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<document id="0C69935E944F94B417E24593250106A1" ID-CLB-Dataset="32002" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4323.4.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="467f5b03-bad6-4c53-8dde-d1b129a8df5a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="995906" ID-ZooBank="69Fa8637-8007-4216-80Ee-8A261B827Abf" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1506321692459" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Manconi, Renata" docDate="2017" docId="03848789EA7FE242FF78FAD0FE3F4183" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4323.4.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4323 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Dendrocoelum leporii Manconi 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="555" masterDocId="FFBDFFF1EA7DE24AFFEFFFD6FFF0424B" masterDocTitle="A new species of stygobiont freshwater planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from a chemoautotrophic ecosystem: the Frasassi karst in Italy" masterLastPageNumber="560" masterPageNumber="547" pageNumber="549" updateTime="1698468947444" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4F8C0C5B1D288D96C49555027BA33C97">A new species of stygobiont freshwater planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from a chemoautotrophic ecosystem: the Frasassi karst in Italy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C5EAE732377548E7405B508C83266EBC">Manconi, Renata</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="BF7B433A030DAF5A8EEC5F33BBF23045">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="828FCA6AC11577D8E3E4AFF5849471B3">2017-09-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="14744738120E78BACD828520A86519EE">4323</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="EE7B4E00AA35B6D423A277A2C5BDEF01" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4323.4.7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03848789EA7FE242FF78FAD0FE3F4183" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6021639" ID-GBIF-Taxon="134839781" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6021639" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03848789EA7FE242FF78FAD0FE3F4183" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03848789EA7FE242FF78FAD0FE3F4183" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="555" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<subSubSection id="C3376514EA7FE248FF78FAD0FEAA4709" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7FE248FF78FAD0FD05476B" blockId="2.[151,757,1286,1346]" box="[151,757,1286,1312]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<heading id="D0DA81F3EA7FE248FF78FAD0FD05476B" bold="true" box="[151,757,1286,1312]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FF78FAD0FD05476B" bold="true" box="[151,757,1286,1312]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D1CEA7FE248FF78FAD0FD7A476B" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityName="Manconi" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,650,1286,1312]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="leporii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FF78FAD0FE6F476B" bold="true" box="[151,415,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Dendrocoelum leporii</emphasis>
Stocchino &amp; Sluys
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A57F6EA7FE248FD77FAD0FD05476B" box="[664,757,1286,1312]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7FE248FF78FAFFFEAA4709" blockId="2.[151,757,1286,1346]" box="[151,346,1321,1346]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA7FE248FF78FAFFFF0B4709" box="[151,251,1321,1346]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="1.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,1981,2003]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,250,1162,1184]" captionStartId-4="6.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionStartId-5="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1433,365,1905]" captionTargetBox-1="[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetBox-2="[475,1112,967,1921]" captionTargetBox-3="[544,1016,359,1000]" captionTargetBox-4="[290,1304,486,1655]" captionTargetBox-5="[430,1190,232,1884]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[159,1433,365,1905]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[440,1146,918,1959]" captionTargetId-3="figure@5.[441,1145,223,1188]" captionTargetId-4="figure@6.[229,1355,409,1728]" captionTargetId-5="figure@7.[375,1227,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionTargetPageId-5="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of freshwater planarians of the family Dendrocoelidae recorded for Italy. Collection sites of Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. indicated by blue asterisk. Blue diamond refers to unspecified epigean localities of the widespread peninsular species D. lacteum." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. (A) Simplified map of a portion of the Frasassi cave complex in the eastern side of the Frasassi Gorge (from Mariani et al., 2007). Red squares indicate collection sites of Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov.; blue squares indicate sighting sites of dendrocoelid specimens. (B) Idealized cross-section of the caves showing the arrangement of horizontal hypogean levels." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Still picture from video of the living holotype specimen ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Sketch of the ventral view of the preserved holotype specimen ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1. (A) microphotograph of the penis; (B) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the penis and the bulb of the adenodactyl; (C) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the oviduct with the connecting ductules to the resorptive vesicles and to the vitellaria." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/995908/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/995910/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/995912/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/995916/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/995920/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6AF0324EA7FE248FEE8FAFFFEAA4709" box="[263,346,1321,1346]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="10.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Annotated checklist of Dendrocoelidae from Italy. * Sulfidic." pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3376514EA7FE248FF78FAA7FB5A4799" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7FE248FF78FAA7FB5A4799" blockId="2.[151,1437,1393,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FF78FAA7FEE147C1" bold="true" box="[151,273,1393,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D1CEA7FE248FECBFAA7FDD747C2" authorityName="Manconi" authorityYear="2017" box="[292,551,1393,1417]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="leporii">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FECBFAA7FDD747C2" box="[292,551,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Dendrocoelum leporii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by: a muscular atrial valve; a penis papilla with a pseudoflagellum; numerous testes situated in the ventral, dorsal and median body regions and extending to the far posterior end of the body; a large adenodactyl with the so-called Balkan
