eine pliozane (ober-ruscinische) Kleinsaugerfauna aus Gundersheim, Rheinhessen. - 1. Nagetiere: Mammalia, Rodentia" type="journal article" year="1990">Fejfar &amp; Storch (1990)</bibRefCitation>
reported an isolated molar from Gundersheim and
<bibRefCitation author="MORS T. &amp; VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON &amp; VON DER HOCHT F." box="[132,335,1140,1167]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mors" journalOrPublisher="Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="135 - 160" part="60" refId="ref12454" refString="MORS T., VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON &amp; VON DER HOCHT F. 1998. - Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany). Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 60: 135 - 160." title="Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany)" type="journal article" year="1998">
Mörs
<emphasis box="[198,252,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
reported several specimens from Hambach. Most of these reports are of
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu de Bruijn" authorityYear="1995" box="[522,666,1172,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pliocaenica">
<emphasis box="[522,666,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">P. pliocaenica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the exception of the specimens of
<taxonomicName authority="Dahlmann, 2001" authorityName="Dahlmann" authorityYear="2001" box="[474,744,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Pliopetaurista" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raui">
<emphasis box="[474,544,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="238">P. raui</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="DAHLMANN T." box="[551,744,1204,1230]" firstAuthor="Dahlmann" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="1 - 129" part="227" refId="ref11141" refString="DAHLMANN T. 2001. - Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 227: 1 - 129." title="Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="2001">
Dahlmann,
<quantity box="[687,744,1204,1230]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08254" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" unit="in" value="2001.0">2001</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation author="DAHLMANN T." box="[133,338,1236,1262]" firstAuthor="Dahlmann" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="17" pageNumber="238" pagination="1 - 129" part="227" refId="ref11141" refString="DAHLMANN T. 2001. - Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 227: 1 - 129." title="Die Kleinsauger der unter-pliozanen Fundstelle Wolfersheim-in der Wetterau (Mammalia: Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="2001">Dahlmann (2001)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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