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<document id="656870AFD235A3B6F7D299882AFC34D6" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5360.4.5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10084656" ID-ZooBank="EA1BE6F9-88E2-4357-895E-8ED415206592" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1698932936510" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Boxshall, Geoffrey A. &amp; Bernot, James P." docDate="2023" docId="03AFA377FFA1FFFCFF7A947AF016FBA7" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5360.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5360 (4)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5360.4.5/52133" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Caligus hamatus Heegaard 1955" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="562" masterDocId="FF96DB0FFFB1FFEDFFED9318F146FFDA" masterDocTitle="Resolving taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in the genus Caligus O. F. Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae)" masterLastPageNumber="567" masterPageNumber="545" pageNumber="561" updateTime="1701687868325" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="9CC5824556C98542C7B0C94AD6F58B5E">Resolving taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in the genus Caligus O. F. Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3AF9F84A1F6127E64D1CC9F676C2519E">Boxshall, Geoffrey A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D8CB054154424C1F8CB699B68D928887">Bernot, James P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="843200AA650FF0196F030E18C220F18D">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20560, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03AFA377FFA1FFFCFF7A947AF016FBA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10164676" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10164676" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AFA377FFA1FFFCFF7A947AF016FBA7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AFA377FFA1FFFCFF7A947AF016FBA7" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="562" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">
<subSubSection id="C31C41EAFFA1FFFDFF7A947AF369F8A6" box="[151,559,1890,1917]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFA1FFFDFF7A947AF369F8A6" blockId="16.[151,559,1890,1917]" box="[151,559,1890,1917]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">
<heading id="D0F1A50DFFA1FFFDFF7A947AF369F8A6" bold="true" box="[151,559,1890,1917]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFF7A947AF369F8A6" ID-CoL="PKD2" authority="Heegaard, 1955" authorityName="Heegaard" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,559,1890,1917]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFF7A947AF369F8A6" bold="true" box="[151,559,1890,1917]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFF7A947AF025F8A7" bold="true" box="[151,355,1890,1917]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Caligus hamatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA1FFFDFE86947BF369F8A6" author="Heegaard, P." box="[363,559,1890,1917]" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" pagination="41 - 56" refId="ref14413" refString="Heegaard, P. (1955) Parasitic copepods from Tropical West Africa. Atlantide Reports, 3, 41 - 56." type="journal article" year="1955">Heegaard, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C31C41EAFFA1FFFCFF7A94B2F016FBA7" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="562" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFA1FFFCFF7A94B2F288FEC7" blockId="16.[151,1436,1962,2025]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,150,1149]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="562" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA1FFFDFF7A94B2F012F81E" ID-CoL="PKD2" authorityName="Heegaard" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,340,1962,1988]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA1FFFDFF7A94B2F012F81E" box="[151,340,1962,1988]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Caligus hamatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from a single male collected in a plankton sample taken at a depth of
<quantity id="4CFEBF84FFA1FFFDFB2594B3F446F81F" box="[1224,1280,1963,1989]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="561" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
in the surface layers of the Bonny River, an arm of the
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFA1FFFDFD9B94D6F3F0F832" box="[630,694,1998,2024]" name="Niger" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Niger</collectingCountry>
<collectingRegion id="49C2DC83FFA1FFFDFD5294D6F3BBF832" box="[703,765,1998,2024]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">River</collectingRegion>
delta in southern
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFA1FFFDFC2294D6F560F832" box="[975,1062,1998,2024]" name="Nigeria" pageId="16" pageNumber="561">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, during the Atlantide Expedition (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFF72938FF010FF6B" author="Heegaard, P." box="[159,342,150,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="41 - 56" refId="ref14413" refString="Heegaard, P. (1955) Parasitic copepods from Tropical West Africa. Atlantide Reports, 3, 41 - 56." type="journal article" year="1955">Heegaard, 1955</bibRefCitation>
). It has never been reported since and no host association has ever been reported for
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFAF8938FF4D3FF6B" ID-CoL="PKD2" authorityName="Heegaard" authorityYear="1955" box="[1301,1429,151,177]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFAF8938FF4D3FF6B" box="[1301,1429,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">C. hamatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The whereabouts of the