<typeStatus id="5496883DEA7FE248FC2BFA6CFC044799" box="[964,1012,1466,1490]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">type</typeStatus>
of musculature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3376514EA7FE248FF28FA0BFC924451" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7FE248FF28FA0BFC924451" blockId="2.[151,1437,1393,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FF28FA0BFEBE47BD" bold="true" box="[199,334,1501,1526]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Etymology.</emphasis>
The new species is dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. Nullo Glauco Lepori who was eminent in the field of biological and systematic studies on freshwater triclads.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3376514EA7FE248FF28F9F3FB9C44B9" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7FE248FF28F9F3FA724429" blockId="2.[151,1437,1393,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<materialsCitation id="3B453CC2EA7FE248FF28F9F3FA724429" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1655995339" collectingDate="2011-03-19" collectionCode="ZMA" collectorName="V. Pl. &amp; A. Montanari" country="Italy" latitude="43.40126" location="Italy" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="12.965872" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FF28F9F3FE454476" bold="true" box="[199,437,1573,1598]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="5496883DEA7FE248FE2EF9F3FDDE4475" box="[449,558,1573,1598]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED3CAE5AEA7FE248FDD2F9F0FD8B4475" box="[573,635,1574,1598]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">ZMA</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="26D85349EA7FE248FD67F9F3FD4E4475" box="[648,702,1573,1598]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">V.Pl.</collectorName>
7271.1, Sorgente del Tunnel, Frasassi cave complex, Frasassi Gorge (
<geoCoordinate id="EE195058EA7FE248FF04F99FFE53442A" box="[235,419,1609,1634]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" precision="1" value="43.40126">43°24’04.53” N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE195058EA7FE248FE41F99FFD914429" box="[430,609,1609,1634]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" precision="1" value="12.965872">12°57’57.14” E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingCountry id="F33A760FEA7FE248FD9AF99FFD594429" box="[629,681,1609,1634]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingDate id="EFD7E9B7EA7FE248FD5BF99CFC914429" box="[692,865,1609,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" value="2011-03-19">
<date id="FF93105FEA7FE248FD5BF99CFC914429" box="[692,865,1609,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" value="2011-03-19">19 March 2011</date>
</collectingDate>
, coll.
<collectorName id="26D85349EA7FE248FC4AF99CFBCF4429" box="[933,1087,1609,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">A. Montanari</collectorName>
, sagittal sections on 6 slides.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7FE248FF28F9BBFBA744E1" blockId="2.[151,1437,1393,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<materialsCitation id="3B453CC2EA7FE248FF28F9BBFBA744E1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1655995340" collectingDate="2014-01" collectionCode="CGAS" collectorName="A. Montanari" country="Italy" county="Frasassi Gorge" latitude="43.40126" location="Pla" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="12.965872" municipality="Frasassi" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" specimenCount="1">
Other material:
<collectionCode id="ED3CAE5AEA7FE248FE98F9B8FE3244CD" box="[375,450,1646,1670]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">CGAS</collectionCode>
<location id="8EF26044EA7FE248FE27F9BBFE1C44CD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03848789EA7FE242FF78FAD0FE3F4183:8EF26044EA7FE248FE27F9BBFE1C44CD" box="[456,492,1645,1670]" country="Italy" county="Frasassi Gorge" latitude="43.40126" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="12.965872" municipality="Frasassi" name="Pla" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Pla</location>
17. 1,
<location id="8EF26044EA7FE248FDD8F9B8FD6A44CD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03848789EA7FE242FF78FAD0FE3F4183:8EF26044EA7FE248FDD8F9B8FD6A44CD" box="[567,666,1646,1670]" country="Italy" county="Frasassi Gorge" latitude="43.40126" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="12.965872" municipality="Frasassi" name="Sorgente" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Sorgente</location>
del
<location id="8EF26044EA7FE248FD26F9BBFCEA44CD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03848789EA7FE242FF78FAD0FE3F4183:8EF26044EA7FE248FD26F9BBFCEA44CD" box="[713,794,1645,1670]" country="Italy" county="Frasassi Gorge" latitude="43.40126" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="12.965872" municipality="Frasassi" name="Tunnel" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Tunnel</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF6ACE5EA7FE248FCCAF9BBFC8F44CD" box="[805,895,1645,1670]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Frasassi</collectingMunicipality>
cave complex,
<collectingCounty id="62F34E13EA7FE248FBC2F9BBFB2244CD" box="[1069,1234,1645,1670]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Frasassi Gorge</collectingCounty>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE195058EA7FE248FB0EF9BBFA6844CE" box="[1249,1432,1645,1670]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" precision="1" value="43.40126">43°24’04.53” N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE195058EA7FE248FF78F947FEBA44E1" box="[151,330,1681,1706]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" precision="1" value="12.965872">12°57’57.14” E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingCountry id="F33A760FEA7FE248FEB1F947FE6244E1" box="[350,402,1681,1706]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingDate id="EFD7E9B7EA7FE248FE71F944FDC744E1" box="[414,567,1682,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" value="2014-01">
<date id="FF93105FEA7FE248FE71F944FDC744E1" box="[414,567,1682,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" value="2014-01">January 2014</date>
</collectingDate>
, coll.
