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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55b70366-a93b-420b-bee8-2a947098a45f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="249983" ID-ZooBank="F0B7652D-6E64-44CE-9181-5A10C8D594C7" checkinTime="1460428426774" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. &amp; Díaz, Cristina" docDate="2014" docId="C23A87C6FF87FFECFF11FD641FF6FA08" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03805p129.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3805 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@77e6d936" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.monograph" docTitle="Chondrilla caribensis Rutzler, Duran &amp; Piantoni 2007" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="3E03FFBEFFB3FFD8FF86FF901C06FFFF" masterDocTitle="Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay" masterLastPageNumber="129" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="53" updateTime="1645141290648" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rützler, Klaus</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Piantoni, Carla</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Díaz, Cristina</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>3805</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>129</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">55b70366-a93b-420b-bee8-2a947098a45f</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">249983</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F0B7652D-6E64-44CE-9181-5A10C8D594C7</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6130314" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119429451" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6130314" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C23A87C6FF87FFECFF11FD641FF6FA08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C23A87C6FF87FFECFF11FD641FF6FA08" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,826,756,815]" box="[151,826,756,782]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<heading bold="true" box="[151,826,756,782]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" reason="1">
<taxonomicName authority="Rutzler, Duran &amp; Piantoni, 2007" authorityName="Rutzler, Duran &amp; Piantoni" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,826,756,782]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caribensis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,826,756,782]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,412,756,782]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Chondrilla caribensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Rutzler" box="[420,826,756,782]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Rutzler, K., Duran, S. &amp; Piantoni, C. (2007) Adaptation of reef and mangrove sponges to stress: evidence for ecological speciation exemplified by Chondrilla caribensis new species (Demospongiae, Chondrosida). In: Ott, J., Stachowitsch, M. &amp; Olscher, E. M. (Eds.), Remote and inaccessible habitats, in-situ research and biodiversity: A tribute to Rupert Riedl. Marine Ecology, 28 (Suppl. 1), pp. 95 - 111." type="journal article" year="2007">
Rützler, Duran &amp; Piantoni,
<number box="[767,826,756,782]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="2007.0">2007</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,826,756,815]" box="[151,273,790,815]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
(
<figureCitation box="[158,254,790,815]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1634,1656]" captionTargetBox="[265,1266,193,1593]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[265,1267,193,1594]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. The most common cryptic habitats studied in the Carrie Bow Cay vicinity (measurements in parentheses are picture widths): a, lower surface of platy coral rock showing the characteristic red foraminiferan Homotrema rubrum, calcareous serpulid polychaete tubes, and two encrusting sponges, Clathria (Thalysias) venosa (left) and Clathria (Thalysias) curacaoensis (10 cm); b, wall inside a forereef framework cave, showing the massive Smenospongia cf. echina (yellow) and Topsentia bahamensis, and encrusting Clathria (Microciona) bulbotoxa (17 cm); c, ceiling of the drowned karst cave in the barrier reef lagoon near Columbus Cay, about 20 m away from the entrance (“ blue hole ”), showing cemented (mostly dead) serpulid tubes, a branching form of Geodia gibberosa (center) and a few knobby specimens of Gastrophanella cavernicola (far left and right; 20 cm); d, broken-up rock from a forereef cave bottom, showing deserted polychaete borings that are colonized by Cryptosyringa membranophila specimens (6 cm); e, broken-up coral rock showing chambers of excavating sponge Cliona cf. mucronata (7 cm); f, Queen conch (Strombus gigas) shell discarded by local fishermen are a common cryptic habitat on the shallow reef (the slot cut by machete near the apex (arrow) to remove the conch assures good ventilation inside the shell); this shell is colonized outside by Chondrilla caribensis, which occurs fully light exposed as well as in darkness (20 cm); g, peat cave (undercut) in the Twin Cays mangrove, the wall covered by Scopalina ruetzleri (80 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249985/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
Figure
<number box="[240,254,790,815]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
f)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,1436,862,915]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
Synonymy and references.
<taxonomicName authority="Rutzler, Duran &amp; Piantoni (2007): 100" authorityName="Rutzler, Duran &amp; Piantoni (2007)" authorityPageNumber="100" box="[430,1060,862,884]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caribensis">
<emphasis box="[430,653,862,884]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Chondrilla caribensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation box="[660,1009,862,884]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Rutzler, K., Duran, S. &amp; Piantoni, C. (2007) Adaptation of reef and mangrove sponges to stress: evidence for ecological speciation exemplified by Chondrilla caribensis new species (Demospongiae, Chondrosida). In: Ott, J., Stachowitsch, M. &amp; Olscher, E. M. (Eds.), Remote and inaccessible habitats, in-situ research and biodiversity: A tribute to Rupert Riedl. Marine Ecology, 28 (Suppl. 1), pp. 95 - 111." type="journal article">
Rützler, Duran &amp; Piantoni (
<number box="[946,1002,862,884]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="2007.0">2007</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
:
<number box="[1020,1060,862,884]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="100.0">100</number>
</taxonomicName>
, tab.