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specimen is unknown (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFD1093A3F2B3FF0F" author="Margolis, L. &amp; Kabata, Z. &amp; Parker, R. R." box="[765,1013,186,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="1 - 117" refId="ref15173" refString="Margolis, L., Kabata, Z. &amp; Parker, R. R. (1975) Catalogue and synopsis of Caligus, a genus of Copepoda (Crustacea) parasitic on fishes. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 192, 1 - 117." type="journal article" year="1975">
Margolis
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFC8393A3F2ECFF0F" box="[878,938,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">et al.</emphasis>
, 1975
</bibRefCitation>
) but, fortunately,
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFB2493A3F4DAFF0F" author="Heegaard, P." box="[1225,1436,186,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="41 - 56" refId="ref14413" refString="Heegaard, P. (1955) Parasitic copepods from Tropical West Africa. Atlantide Reports, 3, 41 - 56." type="journal article" year="1955">Heegaard’s (1955)</bibRefCitation>
description, although inadequate by modern standards, contains sufficient detail to allow comparison with related congeneric species, specifically with
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFDD4921BF28CFEC7" ID-CoL="PKLL" authority="Shen &amp; Li, 1959" authorityName="Shen &amp; Li" authorityYear="1959" box="[569,970,258,285]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFDD4921BF243FEC7" box="[569,773,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">Caligus undulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFCE1921BF28CFEC7" author="Shen, C. J. &amp; Li, H. L." box="[780,970,258,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="12 - 20" refId="ref16461" refString="Shen, C. J. &amp; Li, H. L. (1959) Parasitic copepods from fishes of China. IV. Caligoida, Caligidae (3). Acta Zoologica Sinica, 11, 12 - 20, pls. 1 - 3. [Chinese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1959">Shen &amp; Li, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFA0FFFCFF2A923FF2ABFDBB" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,1149]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFF2A923FF0D5FE9B" ID-CoL="PKLL" authorityName="Shen &amp; Li" authorityYear="1959" box="[199,403,295,321]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFF2A923FF0D5FE9B" box="[199,403,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">Caligus undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also originally described from zooplankton samples, collected in Qingdao (as Tsingtao) Harbour on the eastern coast of
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFA0FFFCFDE69253F317FEBF" box="[523,593,331,357]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">China</collectingCountry>
, and the
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material comprised numerous ovigerous females and males (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFF729277F026FE53" author="Shen, C. J. &amp; Li, H. L." box="[159,352,366,393]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="12 - 20" refId="ref16461" refString="Shen, C. J. &amp; Li, H. L. (1959) Parasitic copepods from fishes of China. IV. Caligoida, Caligidae (3). Acta Zoologica Sinica, 11, 12 - 20, pls. 1 - 3. [Chinese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1959">Shen &amp; Li, 1959</bibRefCitation>
). Since its description,
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFD8B9277F3B3FE53" ID-CoL="PKLL" authorityName="Shen &amp; Li" authorityYear="1959" box="[614,757,367,393]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFD8B9277F3B3FE53" box="[614,757,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">C. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported widely from across the Indo-West Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFF72928BF060FE77" author="Pillai, N. K." box="[159,294,403,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="123 - 140" refId="ref16098" refString="Pillai, N. K. (1966) Notes on copepods parasitic on South Indian marine fishes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 8, 123 - 140." type="journal article" year="1966">Pillai, 1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFEDE928BF3F9FE77" author="Venmathi Maran, B. A. &amp; Ohtsuka, S." box="[307,703,403,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="202 - 215" refId="ref16718" refString="Venmathi Maran, B. A. &amp; Ohtsuka, S. (2008) Descriptions of caligiform copepods in plankton samples collected from East Asia: Accidental occurrences or a new mode of life cycle? Plankton and Benthos Research, 3, 202 - 215. https: // doi. org / 10.3800 / pbr. 3.202" type="journal article" year="2008">Venmathi Maran &amp; Ohtsuka, 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFD21928BF564FE77" author="Venmathi Maran, B. A. &amp; Ohtsuka, S. &amp; Jitchum, P." box="[716,1058,403,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="87 - 95" refId="ref16778" refString="Venmathi Maran, B. A., Ohtsuka, S. &amp; Jitchum, P. (2012 a) Occurrences of caligid copepods (Crustacea) in plankton samples collected from Japan and Thailand, with the description of a new species. Species Diversity, 17, 87 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / sd. 17.1.087" type="journal article" year="2012">
Venmathi Maran
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFC7F928BF28AFE77" box="[914,972,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012a
</bibRefCitation>
, b;