<collectorName id="26D85349EA7FE248FD95F944FCE444E1" box="[634,788,1681,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">A. Montanari</collectorName>
, sagittal sections on 9 slides.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7FE248FF28F960FB9C44B9" blockId="2.[151,1437,1393,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<materialsCitation id="3B453CC2EA7FE248FF28F960FB9C44B9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1655995338" collectingDate="2012-03-19" collectionCode="ZMA" collectorName="V. Pl. &amp; A. Montanari" country="Italy" latitude="43.40063" location="Italy" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="12.964769" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED3CAE5AEA7FE248FF28F960FEF54485" box="[199,261,1718,1742]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">ZMA</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="26D85349EA7FE248FEF9F963FEBD4485" box="[278,333,1717,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">V.Pl.</collectorName>
7272.1, Pozzo dei Cristalli, Grotta del Fiume, Frasassi cave complex (
<geoCoordinate id="EE195058EA7FE248FB39F960FA684486" box="[1238,1432,1718,1742]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" precision="1" value="43.40063">43°24’02.27” N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE195058EA7FE248FF78F90FFEBA44B9" box="[151,330,1753,1778]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" precision="1" value="12.964769">12°57’53.17” E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingCountry id="F33A760FEA7FE248FEB1F90FFE6244B9" box="[350,402,1753,1778]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingDate id="EFD7E9B7EA7FE248FE71F90CFDBC44B9" box="[414,588,1753,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" value="2012-03-19">
<date id="FF93105FEA7FE248FE71F90CFDBC44B9" box="[414,588,1753,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" value="2012-03-19">19 March 2012</date>
</collectingDate>
, coll.
<collectorName id="26D85349EA7FE248FD60F90CFCD844B9" box="[655,808,1753,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">A. Montanari</collectorName>
, sagittal sections on 6 slides.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3376514EA7FE242FF28F92BFE3F4183" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="555" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7FE248FF28F92BFBAF4587" blockId="2.[151,1437,1393,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FF28F92BFEDA455D" bold="true" box="[199,298,1789,1814]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Habitat.</emphasis>
The Frasassi cave complex encompasses some 100 caves of hypogenic origin, resulting from the interaction between limestone and sulfidic waters ascending from a deep aquifer (cf. Sarbu
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FB43F8F4FB2F4572" box="[1196,1247,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">et al</emphasis>
., 2000) (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA7FE248FAA7F8F7FA7E4571" box="[1352,1422,1825,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A) Simplified map of a portion of the Frasassi cave complex in the eastern side of the Frasassi Gorge (from Mariani et al., 2007). Red squares indicate collection sites of Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov.; blue squares indicate sighting sites of dendrocoelid specimens. (B) Idealized cross-section of the caves showing the arrangement of horizontal hypogean levels." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995910/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The cave system forms a ramifying pattern at different, overlying levels (cf. Sarbu
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FBDCF890FB934516" box="[1075,1123,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">et al</emphasis>
., 2000;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7FE248FB50F893FA6C4515" author="Mariani" box="[1215,1436,1861,1886]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" refString="Mariani, S., Mainiero, M., Barchi, M., van der Borg, K., van der Vonhof, H. &amp; Montanari, A. (2007) Use of speleologic data to evaluate Holocene uplifting and tilting: an example from the Frasassi anticline (northeastern Apennines, Italy). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 257, 313 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2007.02.045" type="journal article" year="2007">
Mariani
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FAF1F890FAA64516" box="[1310,1366,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
and references therein) (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA7FE248FE49F8BFFE0E45C9" box="[422,510,1897,1922]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A) Simplified map of a portion of the Frasassi cave complex in the eastern side of the Frasassi Gorge (from Mariani et al., 2007). Red squares indicate collection sites of Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov.; blue squares indicate sighting sites of dendrocoelid specimens. (B) Idealized cross-section of the caves showing the arrangement of horizontal hypogean levels." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995910/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). The water of the streams and lakes in this cave system is characterized by greatly different concentrations of H2S and O2 (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7FE248FD67F85BFC7645ED" author="Macalady" box="[648,902,1933,1958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" refString="Macalady, J. L., Dattagupta, S., Schaperdoth, I., Jones, D. S., Druschel, G. K. &amp; Eastman, D. (2008) Niche differentiation among sulfur-oxidizing bacterial populations in cave waters. The ISME Journal, 2, 590 - 601. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / ismej. 2008.25" type="journal article" year="2008">
Macalady
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FCEFF858FCC345EE" box="[768,819,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">et al</emphasis>
., 2008
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7FE248FC7BF85BFBA245ED" author="Flot" box="[916,1106,1933,1958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" refString="Flot, J. F., Worheide, G. &amp; Dattagupta, S. (2010) Unsuspected diversity of Niphargus amphipods in the chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem of Frasassi, central Italy. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 171" type="journal article" year="2010">
Flot
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7FE248FC25F858FC0E45EE" box="[970,1022,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">et al</emphasis>
., 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). The Frasassi cave complex houses the most visited show cave of
<collectingCountry id="F33A760FEA7FE248FDD2F862FD814586" box="[573,625,1972,1997]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Italy</collectingCountry>