<number box="[1117,1131,862,884]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="3.0">3</number>
, figs.
<number box="[1195,1237,862,884]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7</number>
;
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1862" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nucula">
<emphasis box="[1248,1436,862,884]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Chondrilla nucula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt" box="[206,359,893,915]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1862">
Schmidt,
<number box="[304,359,893,915]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1862.0">1862</number>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation box="[377,616,893,915]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Macintyre, I. G., Rutzler, K., Norris, J. N. &amp; Fauchald, K. (1982) A submarine cave near Columbus Cay, a bizarre cryptic habitat. In: Rutzler, K. &amp; Macintyre, I. G. (Eds.), The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize 1: Structure and Communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, 127 - 141." type="journal article">
Macintyre
<emphasis box="[487,538,893,915]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(
<number box="[552,608,893,915]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1982.0">1982</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
:
<number box="[625,666,893,915]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="134.0">134</number>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,1437,959,1527]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,262,959,984]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Material.</emphasis>
<collectionCode LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[270,351,960,984]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">USNM</collectionCode>
<number box="[359,459,959,984]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1191346.0">1191346</number>
, Carrie Bow Cay, under concrete dock,
<number box="[914,981,959,984]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1</number>
; K. Ruetzler, col.
<date box="[1188,1343,960,984]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1978-05-12">
<number box="[1188,1216,960,984]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="12.0">12</number>
May
<number box="[1284,1343,960,984]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1978.0">1978</number>
</date>
.
<collectionCode LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1355,1436,960,984]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">USNM</collectionCode>
<number box="[151,221,996,1021]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="32862.0">32862</number>
Columbus Cay cave,
<collectingCountry box="[475,549,996,1021]" name="Belize" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Belize</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity box="[563,667,996,1020]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="19.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="18.0">18–21 m</quantity>
; I. G. Macintyre &amp; G. Hendler, col.
<date box="[1081,1230,996,1021]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1979-04-26">
<number box="[1081,1109,996,1021]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="26.0">26</number>
Apr
<number box="[1171,1230,996,1020]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1979.0">1979</number>
</date>
.
<collectionCode LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1243,1324,996,1020]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">USNM</collectionCode>
<number box="[1332,1432,996,1020]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="1191347.0">1191347</number>
, Carrie Bow reef flat, inside dead conch shells,
<quantity box="[675,721,1032,1056]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
; K. Ruetzler and C. Piantoni col.
<date box="[1097,1241,1031,1056]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="2006-02-23">
<number box="[1097,1125,1032,1056]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="23.0">23</number>
Feb
<number box="[1181,1241,1031,1056]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="2006.0">2006</number>
</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,1437,959,1527]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,463,1070,1095]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">External morphology.</emphasis>
Lobed cushions, about
<quantity box="[741,799,1071,1095]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
thick, covering up to
<quantity box="[1059,1131,1070,1095]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="85.0">85 cm</quantity>
<number box="[1131,1139,1067,1081]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="2.0">2</number>
of substrate. Smooth and slippery-feeling surface, with small (
<quantity box="[561,655,1107,1131]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
) oscula elevated on lobes; cartilaginous consistency (a common name is chicken-liver sponge). Color olive, light brown to white, depending on habitat illumination which controls density of symbiotic cyanobacteria.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,1437,959,1527]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,427,1214,1239]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Skeleton structure.</emphasis>
Astrose spicules dispersed throughout the body but concentrated near the outer surface and along the canals of the aquiferous system.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,1437,959,1527]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,304,1286,1311]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Spicules.</emphasis>
These are spherasters and spheroxyasters, measuring
<number box="[931,1001,1286,1311]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="28.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="20.0">20–36</number>
(
<emphasis box="[1021,1049,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<number box="[1021,1049,1287,1311]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="29.0">29</number>
</emphasis>
) Μm in total diameter, about two thirds taken up by the solid center; there are about
<number box="[719,747,1322,1347]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" value="25.0">25</number>
rays on average.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,1437,959,1527]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,299,1358,1383]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Ecology.</emphasis>
Occurs in a wide range of habitats, from full light exposure on subtidal mangrove roots to dark caves, at least to
<quantity box="[265,322,1395,1419]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[199,1113,1430,1455]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,1437,959,1527]" box="[199,1113,1430,1455]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,352,1430,1455]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Distribution.</emphasis>
Tropical and subtropical western Atlantic, from
<collectingCountry box="[899,1001,1430,1455]" name="Bermuda" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry box="[1037,1109,1430,1455]" name="Brazil" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="52.[151,1437,959,1527]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,335,1466,1491]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Comments.</emphasis>
This symbiotic species is tolerant of the full range of ambient light conditions but loses all pigmentation, including symbiotic cyanobacteria, when growing in the dark.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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