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFBA0928BF4DEFE77" author="Venmathi Maran, B. A. &amp; Suarez-Morales, E. &amp; Ohtsuka, S. &amp; Soh, H. Y. &amp; Hwang, U. W." box="[1101,1432,403,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="437 - 447" refId="ref16917" refString="Venmathi Maran, B. A., Suarez-Morales, E., Ohtsuka, S., Soh, H. Y. &amp; Hwang, U. W. (2016) On the occurrence of caligids (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) in the marine plankton: a review and checklist. Zootaxa, 4174 (1), 437 - 447. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4174.1.27" type="journal article" year="2016">
Venmathi Maran
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFAFE928BF40BFE77" box="[1299,1357,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFF7A92AFF03CFE0B" author="Moon, S. Y. &amp; Park, J. S." box="[151,378,439,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="365 - 372" refId="ref15358" refString="Moon, S. Y. &amp; Park, J. S. (2019) Occurrence of sea lice, Caligus undulatus Shen and Li, 1959 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) in plankton samples collected from Korea. Journal of Species Research, 8 (4), 365 - 372." type="journal article" year="2019">Moon &amp; Park, 2019</bibRefCitation>
) and western Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFD9292AFF253FE0B" author="Montu, M." box="[639,789,439,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="329 - 339" refId="ref15329" refString="Montu, M. (1982) Alguns copepodos parasitos de peixes do Sul do Brasil. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia, 25, 329 - 339." type="journal article" year="1982">Montú, 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFCCC92AFF521FE0B" author="Suarez-Morales, E. &amp; Camisoti, H. &amp; Martin, A." box="[801,1127,439,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="59 - 71" refId="ref16549" refString="Suarez-Morales, E., Camisoti, H. &amp; Martin, A. (2012 a) A new species of Caligus (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) from the plankton of the Caribbean coast of Venezuela with a key to species. Zookeys, 201, 59 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 201.3099" type="journal article" year="2012">
Suárez-Morales
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFC3492AFF554FE0B" box="[985,1042,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012a
</bibRefCitation>
, b;
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFB7D92AFF418FE0B" author="Ortega, I. &amp; Scott-Frias, J. &amp; Martin, A." box="[1168,1374,439,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="123 - 132" refId="ref15740" refString="Ortega, I., Scott-Frias, J. &amp; Martin, A. (2017) Diversity and composition of copepods assemblage associated with hyperbenthic zone of the Venezuelan central coast sandy beaches. Boletin del Instituto Oceanografico de Venezuela Universidad de Oriente, 56 (1), 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="2017">
Ortega
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFB0992AFF45AFE0B" box="[1252,1308,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFA8792AFF059FE2F" author="Kim, I. &amp; Suarez-Morales, E. &amp; Marquez-Rojas, B." pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="607 - 618" refId="ref14784" refString="Kim, I., Suarez-Morales, E. &amp; Marquez-Rojas, B. (2019) Caligid copepods (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) as zooplankters off the Venezuelan coast, western Caribbean Sea. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences, 35 (2), 607 - 618. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 41208 - 019 - 00130 - w" type="journal article" year="2019">
Kim
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFF7A92C3F194FE2F" box="[151,210,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). All of these records were based on specimens caught in the plankton and it wasn’t until 2020 that this caligid was finally found on a host, the clupeid
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFD0392E7F52AFDC3" ID-CoL="79MKL" authority="(Bleeker, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Bleeker" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[750,1132,510,537]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sardinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zunasi">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFD0392E7F2F4FDC2" box="[750,946,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">Sardinella zunasi</emphasis>
(Bleeker, 1854)
</taxonomicName>
caught in Japanese waters (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFF72913BF0D6FDE7" author="Ohtsuka, S. &amp; Nawata, M. &amp; Nishida, Y. &amp; Nitta, M. &amp; Hirano, K. &amp; Adachi, K. &amp; Kondo, Y. &amp; Venmathi Maran, B. A. &amp; Suarez Morales, E." box="[159,400,547,573]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="52271" refId="ref15598" refString="Ohtsuka, S., Nawata, M., Nishida, Y., Nitta, M., Hirano, K., Adachi, K., Kondo, Y., Venmathi Maran, B. A. &amp; Suarez Morales, E. (2020) Discovery of the fish host of the ' planktonic' caligid Caligus undulatus Shen &amp; Li, 1959 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida). Biodiversity Data Journal, 8, e 52271. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 8. e 52271" type="journal article" year="2020">
Ohtsuka
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFEEA913BF004FDE7" box="[263,322,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
). It has since been recorded on a second clupeid host,
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFBE4913BF001FDBB" ID-CoL="6NMT7" authority="(Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1846)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck &amp; Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1846" family="Clupeidae" genus="Konosirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFBE4913BF5B5FDE6" box="[1033,1267,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">Konosirus punctatus</emphasis>
(Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1846)
</taxonomicName>
landed at a fish market in southern