, viz. the Grotta Grande del Vento (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA7FE248FC17F862FBA24587" box="[1016,1106,1972,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A) Simplified map of a portion of the Frasassi cave complex in the eastern side of the Frasassi Gorge (from Mariani et al., 2007). Red squares indicate collection sites of Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov.; blue squares indicate sighting sites of dendrocoelid specimens. (B) Idealized cross-section of the caves showing the arrangement of horizontal hypogean levels." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995910/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF526617EA7EE249FF78FA52FE5F47BD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995910/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" targetBox="[419,1167,193,1390]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7EE249FF78FA52FE5F47BD" blockId="3.[151,1436,1412,1526]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FF78FA52FEE547D2" bold="true" box="[151,277,1412,1434]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
(A) Simplified map of a portion of the Frasassi cave complex in the eastern side of the Frasassi Gorge (from Mariani
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FF01FA72FEEB47F2" box="[238,283,1443,1465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">et al</emphasis>
., 2007). Red squares indicate collection sites of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D1CEA7EE249FCE4FA75FB4347F2" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityName="Manconi" authorityYear="2017" box="[779,1203,1443,1465]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="leporii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FCE4FA75FC1C47F2" box="[779,1004,1443,1465]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Dendrocoelum leporii</emphasis>
Stocchino &amp; Sluys
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A57F6EA7EE249FB51FA75FAFF47F3" box="[1214,1295,1443,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FB51FA75FAFF47F3" bold="true" box="[1214,1295,1443,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
; blue squares indicate sighting sites of dendrocoelid specimens. (B) Idealized cross-section of the caves showing the arrangement of horizontal hypogean levels.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7EE249FF28F9CBFB2C44E9" blockId="3.[151,1437,1565,2022]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
Stygofauna reported for the Frasassi cave complex includes Nematoda, Annelida (
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D1CEA7EE249FB55F9CBFAD5447D" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[1210,1317,1565,1590]" class="Clitellata" family="Naididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oligochaeta" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Naididae</taxonomicName>
), Rotifera (Bdelloidea), Mollusca (Gastropoda), Crustacea (Ostracoda, Copepoda, and
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D1CEA7EE249FBFDF997FB6B4411" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1816" box="[1042,1179,1601,1626]" class="Malacostraca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Amphipoda</taxonomicName>
), and Platyhelminthes (Tricladida and Catenulida) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7EE249FE36F9B3FD394435" author="Bertolani" box="[473,713,1637,1662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refString="Bertolani, R., Manicardi, G. C. &amp; Ribecchi, L. (1994) Faunistic study in the karst complex of Frasassi (Genga, Italy). International Journal of Speleology, 23, 61 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.5038 / 1827 - 806 x. 23.1.9" type="journal article" year="1994">
Bertolani
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FDA6F9B0FD8A4436" box="[585,634,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">et al</emphasis>
., 1994
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7EE249FD3AF9B0FC274435" author="Dattagupta" box="[725,983,1637,1662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refString="Dattagupta, S., Schaperdoth, I., Montanari, A., Mariani, S., Kita, N., Valley, J. W. &amp; Macalady, J. L. (2009) A novel symbiosis between chemoautotrophic bacteria and a freshwater cave amphipod. The ISME Journal, 3, 935 - 943. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / ismej. 2009.34" type="journal article" year="2009">
Dattagupta
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FCB9F9B0FC774436" box="[854,903,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7EE249FC0EF9B0FB3F4435" author="Karaman" box="[993,1231,1637,1662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refString="Karaman, G. S., Borowsky, B. &amp; Dattagupta, S. (2010) Two new species of the genus Niphargus Schiodte, 1849 (Amphipoda, fam. Niphargidae) from the Frasassi cave system in central Italy. Zootaxa, 2439, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2010">
Karaman
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FBA1F9B0FB8F4436" box="[1102,1151,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">et al</emphasis>
., 2010
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7EE249FB35F9B3FA674435" author="Montanari" box="[1242,1431,1637,1662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refString="Montanari, A. (2010) Stigobionti: vita acquatica nelle Grotte di Frasassi. Federazione Speleologica Marchigiana, Iesi, 120 pp." type="book" year="2010">Montanari, 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7EE249FF78F95FFE3B44E9" author="Bodon" box="[151,459,1673,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refString="Bodon, M. &amp; Cianfanelli, S. (2012) Il genere Islamia Radoman, 1973, nell'Italia centro-settentrionale (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Bollettino Malacologico, 48, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2012">Bodon &amp; Cianfanelli, 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7EE249FE39F95CFD4F44E9" author="Peterson" box="[470,703,1673,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refString="Peterson, D. E., Finger, K, Iepure, S., Mariani, S., Montanari, A. &amp; Namiotko, T. (2012) Ostracod assemblages in the Frasassi caves and adjacent sulfidic spring and Sentino River in the northeastern Apennines of Italy. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 75, 11 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.4311 / 2011 PA 0230" type="journal article" year="2012">
Peterson
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FDD1F95CFD8644EA" box="[574,630,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7EE249FD24F95FFC1744E9" author="Bauermeister" box="[715,999,1673,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refString="Bauermeister, J., Assig, K. &amp; Dattagupta, S. (2013) Exploring the sulfide tolerance of ectosymbiotic Niphargus amphipods from the Frasassi caves, central Italy. International Journal of Speleology, 42, 141 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.5038 / 1827 - 806 X. 42.2.6" type="journal article" year="2013">
Bauermeister
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FC88F95CFC6744EA" box="[871,919,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC4B6EEA7EE249FC1CF95FFB3F44E9" author="Galassi" box="[1011,1231,1673,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refString="Galassi, D. M. P., Fiasca, B., Di Lorenzo, T., Montanari, A., Porfirio, S. &amp; Fattorini, S. (2017) Groundwater biodiversity in a chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem: how geochemistry regulates microcrustacean community structure. Aquatic Ecology, 51, 75 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10452 - 016 - 9599 - 7" type="journal article" year="2017">
Galassi
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FBA2F95CFB8E44EA" box="[1101,1150,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">et al</emphasis>
., 2017
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7EE249FF28F97BFB12451D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1565,2022]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
The planarians described in this paper were found in the subterranean spring Sorgente del Tunnel and in the Pozzo dei Cristalli section of the Grotta del Fiume cave, both being parts of the Frasassi cave complex. However, several other specimens of dendrocoelids were observed at other sites of the Frasassi cave complex, namely the Grotta Sulfurea, the Ramo Solfureo section in the Grotta del Fiume (S. Dattagupta pers. comm.), and at Lago Claudia in the innermost part of the Grotta Grande del Vento (D. Peterson pers. comm.) (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA7EE249FB94F8EBFB25451D" box="[1147,1237,1853,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A) Simplified map of a portion of the Frasassi cave complex in the eastern side of the Frasassi Gorge (from Mariani et al., 2007). Red squares indicate collection sites of Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov.; blue squares indicate sighting sites of dendrocoelid specimens. (B) Idealized cross-section of the caves showing the arrangement of horizontal hypogean levels." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995910/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7EE24EFF28F8B4FEA0429F" blockId="3.[151,1437,1565,2022]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,866]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
Sorgente del Tunnel is a sulfidic spring flowing inside a man-made tunnel, located on the hydrographic right bank of the Sentino River near the eastern end of the Frasassi Gorge (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA7EE249FC41F853FBFA45D5" box="[942,1034,1925,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A) Simplified map of a portion of the Frasassi cave complex in the eastern side of the Frasassi Gorge (from Mariani et al., 2007). Red squares indicate collection sites of Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov.; blue squares indicate sighting sites of dendrocoelid specimens. (B) Idealized cross-section of the caves showing the arrangement of horizontal hypogean levels." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995910/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Planarians were found moving on the black sulfidic mud of the very shallow rivulet of the spring at about
<quantity id="4CD59B7AEA7EE249FC5AF87CFC1E458A" box="[949,1006,1962,1986]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
from the entrance of the tunnel. Water depth:
<quantity id="4CD59B7AEA7EE249FF0BF81BFEC545AE" box="[228,309,1997,2022]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2-5 cm</quantity>
; water temperature:
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FDF6F818FDCA45AE" box="[537,570,1998,2021]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">ca.</emphasis>
13.5 °C all year round; pH:
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7EE249FC99F818FC6845AE" box="[886,920,1998,2021]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">ca.</emphasis>
7. Unfortunately, at present the spring and the tunnel are inaccessible as a result of a landslide that obstructs the entrance since the Sentino River was heavily flooded in 2013.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA79E24EFF28FF09FF2043C1" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
The entrance of Grotta del Fiume is located on the right bank of the Sentino River in the Frasassi Gorge,
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA79E24EFA8AFF37FA8F42B3" box="[1381,1407,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CD59B7AEA79E24EFA62FF36FF5D4357" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
above river level (at
<quantity id="4CD59B7AEA79E24EFE48FED2FE014357" box="[423,497,260,284]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" unit="m" value="208.0">208 m</quantity>
asl) (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA79E24EFDDBFED2FD614357" box="[564,657,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A) Simplified map of a portion of the Frasassi cave complex in the eastern side of the Frasassi Gorge (from Mariani et al., 2007). Red squares indicate collection sites of Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov.; blue squares indicate sighting sites of dendrocoelid specimens. (B) Idealized cross-section of the caves showing the arrangement of horizontal hypogean levels." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995910/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Planarians were found on the black sulfidic mud of the Pozzo dei Cristalli section of the cave (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA79E24EFE35FEF1FDC4430B" box="[474,564,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[419,1167,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. (A) Simplified map of a portion of the Frasassi cave complex in the eastern side of the Frasassi Gorge (from Mariani et al., 2007). Red squares indicate collection sites of Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov.; blue squares indicate sighting sites of dendrocoelid specimens. (B) Idealized cross-section of the caves showing the arrangement of horizontal hypogean levels." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995910/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
), mixed with filaments of sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, in a small, shallow pool close to a flowing stream of sulfidic water. Water depth:
<quantity id="4CD59B7AEA79E24EFCCCFE9AFC87432F" box="[803,887,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2-5 cm</quantity>
; water temperature:
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA79E24EFB8FFE9BFB72432F" box="[1120,1154,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">ca.</emphasis>
13.5 °C; pH: 7; H2S: 30 ppm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA79E24EFF28FE40FB0C43E4" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,866]" box="[199,1276,406,431]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA79E24EFF28FE40FDF443E4" bold="true" box="[199,516,406,431]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Geographical distribution.</emphasis>
Exclusively known from the Frasassi cave complex in central Italy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA79E24EFF28FE6CFD6F4074" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA79E24EFF28FE6CFEA94398" bold="true" box="[199,345,442,467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Description.</emphasis>
Live animals unpigmented, typically whitish, and lacking eyes. Live mature specimens with a body length of
<quantity id="4CD59B7AEA79E24EFED0FE08FE4743BC" box="[319,439,478,503]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 mm</quantity>
and a width ranging from
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA79E24EFD32FE36FD0843BC" box="[733,760,480,503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CD59B7AEA79E24EFCEAFE09FCB543BC" box="[773,837,479,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in the central part of the body to