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFA0FFFCFD35915FF25AFDBB" box="[728,796,583,609]" name="South Korea" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFCC6915FF2A7FDBB" author="Lee, J. &amp; Chang, C. Y. &amp; Kim, I. H." box="[811,993,583,609]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref15005" refString="Lee, J., Chang, C. Y. &amp; Kim, I. H. (2022) Symbiotic copepods (Cyclopoida and Siphonostomatoida) collected by light trap from Korea. ZooKeys, 1115, 1 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1115.83266" type="journal article" year="2022">
Lee
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFCB3915FF2D0FDBB" box="[862,918,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFA0FFFCFF2A9173F016FBA7" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,1149]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">
Comparison of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFE909173F347FD5F" ID-CoL="PKD2" authorityName="Heegaard" authorityYear="1955" box="[381,513,619,645]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFE909173F347FD5F" box="[381,513,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">C. hamatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFDA49173F39AFD5F" ID-CoL="PKLL" authorityName="Shen &amp; Li" authorityYear="1959" box="[585,732,619,645]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFDA49173F39AFD5F" box="[585,732,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">C. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reveals that the males of these two species share numerous character states including: broad marginal membrane surrounding the dorsal cephalothoracic shield; first and second free abdominal somites both about twice as long as wide and with the first slightly shorter than the second; male maxilliped with prominent myxal process opposing tip of subchela; sternal furca with parallel to weakly divergent tines separated by narrow gap; second exopodal segment of leg 1 armed with plumose setae on posterior margin that are almost as long as first exopodal segment, and with seta 4 much longer than second segment; leg 2 with outer spine on first exopodal segment passing obliquely across surface of ramus, with outer spine on second segment much smaller and lying close to lateral margin, and with at least one outer spine on third segment apparently missing; leg 3 with weakly curved outer spine on first exopodal segment not reaching articulation between second and third segments; leg 4 with 2-segmented exopod bearing 4 subequal spines on distal segment. On the basis of these similarities in fine details, and in the absence of any significant morphological differences, we conclude that
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFF2490EFF00CFBCB" ID-CoL="PKD2" authorityName="Heegaard" authorityYear="1955" box="[201,330,1015,1041]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFF2490EFF00CFBCB" box="[201,330,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">C. hamatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFE6E90EFF355FBCB" ID-CoL="PKLL" authorityName="Shen &amp; Li" authorityYear="1959" box="[387,531,1015,1041]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFE6E90EFF355FBCB" box="[387,531,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">C. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are conspecific. Unfortunately, the widely used species name
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFB3590EFF42EFBCB" ID-CoL="PKLL" authorityName="Shen &amp; Li" authorityYear="1959" box="[1240,1384,1015,1041]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFB3590EFF42EFBCB" box="[1240,1384,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">C. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was established after
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFEB69703F098FBEF" ID-CoL="PKD2" authorityName="Heegaard" authorityYear="1955" box="[347,478,1051,1077]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFEB69703F098FBEF" box="[347,478,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">C. hamatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which therefore has priority. However, a case has been submitted to the ICZN to propose that
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFEC69727F387FB83" ID-CoL="PKLL" authority="Shen &amp; Li, 1959" authorityName="Shen &amp; Li" authorityYear="1959" box="[299,705,1086,1113]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFEC69727F0BFFB83" box="[299,505,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">Caligus undulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFDEF9727F387FB83" author="Shen, C. J. &amp; Li, H. L." box="[514,705,1086,1113]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="12 - 20" refId="ref16461" refString="Shen, C. J. &amp; Li, H. L. (1959) Parasitic copepods from fishes of China. IV. Caligoida, Caligidae (3). Acta Zoologica Sinica, 11, 12 - 20, pls. 1 - 3. [Chinese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1959">Shen &amp; Li, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
be given precedence over the virtually unused
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFA0FFFCFB339727F00DFBA7" ID-CoL="PKD2" authority="Heegaard, 1955" authorityName="Heegaard" authorityYear="1955" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFA0FFFCFB339727F4DAFB83" box="[1246,1436,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="562">Caligus hamatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFA0FFFCFF7A977BF00DFBA7" author="Heegaard, P." box="[151,331,1122,1149]" pageId="17" pageNumber="562" pagination="41 - 56" refId="ref14413" refString="Heegaard, P. (1955) Parasitic copepods from Tropical West Africa. Atlantide Reports, 3, 41 - 56." type="journal article" year="1955">Heegaard, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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