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA79E24EFB5BFE36FB2643BC" box="[1204,1238,480,503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">ca.</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CD59B7AEA79E24EFB33FE09FAEC43BC" box="[1244,1308,479,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
at the level of the head. Anterior end truncated, with the middle part of the frontal margin being convex and provided with a pair of small, rounded lateral lobes (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA79E24EFDC3FDF0FD844074" box="[556,628,550,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox="[475,1112,967,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,918,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Still picture from video of the living holotype specimen ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995912/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA79E24EFD6EFDF1FD624074" box="[641,658,551,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1162,1184]" captionTargetBox="[544,1016,359,1000]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[441,1145,223,1188]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Sketch of the ventral view of the preserved holotype specimen ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995916/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA79E24EFF28FD9CFED74084" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Subterminal anterior adhesive organ moderately developed, consisting of a shallow cup made up of infranucleated epithelial cells, which are pierced by numerous openings of erythrophil glands. The musculature associated with this organ consists of a more strongly developed part of the usual ventral longitudinal body musculature.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA79E24EFF28FD0BFED74129" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
The pharynx is located in the middle of the body and measures about 1/8th of the body length (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA79E24EFAEEFD0BFABA40BD" box="[1281,1354,733,758]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox="[475,1112,967,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,918,1959]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Still picture from video of the living holotype specimen ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995912/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA79E24EFAB6FD08FA9A40BD" box="[1369,1386,734,758]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1162,1184]" captionTargetBox="[544,1016,359,1000]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[441,1145,223,1188]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Sketch of the ventral view of the preserved holotype specimen ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995916/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">4</figureCitation>
). Its internal muscle zone consists of a very thick layer of intermingled circular and longitudinal fibres. A subepithelial layer of longitudinal muscles, followed by a layer of circular fibres, forms the thin outer zone of pharyngeal musculature.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF526617EA79E24EFF78F86BFEEB45B9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995912/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" targetBox="[475,1112,967,1921]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA79E24EFF78F86BFEEB45B9" blockId="4.[151,1436,1981,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA79E24EFF78F86BFEE34599" bold="true" box="[151,275,1981,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D1CEA79E24EFEF5F86BFD324598" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityName="Manconi" authorityYear="2017" box="[282,706,1981,2003]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="leporii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA79E24EFEF5F86BFE0A4598" box="[282,506,1981,2003]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Dendrocoelum leporii</emphasis>
Stocchino &amp; Sluys
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A57F6EA79E24EFD23F868FCEE4598" box="[716,798,1982,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA79E24EFD23F868FCEE4598" bold="true" box="[716,798,1982,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Still picture from video of the living holotype specimen ZMA V.Pl. 7271.1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF526617EA78E24FFF78FB5CFEA946F4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995916/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="552" targetBox="[544,1016,359,1000]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA78E24FFF78FB5CFEA946F4" blockId="5.[151,1436,1162,1215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA78E24FFF78FB5CFEE346D4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1162,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D1CEA78E24FFEF6FB5CFD4F46EB" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityName="Manconi" authorityYear="2017" box="[281,703,1162,1184]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="5" pageNumber="552" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="leporii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA78E24FFEF6FB5CFE0946EB" box="[281,505,1162,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">Dendrocoelum leporii</emphasis>
Stocchino &amp; Sluys
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A57F6EA78E24FFD25FB5DFCEB46EB" box="[714,795,1163,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="552" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA78E24FFD25FB5DFCEB46EB" bold="true" box="[714,795,1163,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Sketch of the ventral view of the preserved holotype specimen ZMA V.Pl. 7271.1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA78E24FFF28FB3FFB3447FD" blockId="5.[151,1437,1253,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">
The ventral ovaries are located at 1/4th of the distance between the brain and the root of the pharynx. The oviducts originate from the antero-lateral part of the ovaries and are provided with an expansion at their anterior end, thus forming a tuba. The oviducts, which are lined with an infranucleated epithelium, run posteriorly, recurve posterior to the gonopore and, subsequently, fuse to form a common oviduct. The latter runs anteriad to the right side of the bursal canal to open into the distal, ventro-posterior part of the male atrium. The common oviduct receives the openings of erythrophil shell glands along the posterior half of its length (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA78E24FFBB2FA4BFB4747FD" box="[1117,1207,1437,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[290,1304,486,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[229,1355,409,1728]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA78E24FFF28FA17FE79440D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1253,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">
Well-developed, rounded resorptive vesicles are present along the oviducts of all specimens examined, while they are particularly numerous in specimen ZMA V.Pl. 7272.1. Each vesicle communicates with the oviduct through a short, narrow ductule. The latter is localized very close to the ductule connecting each vitellarium with the oviduct (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA78E24FFECCF9FBFE8C440D" box="[291,380,1581,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[430,1190,232,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[375,1227,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1. (A) microphotograph of the penis; (B) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the penis and the bulb of the adenodactyl; (C) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the oviduct with the connecting ductules to the resorptive vesicles and to the vitellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995920/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA78E24FFF28F987FE4644F9" blockId="5.[151,1437,1253,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">Well-developed, numerous testes are present in both dorsal and ventral position, while some follicles occupy the entire dorso-ventral diameter of the body. The testes extend from a short distance behind the ovaries far into the posterior end of the body.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA78E24FFF28F968FEAB452D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1253,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">
In specimens ZMA V.Pl. 7272.1 and CGAS Pla 17. 1 the sperm ducts form well-developed spermiducal vesicles, located between the mouth and the anterior level of the penis bulb, which are packed with sperm. The sperm ducts curve towards the dorsal body surface and, subsequently, separately penetrate the antero-lateral surface of the penis bulb to open symmetrically and very closely together into the anterior section of the seminal vesicle (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA78E24FFF1BF89BFEBE452D" box="[244,334,1869,1894]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[290,1304,486,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[229,1355,409,1728]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA78E24FFF28F8A7FB024599" blockId="5.[151,1437,1253,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">
The copulatory apparatus occupies the anterior half of the postpharyngeal region. The sac-shaped copulatory bursa occupies the entire dorso-ventral space of the body just behind the pharyngeal pouch. The bursa is lined with a cuboidal to columnar glandular epithelium and is surrounded by a sheath of muscles (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA78E24FFB85F86FFB154599" box="[1130,1253,1977,2002]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[290,1304,486,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[229,1355,409,1728]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="552">Fig. 5A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7BE24CFF28FF4EFCB4432E" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="553">
From its point of communication with the bursa the bursal canal runs posteriorly and horizontally to the left of the penis. This narrow horizontal tract of the bursal canal is lined with a nucleated, ciliated epithelium and surrounded by only a thin layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. At the level of the insertion of the adenodactyl papilla the bursal canal widens for a short tract and then it reduces again in diameter. From this last point onwards the lumen of the bursal canal increases again in diameter, while it is surrounded by a few layers of circular muscle, followed by a single layer of longitudinal fibres (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA7BE24CFD53FE9AFCC8432E" box="[700,824,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[290,1304,486,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[229,1355,409,1728]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="553">Fig. 5A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF526617EA7BE24CFF78F905FB244543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="553" targetBox="[290,1304,486,1655]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7BE24CFF78F905FB244543" blockId="6.[151,1435,1747,1800]" pageId="6" pageNumber="553">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7BE24CFF78F905FEE544A3" bold="true" box="[151,277,1747,1769]" pageId="6" pageNumber="553">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D1CEA7BE24CFEF0F905FD2044A2" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityName="Manconi" authorityYear="2017" box="[287,720,1747,1769]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="6" pageNumber="553" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="leporii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7BE24CFEF0F905FDF144A2" box="[287,513,1747,1769]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="553">Dendrocoelum leporii</emphasis>
Stocchino &amp; Sluys
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A57F6EA7BE24CFD32F905FCC044A3" box="[733,816,1747,1768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="553" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7BE24CFD32F905FCC044A3" bold="true" box="[733,816,1747,1768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="553">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Holotype ZMA V.Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7BE24CFF28F8E2FD3645F7" blockId="6.[151,1436,1844,1980]" pageId="6" pageNumber="553">
The penis is located dorsally to the right of the adenodactyl (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA7BE24CFC5CF8E2FBC54506" box="[947,1077,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[290,1304,486,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[229,1355,409,1728]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="553">Fig. 5A–B</figureCitation>
). In the
<typeStatus id="5496883DEA7BE24CFB4DF8E2FAF44506" box="[1186,1284,1844,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="553" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
the penis is approximately 2/3rd of the length of the adenodactyl, while in specimens CGAS Pla 17. 1 and ZMA V.Pl. 7272.1 the penis has the same length as the adenodactyl. This variability in penial length depends on the state of contraction of both the penis and the adenodactyl.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF526617EA7AE24DFF78F85BFB2445AB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995920/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="554" targetBox="[430,1190,232,1884]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA7AE24DFF78F85BFB2445AB" blockId="7.[151,1436,1933,2016]" pageId="7" pageNumber="554">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7AE24DFF78F85BFEE645E9" bold="true" box="[151,278,1933,1955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="554">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D4D1CEA7AE24DFECFF85BFD2345E8" authority="Stocchino &amp; Sluys" authorityName="Manconi" authorityYear="2017" box="[288,723,1933,1955]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="7" pageNumber="554" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="leporii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7AE24DFECFF85BFDF345E8" box="[288,515,1933,1955]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="554">Dendrocoelum leporii</emphasis>
Stocchino &amp; Sluys
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A57F6EA7AE24DFD0EF85BFCC545E9" box="[737,821,1933,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="554" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B959EA8DEA7AE24DFD0EF85BFCC545E9" bold="true" box="[737,821,1933,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="554">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Holotype ZMA V.Pl. 7271.1. (A) microphotograph of the penis; (B) ZMA V.Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the penis and the bulb of the adenodactyl; (C) ZMA V.Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the oviduct with the connecting ductules to the resorptive vesicles and to the vitellaria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA75E242FF28FF41FB5042B3" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">The muscular penis bulb is well-developed and houses a narrow seminal vesicle. The latter communicates with the ejaculatory duct, which opens at the tip of the penis papilla. The dorsally displaced ejaculatory duct is lined with a nucleated epithelium and surrounded by very thin layer of longitudinal muscle fibres.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA75E242FF28FED2FCD5430B" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">The basal part of the penis papilla is covered with a thin epithelium, which is underlain by a thick layer of circular muscle, followed by a layer of longitudinal fibres.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA75E242FF28FE9AFDD843C3" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">At the distal part of the penis papilla the epithelium covering the papilla becomes thicker, while the underlying musculature completely disappears.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA75E242FF28FE42FC2C439B" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">
Penis glands open into the terminal tract of the ejaculatory duct and at the apical portion of the penis papilla. The ejaculatory duct is full of secretion, as is the male atrium (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA75E242FCBBFE61FC20439B" box="[852,976,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[430,1190,232,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[375,1227,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1. (A) microphotograph of the penis; (B) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the penis and the bulb of the adenodactyl; (C) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the oviduct with the connecting ductules to the resorptive vesicles and to the vitellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995920/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">Fig. 6A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA75E242FF28FE0BFBED4053" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">
In the
<typeStatus id="5496883DEA75E242FEE0FE0AFE8143BE" box="[271,369,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and in specimen CGAS Pla 17. 1 the penis papilla is conical, whereas in ZMA V.Pl. 7272.1 its shape is more elongated, depending on the state of contraction (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA75E242FC8FFE29FC4D4053" box="[864,957,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[290,1304,486,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[229,1355,409,1728]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">Figs 5A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA75E242FC26FE29FBE14053" box="[969,1041,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[430,1190,232,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[375,1227,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1. (A) microphotograph of the penis; (B) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the penis and the bulb of the adenodactyl; (C) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the oviduct with the connecting ductules to the resorptive vesicles and to the vitellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995920/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">6A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA75E242FF28FDF2FB12415E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">
The adenodactyl is very large and consists of a free papilla and a well-developed bulbar part. In the
<typeStatus id="5496883DEA75E242FAD5FDF2FA6C4076" box="[1338,1436,548,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and in specimen ZMA V.Pl. 7272.1 the adenodactyl is thrust out of the body, a condition very likely due to preservation artefacts. The bulb consists of intermingled rows of longitudinal and circular muscle, bounded by a thin layer of longitudinal fibres. The lumen of the adenodactyl, lined by a layer of ciliated cells, is surrounded by a well-developed zone of mesenchymatic tissue. Through this section of the mesenchyme runs a thick layer of fine circular muscle fibres. Ectally and internally to this zone of circular muscles runs a thin layer of longitudinal muscle fibres (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA75E242FED3FD2AFE4C415E" box="[316,444,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[290,1304,486,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[229,1355,409,1728]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">Figs 5A–B</figureCitation>
); this anatomy corresponds to the so-called Balkan
<typeStatus id="5496883DEA75E242FC12FD2BFBDD415E" box="[1021,1069,765,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">type</typeStatus>
of adenodactyl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA75E242FF28FCC9FB2E4116" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">The male atrium, which opens into the common atrium, is lined by a columnar, nucleated epithelium and is surrounded by a subepithelial layer of circular muscles, followed by a layer of longitudinal fibres.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92369FEA75E242FF28FCBEFE3F4183" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">
Very close to the base of the penis papilla the circular muscles thicken even further, thus forming a muscular annular atrial fold or valve, which is more developed in its ventral portion than in its dorsal section in all specimens examined (
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA75E242FEFDFC79FE804183" box="[274,368,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[290,1304,486,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[229,1355,409,1728]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). (A) female copulatory apparatus; (B) male copulatory apparatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995918/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">Figs 5A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13162A1AEA75E242FE93FC79FE334183" box="[380,451,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[430,1190,232,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[375,1227,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dendrocoelum leporii Stocchino &amp; Sluys, sp. nov. Holotype ZMA V. Pl. 7271.1. (A) microphotograph of the penis; (B) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the penis and the bulb of the adenodactyl; (C) ZMA V. Pl. 7272.1, microphotograph of the oviduct with the connecting ductules to the resorptive vesicles and to the vitellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/995920/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="555">6A–B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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